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background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" class="center-table-mobile"> <tbody><tr> <td><center><big><b><a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_administration,_2025" title="Donald Trump presidential administration, 2025">Trump Administration</a></b></big><small><br /><b>(second term)</b><br /><b><a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></b> • <b><a href="/J.D._Vance" title="J.D. Vance">J.D. Vance</a></b></small><br /><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/e/e2/White_House_Trump_II_crop.jpg" width="180px" style="float:center" /></center><hr /> <style> .circle { border-radius:50%; padding:10px; } .iframe-container { padding-top: 56.25%; height: 1200px; position: relative; } @media (max-width: 1400px) { .iframe-container { height: 1300px; } } @media (max-width: 1340px) { .iframe-container { height: 1500px; } } .iframe-container iframe { border: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .responsive-iframe { position: relative; padding-bottom: 76.25%; padding-top: 60px; overflow: hidden; } .responsive-iframe iframe, .responsive-iframe embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } </style> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><b>Administration</b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donald Trump's Cabinet</a> • <a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees,_2025" title="Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025">Confirmation process for Cabinet nominees</a> • <a href="/How_senators_voted_on_Trump_Cabinet_nominees,_2025" title="How senators voted on Trump Cabinet nominees, 2025">Confirmation votes by senator</a> • <a href="/Donald_Trump%27s_executive_orders_and_actions,_2025" title="Donald Trump's executive orders and actions, 2025">Executive orders and actions</a> • <a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_administration,_2025#Key_legislation" title="Donald Trump presidential administration, 2025">Key legislation</a> • <a href="/Ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump,_2025" title="Ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump, 2025">Ambassadors</a> • <a href="/Special_envoys_by_administration" title="Special envoys by administration">Special envoys</a> • <a href="/Multistate_lawsuits_against_the_federal_government_during_the_Trump_administration,_2025" title="Multistate lawsuits against the federal government during the Trump administration, 2025">Multistate lawsuits</a></small><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><b>Transition</b>: <a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_transition,_2024-2025" title="Donald Trump presidential transition, 2024-2025">Transition</a> • <a href="/What_happens_during_Donald_Trump%27s_presidential_transition_process,_2024-2025" title="What happens during Donald Trump's presidential transition process, 2024-2025">What happens during a presidential transition?</a> • <a href="/Counting_of_electoral_votes_(January_6,_2025)" title="Counting of electoral votes (January 6, 2025)">Certification of electoral votes</a> • <a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 presidential election</a></small><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><b>First term</b>: <a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_transition_team,_2016-2017" title="Donald Trump presidential transition team, 2016-2017">Transition</a> • <a href="/Confirmation_process_overview_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees,_2016-2017" title="Confirmation process overview for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2016-2017">Confirmation process for Cabinet nominees</a> • <a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_Cabinet,_2017-2021" title="Donald Trump presidential Cabinet, 2017-2021">Cabinet</a> • <a href="/Policy_issues_under_the_Trump_administration,_2017-2021" title="Policy issues under the Trump administration, 2017-2021">Administration</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <style> @media only screen and (max-width: 400px){ .center-table-mobile { width: 100% !important; } } </style> </p><p>Before taking office on January 20, 2025, <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (R) identified candidates for the positions that comprise the president's Cabinet. This tradition is rooted in <a href="/Article_II,_United_States_Constitution" title="Article II, United States Constitution">Article II, Section 2, Clause 1</a> of the Constitution, which states that the president "may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>As of February 19, 2025, 18 Cabinet members had been confirmed. Four Cabinet members had not yet received confirmation votes. </p><p>A presidential Cabinet is a group of senior federal officials who advise the president on the issues and activities of their respective agencies. The number of officials in a Cabinet can vary across presidential administrations. While not explicitly identified in the Constitution, the Cabinet secretaries are the 15 agency heads who are in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is also part of the Cabinet. </p><p>During Trump's second term, the following offices are also Cabinet-rank positions: <a href="/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House chief of staff</a>, the administrator of the <a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, the director of the <a href="/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, the <a href="/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">U.S. trade representative</a>, the director of the <a href="/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, the director of National Intelligence, the administrator of the <a href="/U.S._Small_Business_Administration" title="U.S. Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a>, and the <a href="/U.S._Mission_to_the_United_Nations" title="U.S. Mission to the United Nations">ambassador to the United Nations</a>. These positions were also Cabinet-level in Trump's first term.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D) additionally included the chair of the <a href="/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> and the director of the <a href="/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> in his Cabinet. </p><p>Except for the vice president and White House chief of staff, these positions require Senate confirmation. Between November 7 and December 4, 2024, Trump announced nominees for all 22 of the Senate-confirmed Cabinet and Cabinet-level positions in his second term. </p><p>This page provides an overview of individuals appointed to Trump's Cabinet. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Recent_hearings,_votes,_and_nominations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Recent hearings, votes, and nominations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cabinet_and_Cabinet-level_appointees"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cabinet and Cabinet-level appointees</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Nominees_awaiting_confirmation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nominees awaiting confirmation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Historical_comparison_of_Cabinet_confirmations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Historical comparison of Cabinet confirmations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Comparison_to_Biden_administration"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison to Biden administration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Comparison_to_Trump's_first_term"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison to Trump's first term</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Comparison_to_Obama_administration"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison to Obama administration</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Historical_comparison_of_Cabinet_announcements"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Historical comparison of Cabinet announcements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Appointment_confirmation_process_overview"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Appointment confirmation process overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Nomination"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nomination</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Committee_hearings"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Committee hearings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Senate_vote"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Senate vote</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Presidential_notification"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential notification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Recess_appointments"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Recess appointments</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span id="Recent_hearings.2C_votes.2C_and_nominations"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_hearings,_votes,_and_nominations">Recent hearings, votes, and nominations</span></h2> <p>The section below displays recent hearings, votes, and nominations related to Trump's Cabinet. <a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees,_2025#Recent_hearings,_votes,_and_nominations" title="Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025">Click here</a> to view previous events. </p><p><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>February 27, 2025</b>: The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee</a> will meet to consider the nomination of <a href="/Lori_Chavez-DeRemer" title="Lori Chavez-DeRemer">Lori Chavez-DeRemer</a> for secretary of labor.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><b>February 20, 2025</b>: The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee</a> voted 12-11 to advance the nomination of <a href="/Linda_McMahon" title="Linda McMahon">Linda McMahon</a> for secretary of education.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><b>February 19, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 52-46 to confirm <a href="/Kelly_Loeffler" title="Kelly Loeffler">Kelly Loeffler</a> as administrator of the Small Business Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee</a> held a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Lori_Chavez-DeRemer" title="Lori Chavez-DeRemer">Lori Chavez-DeRemer</a> for secretary of labor.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>February 18, 2025</b>: The Senate voted 51-45 to confirm <a href="/Howard_Lutnick" title="Howard Lutnick">Howard Lutnick</a> as secretary of commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></li></ul> <p><script type="text/javascript">document.addEventListener('readystatechange', e => { if (document.readyState === 'complete') { if ($(window).width() < 767) { $.each($('.portal-collapse-on-small'), function () { $(this).collapse('hide'); }); } } });</script> </p> <div class="portal-section-collapsible portal-toggle-section"><div class="portal-toggle-container"><a class="portal-toggle-link collapsed" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#previousevents" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="previousevents">Previous events (click to expand)</a></div><div class="collapse" id="previousevents"><div class="portal-section"><br /> <ul><li><b>February 13, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 72-28 to confirm <a href="/Brooke_Rollins" title="Brooke Rollins">Brooke Rollins</a> as secretary of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li> <li>The Senate voted 52-48 to confirm <a href="/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> as secretary of health and human services.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee</a> held a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Linda_McMahon" title="Linda McMahon">Linda McMahon</a> for secretary of education.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>February 12, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 52-48 to confirm <a href="/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> as director of national intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> voted 15-12 to advance <a href="/Jamieson_Greer" title="Jamieson Greer">Jamieson Greer</a>'s nomination for U.S. trade representative.</li></ul></li> <li><b>February 6, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 53-47 to confirm <a href="/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a> as director of the <a href="/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> held confirmation hearings for <a href="/Jamieson_Greer" title="Jamieson Greer">Jamieson Greer</a> for U.S. trade representative.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>February 5, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 55-44 to confirm <a href="/Scott_Turner" title="Scott Turner">Scott Turner</a> as secretary of housing and urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee</a> voted 16-12 to advance <a href="/Howard_Lutnick" title="Howard Lutnick">Howard Lutnick</a>'s nomination for secretary of commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Senate Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee</a> voted 12-7 to advance <a href="/Kelly_Loeffler" title="Kelly Loeffler">Kelly Loeffler</a>'s nomination for administrator of the Small Business Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>February 4, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 54-46 to confirm <a href="/Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Pam Bondi</a> as attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></li> <li>The Senate voted 77-23 to confirm <a href="/Doug_Collins" title="Doug Collins">Doug Collins</a> as secretary of veterans affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> voted 14-13 to advance <a href="/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a>'s nomination for secretary of health and human services.</li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Intelligence_(Select)" title="United States Senate Committee on Intelligence (Select)">Senate Intelligence Committee</a> voted 9-8 to advance <a href="/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a>'s nomination for director of national intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>February 3, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry</a> voted 23-0 to advance the nomination of <a href="/Brooke_Rollins" title="Brooke Rollins">Brooke Rollins</a> for secretary of agriculture.