CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Thames Estuary Airport - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8e2eeb5a-805a-4675-a7a9-c5376aefc966","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Thames_Estuary_Airport","wgTitle":"Thames Estuary Airport","wgCurRevisionId":1248005041,"wgRevisionId":1248005041,"wgArticleId":21132177,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2024","Articles with dead external links from September 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2016","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2019","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Proposed transport infrastructure in the East of England","Proposed airports in the London region","Thames Estuary","Proposed airports in the United Kingdom"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Thames_Estuary_Airport","wgRelevantArticleId":21132177,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"London_Britannia_Airport","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Thames_Estuary_Airport#Boris_Island/London_Britannia","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7709886","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="772"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png/800px-Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="515"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png/640px-Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="412"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Thames Estuary Airport - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Estuary_Airport#Boris_Island/London_Britannia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Estuary_Airport#Boris_Island/London_Britannia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Thames_Estuary_Airport rootpage-Thames_Estuary_Airport skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Thames+Estuary+Airport" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Thames+Estuary+Airport" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Thames+Estuary+Airport" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Thames+Estuary+Airport" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proposals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maplin_(Foulness)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maplin_(Foulness)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Maplin (Foulness)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maplin_(Foulness)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cliffe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliffe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cliffe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliffe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isle_of_Sheppey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isle_of_Sheppey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Isle of Sheppey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isle_of_Sheppey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boris_Island/London_Britannia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boris_Island/London_Britannia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Boris Island/London Britannia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boris_Island/London_Britannia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thames_Hub_Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thames_Hub_Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Thames Hub Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thames_Hub_Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thames Estuary Airport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetti_Aeroporto_Estuario_del_Tamigi" title="Progetti Aeroporto Estuario del Tamigi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Progetti Aeroporto Estuario del Tamigi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%A4%E5%A3%AB%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" title="泰晤士河口機場 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰晤士河口機場" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7709886#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary_Airport" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Thames_Estuary_Airport" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary_Airport"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary_Airport"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Thames_Estuary_Airport" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Thames_Estuary_Airport" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&oldid=1248005041" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Thames_Estuary_Airport&id=1248005041&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThames_Estuary_Airport%23Boris_Island%2FLondon_Britannia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThames_Estuary_Airport%23Boris_Island%2FLondon_Britannia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7709886" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Britannia_Airport&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="London Britannia Airport">London Britannia Airport</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed airport near London</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Thames Estuary Airports</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png/300px-Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png/450px-Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png/600px-Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="692" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Locations of proposed Thames Estuary airports, from west to east: <b>1</b>. <i>Cliffe</i>; <b>2</b>. <i>Grain (Thames Hub)</i>; <b>3</b>. <i>Maplin Sands, Foulness</i>; <b>4</b>. <i>Off the Isle of Sheppey</i>; <b>5</b>. <i>Shivering Sands ("Boris Island")</i> with the exclusion zone around the wreck of <a href="/wiki/SS_Richard_Montgomery" title="SS Richard Montgomery">SS Richard Montgomery</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A potential <b>Thames Estuary Airport</b> has been proposed at various times since the 1940s. London's existing principal airports, <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">Stansted</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London_Luton_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Luton Airport">Luton</a> are each sub-optimally located in various ways, such as being too close to built-up areas or requiring aircraft to fly low over London. In the case of Heathrow, the growth of air traffic has meant that the airport is operating at 98% capacity. Several locations for a new airport have been proposed in the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a>, to the east of London. These include <a href="/wiki/Maplin_Sands" title="Maplin Sands">Maplin Sands</a> off <a href="/wiki/Foulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Foulness">Foulness</a> on the north side of the estuary; <a href="/wiki/Cliffe,_Kent" title="Cliffe, Kent">Cliffe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Grain" title="Isle of Grain">Isle of Grain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> on the south side; and artificial islands located off the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> such as the "<a href="/wiki/Boris_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Island">Boris Island</a>" proposal championed by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a>. Economic considerations have so far ruled out a new coastal airport, while political considerations have ruled out a new inland airport,<sup id="cite_ref-NS-1Feb73_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-1Feb73-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving planners with an as-yet-unresolved dilemma. </p><p>On 17 December 2013 the "Airports Commission: interim report" was published. The proposal for an Isle of Grain airport underwent further study in 2014 before the final report was delivered in Summer 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croydon_Airport" title="Croydon Airport">Croydon Airport</a> was London's principal airport. In 1943 the government built a new heavy military transport airfield on a rural site to the west of London near the village of <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_(hamlet)" title="Heathrow (hamlet)">Heathrow</a>. It was converted to civilian use after the war and went into service as London Airport, later <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a>, on 25 February 1946. Another airport already existed at <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a> and had been used since 1930 as a relief airport for Croydon. A rapid growth in air traffic during the 1950s led to Gatwick becoming London's official second airport in 1954 to accommodate the overspill from Heathrow. Neither location is ideal – the prevailing winds over Heathrow mean that flights have to approach the airport by flying over London, and growth of the city means both airports are now located in built-up areas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943 the aircraft designer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Miles" title="Frederick George Miles">Frederick George Miles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Miles_Aircraft" title="Miles Aircraft">Miles Aircraft</a> and long time associate, architect Guy Morgan suggested the construction of a new airport, including a flying boat base, between Cliffe and <a href="/wiki/Allhallows,_Kent" title="Allhallows, Kent">Allhallows</a>. Intended to serve 8 million passengers per year, the cost of the scheme was estimated at £20 million. It was planned with a central Terminus, three concrete runways each two and a half miles long and was intended to operate 24 hours a day.