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</li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oncogene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogeen" title="Onkogeen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onkogeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A" title="جين ورمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جين ورمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="ক্যান্সার-উৎপাদক বংশাণু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যান্সার-উৎপাদক বংশাণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncog%C3%A8n" title="Oncogèn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oncogèn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogeen" title="Onkogeen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Onkogeen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ογκογονίδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ογκογονίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncog%C3%A9n" title="Oncogén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oncogén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogene" title="Onkogene – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onkogene" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="آنکوژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنکوژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncog%C3%A8ne" title="Oncogène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oncogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncaig%C3%A9in" title="Oncaigéin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oncaigéin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncoxene" title="Oncoxene – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oncoxene" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="암유전자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암유전자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քաղցկեղածին գործոններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղցկեղածին գործոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="ओंकोजीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओंकोजीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meingen" title="Meingen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Meingen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oncogene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אונקוגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונקוגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenum" title="Oncogenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oncogenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogenai" title="Onkogenai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Onkogenai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkog%C3%A9n" title="Onkogén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Onkogén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Онкоген – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Онкоген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogen" title="Oncogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oncogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90" title="がん遺伝子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="がん遺伝子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogeny" title="Onkogeny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Onkogeny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oncogene" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Онкоген – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Онкоген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oncogene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkog%C3%A9n" title="Onkogén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Onkogén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%B6p%C3%A4geeni" title="Syöpägeeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syöpägeeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Onkogen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Онкоген – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Онкоген" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%91%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="اوّلی وراثہ الورم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوّلی وراثہ الورم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_sinh_ung_th%C6%B0" title="Gen sinh ung thư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gen sinh ung thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="癌基因 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="癌基因" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207609#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gene that has the potential to cause cancer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Oncogene_(journal)" title="Oncogene (journal)">Oncogene (journal)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oncogenes_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oncogenes_illustration.jpg/300px-Oncogenes_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oncogenes_illustration.jpg/450px-Oncogenes_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oncogenes_illustration.jpg/600px-Oncogenes_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell, when an oncogene becomes activated</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>oncogene</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> that has the potential to cause <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oncogenes_and_Tumor_Suppressor_Genes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oncogenes_and_Tumor_Suppressor_Genes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, these genes are often <a href="/wiki/Mutated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutated">mutated</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expressed</a> at high levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimball's_Biology_Pages_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball's_Biology_Pages-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most normal cells undergo a preprogrammed rapid cell death (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>) if critical functions are altered and then malfunction. Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most oncogenes began as proto-oncogenes: normal genes involved in cell growth and proliferation or inhibition of apoptosis. If, through mutation, normal genes promoting cellular growth are up-regulated (gain-of-function mutation), they predispose the cell to cancer and are termed <i>oncogenes</i>. Usually, multiple oncogenes, along with mutated apoptotic or <a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">tumor suppressor genes</a>, act in concert to cause cancer. Since the 1970s, dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer. Many cancer drugs target the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> encoded by oncogenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimball's_Biology_Pages_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball's_Biology_Pages-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oncogenes are a physically and functionally diverse set of genes, and as a result, their protein products have <a href="/wiki/Pleiotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiotropic">pleiotropic</a> effects on a variety of intricate regulatory cascades within the cell. </p><p>Genes known as proto-oncogenes are those that normally encourage cell growth and division in order to generate new cells or sustain the viability of pre-existing cells. When overexpressed, proto-oncogenes can be inadvertently activated (turned on), which changes them to oncogenes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are numerous ways to activate (turn on) oncogenes in cells: </p><p>Gene changes or mutations: A person's genetic "coding" may differ in a way that causes an oncogene to always be activated. These types of gene changes can develop spontaneously throughout the course of a person's life or they might be inherited from a parent when a <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> error occurs during cell division.