</li> <li>The Senate voted 59-38 to confirm <a href="/Chris_Wright_(secretary_of_energy)" title="Chris Wright (secretary of energy)">Chris Wright</a>'s as secretary of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>January 30, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 79-18 to confirm <a href="/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Doug Burgum</a> as secretary of the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> voted 11-0 to advance the nomination of <a href="/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a> for director of the Office of Management and Budget.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> advanced the nomination of <a href="/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a> for U.S. ambassador to the United Nations by voice vote.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Intelligence_(Select)" title="United States Senate Committee on Intelligence (Select)">Senate Intelligence Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> for director of national intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> for secretary of health and human services.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>January 29, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 56-42 to confirm <a href="/Lee_Zeldin" title="Lee Zeldin">Lee Zeldin</a> as administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> voted 12-10 to advance <a href="/Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Pam Bondi</a>'s nomination for attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Senate Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Kelly_Loeffler" title="Kelly Loeffler">Kelly Loeffler</a> for administrator of the Small Business Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Howard_Lutnick" title="Howard Lutnick">Howard Lutnick</a> for secretary of commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> for secretary of health and human services.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>January 28, 2025</b>: The Senate voted 77-22 to confirm <a href="/Sean_Duffy" title="Sean Duffy">Sean Duffy</a> as secretary of transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></li> <li><b>January 27, 2025</b>: The Senate voted 68-29 to confirm <a href="/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Scott Bessent</a> as secretary of the Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></li> <li><b>January 25, 2025</b>: The Senate voted 59-34 to confirm <a href="/Kristi_Noem" title="Kristi Noem">Kristi Noem</a> for secretary of homeland security. <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></li> <li><b>January 24, 2025</b>: The Senate voted 51-50 to confirm <a href="/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Pete Hegseth</a> for secretary of defense, with Vice President <a href="/J.D._Vance" title="J.D. Vance">J.D. Vance</a> (R) casting the <a href="/Tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_vice_presidents_in_the_Senate" title="Tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents in the Senate">tie-breaking vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></li> <li><b>January 23, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The Senate voted 74-25 to confirm <a href="/John_Ratcliffe" title="John Ratcliffe">John Ratcliffe</a> for director of the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry</a> held a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Brooke_Rollins" title="Brooke Rollins">Brooke Rollins</a> for secretary of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Senate Environment and Public Works Committee</a> voted 11-8 to advance <a href="/Lee_Zeldin" title="Lee Zeldin">Lee Zeldin</a>'s nomination for administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee</a> voted 18-1 to advance <a href="/Doug_Collins" title="Doug Collins">Doug Collins</a>' nomination for secretary of veterans' affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee</a> voted 18-2 to advance the nomination of <a href="/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Doug Burgum</a> for secretary of the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-politico123_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politico123-43">[43]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee</a> voted 15-5 to advance the nomination of <a href="/Chris_Wright_(secretary_of_energy)" title="Chris Wright (secretary of energy)">Chris Wright</a> for secretary of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-politico123_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politico123-43">[43]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee</a> voted to advance <a href="/Scott_Turner" title="Scott Turner">Scott Turner</a>'s nomination for secretary of housing and urban development in a 13-11 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>January 22, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> held a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a> for director of the Office of Management and Budget.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee</a> voted 28-0 to advance the nomination of <a href="/Sean_Duffy" title="Sean Duffy">Sean Duffy</a> for secretary of transportation.</li></ul></li> <li><b>January 21, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Doug_Collins" title="Doug Collins">Doug Collins</a> for secretary of veterans affairs and the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a> for U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> advanced the nomination of <a href="/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Scott Bessent</a> for secretary of the treasury in a 16-11 vote.</li></ul></li> <li><b>January 20, 2025</b>: <ul><li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> unanimously voted to advance <a href="/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>'s nomination for secretary of state. The Senate voted to confirm Rubio in a 99-0 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> voted to advance <a href="/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Pete Hegseth</a>'s nomination for secretary of defense in a 14-13 vote and the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a> voted to advance <a href="/Kristi_Noem" title="Kristi Noem">Kristi Noem</a>'s nomination for secretary of homeland security in a 13-2 vote.</li></ul></li> <li><b>January 17, 2025</b>: The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Kristi_Noem" title="Kristi Noem">Kristi Noem</a> for secretary of homeland security.