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1960, it was becoming apparent that further air capacity was needed. <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">Stansted</a>, a former military airfield in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, was proposed as a third airport in 1963. A Government White Paper endorsed Stansted in 1967 and in 1968, after an inconclusive public inquiry, the Government appointed <a href="/wiki/Eustace_Roskill,_Baron_Roskill" title="Eustace Roskill, Baron Roskill">Hon. Mr Justice Roskill</a> to head the Commission on the Third London Airport (the "<a href="/wiki/Roskill_Commission" title="Roskill Commission">Roskill Commission</a>") to review sites for a third airport. <a href="/wiki/Cublington" title="Cublington">Cublington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Aylesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale of Aylesbury">Vale of Aylesbury</a> was its chosen site.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was seen offering the best access, as it was situated on the key London-Birmingham axis, it would be away from built-up areas and it would cost less than most of the alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal met with strong opposition from local people and more broadly from politicians and middle-class voters which made it politically untenable.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposals">Proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maplin_(Foulness)"><span id="Maplin_.28Foulness.29"></span>Maplin (Foulness)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maplin (Foulness)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One influential member of the Roskill Commission, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a>, dissented on environmental and planning grounds and proposed an alternative site at <a href="/wiki/Maplin_Sands" title="Maplin Sands">Maplin Sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Foulness">Foulness</a>, in the Thames Estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opened the door to strong political opposition against Cublington and in April 1971 the government announced that the site at Maplin Sands had been selected for the third London airport, even though it was the most remote and overall the most expensive of the options considered, and that planning would begin immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In due course the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maplin_Development_Act_1973&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maplin Development Act 1973 (page does not exist)">Maplin Development Act</a> received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> in October 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 a Special Development Order was made under the Town and Country Planning Acts granting planning permission for the project, and the Maplin Development Authority was constituted and began its work. The project would have included not just a major airport, but a deep-water harbour suitable for the container ships then coming into use, a high-speed rail link together with the <a href="/wiki/M12_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M12 motorway (Great Britain)">M12</a> and <a href="/wiki/M13_motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="M13 motorway">M13 motorways</a> to London, and a new town for the accommodation of the thousands of workers who would be required. The new town would eventually cover 82 square miles, with a population of 600,000 people, while the surface route to the airport would require a corridor 100 yards wide and over 30 miles long. The cost would be a then-astronomical £825 million (£8,448 million today), which many – particularly in the Labour Party, which was in opposition at the time – regarded as unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maplin airport project was abandoned in July 1974 when Labour came to power.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reappraisal of passenger projections indicated that there would be capacity until 1990 at Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton, aided by regional airports.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme was abandoned in favour of a cheaper plan to enlarge Stansted rather than building an entirely new airport; the requirement for a container ship harbour was to be discharged by the development of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Felixstowe" title="Port of Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a>. The dilemma regarding the location of an additional airport, whether inland or on the coast, was summed up by an airport expert quoted by <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i> magazine in 1973: "An inland site is not on politically, and a coastal site is not on economically."<sup id="cite_ref-NS-1Feb73_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-1Feb73-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duncan Needham argues that the challenge of airport expansion at Maplin provides direct parallels with airport expansion following the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Transport">Department of Transport</a> strategy and debates by policy makers in the subsequent UK governments regarding a <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Heathrow_Airport" title="Expansion of Heathrow Airport">proposed third runway at Heathrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cliffe">Cliffe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cliffe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002 a <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> study identified a site at <a href="/wiki/Cliffe,_Kent" title="Cliffe, Kent">Cliffe</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hoo_Peninsula" title="Hoo Peninsula">Hoo Peninsula</a> in north Kent as the leading contender among potential sites for a new airport for London.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was for up to four runways arranged in two east-west close parallel pairs, with a possible fifth runway on a different alignment, which might be used only at night and in particular weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-halcrow_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halcrow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2003 the government decided against the Cliffe proposal on the grounds that the costs of a coastal site were too high, and there was a significant risk that the airport would not be well used.<sup id="cite_ref-2003whitepaper_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003whitepaper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 2008, the then Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, led scoping studies for a further airport in north Kent. Suggestions included the development of a major International hub at Cliffe which would link in with the <a href="/wiki/HS1" class="mw-redirect" title="HS1">HS1</a> line through Kent to <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a> government was committed to a full Aviation Review and a scoping study was released in March 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isle_of_Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isle of Sheppey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Marinair" proposal was put forward in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which an airport would be built on an offshore <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial island</a> in the Thames estuary, north east of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-halcrow_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halcrow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the proposal was put forward again in the government's 2002 consultation, it was rejected on the grounds of insufficient information and prohibitive expense.<sup id="cite_ref-2003whitepaper_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003whitepaper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marinair plans had been developed in the years prior to 1990 by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Covell" title="Ralph Covell">Covell Matthews Partnership</a>, and a Thames Estuary Airport Company Ltd established to manage the project, under the direction of A. E. T. Matthews, Managing Director. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boris_Island/London_Britannia"><span id="Boris_Island.2FLondon_Britannia"></span>Boris Island/London Britannia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Boris Island/London Britannia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Isle of Sheppey proposal was revived in 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, located a little further to the east towards the <a href="/wiki/Shivering_Sands_Army_Fort" title="Shivering Sands Army Fort">Shivering Sands</a> area, north-east of <a href="/wiki/Whitstable" title="Whitstable">Whitstable</a>. The deputy mayor, <a href="/wiki/Kit_Malthouse" title="Kit Malthouse">Kit Malthouse</a>, supported a Thames estuary airport since before taking office.