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cells can frequently switch genes on or off via epigenetic mechanisms rather than actual genetic alterations. Alternately, different chemical compounds that can be linked to genetic material (DNA or RNA) may have an impact on which genes are active. An oncogene may sporadically become activated due to these epigenetic modifications. Visit Gene Alterations and Cancer to learn more about epigenetic alterations. </p><p>Chromosomal rearrangement: Every living creature has chromosomes, which are substantial strands of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> that contain the genes for a cell. A chromosome's DNA sequence may alter each time a cell divides. This could cause a gene to be located near to a proto-oncogene that acts as an "on" switch, keeping it active even when it shouldn't. The cell can develop irregularly with the aid of this new oncogene.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gene duplication: If one cell has more copies of a gene than another, that cell may produce too much of a certain protein. </p><p>The first human oncogene (HRAS), a crucial finding in the field of cancer research, was discovered more than 40 years ago, and since then, the number of novel pathogenic oncogenes has increased steadily. The discovery of specific small-molecule inhibitors that specifically target the different oncogenic proteins and a comprehensive mechanistic analysis of the ways in which oncogenes dysregulate physiological signaling to cause different cancer types and developmental syndromes are potential future advances in the field of cancer research. Investigating the quickly expanding field of oncogene molecular research, the goal of this special issue was to generate practical translational indicators that could be able to meet clinical needs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genes that are considered crucial for cancer can be divided into two categories based on whether the harmful mutations in them result in function loss or gain. Gain-of-function mutations of proto-oncogenes drive cells to proliferate when they shouldn't, while loss-of-function mutations of tumor suppressor genes free cells from inhibitions that typically serve to control their numbers. The ability of the mutant genes, known as oncogenes, to steer a specific line of test cells toward malignant proliferation can occasionally be used to identify these later mutations, which have a dominating effect. </p><p>Many of them were initially found to induce cancer in animals when they are introduced through viral vector infection, which carries genetic information from a prior host cell. Another method for identifying oncogenes is to look for genes that are activated by mutations in human cancer cells or by chromosomal translocations that may indicate the presence of a gene that is crucial for cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cancer patients are generally categorized according to clinical parameters in order to tailor their <a href="/wiki/Cancer_treatment" title="Cancer treatment">cancer therapy</a>. For example, the separation of patients with <a href="/wiki/Acute_leukemia" title="Acute leukemia">acute leukemia</a> into those with <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytic leukemia">lymphocytic leukemia</a> and those with <a href="/wiki/Myeloid_leukemia" title="Myeloid leukemia">myelocytic leukemia</a> is important, because the optimal treatment for each form is different. Even in a particular disease, the identification of patients with good and poor <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognostic</a> potential is helpful, since more aggressive therapy may be needed to achieve a cure in the poor prognostic group. Oncogenes are <a href="/wiki/Prognosis_marker" title="Prognosis marker">prognostic markers</a> in certain human cancers. <a href="/wiki/N-Myc" title="N-Myc">N-myc</a> amplification is an independent determinant in predicting a poor outcome in childhood <a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma" title="Neuroblastoma">neuroblastoma</a>. Those children with amplification of N-myc, regardless of stage, will have shortened survival. Thus, therapeutic efforts are concentrated on intensifying treatment in this poor prognostic group.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncogene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory of oncogenes was foreshadowed by the German biologist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Boveri" title="Theodor Boveri">Theodor Boveri</a> in his 1914 book <i>Zur Frage der Entstehung Maligner Tumoren</i> (Concerning the Origin of Malignant Tumors) in which he predicted the existence of oncogenes <i>(Teilungsfoerdernde Chromosomen)</i> that become amplified <i>(im permanenten Übergewicht)</i> during tumor development.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on, the term "oncogene" was rediscovered in 1969 by <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> scientists George Todaro and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first confirmed oncogene was discovered in 1970 and was termed <a href="/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src" title="Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src">SRC</a> (pronounced "sarc" as it is short for sarcoma). SRC was first discovered as an oncogene in a chicken <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus</a>. Experiments performed by Dr. G. Steve Martin of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> demonstrated that SRC was indeed the gene of the virus that acted as an oncogene upon infection.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11389470_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11389470-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">nucleotide sequence</a> of <a href="/wiki/V-Src" title="V-Src">v-Src</a> was <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">sequenced</a> in 1980 by A.P. Czernilofsky et al.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6253794_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6253794-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, Drs. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_St%C3%A9helin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Stéhelin (page does not exist)">Dominique Stéhelin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_St%C3%A9helin" class="extiw" title="fr:Dominique Stéhelin">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a> demonstrated that oncogenes were activated proto-oncogenes as is found in many organisms, including humans. Bishop and Varmus were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1989 for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a> is credited with discovering the first identified human oncogene in a human <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a> cell line.