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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The human history of the Mulanje Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_human_history_of_the_Mulanje_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mulanje_cedar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mulanje_cedar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Mulanje cedar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mulanje_cedar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visiting_Mulanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visiting_Mulanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Visiting Mulanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visiting_Mulanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulanjemassief" title="Mulanjemassief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mulanjemassief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="نجد مولانجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجد مولانجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Мулан’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мулан’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%C3%ADs_de_Mulanje" title="Massís de Mulanje – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massís de Mulanje" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulanje_Mountains" title="Mulanje Mountains – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mulanje Mountains" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiri_la_Mulanje" title="Phiri la Mulanje – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Phiri la Mulanje" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulanje_(Bergmassiv)" title="Mulanje (Bergmassiv) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mulanje (Bergmassiv)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Mulanje" title="Monte Mulanje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monte Mulanje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulanje_mendigunea" title="Mulanje mendigunea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mulanje mendigunea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کوه مولانجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه مولانجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_Mulanje" title="Massif Mulanje – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massif Mulanje" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Mulanje" title="Monte Mulanje – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monte Mulanje" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მულანჯეს მასივი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მულანჯეს მასივი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Муландже – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Муландже" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima_Mulanje" title="Mlima Mulanje – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlima Mulanje" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muland%C5%BEe" title="Mulandže – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mulandže" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulanje_(Biergmassiv)" title="Mulanje (Biergmassiv) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mulanje (Biergmassiv)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muland%C5%BE%C4%97s_masyvas" title="Mulandžės masyvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mulandžės masyvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulanjemassief" title="Mulanjemassief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mulanjemassief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E5%B1%B1" title="ムランジェ山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムランジェ山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mland%C5%BCi" title="Mlandżi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mlandżi" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mulanje_Massif&params=15_56_59_S_35_35_37_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°56′59″S</span> <span class="longitude">35°35′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.94972°S 35.59361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15.94972; 35.59361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain in Malawi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Mount Mulanje</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulanje_ETM_26may02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mulanje_ETM_26may02.jpg/272px-Mulanje_ETM_26may02.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mulanje_ETM_26may02.jpg/408px-Mulanje_ETM_26may02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mulanje_ETM_26may02.jpg/544px-Mulanje_ETM_26may02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Composite satellite image of Mt. Mulanje</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,002 m (9,849 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-peaklist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peaklist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,323 m (7,621 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_isolation" title="Topographic isolation">Isolation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,272 km (790 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_highest_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by highest point">Country high point</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra prominent peak">Ultra</a><br />Ribu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mulanje_Massif&params=15_56_59_S_35_35_37_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°56′59″S</span> <span class="longitude">35°35′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.94972°S 35.59361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15.94972; 35.59361</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-peaklist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peaklist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:175px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:175px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:175px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malawi_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Mulanje is located in Malawi"><img alt="Mount Mulanje is located in Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Malawi_relief_location_map.jpg/175px-Malawi_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Malawi_relief_location_map.jpg/263px-Malawi_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Malawi_relief_location_map.jpg/350px-Malawi_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1937" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.533%;left:79.84%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Mulanje"><img alt="Mount Mulanje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Mount Mulanje</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Mount Mulanje in Malawi</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inselberg" title="Inselberg">Inselberg</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mulanje Massif</b>, also known as <b>Mount Mulanje</b>, is a large <a href="/wiki/Inselberg" title="Inselberg">inselberg</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>. Sapitwa Peak, the highest point on the massif at 3,002 m, is the highest point in Malawi. It lies 65 km east of <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Blantyre, Malawi">Blantyre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-trust_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trust-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> rising sharply from the surrounding plains of Phalombe and the Mulanje district. It forms part of a proposed <a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions of Malawi">ecoregion</a>, to be called the South East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA).<sup id="cite_ref-grr1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grr1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulanje_Massif&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the massif consists of rolling grassland at elevations of 1800–2200 m, intersected by deep forested ravines. It has many individual peaks reaching heights of over 2500 m, including <a href="/wiki/Chambe_Peak" title="Chambe Peak">Chambe Peak</a>, the West Face of which is the longest <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climb</a> in Africa. </p><p>The massif was formed by the intrusion of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> into the Earth's crust about 130 million years ago. The surrounding rock eroded away over time, leaving behind the erosion-resistant <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> rock of the Mulanje Massif. The first European to report seeing the massif was <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> in 1859, but archeological investigation reveals evidence of human visits to the massif from the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> onwards. The elevation of the mountain is high enough for it to disturb upper level air flow and induce rain clouds to form around it, making it an important source of rain water at the head of almost every river that runs through this part of Malawi. </p><p>The forested slopes of the massif support a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> industry. At one time there was a cableway to transport timber from the edge of the plateau down to the Likhubula Forestry Station but it fell into disrepair and currently planks are carried down manually. </p><p>The mountain itself is part of the protected <a href="/wiki/Mulanje_Mountain_Forest_Reserve" title="Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve">Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve</a>. The native <a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia" title="Widdringtonia">Mulanje cypress</a> (<i>Widdringtonia whytei</i>) has been so heavily logged that it is considered endangered and the park contains the last remaining stands of this tree, as well as a number of other plant and animal species—many of them endemic to the area. Examples include forest butterflies, birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Cholo_alethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholo alethe">cholo alethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-winged_apalis" title="White-winged apalis">white-winged apalis</a>, a dwarf chameleon, <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">geckos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">skinks</a>, the squeaker frog, and a rare limbless burrowing skink species. The land around the park is threatened by growing population, land use patterns such as forest clearing for farming and firewood, and invasive species such as <a href="/wiki/Rubus_ellipticus" title="Rubus ellipticus">golden Himalayan raspberry</a> <i>(Rubus ellipticus)</i> and <a href="/wiki/Pinus_patula" title="Pinus patula">Mexican weeping pine</a> <i>(Pinus patula)</i>. </p><p>The massif is popular for hiking and climbing, and has several mountain huts scattered across it which are maintained by the Malawi Mountain Club and the Malawi Forestry Department. Sapitwa peak was first climbed in 1894, and is now the most popular climb on the plateau. </p><p>In 2014 the site was unsuccessfully nominated for World Heritage Status.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_human_history_of_the_Mulanje_Area">The human history of the Mulanje Area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulanje_Massif&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The human history of the Mulanje Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Chewa_people" title="Chewa people">Chewa</a> legend, the people living in Malawi before their arrival were the Akafula.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although yet to be found on Mulanje, <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> has been discovered on the nearby hills at Machemba and Mikolongwe. Recent work by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University">Catholic University</a> has unearthed tool-making sites along the Thuchila shelf dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a>, some 100,000 years ago. </p><p>The main <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> came from the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> in the 1600s, with the <a href="/wiki/Mang%27anja" title="Mang'anja">Mang'anja</a> people settling in a number of sites around the Mulanje Area. These were peaceful people who built a livelihood from the soil and local <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>. There was contact with the outside world through the coastal <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yao_people_(East_Africa)" title="Yao people (East Africa)">Yao</a> traders who brought in goods to exchange for <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>. </p><p>The peacefulness came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Migration_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration (human)">migration</a> of Yao people from the north-east towards the south shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> (then Lake Nyasa) and highland areas of Malawi in the 1800s, escaping from their own internal <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> strife. With the strong coastal demand, <a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">slave raiding</a> into the Mang'anja villages sharply increased and the settlements were often scattered. This situation was noted by <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> when he travelled into this area in the middle of the nineteenth century. </p><p>Livingstone's call for help