<sup id="cite_ref-malthousetimes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malthousetimes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2008 the mayor appointed Doug Oakervee (executive chair of <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a>) to lead the Greater London Authority's preliminary feasibility study<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which determined in October 2009 that there is "no logical constraint" to the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposal has acquired the popular nickname of "Boris Island", and is frequently referred to as such in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new iteration of the proposal named the London Britannia Airport was unveiled in November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a proposed six-runway <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> to be built on an artificial island,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comparable to a similar approach taken with <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme was proposed by Testrad (Thames Estuary Research and Development), initially an agency formed by Johnson but now also involving other partners, and was rejected by the airport commission in January 2014 in favour of continued upgrades to Heathrow. This proposal would cost £47.3 billion and would mean the closure of <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents argue the scheme's big advantage is that it would avoid flying over densely populated areas and the <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> and other problems that causes. Some local councils and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> oppose the plan,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do current London airports.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics suggest the scheme is impractical and too expensive; <a href="/wiki/Terry_Farrell_(architect)" title="Terry Farrell (architect)">Terry Farrell</a> compared it to grandiose and unrealistic projects devised by <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2014 the UK <a href="/wiki/Airports_Commission" title="Airports Commission">Airports Commission</a>, in its interim report, did not recommend the London Britannia proposal for further analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thames_Hub_Airport">Thames Hub Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thames Hub Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thames_Hub_Airport" title="Thames Hub Airport">Thames Hub Airport</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thames_Hub_Airport" title="Thames Hub Airport">Thames Hub Airport</a> (like Shivering Sands, nicknamed "Boris Island" after <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a proposal for a 4-runway hub airport to be located on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Grain" title="Isle of Grain">Isle of Grain</a> in Kent. The airport was part of the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Hub_integrated_infrastructure_vision" title="Thames Hub integrated infrastructure vision">Thames Hub</a> integrated infrastructure development developed by architects <a href="/wiki/Foster_%2B_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Foster + Partners">Foster + Partners</a>, infrastructure consultants <a href="/wiki/Halcrow_Group" title="Halcrow Group">Halcrow</a> and economists Volterra and launched at the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a> in London on 2 November 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thames Hub combines rail, freight logistics, aviation, energy and its transmission, flood protection and regional development in the Thames Estuary and connects this infrastructure to a trade and utilities spine that runs the length of the country. </p><p>The airport would be built on a platform straddling the land and sea off the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Grain" title="Isle of Grain">Isle of Grain</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hoo_Peninsula" title="Hoo Peninsula">Hoo Peninsula</a>. It would be opened in 2029 with an initial handling capacity of 110 million passengers per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would be connected to London by a short spur off <a href="/wiki/HS1" class="mw-redirect" title="HS1">HS1</a> with a journey time of 26 minutes. </p><p>The site was selected for its proximity to London – at 34 miles (55 km) from the centre and close proximity to <a href="/wiki/HS1" class="mw-redirect" title="HS1">HS1</a>, the airport could be reached in 26 minutes by <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a>. The proposal to build the airport on a platform, like those at <a href="/wiki/Chek_Lap_Kok" title="Chek Lap Kok">Chek Lap Kok</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Doha_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="New Doha International Airport">New Doha International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, would allow flights to take off and land over water, significantly reducing noise impacts and enabling the airport to operate 24 hours a day. </p><p>The airport would accommodate long-haul airline schedules and growing demand in the Asian market. Thus it would reassert London's geographical advantage as the stop-off point between North America and Eurasia, which is being eroded by a combination of new long-range aircraft and the emergence of networks centred on a global hub, such as Dubai. </p><p>The Thames Hub Airport proposal was submitted to the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Airports_Commission" title="Airports Commission">Airports Commission</a> by <a href="/wiki/Foster_and_Partners" title="Foster and Partners">Foster+Partners</a> in July 2013 as a proposed solution to the question of how the UK can maintain its global hub status. The future remained unclear as the option was not on the Commission's original short list, but was still considered. It was finally rejected on grounds of cost (possibly as high as £100 billion) and environmental damage by the Airports Commission in an announcement made on 2 September 2014, leaving Gatwick and Heathrow as the remaining options. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many advantages have been claimed for an airport in the Thames estuary, particularly as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Heathrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathrow">Heathrow</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-halcrow_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halcrow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-malthousetimes_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malthousetimes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Flights could arrive and depart 24 hours a day.</li> <li>The airport would be connected directly to the Channel Tunnel railway services, replacing the demand on short European flights with more efficient train service which reduces CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 10 times per journey.</li> <li>The new airport would be located over water and not land, so reduces the risks related to <a href="/wiki/Emergency_landing" title="Emergency landing">emergency landing</a> in densely populated <a href="/wiki/Urban_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban areas">urban areas</a> or concerns over <a href="/wiki/Mid-air_collision" title="Mid-air collision">mid-air collision</a> at overloaded runways.</li> <li>Use of the existing infrastructure such as high-speed rail line and expanded 8 lane M25/M2 would require far less public funding and would be less complex to adapt than in London for Heathrow Airport rail and road upgrades.</li> <li>Would negate the need for a <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion of London Heathrow Airport">controversial third runway</a> at <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a>, or a second runway at <a href="/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gatwick Airport">London Gatwick Airport</a> or <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted Airport</a></li> <li>Offshore island can be easily expanded and new barrier would help to control floodplain.</li> <li>The cost of the airport development would be absorbed by the cost to include a new <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a> that will generate power using hydropower turbines.</li> <li>A high-speed rail link to London with a journey time of around 20 minutes would encourage more passengers to reach the airport using public transport. Objectors point to the possibility that a high-speed rail link to Heathrow could also be built. However, such a link would require expensive tunnelling under London, and was costed in July 2008 at £4.5bn.<sup id="cite_ref-arupheathrowhub_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arupheathrowhub-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a> could be extended easily to connect new airport.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> could be accessed easily via the new airport.</li> <li>Under the Shivering Sands proposal, it would be possible to reach the airport from terminals in both Kent and Essex, diminishing the amount of new traffic and congestion imposed on either county.</li> <li>New flight paths to the new airport would reduce the impact on air and noise pollution over London by huge volumes.</li> <li>Regeneration of the deprived <a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a>.</li> <li>Release of 2,500 acres (10 km<sup>2</sup>) of prime land at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathrow">Heathrow</a>, close to the M4 and with excellent rail links, highly suitable for housing redevelopment.</li> <li>Flexible approach for future expansion, such as new runways or <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a> type development.