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The molecular nature of the mutation leading to oncogenesis was subsequently isolated and characterized by the Spanish biochemist <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Barbacid" title="Mariano Barbacid">Mariano Barbacid</a> and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-T24_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Barbacid spent the following months extending his research, eventually discovering that the oncogene was a mutated <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> of <a href="/wiki/HRAS" title="HRAS">HRAS</a> and characterizing its activation mechanism. </p><p>The resultant protein encoded by an oncogene is termed <b>oncoprotein</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar20_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oncogenes play an important role in the regulation or synthesis of proteins linked to tumorigenic cell growth. Some oncoproteins are accepted and used as tumor markers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-oncogene">Proto-oncogene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncogene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proto-oncogene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>proto-oncogene</b> is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or increased <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a>. Proto-oncogenes code for <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> that help to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">cell growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell differentiation">differentiation</a>. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> and execution of <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitogenic</a> signals, usually through their <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> products. Upon acquiring an activating mutation, a proto-oncogene becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of proto-oncogenes include <a href="/wiki/Ras_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras (protein)">RAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">WNT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">MYC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_signal-regulated_kinases" title="Extracellular signal-regulated kinases">ERK</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trk_receptor" title="Trk receptor">TRK</a>. The MYC gene is implicated in <a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a>, which starts when a <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">chromosomal translocation</a> moves an <a href="/wiki/Enhancer_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhancer sequence">enhancer sequence</a> within the vicinity of the MYC gene. The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors. When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed, these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates. Another example of an oncogene is the <a href="/wiki/Bcr-Abl" class="mw-redirect" title="Bcr-Abl">Bcr-Abl</a> gene found on the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_chromosome" title="Philadelphia chromosome">Philadelphia chromosome</a>, a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22. Bcr-Abl codes for a tyrosine kinase, which is constitutively active, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. (More information about the Philadelphia Chromosome below) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activation">Activation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncogene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch1-oncogene.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ch1-oncogene.svg/220px-Ch1-oncogene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ch1-oncogene.svg/330px-Ch1-oncogene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ch1-oncogene.svg/440px-Ch1-oncogene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>From proto-oncogene to oncogene</figcaption></figure> <p>The proto-oncogene can become an oncogene by a relatively small modification of its original function. There are three basic methods of activation: </p> <ol><li>A <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> within a proto-oncogene, or within a regulatory region (for example the promoter region), can cause a change in the protein structure, causing <ul><li>an increase in protein (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>) activity</li> <li>a loss of <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">regulation</a></li></ul></li> <li>An increase in the amount of a certain protein (protein concentration), caused by <ul><li>an increase of protein expression (through misregulation)</li> <li>an increase of protein (mRNA) stability, prolonging its existence and thus its activity in the cell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">gene duplication</a> (one type of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome abnormalities">chromosome abnormality</a>), resulting in an increased amount of protein in the cell</li></ul></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">chromosomal translocation</a> (another type of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome abnormalities">chromosome abnormality</a>) <ul><li>There are 2 different types of chromosomal translocations that can occur:</li></ul> <ol><li>translocation events which relocate a proto-oncogene to a new chromosomal site that leads to higher expression</li> <li>translocation events that lead to a fusion between a proto-oncogene and a 2nd gene (this creates a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_protein" title="Fusion protein">fusion protein</a> with increased cancerous/oncogenic activity) <ul><li>the expression of a constitutively active <i>hybrid protein</i>. This type of mutation in a dividing <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> leads to adult <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a></li> <li>Philadelphia Chromosome is an example of this type of translocation event. This chromosome was discovered in 1960 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nowell" title="Peter Nowell">Peter Nowell</a> and David Hungerford, and it is a fusion of parts of DNA from chromosome 22 and chromosome 9. The broken end of chromosome 22 contains the "BCR" gene, which fuses with a fragment of chromosome 9 that contains the "<a href="/wiki/ABL_(gene)" title="ABL (gene)">ABL1</a>" gene. When these two chromosome fragments fuse the genes also fuse creating a new gene: "BCR-ABL". This fused gene encodes for a protein that displays high protein tyrosine kinase activity (this activity is due to the "ABL1" half of the protein). The unregulated expression of this protein activates other proteins that are involved in cell cycle and cell division which can cause a cell to grow and divide uncontrollably (the cell becomes cancerous). As a result, the Philadelphia Chromosome is associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (as mentioned before) as well as other forms of Leukemia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ol></li></ol> <p>The expression of oncogenes can be regulated by <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a> (miRNAs), small <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNAs</a> 21-25 nucleotides in length that control gene expression by <a href="/wiki/Downregulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Downregulate">downregulating</a> them.