in ending the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers">settlers</a> into the area who established themselves by setting up a mission on the slopes of the mountain and in <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estate</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, respectively. Despite attempts at developing an <a href="/wiki/Amicable" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicable">amicable</a> relationship, conflict with the Yao increased and this soon led to violence. By the 1890s, the British had seen the need to establish a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> and they set up a <a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">military administration</a> at the north of the mountain at Fort Lister and to the south at Fort Anderson. The staffing of these forts with <a href="/wiki/Indian_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian soldiers">Indian soldiers</a> started Malawi's now longstanding links with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_sub-continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian sub-continent">Indian sub-continent</a>. </p><p>From this time, there were also inward migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Lomwe_people" title="Lomwe people">Lomwe people</a> from the Portuguese east, escaping both colonial and Yao strife, who largely settled among the European estates and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missions</a>. This immigration has continued to recent times during the <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_war_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozambican war of independence">Mozambican independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">civil wars</a>. </p><p>Today, these three <a href="/wiki/Tribal_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal culture">tribal cultures</a> continue to live around the Mountain in one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> <a href="/wiki/Population_densities" class="mw-redirect" title="Population densities">population densities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Although there is territorial distinction through their tribal traditional authorities, there is a widespread intermixing of the peoples. </p><p>European <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement (community)">settlement</a> flourished to develop the extensive <a href="/wiki/Tea_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea estate">tea estates</a> that represent the first significant cultivation of this <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> outside its countries of origin. The missions also continue to expand their services in education and primary health care.<sup id="cite_ref-trust_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trust-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulanje_Massif&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulanje_Massif_3D.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Mulanje_Massif_3D.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Mulanje Massif 3D</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of the larger <a href="/wiki/Mulanje" title="Mulanje">Mulanje</a> area is strongly influenced by the equatorial low pressure area, where the north-east trades of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> converge with the south-east trades of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. This area is known as the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Tropical_Convergence_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone">Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ). On satellite Images the <a href="/wiki/ITCZ" class="mw-redirect" title="ITCZ">ITCZ</a> is mostly seen as a long band of <a href="/wiki/Clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Clouds">clouds</a> in the Equatorial region, the main effect of the ITCZ is the creation of dry and rainy seasons in the Equatorial area. </p><p>The Mulanje Massif, because its unique position as a “mountain island” rising more than 2,500 metres above the surrounding plains, is strongly affected by the ITCZ, acting as a rain barrier. This becomes very visible when comparing the annual normal rainfalls, on and around the massif. The <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> level, at around 2,000 metres above sea level, annually experiences more than 2500 mm (100 inches) of rain, however, in the low plains around the foot of the massif, the annual rainfalls range around 40 inches. In the plains around the mountain it normally only rains in the rainy season, while it rains year round on the plateau level. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Mulanje_Mozambique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mount_Mulanje_Mozambique.jpg/220px-Mount_Mulanje_Mozambique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mount_Mulanje_Mozambique.jpg/330px-Mount_Mulanje_Mozambique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mount_Mulanje_Mozambique.jpg/440px-Mount_Mulanje_Mozambique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mount Mulanje in the distance, seen from a pathway.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are still differences in the amounts of rain around the massif. The south-west face of the mountain around Likhubula, Lichenya and Mulanje Boma is the windward side. This experiences the highest amounts of rain due to the south-east trades of the southern hemisphere that drive the moist air from <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> into the Mulanje region. The north-west face of the massif experiences lesser rains, due to a rain-shadow effect. </p><p>The months of the dry season (May–August) are the coolest months of the year and most suitable for hiking in the massif. The wet season (November–April) is not recommended for hiking in the massif, as the hiker faces heavy rains on the plateau and high temperatures during the ascent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulanje_Mountain_western_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mulanje_Mountain_western_side.JPG/220px-Mulanje_Mountain_western_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mulanje_Mountain_western_side.JPG/330px-Mulanje_Mountain_western_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mulanje_Mountain_western_side.JPG/440px-Mulanje_Mountain_western_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Western side of Mulanje Mountain in Sunset, seen from Likhubula Falls</figcaption></figure> <p>Snow is a very rare event. Brief snowfalls are possible but the last major snowfall with ground accumulation was in June 1954. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Mulanje_cedar">The Mulanje cedar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulanje_Massif&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Mulanje cedar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mulanje cedar (<i><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia_whytei" title="Widdringtonia whytei">Widdringtonia whytei</a></i>) was proclaimed the National Tree of Malawi in 1984 by the late president <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a>. This tall tree, <i>W. whytei</i>, was named after Alexander Whyte, a colonial government botanist in Nyasaland. The species was first <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> in 1894 and it is only found on Mount Mulanje (and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mchese_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mchese Mountain (page does not exist)">Mchese Mountain</a>, depending on if that population is considered conspecific). Scientists disagree about whether this is a distinct species or a giant form of the other cedar found on the mountain, <a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia_nodiflora" title="Widdringtonia nodiflora"><i>W. nodiflora</i></a>, which is common across <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. The cedar forests on Mulanje were estimated in 2004 to have been reduced to a total area of 8.5 km<sup>2</sup>, half of the estimated original forest cover. This area may have been diminished as a result of continued illegal cutting. </p><p><i>W. whytei</i> is a large <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> tree, growing up to 40–50 m tall, whereas <i>W. nodiflora</i> is more rounded, with a lower canopy height. On the mountain, the Mulanje cedar is limited to altitudes between 1,800-2,550 m and is normally confined to hollows and valleys where there is some protection from fire. </p><p>Cedar timber is pale red, straight grained and pleasantly fragrant. Its major qualities are that it is worked easily and is extremely durable, being naturally resistant to attacks from termites, wood-boring insects and fungi. The sap is poisonous to insects. For these reasons, the timber achieved commercial significance from the 1940s onward, as described by Laurens van der Post in his book <i>Venture to the Interior</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> becoming a principal resource for building and woodworking. As of 2010 the timber is most used in the making of local arts and crafts, fishing boats for Lake Malawi, and in the construction and decoration of many prestigious buildings. </p><p>As the demand for its timber is high, the tree is under threat of extinction. Mulanje cedar is a <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Climax_species" title="Climax species">climax species</a>, meaning that it is good at taking advantage of sites that become free of other competing species but it is less successful in open competition. When fire destroys the trees in an area of woodland, Mulanje cedar will normally be the first tree species to re-establish itself. Other species will come in later, but because the cedar is relatively fast growing, it will not face much competition for sunlight. </p><p>The Malawi Department of Forestry is responsible for protecting the cedar forests from damaging fires. Each year, at the beginning of the dry season, <a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">firebreaks</a> are cleared of vegetation to provide barriers that will impede the advance of wildfires. In addition, controlled early burning is carried out to reduce the build-up of combustible material that might cause intense and damaging fires later in the dry season. For further safety, gangs equipped with fire-fighting equipment are stationed on each of the main plateau areas whenever there is a fire hazard. </p><p>As well as providing protection from fires, the Department of Forestry is responsible for controlling the use of the trees for timber. In the past the department issued annual sawing licences but, due to a sharp increase in illegal harvesting, the sawing season has been closed since 2007. However, the illegal market for cedar is strong and cedar harvesting has not yet been stopped. All cedar wood sawn after 2007 is illegal wood, and can be confiscated by the Department of Forestry and the Malawi Police. In 2010 there was a significant increase in law-enforcement action involving armed forestry teams patrolling the cedar forests to stop the illegal pit sawyers. </p><p>There has also been a substantial planting programme to <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforest</a> Mulanje cedar seedlings in the plastic-covered greenhouses that can be seen across the mountain. In the 2008/09 rainy season, nurseries were established on the mountain to raise over 50,000 seedlings that were then planted out with an estimated survival rate of over 30%. In the 2009/10 season, nursery plans were to raise more than 20,000 seedlings, with an improved planting-out strategy to ensure an even higher success rate. </p><p>Conservation of the cedars is not secure. In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Mulanje_Mountain_Conservation_Trust" title="Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust">Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust</a> (MMCT) claimed the species would probably be extinct by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-trust_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trust-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Mulanje cedar was first assessed as '<a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a>' in 1997, and again in 1998, by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN).<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was re-assessed as '<a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>' by the IUCN in 2011, wherein the assessor, <a href="/wiki/Aljos_Farjon" title="Aljos Farjon">Aljos Farjon</a>, based on the 2004 data, stated that the species would experience a population reduction of 80% by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 it was again assessed as 'critically endangered', with the authors claiming that there were fewer than 50 mature trees left, and blaming this on foreign export. They make this claim based on the area being near the border, what they claim is bad policing by Malawi, and their claim that the wood is not used or sold in Malawi. Despite these assertions, the Malawi government and partners such as the MMCT have planted some 250,000 seedlings each year for the past few years as of 2019 (see previous paragraph).<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the risk of losing this tree, there is also the potential loss of the other endemic plant and animal species that inhabit these unique forests.