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of disadvantages to an airport in the Thames estuary have been pointed out:<sup id="cite_ref-halcrow_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halcrow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2003whitepaper_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003whitepaper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It would require major investment in local infrastructure (roads, railways, schools, hospitals) in order to service the tens of thousands of employees at a major airport.</li> <li>There would be considerable upheaval involved in moving London's main airport to a new location, though other major cities have successfully moved their main airports, including <a href="/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Athens_International_Airport" title="Athens International Airport">Athens</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Seoul</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Suvarnabhumi International Airport">Bangkok</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport" title="Hamad International Airport">Doha</a> (2013), and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul</a> (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-malthousetimes_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malthousetimes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport#Construction_progress_and_issues" title="Berlin Brandenburg Airport">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport">Montréal</a>, have had difficulty with such a transition.</li> <li>There would be significant job losses at Heathrow, and knock-on impacts to the economy of west London.</li> <li>Fog would be a key difficulty to overcome as it can lead to flights being cancelled. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a> concluded that 'a new hub airport in the Thames Estuary would be three times more likely to be affected by fog than Heathrow'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The construction costs of the airport alone would be large, estimated at £11.5 billion for <a href="/wiki/Cliffe,_Kent" title="Cliffe, Kent">Cliffe</a>, and £3.5 billion more for an offshore island scheme.</li> <li>There would be large costs for constructing road and rail access to the airport. These were estimated at £1.8 billion for Cliffe, including two rail connections to <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a>, a road tunnel under the Thames to Benfleet, largely to access the south east Essex labour market, and other road and rail connections. Heathrow rely on public transport and funding for transport infrastructure; major upgrades are also required and need to be considered for rail and motorways.</li> <li>Proposals rely on using capacity on <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a>; however, it currently only uses under 10% of its full potential.</li> <li>Building an artificial offshore island can be expanded; however is time-consuming, adding 3 to 5 years to the construction time.</li> <li>There is a risk of <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strike</a>, higher for coastal sites, lower for offshore sites.</li> <li>The level of demand for an airport in the Thames estuary is uncertain, and may require government intervention to force airlines to use it.</li> <li>The massive skilled, semi- and unskilled workforce that a new airport would require (currently all situated in or near West London)</li> <li>Building a major new airport to expand capacity may encourage more flights, and thereby increase emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and other greenhouse gases, unless a channel tunnel is connected to replace many flights.</li> <li>The presence of the wreck of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Richard_Montgomery" title="SS Richard Montgomery">SS <i>Richard Montgomery</i></a>, which has around 1,400 tons of explosives on board. A safe way to remove the wreck, present since 1944, has not yet been found.</li> <li>It would require a radical upgrade to the current flight patterns which are based on 1970s patterns, and the proximity to Dutch and Belgian airspace may cause knock-on effects in other countries if not planned properly like Heathrow.</li> <li>The South East of England (SE) is already highly developed, with a population density reported (in 2011) as the third (or sixth, by other criteria) most dense in the world. Many areas of the SE already have three or four layers of audible air traffic over them.</li> <li>The location would be more difficult to access from the rest of the country compared to Heathrow.</li> <li>Building the airport would destroy the habitat of thousands of wetland birds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Southend_Airport" title="London Southend Airport">London Southend Airport</a> would have to close down, due to its close proximity to the planned airport sites.</li> <li>A 2012 report by the South East Local Enterprise Partnership prepared by <a href="/wiki/Parsons_Brinckerhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsons Brinckerhoff">Parsons Brinckerhoff</a> concluded that they "do not believe that [the Thames Estuary Airport] is a viable solution to the capacity issues facing the SE." in the short term, but "applaud the fact that a long term solution is being seriously discussed".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Infrastructure - the building of new main airport (and the required supporting industrial, technical and hospitality activities) may be very costly, especially to achieve the same position and size of terminals as in the Heathrow or Dubai ports, which had large expenses despite their initial cheapness.</li> <li>Travel to London ticket price. Unknown is how much the ticket may cost, and if the airport would be at position of London tariff schemes. The position of Heathrow as part of the London underground system is often cited as a cost and time difference. For an average traveller usually the time and cost to travel into city centre would be main reason of choosing. Location in the deep sea may be treated as an advantage for most people only if the travel time (at least by public transport) would be faster or similar that from LHR, and would cost less, or for e.g. be fared like usual Zone 1 ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The proximity of Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/Schiphol_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiphol airport">Schiphol airport</a> would also affect traffic patterns and force aircraft into more circuitous flight paths.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The potential interference with one of the busiest shipping routes in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NS-1Feb73-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS-1Feb73_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS-1Feb73_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIx4zubuoygC"><i>New Scientist</i></a>. Reed Business Information. 1 February 1973. pp. 248–249. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Scientist&rft.pages=248-249&rft.pub=Reed+Business+Information&rft.date=1973-02-01&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfIx4zubuoygC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1982" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter (1982). <i>Great Planning Disasters</i>. University of California Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520046078" title="Special:BookSources/9780520046078"><bdi>9780520046078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Planning+Disasters&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780520046078&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple1987" class="citation book cs1">Temple, Julian (1987). <i>Wings over Woodley- The story of Miles Aircraft and the Adwest Group</i>. Aston Publications. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0946627126" title="Special:BookSources/0946627126"><bdi>0946627126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+over+Woodley-+The+story+of+Miles+Aircraft+and+the+Adwest+Group&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Aston+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0946627126&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=397849&section=4.2">"The use of systems analysis in public policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+use+of+systems+analysis+in+public+policy&rft.pub=Open+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenlearn.open.ac.uk%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D397849%26section%3D4.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1971/apr/26/the-third-london-airport-foulness-site">"The third London airport: Foulness site"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 26 April 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=The+third+London+airport%3A+Foulness+site&rft.date=1971-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1971%2Fapr%2F26%2Fthe-third-london-airport-foulness-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1973/oct/25/royal-assent#S5CV0861P0-04217">"Royal Assent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Hansard (Commons). 