<sup id="cite_ref-Negrini_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negrini-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutations in such <a href="/wiki/MicroRNAs" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroRNAs">microRNAs</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Oncomir" title="Oncomir">oncomirs</a>) can lead to activation of oncogenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquela-Kerscher_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquela-Kerscher-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antisense" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisense">Antisense</a> messenger RNAs could theoretically be used to block the effects of oncogenes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncogene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several systems for classifying oncogenes,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is not yet a widely accepted standard. They are sometimes grouped both spatially (moving from outside the cell inwards) and chronologically (parallelling the "normal" process of signal transduction). There are several categories that are commonly used: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Cancers</th> <th>Gene functions </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">Growth factors</a>, or mitogens</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C-Sis" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Sis">c-Sis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glioblastoma" title="Glioblastoma">glioblastomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibrosarcoma" title="Fibrosarcoma">fibrosarcomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast carcinoma">breast carcinomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanomas</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2655888_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2655888-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>induces cell proliferation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinases" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor tyrosine kinases">Receptor tyrosine kinases</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">epidermal growth factor receptor</a> (EGFR), <a href="/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-derived growth factor receptor">platelet-derived growth factor receptor</a> (PDGFR), and <a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor">vascular endothelial growth factor</a> receptor (VEGFR), <a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2/neu</a></td> <td>Breast cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cytoplasmic <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinases" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrosine kinases">tyrosine kinases</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Src_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Src (gene)">Src</a>-family, <a href="/wiki/Syk-ZAP-70" class="mw-redirect" title="Syk-ZAP-70">Syk-ZAP-70</a> family, and <a href="/wiki/Bruton%27s_tyrosine_kinase" title="Bruton's tyrosine kinase">BTK</a> family of tyrosine kinases, the Abl gene in CML - <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_chromosome" title="Philadelphia chromosome">Philadelphia chromosome</a></td> <td>colorectal and breast cancers, melanomas, ovarian cancers, gastric cancers, head and neck cancers, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, brain cancers, and blood cancers<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>mediate the responses to, and the activation receptors of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cytoplasmic <a href="/wiki/Serine/threonine_kinases" class="mw-redirect" title="Serine/threonine kinases">Serine/threonine kinases</a> and their regulatory subunits</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C-Raf" title="C-Raf">Raf kinase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase">cyclin-dependent kinases</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Overexpression" class="mw-redirect" title="Overexpression">overexpression</a>).</td> <td>malignant melanoma, papillary thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>involved in organism development, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, differentiation, cells survival, and apoptosis<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regulatory <a href="/wiki/GTPase" title="GTPase">GTPases</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ras_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras protein">Ras protein</a></td> <td>adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and colon, thyroid tumors, and myeloid leukemia<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>involved in signalling a major pathway leading to cell proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">myc</a> gene</td> <td>malignant T-cell lymphomas and acute myeloid leukemias, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, retinoblastoma, and small cell lung cancer<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>regulate transcription of genes that induce cell proliferation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coactivator_(genetics)" title="Coactivator (genetics)">Transcriptional coactivators</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/YAP1" title="YAP1">YAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/WWTR1" title="WWTR1">WWTR1</a> genes </td> <td>glioma, melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancers, and more<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>interact with transcription factor partners to regulate transcription of genes that induce cell proliferation. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Additional oncogenetic regulator properties include: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Growth factors are usually <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secreted</a> by either specialized or non-specialized cells to induce cell proliferation in themselves, nearby cells, or distant cells. An oncogene may cause a cell to secrete growth factors even though it does not normally do so. It will thereby induce its own uncontrolled proliferation (<i><a href="/wiki/Autocrine_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine loop">autocrine loop</a></i>), and proliferation of neighboring cells, possibly leading to tumor formation. It may also cause production of growth hormones in other parts of the body.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinases</a> add phosphate groups to other proteins in order to turn them on or off. Receptor kinases add phosphate groups to receptor proteins at the surface of the cell (which receives protein signals from outside the cell and transmits them to the inside of the cell). Tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to the amino acid tyrosine in the target protein. They can cause cancer by turning the receptor permanently on (constitutively), even without signals from outside the cell.</li> <li>Ras is a small GTPase that hydrolyses GTP into GDP and phosphate. Ras is activated by growth factor signaling (i.e., EGF, TGFbeta) and acting as a binary switch (on/off) in growth signaling pathways. Downstream effectors of Ras include three mitogen-activated protein kinases Raf a MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase (MAPKKK), MEK a MAP Kinase Kinase (MAPKK), and ERK a MAP Kinase(MAPK), which in turn regulate genes that mediate cell proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncogene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticancer_gene" title="Anticancer gene">Anticancer gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncogenomics" title="Oncogenomics">Oncogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">Tumor suppressor gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_predisposition" title="Genetic predisposition">Genetic predisposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_trait_locus" title="Quantitative trait locus">Quantitative trait locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics#Genetic_susceptibility_to_disease" title="Public health genomics">Genetic susceptibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncometabolism" title="Oncometabolism">Oncometabolism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncogene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oncogenes_and_Tumor_Suppressor_Genes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oncogenes_and_Tumor_Suppressor_Genes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Activation+and+function+of+the+MAPKs+and+their+substrates%2C+the+MAPK-activated+protein+kinases&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-83&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3063353%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21372320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.00031-10&rft.aulast=Cargnello&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Roux%2C+PP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3063353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOncogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncogene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">Benign tumors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">Cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocyst" title="Pseudocyst">Pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">Hamartoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malignant progression</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">Carcinoma in situ</a></li> <li><a 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gene">Tumor suppressor genes</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">oncogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic_bacteria" title="Carcinogenic bacteria">Carcinogenic bacteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_research" title="Cancer research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles" title="Index of oncology articles">Index of oncology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cancer" title="History of cancer">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">Cancer pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea" title="Cancer and nausea">Cancer and nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_cancer" title="Diet and cancer">Diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tumor_suppressor_genes_and_Oncogenes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tumor_suppressor_genes_and_oncogenes" title="Template:Tumor suppressor genes 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_signaling_pathway" title="Hedgehog signaling pathway">Hedgehog signaling pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TSP" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTCH1" title="PTCH1">PTCH1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">TGF beta signaling pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TSP" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptor_2" title="TGF beta receptor 2">TGF beta receptor 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="ONCO" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ErbB" title="ErbB">ErbB</a>/<a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">c-ErbB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2/neu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERBB3" title="ERBB3">Her 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Met" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Met">c-Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RET_proto-oncogene" title="RET proto-oncogene">c-Ret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT signaling pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="ONCO" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">c-Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD135" title="CD135">Flt3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intracellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins">Intracellular signaling P+Ps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt signaling pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-catenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-catenin">Beta-catenin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenomatosis_polyposis_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenomatosis polyposis coli">APC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">TGF beta signaling pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TSP" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">SMAD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">SMAD4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Akt/PKB_signaling_pathway" title="Akt/PKB signaling pathway">Akt/PKB signaling pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AKT" class="mw-redirect" title="AKT">c-Akt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTEN_(gene)" title="PTEN (gene)">PTEN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hippo_signaling_pathway" title="Hippo signaling pathway">Hippo signaling pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TSP" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_(protein)" title="Merlin (protein)">Neurofibromin 2/Merlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway" title="MAPK/ERK pathway">MAPK/ERK pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ras_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras (protein)">c-Ras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRAS" title="HRAS">HRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Raf" title="C-Raf">c-Raf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromin" title="Neurofibromin">Neurofibromin 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src" title="Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src">c-Src</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maspin" title="Maspin">Maspin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">Nucleus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">Cell cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_4" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 4">CDK4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin_D" title="Cyclin D">Cyclin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin_E" title="Cyclin E">Cyclin E</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein" title="Retinoblastoma protein">pRb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT1" class="mw-redirect" title="WT1">WT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P16_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="P16 (gene)">p16</a>/<a href="/wiki/P14arf" title="P14arf">p14arf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TSP" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRCA2" title="BRCA2">BRCA2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase" title="Ubiquitin ligase">Ubiquitin ligase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBL_(gene)" title="CBL (gene)">CBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mdm2" title="Mdm2">MDM2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Von_Hippel%E2%80%93Lindau_tumor_suppressor" title="Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor">VHL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ONCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor" title="AP-1 transcription factor">AP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-jun" class="mw-redirect" title="C-jun">c-Jun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">c-Myc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TSP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KLF6" title="KLF6">KLF6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Apoptosis_inhibitor" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_of_apoptosis" title="Inhibitor of apoptosis">Apoptosis inhibitor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SDHB" title="SDHB">SDHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDHD" title="SDHD">SDHD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bcl-2" title="Bcl-2">c-Bcl-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch signaling">Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stathmin" title="Stathmin">Stathmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207609#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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