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></li> <li><b>January 16, 2025</b>: The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> held a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Scott Bessent</a> for treasury secretary, the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> held the second half of a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Pam Bondi</a> for attorney general, the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Scott_Turner" title="Scott Turner">Scott Turner</a> for secretary of housing and urban development, the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Senate Environment and Public Works Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Lee_Zeldin" title="Lee Zeldin">Lee Zeldin</a> for director of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee</a> held a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Doug Burgum</a> for secretary of the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></li> <li><b>January 15, 2025</b>: The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> held the first half of a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Pam Bondi</a> for attorney general, the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Sean_Duffy" title="Sean Duffy">Sean Duffy</a> for secretary of transportation, the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> for secretary of state, the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Intelligence_(Select)" title="United States Senate Committee on Intelligence (Select)">Senate Intelligence Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/John_Ratcliffe" title="John Ratcliffe">John Ratcliffe</a> for CIA director, the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Chris_Wright_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Wright (Washington, D.C.)">Chris Wright</a> for secretary of energy, and the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee</a> held a hearing for <a href="/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a> for director of the Office of Management and Budget.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></li> <li><b>January 14, 2025</b>: The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> held a confirmation hearing for <a href="/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Pete Hegseth</a> for secretary of defense.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></li> <li><b>December 4, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate former U.S. Sen. <a href="/Kelly_Loeffler" title="Kelly Loeffler">Kelly Loeffler</a> (R-Ga.) as administrator of the Small Business Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 26, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate <a href="/Jamieson_Greer" title="Jamieson Greer">Jamieson Greer</a> as U.S. trade representative.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 23, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate <a href="/Brooke_Rollins" title="Brooke Rollins">Brooke Rollins</a> for secretary of Agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 22, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate <a href="/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Scott Bessent</a> for secretary of the Treasury, <a href="/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a> as director of the Office of Management and Budget, and <a href="/Lori_Chavez-DeRemer" title="Lori Chavez-DeRemer">Lori Chavez-DeRemer</a> for secretary of Labor.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 21, 2024</b> <ul><li><a href="/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a>, Trump's first announced nominee for attorney general, withdrew from consideration for the position.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></li> <li>Trump announced former Florida Attorney General <a href="/Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Pam Bondi</a> (R) as his nominee for U.S. attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>November 19, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate <a href="/Howard_Lutnick" title="Howard Lutnick">Howard Lutnick</a> for secretary of Commerce and <a href="/Linda_McMahon" title="Linda McMahon">Linda McMahon</a> for secretary of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 18, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate former U.S. Rep. <a href="/Sean_Duffy" title="Sean Duffy">Sean Duffy</a> (R-Wis.) as secretary of Transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 16, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate <a href="/Chris_Wright" title="Chris Wright">Chris Wright</a> as secretary of Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 15, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate North Dakota Gov. <a href="/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Doug Burgum</a> (R) for secretary of the Interior, .<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 14, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate <a href="/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> as secretary of Health and Human Services and former U.S. Rep. <a href="/Doug_Collins" title="Doug Collins">Doug Collins</a> (R-Ga.) as secretary of Veterans Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 13, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate U.S. Sen. <a href="/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> (R-Fla.) as <a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">secretary of State</a>, former U.S. Rep. <a href="/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> as Director of National Intelligence, and U.S. Rep. <a href="/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a> (R-Fla.) as attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 12, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate <a href="/John_Ratcliffe" title="John Ratcliffe">John Ratcliffe</a> as director of the <a href="/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, <a href="/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Pete Hegseth</a> as <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">secretary of Defense</a>, and South Dakota Governor <a href="/Kristi_Noem" title="Kristi Noem">Kristi Noem</a> (R) as <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">secretary of Homeland Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 11, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would nominate former U.S. Rep. <a href="/Lee_Zeldin" title="Lee Zeldin">Lee Zeldin</a> (R-N.Y.) to serve as administrator of the <a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, and U.S. Rep. <a href="/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a> (R-N.Y.) to serve as <a href="/U.S._Mission_to_the_United_Nations" title="U.S. Mission to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup></li> <li><b>November 7, 2024</b>: Trump announced he would appoint his 2024 co-campaign manager <a href="/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Susie Wiles</a> to serve as White House chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></li> <li><b>July 15, 2024</b>: <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (R) selected U.S. Sen. <a href="/J.D._Vance" title="J.D. Vance">J.D. Vance</a> (R-Ohio) as his vice presidential running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></li></ul></div></div></div> <p> </p><div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351617089-0"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351617089-0'); }); </script> </div><div