25 October 1973<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Royal+Assent&rft.date=1973-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1973%2Foct%2F25%2Froyal-assent%23S5CV0861P0-04217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1974/jul/18/maplin">"Maplin statement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 18 July 1974<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Maplin+statement&rft.date=1974-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1974%2Fjul%2F18%2Fmaplin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2014" class="citation web cs1">Needham, Duncan (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/maplin-the-treasury-and-londons-third-airport-in-the-1970s">"Maplin: the Treasury and London's third airport in the 1970s"</a>. <i>History & Policy</i>. History & Policy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Maplin%3A+the+Treasury+and+London%27s+third+airport+in+the+1970s&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyandpolicy.org%2Fpolicy-papers%2Fpapers%2Fmaplin-the-treasury-and-londons-third-airport-in-the-1970s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Wilson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Scott Wilson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/dftpubdatabase/pubs2002/prelimsitesearchfinalreprtappen/">"Preliminary site search of options for new airport capacity to serve the south east and east of England: final report and appendices"</a>. DfT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Preliminary+site+search+of+options+for+new+airport+capacity+to+serve+the+south+east+and+east+of+England%3A+final+report+and+appendices&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Scott+Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fdftpubdatabase%2Fpubs2002%2Fprelimsitesearchfinalreprtappen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halcrow-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halcrow_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halcrow_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halcrow_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halcrow_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalcrow_Group_Ltd.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Halcrow Group Ltd. (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718124731/http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/air/docs/lopmentofairportcapacity5669.pdf">"Development of Airport Capacity in the Thames Estuary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/air/docs/lopmentofairportcapacity5669.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+of+Airport+Capacity+in+the+Thames+Estuary&rft.date=2003-12&rft.au=Halcrow+Group+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fstrategy%2Fwhitepapers%2Fair%2Fdocs%2Flopmentofairportcapacity5669.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2003whitepaper-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2003whitepaper_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2003whitepaper_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2003whitepaper_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228055247/http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/air/">"The Future of Air Transport"</a>. 1 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/air/">the original</a> on 28 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Air+Transport&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fstrategy%2Fwhitepapers%2Fair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Spellar2002" class="citation journal cs1">John Spellar (24 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811103607/http://www.dft.gov.uk/press/speechesstatements/speeches/futureofaviationandthesoutheast">"Speech by former transport minister John Spellar to a Freedom to Fly conference concerning airport capacity and the environment in the South East of England"</a>. DfT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/press/speechesstatements/speeches/futureofaviationandthesoutheast">the original</a> on 11 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Speech+by+former+transport+minister+John+Spellar+to+a+Freedom+to+Fly+conference+concerning+airport+capacity+and+the+environment+in+the+South+East+of+England.&rft.date=2002-07-24&rft.au=John+Spellar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fpress%2Fspeechesstatements%2Fspeeches%2Ffutureofaviationandthesoutheast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malthousetimes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malthousetimes_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malthousetimes_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malthousetimes_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalthouse2007" class="citation news cs1">Malthouse, Kit (23 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2925884.ece">"Problem: Heathrow's in the wrong place"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Problem%3A+Heathrow%27s+in+the+wrong+place&rft.date=2007-11-23&rft.aulast=Malthouse&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fguest_contributors%2Farticle2925884.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor_of_London2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> (11 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=19638">"International engineer to advise Mayor on Thames Airport feasibility"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+engineer+to+advise+Mayor+on+Thames+Airport+feasibility&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.au=Mayor+of+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.gov.uk%2Fview_press_release.jsp%3Freleaseid%3D19638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8314507.stm">"Study backs Thames island airport"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Study+backs+Thames+island+airport&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F8314507.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Gourlay_and_Dipesh_Gadher2008" class="citation news cs1">Chris Gourlay and Dipesh Gadher (21 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4794832.ece">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Boris Island' airport may replace Heathrow"</a>. <i>The Sunday Times</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=%27Boris+Island%27+airport+may+replace+Heathrow&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.au=Chris+Gourlay+and+Dipesh+Gadher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle4794832.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPippa_Crerar2010" class="citation web cs1">Pippa Crerar (1 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524063810/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23810744-boris-island-airport-would-cause-european-flight-chaos-say-airlines.do">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Boris island' airport would cause European flight chaos, say airlines"</a>. <i>London Evening Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23810744-boris-island-airport-would-cause-european-flight-chaos-say-airlines.do">the original</a> on 24 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=%27Boris+island%27+airport+would+cause+European+flight+chaos%2C+say+airlines&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.au=Pippa+Crerar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fstandard%2Farticle-23810744-boris-island-airport-would-cause-european-flight-chaos-say-airlines.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15227879">"Heathrow and Gatwick airports: Ministers mull rail link"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Heathrow+and+Gatwick+airports%3A+Ministers+mull+rail+link&rft.date=2011-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-15227879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-24895965">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Boris Island' London Airport designs unveiled"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Boris+Island%27+London+Airport+designs+unveiled&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-24895965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10796983.New_plans_for_six_runway_Thames_Estuary_airport_to_be_unveiled/">"New plans for six-runway Thames Estuary airport to be unveiled"</a>. <i>Echo</i>. Basildon. 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Echo&rft.atitle=New+plans+for+six-runway+Thames+Estuary+airport+to+be+unveiled&rft.date=2013-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10796983.New_plans_for_six_runway_Thames_Estuary_airport_to_be_unveiled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_Paul_J.Pickford,_James2013" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Paul J.; Pickford, James (17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c1245faa-3703-11e3-b42e-00144feab7de.html">"Boris Johnson floats Thames island airport plan on HK stopover"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+floats+Thames+island+airport+plan+on+HK+stopover&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.au=Davies%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Pickford%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fc1245faa-3703-11e3-b42e-00144feab7de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113160714/http://testrad.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Thames-estuary-brochure.pdf">"London Britannia: Europe's Arrival Lounge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>testrad.co.uk</i>. 13 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://testrad.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Thames-estuary-brochure.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=testrad.co.uk&rft.atitle=London+Britannia%3A+Europe%27s+Arrival+Lounge&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftestrad.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F11%2FThames-estuary-brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-22891668">"Airport commission in Medway over Thames estuary plans"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Airport+commission+in+Medway+over+Thames+estuary+plans&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-kent-22891668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard,_MatthewCrerar,_Pippa2013" class="citation news cs1">Beard, Matthew; Crerar, Pippa (17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/boris-island-airport-scheme-is-sinking-says-gatwick-boss-8886208.html">"Boris island airport scheme is 'sinking', says Gatwick boss"</a>. <i>London Evening Standard</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Boris+island+airport+scheme+is+%27sinking%27%2C+says+Gatwick+boss&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.au=Beard%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Crerar%2C+Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftransport%2Fboris-island-airport-scheme-is-sinking-says-gatwick-boss-8886208.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2013" class="citation news cs1">Beard, Matthew (15 July 2013). "Architect attacks 'mad' plan for £65 billion Thames estuary hub". <i><a href="/wiki/London_Evening_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="London Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Architect+attacks+%27mad%27+plan+for+%C2%A365+billion+Thames+estuary+hub&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://testrad.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Sir-Howard-Davies_16-1-14.pdf">"Letter for the Airports Commission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Thames Estuary Research and Development. 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+for+the+Airports+Commission&rft.pub=The+Thames+Estuary+Research+and+Development&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftestrad.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F01%2FSir-Howard-Davies_16-1-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-35855676">"Boris Johnson refloats Thames Estuary airport plan"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+refloats+Thames+Estuary+airport+plan&rft.date=2016-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-35855676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107232823/http://www.halcrow.com/News/latest-news/Halcrow-and-Foster-Partners-launch-Thames-Hub-vision/">"Thames Hub"</a>. <i>Thames Hub: An integrated vision for Britain</i>. Foster+Partners, Halcrow, Volterra. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halcrow.com/News/latest-news/Halcrow-and-Foster-Partners-launch-Thames-Hub-vision/">the original</a> on 7 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thames+Hub%3A+An+integrated+vision+for+Britain&rft.atitle=Thames+Hub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halcrow.com%2FNews%2Flatest-news%2FHalcrow-and-Foster-Partners-launch-Thames-Hub-vision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/thames-hub/">Thames Hub</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Foster_%2B_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Foster + Partners">Foster + Partners</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fosterandpartners.com/ThamesHub/Foster-Partners_Thames_Hub_Report_July_2013.pdf">"Thames Hub Airport: Outline proposal to the Airports Commission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Foster+Partners 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thames+Hub+Airport%3A+Outline+proposal+to+the+Airports+Commission&rft.pub=Foster%2BPartners+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fosterandpartners.com%2FThamesHub%2FFoster-Partners_Thames_Hub_Report_July_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teaco.co.uk">Marinair</a> proposal provides many arguments for an airport in the Thames estuary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arupheathrowhub-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arupheathrowhub_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arup.com/unitedkingdom/newsitem.cfm?pageid=11678">"£4.5bn proposal for High-Speed Rail extension"</a>. Arup. 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A34.5bn+proposal+for+High-Speed+Rail+extension&rft.pub=Arup&rft.date=2008-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arup.com%2Funitedkingdom%2Fnewsitem.cfm%3Fpageid%3D11678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19341607">"Thames Estuary 'three times more foggy' than Heathrow"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thames+Estuary+%27three+times+more+foggy%27+than+Heathrow&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-19341607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20688570">"Heathrow and London City Airport flights disrupted by fog"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Heathrow+and+London+City+Airport+flights+disrupted+by+fog&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-20688570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122202301/http://www.airport-int.com/news/thames-estuary-airport-is-not-a-short-term-solution.html">"Thames Estuary Airport Is Not A "Short Term" Solution"</a>. Airport International. 4 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airport-int.com/news/thames-estuary-airport-is-not-a-short-term-solution.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thames+Estuary+Airport+Is+Not+A+%22Short+Term%22+Solution&rft.pub=Airport+International&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airport-int.com%2Fnews%2Fthames-estuary-airport-is-not-a-short-term-solution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČeština" class="citation web cs1">Čeština. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.low-cost-airline-guide.com/en/articles/secondary-airports-onward-travel-planning.htm">"Guide to Flying to Secondary Airports"</a>. Low Cost Airline Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Flying+to+Secondary+Airports&rft.pub=Low+Cost+Airline+Guide&rft.au=%C4%8Ce%C5%A1tina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.low-cost-airline-guide.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fsecondary-airports-onward-travel-planning.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexasigno.co.uk/gatwick-vs-heathrow/">"Gatwick vs. Heathrow : Alex's Travel Blog"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gatwick+vs.+Heathrow+%3A+Alex%27s+Travel+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falexasigno.co.uk%2Fgatwick-vs-heathrow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heathrowairport.com/transport-and-directions/underground">"Underground - London Tube to Heathrow"</a>. Heathrowairport.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Underground+-+London+Tube+to+Heathrow&rft.pub=Heathrowairport.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heathrowairport.com%2Ftransport-and-directions%2Funderground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.superbrands.uk.com/files/2013/02/Heathrow-Airport-35PM3l.pdf">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/apr/13/thames-hub-airport-worst-spot">"Proposed Thames Hub airport in 'very worst spot' say air traffic controllers"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 14 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Proposed+Thames+Hub+airport+in+%27very+worst+spot%27+say+air+traffic+controllers&rft.date=2012-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2012%2Fapr%2F13%2Fthames-hub-airport-worst-spot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/analysis/your-questions-answered-thames-estuary-airport/1017292.article">"Your questions answered: Thames Estuary Airport"</a>. 14 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Your+questions+answered%3A+Thames+Estuary+Airport&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theengineer.co.uk%2Fin-depth%2Fanalysis%2Fyour-questions-answered-thames-estuary-airport%2F1017292.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThames+Estuary+Airport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100317154338/http://www.airport-int.com/news/boris-johnson-calls-for-new-london-airport.html">Favorable reaction of London Mayor towards the Marinar concept.</a> August 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://democracy.medway.gov.uk/Data/Council/20100114/Minutes/f20100114r-3.pdf"><i>Advice to the Medway Council Cabinet on the Thames Estuary Airport Feasibility Review</i></a>, January 2010</li> <li>In response to a Freedom of Information request, the Department of Transport has released its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/foi/responses/2008/aug/maplin/docs.pdf">files</a> on the Maplin Airport project.