<sup id="cite_ref-trust_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trust-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visiting_Mulanje">Visiting Mulanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulanje_Massif&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visiting Mulanje"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mulanje offers excellent hiking and climbing. The plateau is accessed in 3 to 6 hours by one of several trails. From the plateau, numerous peaks can be climbed. Several huts are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Mulanje_Mountain_Forest_Reserve" title="Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve">Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Club_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountain Club of Malawi (page does not exist)">Mountain Club of Malawi</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and offer rustic accommodation to hikers and climbers. These include Sombani, Chinzama, Minunu, Tuchila, Chombe, Lychenya, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest peak, Sapitwa, is best accessed from the Chisepo hut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulanje_Massif&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-peaklist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peaklist_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peaklist_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/africa.html">"Africa Ultra-Prominences"</a> Peaklist.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldribus.org/southern-africa/">"World Ribus – Southern Africa"</a>. <i>World Ribus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Name "Akafula"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Society of Malawi Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778159">29778159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Society+of+Malawi+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Name+%22Akafula%22&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1967-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29778159%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulanje+Massif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHwrAQAAMAAJ&q=June+1954"><i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations</i></a>. 1976. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471748335" title="Special:BookSources/9780471748335"><bdi>9780471748335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+the+Nations&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780471748335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHwrAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DJune%2B1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulanje+Massif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanyenga,_T.Shaw,_K.Mitole,_I.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chanyenga, T.; Shaw, K.; Mitole, I. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/33216/126090798">"<i>Widdringtonia whytei</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2019</b>: e.T33216A126090798. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T33216A126090798.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T33216A126090798.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Widdringtonia+whytei&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=e.T33216A126090798&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T33216A126090798.en&rft.au=Chanyenga%2C+T.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+K.&rft.au=Mitole%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F33216%2F126090798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulanje+Massif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarjon,_A.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Farjon, A. (12 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/33216/2835167">"<i>Widdringtonia whytei</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2013</b>: e.T33216A2835167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T33216A2835167.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T33216A2835167.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Widdringtonia+whytei&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=e.T33216A2835167&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T33216A2835167.en&rft.au=Farjon%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F33216%2F2835167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulanje+Massif" class="Z3988"></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">cite iucn</a>}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn#Maintenance_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcm.org.mw/">"Welcome"</a>. <i>Mountain Club of Malawi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Club+of+Malawi&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcm.org.mw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulanje+Massif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcm.org.mw/huts-2/">"Huts"</a>. <i>Mountain Club of Malawi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Club+of+Malawi&rft.atitle=Huts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcm.org.mw%2Fhuts-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulanje+Massif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010123535/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16662">"Mount Mulanje, Malawi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16662">the original</a> on 2004-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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plate">Madagascar plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovuma_plate" title="Rovuma plate">Rovuma plate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seychelles_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seychelles plate (page does not exist)">Seychelles plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Microplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Microplate">Victoria Microplate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">Cratons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">shields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian-Nubian_Shield" title="Arabian-Nubian Shield">Arabian-Nubian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaapvaal_Craton" title="Kaapvaal Craton">Kaapvaal Craton</a></li> <li><a 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does not exist)">Broodkop Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Shear_Zone" title="Central African Shear Zone">Central African Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuan_Shear_Zones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuan Shear Zones (page does not exist)">Chuan Shear Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foumban_Shear_Zone" title="Foumban Shear Zone">Foumban Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandi_Fault_Zone" title="Kandi Fault Zone">Kandi Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwembeshi_Shear_Zone" title="Mwembeshi Shear Zone">Mwembeshi Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Todi_Shear_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Todi