id="div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3049" class="publirAds"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot.getSlotElementId() == "div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3049") {googletag.display("div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3049");} });});</script></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cabinet_and_Cabinet-level_appointees">Cabinet and Cabinet-level appointees</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees,_2025" title="Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025">Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025</a></i></dd></dl> <p> <style> .circle { border-radius:50%; padding:10px; } .iframe-container { padding-top: 56.25%; height: 1200px; position: relative; } @media (max-width: 1400px) { .iframe-container { height: 1300px; } } @media (max-width: 1340px) { .iframe-container { height: 1500px; } } .iframe-container iframe { border: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .responsive-iframe { position: relative; padding-bottom: 76.25%; padding-top: 60px; overflow: hidden; } .responsive-iframe iframe, .responsive-iframe embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } </style> </p><p>The following individuals are members of Trump's Cabinet. They have either been confirmed by the U.S. Senate or hold a position that does not require Senate confirmation. </p> <center><small> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align=center"> <th style="width: 150px"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/0/04/VP_JD_Vance_square_2024.jpg?20241112171235" "="" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/J.D._Vance" title="J.D. Vance">J.D. Vance</a></b><br />Vice President </th> <th style="width: 150px"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/7/7f/Marco_Rubio_square.jpg?20241113200946" "="" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a></b><br />Secretary of State </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/9/9d/Scott_Bessent_square.png" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Scott Bessent</a></b><br />Secretary of the Treasury </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/c/c9/Pete_Hegseth_square.jpg" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Pete Hegseth</a></b><br />Secretary of Defense </th></tr> </tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align=center"> <th style="width: 150px"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/f/f8/Pam_Bondi_square.jpg?20241122161543" "="" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Pam Bondi</a></b><br />Attorney General </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/3/3c/Governor_Doug_Burgumsquare.jpg" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Doug Burgum</a></b><br />Secretary of the Interior </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/2/29/Brooke_Rollins_sqaure.jpg" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Brooke_Rollins" title="Brooke Rollins">Brooke Rollins</a></b><br />Secretary of Agriculture </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/c/c6/Howard_Lutnick_square.png?20241122161204" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Howard_Lutnick" title="Howard Lutnick">Howard Lutnick</a></b><br />Secretary of Commerce </th></tr> </tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align=center"> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/b/b1/RFKJrPres2024.jpg" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></b><br />Secretary of Health and Human Services </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/4/40/Scott_Tuner_square.jpg" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Scott_Turner" title="Scott Turner">Scott Turner</a></b><br />Secretary of Housing and Urban Development </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/8/84/Sean_Duffy_square.jpg?20241119190329" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Sean_Duffy" title="Sean Duffy">Sean Duffy</a></b><br />Secretary of Transportation </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/9/9e/Chris_Wright_square.jpg?20250203225004" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Chris_Wright_(secretary_of_energy)" title="Chris Wright (secretary of energy)">Chris Wright</a></b><br />Secretary of Energy </th></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align=center"> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/ae/Kristi_Noem_square.jpg?20241113192907" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Kristi_Noem" title="Kristi Noem">Kristi Noem</a></b><br />Secretary of Homeland Security </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/c/cd/Doug_Collins_square.jpg?20241115152244" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Doug_Collins" title="Doug Collins">Doug Collins</a></b><br />Secretary of Veterans Affairs </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/e/e2/Gabbard_%282%29.jpg" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a></b><br />Director of National Intelligence </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/0/01/Kelly_Loeffler_square.jpg?20241205152826" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Kelly_Loeffler" title="Kelly Loeffler">Kelly Loeffler</a></b><br />Administrator of the Small Business Administration </th></tr> </tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;text-align=center"> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/d/d5/Lee_Zeldin_square.jpg?20241112172135" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Lee_Zeldin" title="Lee Zeldin">Lee Zeldin</a></b><br />Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/8/81/Russell_Vought_square.jpg?20241125152740" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a></b><br />Director of the Office of Management and Budget </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/3/3b/John_Ratcliffe_square.jpg" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/John_Ratcliffe" title="John Ratcliffe">John Ratcliffe</a></b><br />Director of the Central Intelligence Agency </th> <th style="width: 150px;"><img class="circle" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/b/be/Susie_Wiles.jpg/150px-Susie_Wiles.jpg" width="150px" style="float:left" /><br /><b><a href="/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Susie Wiles</a></b><br />White House Chief of Staff </th></tr> </tbody></table> </small></center> <p> </p><div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351706778-0"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351706778-0'); }); </script> </div><div id="div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3050" class="publirAds"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot.getSlotElementId() == "div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3050") {googletag.display("div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3050");} });});</script></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nominees_awaiting_confirmation">Nominees awaiting confirmation</span></h3> <ul><li><b><a href="/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a></b>, <a href="/U.S._Mission_to_the_United_Nations" title="U.S. Mission to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></li> <li><b><a href="/Linda_McMahon" title="Linda McMahon">Linda McMahon</a></b>, Secretary of education</li> <li><b><a href="/Lori_Chavez-DeRemer" title="Lori Chavez-DeRemer">Lori Chavez-DeRemer</a></b>, Secretary of