CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>马里奥·莫利纳 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"121a5fbd-42bb-4417-bb9e-973d6710eeb8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"马里奥·莫利纳","wgTitle":"马里奥·莫利纳","wgCurRevisionId":82133385,"wgRevisionId":82133385,"wgArticleId":950202,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1英语来源 (en)","CS1西班牙语来源 (es)","含有西班牙語的條目","含有hCards的条目","本地相关图片与维基数据相同","使用未知科学家信息框参数的页面","包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目","包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目","包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目","包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目","包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目", "包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含ICCU标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目","包含NTA标识符的维基百科条目","包含PLWABN标识符的维基百科条目","包含CINII标识符的维基百科条目","包含ORCID标识符的维基百科条目","包含Scopus标识符的维基百科条目","包含SNAC-ID标识符的维基百科条目","包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目","1943年出生","2020年逝世","诺贝尔化学奖获得者","墨西哥諾貝爾獎獲得者","美国国家科学院院士","墨西哥化学家","大氣化學家","麻省理工學院教師","加州大學柏克萊分校校友","弗萊堡大學校友","墨西哥國立自治大學校友","墨西哥天主教徒","墨西哥城人", "宗座科学院院士","不列颠哥伦比亚大学荣誉博士"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"马里奥·莫利纳","wgRelevantArticleId":950202,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":8000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q19045","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready" ,"jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.ilhpp","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/1200px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/800px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/640px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="马里奥·莫利纳 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-马里奥·莫利纳 rootpage-马里奥·莫利纳 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="主菜单" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">马里奥·莫利纳</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。65种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماريو مولينا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماريو مولينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماريو مولينا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماريو مولينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماریو مولینا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماریو مولینا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марыа Маліна – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыа Маліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марио Молина – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марио Молина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="মারিও মোলিনা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারিও মোলিনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μάριο Μολίνα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάριο Μολίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina_(qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Mario Molina (químico) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mario Molina (químico)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماریو مولینا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماریو مولینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Jos%C3%A9_Molina" title="Mario José Molina – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mario José Molina" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מריו מולינה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מריו מולינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मारियो जे मोलिना – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मारियो जे मोलिना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Jos%C3%A9_Molina" title="Mario José Molina – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mario José Molina" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="マリオ・モリーナ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリオ・モリーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მარიო მოლინა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარიო მოლინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4_J._%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%82%98" title="마리오 J. 몰리나 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리오 J. 몰리나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Iosephus_Molina" title="Marius Iosephus Molina – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marius Iosephus Molina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8" title="മരിയോ ജെ. മൊലിന – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മരിയോ ജെ. മൊലിന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मारियो जे. मोलिना – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मारियो जे. मोलिना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماریو مولینا – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماریو مولینا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Jos%C3%A9_Molina" title="Mario José Molina – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mario José Molina" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماریو مولینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماریو مولینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Молина, Марио – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молина, Марио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марио Молина – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марио Молина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="மரியோ மோலினா – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரியோ மோலினா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марио Молина – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Марио Молина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маріо Моліна – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маріо Моліна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%92_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماریو جے مولینا – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماریو جے مولینا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mario Molina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="马里奥·莫利纳 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马里奥·莫利纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მარიო მოლინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარიო მოლინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mario J. Molina" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19045#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&oldid=82133385" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&id=82133385&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E9%2587%258C%25E5%25A5%25A5%25C2%25B7%25E8%258E%25AB%25E5%2588%25A9%25E7%25BA%25B3"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E9%2587%258C%25E5%25A5%25A5%25C2%25B7%25E8%258E%25AB%25E5%2588%25A9%25E7%25BA%25B3"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mario_J._Molina" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19045" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">马里奥·莫利纳<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span><br /><span lang="es">José Mario Molina-Pasquel Henríquez</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/180px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/270px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg/360px-Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="3577" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">马里奥·莫利纳在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="参议院">参议院</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1943-03-19</span>)</span>1943年3月19日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9F%8E" title="墨西哥城">墨西哥城</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2020年10月7日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">2020歲—10—07</span>)</span>（77歲）<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9F%8E" title="墨西哥城">墨西哥城</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">国籍</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母校</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="墨西哥国立自治大学">墨西哥国立自治大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="弗莱堡大学">弗莱堡大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="加州大学伯克利分校">加州大学伯克利分校</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">知名于</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">研究<a href="/wiki/CFCs" class="mw-redirect" title="CFCs">CFCs</a>对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82" title="平流层">平流层</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%B1%82" title="臭氧层">臭氧层</a>的威胁。</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">信仰</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马天主教">罗马天主教</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%BA%A7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="宗座科學院">宗座科学院</a>院士</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">奖项</th><td class="infobox-data note" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E5%A5%96" title="泰勒环境成就奖">泰勒环境成就奖</a>（1983）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA%E6%9D%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E5%A5%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA杰出科学成就奖（页面不存在）">NASA杰出科学成就奖</a> (1989)、<sup id="cite_ref-mit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a>（1995）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%BD%B2%E7%AC%B9%E5%B7%9D%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%A5%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联合国环境署笹川环境奖（页面不存在）">联合国环境署笹川环境奖</a>（1999）。</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><b>科学生涯</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">研究领域</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="大气化学">大气化学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="加州大学圣地亚哥分校">加州大学圣地亚哥分校</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%88%BE%E7%81%A3%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" title="加州大學爾灣分校">加州大学尔湾分校</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="加州理工学院">加州理工学院</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B7%E6%B0%94%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="喷气推进实验室">喷气推进实验室</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="麻省理工学院">麻省理工学院</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%8E%E5%B8%AB" title="博士導師">博士導師</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7C%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·C·皮蒙特尔（页面不存在）">乔治·C·皮蒙特尔</a> <sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>何塞·马里奥·莫利纳·帕斯克尔-恩里克斯</b>（西班牙語：<span lang="es">José Mario Molina Pasquel y Henríquez</span>，1943年3月19日—2020年10月7日）生于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9F%8E" title="墨西哥城">墨西哥城</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="化学">化学</a>家，是发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81" class="mw-redirect" title="南极">南极</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7%E6%B4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="臭氧洞">臭氧洞</a>的主要人物之一。他成功解释了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%9F%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="氯氟碳化合物">氯氟碳化合物</a>（CFCs）破坏地球<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%B1%82" title="臭氧层">臭氧层</a>的机理，因「他們對<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="大气化学">大氣化學</a>的研究工作，特別是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7" title="臭氧">臭氧</a>的形成與分解」，與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0" title="弗兰克·舍伍德·罗兰">弗蘭克·舍伍德·羅蘭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%B2%91" title="保罗·克鲁岑">保羅·克魯岑</a>共同獲得1995年<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾化學獎">諾貝爾化學獎</a>，同時是第一位获得诺贝尔奖科学方面奖项的墨西哥人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>莫利纳的父亲，罗柏托·莫利纳·帕斯克尔（Roberto Molina Pasquel），是一位<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="律师">律师</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AE%98" title="外交官">外交官</a>，曾任墨西哥驻<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">埃塞俄比亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律宾</a>等地的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="大使">大使</a><sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。