Shear Zone (page does not exist)">Todi Shear Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Meseta_Shear_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Meseta Shear Zone (page does not exist)">Western Meseta Shear Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Orogen">Orogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damara_orogeny" title="Damara orogeny">Damara Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Orogeny" title="East African Orogeny">East African Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburnean_orogeny" title="Eburnean orogeny">Eburnean Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwanide_orogeny" title="Gondwanide orogeny">Gondwanide Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibaran_orogeny" title="Kibaran orogeny">Kibaran Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuunga_orogeny" title="Kuunga orogeny">Kuunga Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanide_Belt" title="Mauritanide Belt">Mauritanide Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny" title="Pan-African orogeny">Pan-African orogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis_Orogen" title="Terra Australis Orogen">Terra Australis Orogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rifts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anza_trough" title="Anza trough">Anza trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Arab_rift" title="Bahr el Arab rift">Bahr el Arab rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benue_Trough" title="Benue Trough">Benue Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_rift" title="Blue Nile rift">Blue Nile rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez_Rift" title="Gulf of Suez Rift">Gulf of Suez Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamu_Embayment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamu Embayment (page does not exist)">Lamu Embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melut_Basin" title="Melut Basin">Melut Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muglad_Basin" title="Muglad Basin">Muglad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift" title="Red Sea Rift">Red Sea Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangha_aulacogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangha aulacogen (page does not exist)">Sangha Aulacogen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atbara_rift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atbara rift (page does not exist)">Atbara rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urema_Valley" title="Urema Valley">Urema Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_and_Central_African_Rift_System" title="West and Central African Rift System">West and Central African Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Nile_rift" title="White Nile rift">White Nile rift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Basin" title="Angola Basin">Angola Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoukar" title="Aoukar">Aoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Basin" title="Blue Nile Basin">Blue Nile Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douala_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douala Basin (page does not exist)">Douala Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Djouf" title="El Djouf">El Djouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoo Basin">Karoo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabon_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabon Basin (page does not exist)">Gabon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iullemmeden_Basin" title="Iullemmeden Basin">Iullemmeden Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kufra_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kufra Basin (page does not exist)">Kufra Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murzuq_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murzuq Basin">Murzuq Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger Delta Basin">Niger Delta Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_Basin" title="Ogaden Basin">Ogaden Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_River_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orange River Basin (page does not exist)">Orange River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Abdoun_Basin" title="Ouled Abdoun Basin">Ouled Abdoun Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owambo_Basin" title="Owambo Basin">Owambo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reggane_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reggane Basin (page does not exist)">Reggane Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_del_Rey_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio del Rey Basin">Rio del Rey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Basin" title="Sirte Basin">Sirte Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_Coastal_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somali Coastal Basin (page does not exist)">Somali Coastal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoudeni_Basin" title="Taoudeni Basin">Taoudeni Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzania_Coastal_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanzania Coastal Basin (page does not exist)">Tanzania Coastal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Basin" title="Tindouf Basin">Tindouf Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_Basin" title="Turkana Basin">Turkana Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Mountain ranges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambouk_Mountains" title="Bambouk Mountains">Bambouk Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Niger)" title="Blue Mountains (Niger)">Blue Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_line" title="Cameroon line">Cameroon line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pangean_Mountains" title="Central Pangean Mountains">Central Pangean Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaillu_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaillu Mountains">Chaillu Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains" title="Eastern Arc Mountains">Eastern Arc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rift_mountains" title="Eastern Rift mountains">Eastern Rift mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa" title="Great Escarpment, Southern Africa">Great Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Karas_Mountains" title="Great Karas Mountains">Great Karas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Highlands" title="Guinea Highlands">Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains" title="Hoggar Mountains">Hoggar Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imatong_Mountains" title="Imatong