labor</li> <li><b><a href="/Jamieson_Greer" title="Jamieson Greer">Jamieson Greer</a></b>, U.S. Trade Representative</li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_comparison_of_Cabinet_confirmations">Historical comparison of Cabinet confirmations</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_to_Biden_administration">Comparison to Biden administration</span></h3> <p>The following chart displays how many days it took for the Cabinet secretaries of President <a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D) to be confirmed after the inauguration in 2021. This chart includes the main 15 Cabinet positions. </p><p><iframe title="Cabinet confirmation timeline in days after the inauguration for Joe Biden (D), 2021" aria-label="Dot Plot" id="datawrapper-chart-YzeYX" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/YzeYX/1/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="380" data-external="1"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}(); </script> </p> <h3><span id="Comparison_to_Trump.27s_first_term"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_to_Trump's_first_term">Comparison to Trump's first term</span></h3> <p>The following chart displays how many days it took for President <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s (R) first term Cabinet secretaries to be confirmed after the inauguration in 2017. This chart includes the main 15 Cabinet positions. </p><p><iframe title="Cabinet confirmation timeline in days after the inauguration for Donald Trump (R), 2017" aria-label="Dot Plot" id="datawrapper-chart-9nWZY" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/9nWZY/1/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="380" data-external="1"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}(); </script> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_to_Obama_administration">Comparison to Obama administration</span></h3> <p>The following chart displays how many days it took for the Cabinet secretaries of President <a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (D) to be confirmed after the inauguration in 2009. This chart includes the main 15 Cabinet positions. </p><p><iframe title="Cabinet confirmation timeline in days after the inauguration for Barack Obama (D), 2009" aria-label="Dot Plot" id="datawrapper-chart-DZf8E" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/DZf8E/1/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="380" data-external="1"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}(); </script> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_comparison_of_Cabinet_announcements">Historical comparison of Cabinet announcements</span></h2> <p>The following chart shows how long it took the projected winner of four recent presidential elections—<a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (D) in 2008, <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (R) in 2016, <a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D) in 2020, and <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (R) in 2024—to announce their nominees for Cabinet and Cabinet-rank positions. </p> <ul><li>White House chief of staff was the first position to be announced by all four with Obama and Trump ahead of his second term taking the shortest time (2 days after the election) and Biden the longest (8 days after the election).</li> <li>Trump had named all 23 Cabinet nominees as of December 4, 2024. At this point after election day, Biden had announced seven Cabinet-level positions in 2020, Trump had announced 13 in 2016, and Obama had announced nine in 2008. It took Trump 72 days to name all 23 of the nominees for these positions in 2016.</li> <li>Trump announced these nominees an average of 11.9 days after election day. Biden's average for the same positions was 39.6 days after election day, Trump's first term average for these positions was 30.9 days after election day, and Obama's average was 36.4 days after election day.</li></ul> <p><iframe title="Presidential Cabinet nomination announcements over time, 2008-2024" aria-label="Interactive line chart" id="datawrapper-chart-uMi5E" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/uMi5E/1/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="501" data-external="1"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}(); </script> </p><p><iframe title="Comparison of Cabinet announcements in days after the 2008, 2016, 2020, and 2024 elections" aria-label="Split Bars" id="datawrapper-chart-UTMGg" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/UTMGg/1/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="782" data-external="1"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}(); </script> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Appointment_confirmation_process_overview">Appointment confirmation process overview</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Appointment_confirmation_process" title="Appointment confirmation process">Appointment confirmation process</a></i></dd></dl> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nomination">Nomination</span></h3> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Advice_and_Consent" title="Advice and Consent">Advice and Consent</a></i></dd></dl> <p>The process begins when the president provides a written nomination to the <a href="/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, where it is read on the floor and assigned a number.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-87">[87]</a></sup> This starts the Senate's procedure of "<a href="/Advice_and_Consent" title="Advice and Consent">Advice and Consent</a>" laid out in Article II of the <a href="/Article_II,_United_States_Constitution#Section_2" title="Article II, United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> for the appointment of high ranking officials by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-87">[87]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Committee_hearings">Committee hearings</span></h3> <p>After the president submits a written nomination to the U.S. Senate, the nomination is passed to the Senate committee with jurisdiction over the appointed position. Some positions require a joint hearing of two or more committees. Committee hearings allow a close examination of the nominee, looking for partisanship and views on public policy. They can also summon supporters and opponents to testify. Committees are permitted to conduct their own investigations into the nominees.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-87">[87]</a></sup> </p><p>The following table outlines the jurisdiction of the Senate committees in terms of the presidential appointment confirmation process. The left column indicates the Senate committee, and the right indicates the federal departments and administrations over which the committee has jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-87">[87]</a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/Appointment_confirmation_process" title="Appointment confirmation process">Click here to learn more about the appointment confirmation process.