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/airports-commission-interim-report">Airports Commission: interim report</a>, 17. Dec 2013</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_London" title="Template:Transport in London"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_London" title="Template talk:Transport in London"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_London" title="Transport in London">Transport in London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for<br />London</a> (TfL)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_Tube" title="Night Tube">Night Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakerloo_line" title="Bakerloo line">Bakerloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)" title="Central line (London Underground)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_line_(London_Underground)" title="Circle line (London Underground)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_line" title="District line">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_City_line" title="Hammersmith & City line">Hammersmith & City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_line" title="Jubilee line">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_line" title="Metropolitan line">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_line" title="Northern line">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_line" title="Piccadilly line">Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_line" title="Victoria line">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_%26_City_line" title="Waterloo & City line">Waterloo & City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/London_Rail" title="London Rail">London Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_line" title="Elizabeth line">Elizabeth line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_London_line" title="North London line">North London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_London_line" title="East London line">East London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_London_line" title="South London line">South London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_London_line" title="West London line">West London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Oak_to_Barking_line" title="Gospel Oak to Barking line">Gospel Oak to Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea_Valley_lines" title="Lea Valley lines">Lea Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romford%E2%80%93Upminster_line" title="Romford–Upminster line">Romford–Upminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_DC_line" title="Watford DC line">Watford DC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/London_Buses" title="London Buses">London Buses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Transit" title="East London Transit">East London Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Superloop" title="London Superloop">Superloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_buses_in_London" title="Night buses in London">Night buses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Coach station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander_Cycles" title="Santander Cycles">Cycle hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dial-a-Ride" title="London Dial-a-Ride">Dial-a-Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_cable_car" title="London cable car">IFS Cloud Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_River_Services" title="London River Services">London River Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Streets" title="London Streets">London Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_London" title="Source London">Source London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxis_of_the_United_Kingdom#TfL_Taxi_and_Private_Hire_office" title="Taxis of the United Kingdom">Taxi and Private Hire office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Bus operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Herts_%26_Essex" title="Arriva Herts & Essex">Arriva Herts & Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_London" title="Arriva London">Arriva London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Southern_Counties" title="Arriva Southern Counties">Arriva Southern Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-Ahead_London" title="Go-Ahead London">Go-Ahead London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Triangle" title="Blue Triangle">Blue Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docklands_Buses" title="Docklands Buses">Docklands Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Central" title="London Central">London Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_General" title="London General">London General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)" title="Metrobus (South East England)">Metrobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroline" title="Metroline">Metroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RATP_Dev_Transit_London" title="RATP Dev Transit London">RATP Dev Transit London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Sovereign" title="London Sovereign">London Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RATP_Dev_Transit_Londo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RATP Dev Transit Londo (page does not exist)">London Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_United_Busways" title="London United Busways">London United</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_London" title="Stagecoach London">Stagecoach London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)" title="East London (bus company)">East London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkent" title="Selkent">Selkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thameside_(bus_company)" title="Thameside (bus company)">Thameside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_UK_London_Bus" title="Transport UK London Bus">Transport UK London Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uno_(bus_company)" title="Uno (bus company)">Uno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">River operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Thames_and_Medway_Passenger_Boat_Company" title="Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company">Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Clippers" title="Thames Clippers">Uber Boat by Thames Clippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_River_Services" title="Thames River Services">Thames River Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Passenger_Services_Association" title="Westminster Passenger Services Association">Westminster Passenger Services Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Train operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Rail_London" title="Arriva Rail London">Arriva Rail London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast" title="Avanti West Coast">Avanti West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C2c" title="C2c">c2c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Sleeper" title="Caledonian Sleeper">Caledonian Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway" title="East Midlands Railway">East Midlands Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govia_Thameslink_Railway" title="Govia Thameslink Railway">Govia Thameslink Railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Express" title="Gatwick Express">Gatwick Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govia_Thameslink_Railway" title="Govia Thameslink Railway">Great Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_(Govia_Thameslink_Railway)" title="Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govia_Thameslink_Railway" title="Govia Thameslink Railway">Thameslink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_(train_operating_company)" title="Grand Central (train operating company)">Grand Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Anglia" title="Greater Anglia">Greater Anglia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stansted_Express" title="Stansted Express">Stansted Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Express" title="Heathrow Express">Heathrow Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Trains" title="Hull Trains">Hull Trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTR_Corporation#Current_operations" title="MTR Corporation">MTR Elizabeth line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Trains" title="West Midlands Trains">London Northwestern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumo_(train_operating_company)" title="Lumo (train operating company)">Lumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Railway" title="South Western Railway">South Western Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_(train_operating_company)" title="Southeastern (train operating company)">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Infrastructure_Partners" title="Global Infrastructure Partners">Global Infrastructure Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings" title="Heathrow Airport Holdings">Heathrow Airport Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airports_of_London" title="Airports of London">Airports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Within London</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Heliport" title="London Heliport">London Heliport</a></li> <li><i>Military:</i> <a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">Northolt</a></li> <li><i>Private:</i> <a href="/wiki/London_Biggin_Hill_Airport" title="London Biggin Hill Airport">Biggin Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Outside London</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Airport" title="Luton Airport">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Southend_Airport" title="London Southend Airport">Southend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">Stansted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/London_station_group" title="London station group">Central area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station" title="Baker Street tube station">Baker Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations" title="Bank and Monument stations">Bank-Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_station" title="Blackfriars station">Blackfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Street_station" title="Bond Street station">Bond Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_station" title="Cannon Street station">Cannon Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station" title="Charing Cross railway station">Charing Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station" title="City Thameslink