Mountains">Imatong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Uweinat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Uweinat">Jebel Uweinat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_Mountains" title="Loma Mountains">Loma Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_Mountains" title="Mandara Mountains">Mandara Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrah_Mountains" title="Marrah Mountains">Marrah Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitumba_Mountains" title="Mitumba Mountains">Mitumba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains" title="Rwenzori Mountains">Rwenzori Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankwala_Mountains" title="Sankwala Mountains">Sankwala Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Leba" title="Serra da Leba">Serra da Leba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Chela" title="Serra da Chela">Serra da Chela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teffedest_Mountains" title="Teffedest Mountains">Teffedest Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inselberg" title="Inselberg">Inselbergs</a> (aka koppie)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Atlas" title="Anti-Atlas">Anti-Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gorongosa" title="Mount Gorongosa">Mount Gorongosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurtha_Tableland" title="Jugurtha Tableland">Jugurtha Tableland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mabu" title="Mount Mabu">Mount Mabu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mulanje Massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Ni%C3%A9nokou%C3%A9" title="Mont Niénokoué">Mont Niénokoué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wase_Rock" title="Wase Rock">Wase Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuma_Rock" title="Zuma Rock">Zuma Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inselbergs" title="List of inselbergs">List of inselbergs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_points_of_Africa258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Template:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_points_of_Africa258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_African_countries" title="List of highest points of African countries">Highest points of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tahat" title="Mount Tahat">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Moco" title="Mount Moco">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sokbaro" title="Mont Sokbaro">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monalanong_Hill" title="Monalanong Hill">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tenakourou" title="Mount Tenakourou">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Heha" title="Mount Heha">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_do_Fogo" title="Pico do Fogo">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Ngaoui" title="Mont Ngaoui">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Karthala" title="Mount Karthala">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stanley" title="Mount Stanley">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Nabemba" title="Mont Nabemba">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousa_Ali" title="Mousa Ali">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabal_Sha%27ib_El_Banat" title="Gabal Sha'ib El Banat">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_Basil%C3%A9" title="Pico Basilé">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emba_Soira" title="Emba Soira">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emlembe" title="Emlembe">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Dashen" title="Ras Dashen">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Bengou%C3%A9" title="Mont Bengoué">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sare_Firasu_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sare Firasu Hill (page does not exist)">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leklata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leklata (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Richard-Molard" title="Mount Richard-Molard">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Richard-Molard" title="Mount Richard-Molard">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabana_Ntlenyana" title="Thabana Ntlenyana">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wuteve" title="Mount Wuteve">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikku_Bitti" title="Bikku Bitti">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maromokotro" title="Maromokotro">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hombori" title="Mount Hombori">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kediet_ej_Jill" title="Kediet ej Jill">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piton_de_la_Petite_Rivi%C3%A8re_Noire" title="Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toubkal" title="Toubkal">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Binga" title="Monte Binga">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandberg_Mountain" title="Brandberg Mountain">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Idoukal-n-Tagh%C3%A8s" title="Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappal_Waddi" title="Chappal Waddi">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Karisimbi" title="Mount Karisimbi">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="Pico de São Tomé">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felo_Barkere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felo Barkere (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morne_Seychellois" title="Morne Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bintumani" title="Mount Bintumani">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shimbiris" title="Mount Shimbiris">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafadi" title="Mafadi">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyeti" title="Kinyeti">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrah_Mountains" title="Marrah Mountains">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Atilakoutse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Atilakoutse (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_ech_Chambi" title="Jebel ech Chambi">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stanley" title="Mount Stanley">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafinga_Central" title="Mafinga Central">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyangani" title="Mount Nyangani">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikhzoukhane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikhzoukhane (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shimbiris" title="Mount Shimbiris">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other 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