</a></b> </p> <table class="marqueetable" style="border:1px solid #424949; border-radius:5px; text-align=left;" cellpadding="6px" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="left" style="background-color: #424949; color:white"><b>Jurisdiction of Senate committees in presidential appointment confirmation process</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;" width="20%">Committee </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;" width="80%">Jurisdiction<sup id="cite_ref-confirmation_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confirmation-88">[88]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li>Securities and Exchange Commission</li> <li>Heads of Federal Banking institutions (e.g., FDIC)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on Budget">Budget</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>All issues concerning the Budget (e.g., tax revenues, government expenditures)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation">Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a></li> <li>Federal Trade Commission</li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a></li> <li>U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Undersecretary for Science and Technology</li> <li><a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Oversight in any issue concerning the environment, public works, or federal buildings</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li>Social Security Administration</li> <li>International Trade Commission</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a></li> <li>International Monetary Fund</li> <li>U.S. Agency for International Development</li> <li>Peace Corps</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a><br /><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a></li> <li>U.S. Food and Drug Administration</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li>U.S. General Services Administration</li> <li>National Archives and Records Administration</li> <li>Circuit and Appeals Courts of District of Columbia</li> <li>United States Postal Service</li> <li>Inspectors General of all departments</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Supreme Court</li> <li>Circuit Courts</li> <li>District Courts</li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules and Administration</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Rules of the Senate</li> <li>General administration of congressional buildings</li> <li>Smithsonian Institution</li> <li>Botanic Gardens</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Small Business Administration</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li>U.S. Department of Labor's Assistant Secretary for the Veterans Employment and Training</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Intelligence_(Select)" title="United States Senate Committee on Intelligence (Select)">Intelligence (Select)</a></td> <td style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Central Intelligence Agency</li> <li>U.S. Department of Treasury's Assistant Secretary for Intelligence Analysis</li> <li>U.S. Department of Justice's Attorney General for National Security</li> <li>Director of National Intelligence</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Senate_vote">Senate vote</span></h3> <p>The nomination must be on the Executive Calendar for more than one day before it can make it to the Senate floor for consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-87">[87]</a></sup> Unanimous consent of the time and date for debate must be agreed upon by all senators.<sup id="cite_ref-crs1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-89">[89]</a></sup> If even one senator does not agree, a <i>hold</i> is placed on the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-crs1_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-89">[89]</a></sup> </p><p>Once the nomination is considered by the Senate, unlimited debate is allowed until a majority of the Senate votes to invoke cloture and close debate. Following a vote of cloture, the Senate conducts a simple majority vote on whether to confirm, reject, or take no action on the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> If a nomination is left pending at the end of a Congress, it must be sent back to the president who can then re-submit the nomination to the new Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_87-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-87">[87]</a></sup> The same procedure holds true with any nominee not considered before the Senate enters a recess of more than 30 days, unless there is unanimous consent to bypass the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-crs1_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-89">[89]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_notification">Presidential notification</span></h3> <p>Finally, the Senate's action on the nomination is sent to the president. All results are recorded in the <i>Congressional Record</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_87-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-87">[87]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Recess_appointments">Recess appointments</span></h3> <p>A <b>recess appointment</b> is a temporary appointment made by the President of the United States to fill a vacant federal position while the United States Senate is in recess. </p><p><a href="/Article_II,_United_States_Constitution#Section_2" title="Article II, United States Constitution">Article II, Section 2</a> of the U.S. Constitution requires the president to seek the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate when appointing individuals to serve as federal judges, ambassadors, Cabinet secretaries, and other executive branch positions. Excluding federal judges, there are over 1,300 executive branch positions that require Senate confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> However, the constitution also gives the president the power to, "fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session." </p><p>The <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning_Company" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company</a></i> (2014) that a president can make recess appointments during the recesses between formal Senate sessions (inter-session) and recesses that take place during formal Senate sessions (intra-session). The court also ruled that a president can only make recess appointments during a Senate recess that is at least ten days in length, and that <i>pro forma</i> sessions, which are sessions where no business is expected to be conducted, qualify as in-session for the purposes of determining whether the chamber is in recess.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-92">[92]</a></sup> <a href="/Article_I,_United_States_Constitution#Section_5" title="Article I, United States Constitution">Article I, Section 5</a> of the U.S Constitution requires both the House and Senate must consent to adjourn in order for either chamber to hold a recess lasting more than three days. </p><p>Recess appointments are temporary, and last through the end of the Senate's next session unless the Senate votes to confirm the official and make the appointment permanent. So, for example, if a president makes an inter-session recess appointment, it would last about a year through the end of the upcoming session. If a president makes an intra-session recess appointment, it would last through the rest of the current session and through the end of the next session, meaning it could last as long as about two years.