railway station">City Thameslink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl%27s_Court_tube_station" title="Earl's Court tube station">Earl's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station" title="Elephant & Castle railway station">Elephant & Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farringdon_station" title="Farringdon station">Farringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Park_tube_station" title="Green Park tube station">Green Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marylebone_station" title="Marylebone station">Marylebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorgate_station" title="Moorgate station">Moorgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station" title="Oxford Circus tube station">Oxford Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station" title="Tottenham Court Road station">Tottenham Court Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_station" title="Vauxhall station">Vauxhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_East_railway_station" title="Waterloo East railway station">Waterloo East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_tube_station" title="Westminster tube station">Westminster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barking_station" title="Barking station">Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromley_South_railway_station" title="Bromley South railway station">Bromley South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf_tube_station" title="Canary Wharf tube station">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_station" title="Ealing Broadway station">Ealing Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Croydon_station" title="East Croydon station">East Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Park_station" title="Finsbury Park station">Finsbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport#Public_transport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highbury_%26_Islington_station" title="Highbury & Islington station">Highbury & Islington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisham_station" title="Lewisham station">Lewisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport_DLR_station" title="London City Airport DLR station">London City Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)" title="Richmond station (London)">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_station" title="Stratford station">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surbiton_railway_station" title="Surbiton railway station">Surbiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_railway_station_(London)" title="Sutton railway station (London)">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upminster_station" title="Upminster station">Upminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ham_station" title="West Ham station">West Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_in_West_Hampstead" title="Stations in West Hampstead">West Hampstead stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_station" title="Whitechapel station">Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willesden_Junction_station" title="Willesden Junction station">Willesden Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_station" title="Wimbledon station">Wimbledon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Roads_in_London" title="Category:Roads in London">Roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorways_in_London" title="Category:Motorways in London">Motorways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25 London Orbital</a></li> <li><i>Former:</i> <a href="/wiki/West_Cross_Route" title="West Cross Route">M41 (West Cross Route)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westway_(London)" title="Westway (London)">A40(M) (Westway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cross_Route" title="East Cross Route">A102(M) (East Cross Route)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ring_roads_in_London" title="Category:Ring roads in London">Ring roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Inner_Ring_Road" title="London Inner Ring Road">London Inner Ring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Circular_Road" title="North Circular Road">North Circular Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Circular_Road,_London" title="South Circular Road, London">South Circular Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Charging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">Congestion charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_low_emission_zone" title="London low emission zone">Low emission zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Low_Emission_Zone" title="Ultra Low Emission Zone">Ultra Low Emission Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ticketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Pass" title="Freedom Pass">Freedom Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_card" title="Oyster card">Oyster card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelcard" title="Travelcard">Travelcard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cycle_routes_in_London" title="List of cycle routes in London">Cycle routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_transport_authorities_in_London" title="History of public transport authorities in London">History of public transport authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_of_transport_in_London" title="Accessibility of transport in London">Accessibility of transport in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Museum" title="London Transport Museum">London Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Places_for_London" title="Places for London">Places for London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_London" title="Port of London">Port of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Canal" title="Regent's Canal">Regent's Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thameslink" title="Thameslink">Thameslink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_London" title="Trams in London">Trams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_London" title="Trolleybuses in London">Trolleybuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_House,_London" title="Windsor House, London">Windsor House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former BR sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_London" title="Category:Transport in London">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:London_transport" title="Portal:London transport">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&oldid=1248005041#Boris_Island/London_Britannia">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&oldid=1248005041#Boris_Island/London_Britannia</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_transport_infrastructure_in_the_East_of_England" title="Category:Proposed transport infrastructure in the East of England">Proposed transport infrastructure in the East of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_airports_in_the_London_region" title="Category:Proposed airports in the London region">Proposed airports in the London region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thames_Estuary" title="Category:Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Proposed airports in the United Kingdom">Proposed airports in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2024">Articles with dead external links from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017">Articles with dead external links from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2016">Articles with dead external links from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 September 2024, at 03:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thames_Estuary_Airport&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Boris_Island/London_Britannia" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b7zbx","wgBackendResponseTime":197,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.713","walltime":"0.935","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5277,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":142448,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5013,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":145105,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 824.883 1 -total"," 49.24% 406.198 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.00% 140.208 17 Template:Cite_web"," 13.87% 114.373 6 Template:Navbox"," 12.64% 104.258 1 Template:Transport_in_London"," 11.58% 95.537 3 Template:Cite_book"," 11.46% 94.555 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.95% 73.851 14 Template:Cite_news"," 7.84% 64.685 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.42% 52.932 5 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.425","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8645864,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-pdsd4","timestamp":"20241123113100","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Thames Estuary Airport","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thames_Estuary_Airport#Boris_Island\/London_Britannia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7709886","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7709886","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-01-17T12:47:49Z","dateModified":"2024-09-27T03:56:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4a\/Thames_Estuary_airports_proposed_locations_SS_Richard_Montgomery.png","headline":"proposed airport near London"}</script> </body> </html>