<sup id="cite_ref-faq2015_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq2015-93">[93]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (R) made the most (240) recess appointments among presidents serving from 1981 to 2024, according to the Congressional Research Service.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faq2015_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq2015-93">[93]</a></sup> During this time period, <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (R) and <a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D) made no recess appointments because the Senate was never in recess for ten consecutive days during either Trump's first term or Biden's term in office. The Senate used <i>pro forma</i> sessions to stay constantly in session.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_transition_(2024-2025)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump presidential transition (2024-2025)">Donald Trump presidential transition (2024-2025)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">Presidential election, 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Appointment_confirmation_process" title="Appointment confirmation process">Appointment confirmation process</a></li> <li><a href="/Confirmation_process_overview_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmation process overview for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees">Confirmation process overview for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees (2017)</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artII-S2-C1-2/ALDE_00001131/"><i>Constitution Center</i>, "Presidential Advisors," accessed November 18, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span 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Trump Announces Former Congressman, Lieutenant Colonel Tulsi Gabbard, as Director of National Intelligence (DNI)," November 13, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://blog.4president.us/2024/2024/11/president-donald-j-trump-nominates-congressman-matt-gaetz-of-florida-as-the-attorney-general-of-the-.html"><i>4President</i>, "President Donald J. 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Trump Announces Kristi Noem as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)," November 12, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://blog.4president.us/2024/2024/11/president-donald-j-trump-announces-former-congressman-lee-zeldin-as-the-administrator-of-the-united-.html"><i>4President</i>, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Former Congressman Lee Zeldin as the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protective Agency (EPA)," November 11, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://blog.4president.us/2024/2024/11/president-donald-j-trump-nominates-chairwoman-elise-stefanik-to-serve-in-cabinet-as-united-states-am.html"><i>4President</i>, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Chairwoman Elise Stefanik to Serve in Cabinet as United States Ambassador to the United Nations," November 11, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://blog.4president.us/2024/2024/11/president-donald-j-trump-announces-susan-summerall-wiles-as-white-house-chief-of-staff.html"><i>4President</i>, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Susan Summerall Wiles as White House Chief of Staff," November 7, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/elections/2024/trump-picks-sen-jd-vance-of-ohio-a-once-fierce-critic-turned-loyal-ally-as-his-gop-running-mate/"><i>Associated Press</i>, "Trump picks Sen. JD Vance of Ohio, a once-fierce critic turned loyal ally, as his GOP running mate," July 16, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crs-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_87-0">87.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_87-1">87.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_87-2">87.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_87-3">87.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_87-4">87.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_87-5">87.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_87-6">87.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041027095822/http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/35647.pdf"><i>CRS Report for Congress</i>, "Senate Confirmation Process: An Overview," accessed July 24, 2013</a> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; name "crs" defined multiple times with different content</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-confirmation-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-confirmation_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111141522/http://www.opencongress.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Confirmation_Process"><i>OpenCongress</i>, "U.S. Senate Confirmation Process," accessed January 17, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crs1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_89-0">89.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_89-1">89.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_89-2">89.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41872.pdf"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "Presidential Appointments, the Senate's Confirmation Process, and Proposals for Change," accessed July 25, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/CRSpubs/74919ab6-b407-451c-b429-702e9ae8dcb1.pdf#page13"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure," April 4, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ourpublicservice.org/performance-measures/political-appointee-tracker/"><i>Partnership for Public Service</i>, "Political Appointee Tracker," accessed November 15, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opinion-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_92-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/12-1281.html">Supreme Court of the United States (via Findlaw), <i>National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning, et al.,</i> decided June 26, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faq2015-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-faq2015_93-0">93.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-faq2015_93-1">93.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS21308"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions," March 11, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20050315_RS21308_d63b51af19a4c3cbfccea57f351b8d60aafd9b10.pdf"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions," March 15, 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/browse/117th-congress"><i>Congress.gov</i>, "Browse by Congress," accessed November 15, 2024</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:TrumpAdministration2HNT" title="Template:TrumpAdministration2HNT"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:TrumpAdministration2HNT&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. 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