莫利纳的母亲是莱昂诺尔·恩里克斯·德·莫利纳（Henríquez de Molina）。他在墨西哥城和<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>完成了基础学业，于1965年在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="墨西哥国立自治大学">墨西哥国立自治大学</a>获得<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="化學工程">化工</a>专业的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="学士">学士</a>学位，于1967年在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="弗莱堡大学">弗莱堡大学</a>获得<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%95%E5%A3%AB" title="硕士">硕士</a>学位，于1972年在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="加州大学伯克利分校">加州大学伯克利分校</a>获得<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="化学">化学</a>专业的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士">博士</a>。 </p><p>当他于1974年在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%88%BE%E7%81%A3%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" title="加州大學爾灣分校">加州大学尔湾分校</a>做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E5%90%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="博士后">博士后</a>时，他与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0" title="弗兰克·舍伍德·罗兰">罗兰</a>合写了一篇论文，发表在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="自然 (期刊)">自然</a>》杂志上。该论文强调了氯氟碳化合物对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82" title="平流层">平流层</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%B1%82" title="臭氧层">臭氧层</a>的威胁。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>当时，CFCs被广泛用作<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%86%B7%E5%89%82" title="制冷剂">制冷剂</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%B7%E9%9B%BE%E5%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喷雾剂（页面不存在）">喷雾剂</a>。科学界起初的冷淡促使他俩于1974年9月在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%9F%8E" title="大西洋城">大西洋城</a>召开的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国化学协会（页面不存在）">美国化学协会</a>的一次会议期间举行了一个新闻发布会。在发布会上，他们号召全面禁止继续排放CFCs到大气中。许多科学家和生产厂商都怀疑他们的说法，因而一直无法达成共识以开始行动。直到1976年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国国家科学院">美国国家科学院</a>出版了一个有关这个问题的评论报告，行动才得以开始。此后削减来自于冰箱和喷雾气罐的CFCs的行动扩展到全球，他俩也因此获得了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a>。 </p><p>在1974～2004年期间，他在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%88%BE%E7%81%A3%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" title="加州大學爾灣分校">加州大学尔湾分校</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="加州理工学院">加州理工学院</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B7%E6%B0%94%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="喷气推进实验室">喷气推进实验室</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="麻省理工学院">麻省理工学院</a>等地做过研究工作和指导过研究生。他还担任过麻省理工学院化学系和地球大气行星科学系的联合教授。莫利纳于2004年7月1日加入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="加州大学圣地亚哥分校">加州大学圣地亚哥分校</a>的化学和生物化学系（Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry），以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="斯克里普斯海洋研究所">斯克里普斯海洋研究所</a>（Scripps Institution of Oceanography）的大气科学中心。 </p><p>莫利纳是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%BA%A7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="宗座科學院">宗座科学院</a>院士、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国国家科学院">美国国家科学院</a>院士、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国国家医学研究院（页面不存在）">美国国家医学研究院</a>院士和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="墨西哥科学院（页面不存在）">墨西哥科学院</a>院士。他是多个环境组织的委员会成员，以及许多科学委员会的成员，比如美国总统科技顾问委员会，公共政策委员会、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="麦克阿瑟基金会">麦克阿瑟基金会</a>的全球安全和可持续发展委员会和马里奥·莫利纳中心。他也已经收到超过18个<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="荣誉学位">荣誉学位</a>。一颗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星">小行星</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=9680_Molina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9680 Molina（页面不存在）">9680 Molina</a>）也以他的名字命名。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>马里奥·莫利纳与路易萨·谭·莫利纳（Luisa Tan Molina）离婚后，于2006年2月与第二任妻子，瓜达卢佩·阿尔瓦雷斯（Guadalupe Álvarez），成婚。他的唯一的儿子是一位在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF" title="波士顿">波士顿</a>工作的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a>家。<sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>莫利纳已经被美国候任总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="巴拉克·奥巴马">巴拉克·奥巴马</a>指定为管理环境事务的过渡小组的成员。 </p><p>2020年10月7日，莫利纳因<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%82%8C%E6%A2%97%E5%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="心肌梗塞">心肌梗塞</a>逝世，終年77歲。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autobiography-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Molina, Mario. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/molina-autobio.html">Autobiography</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="诺贝尔基金会">诺贝尔基金会</a>. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226103154/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/molina-autobio.html">存档</a>于2018-12-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.aulast=Molina&rft.btitle=Autobiography&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1995%2Fmolina-autobio.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="麻省理工学院">麻省理工学院</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/molina.html">MIT's Mario Molina wins Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovery of ozone depletion</a>. October 11, 1995 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-31</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319013726/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/molina.html">存档</a>于2014-03-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&rft.au=%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&rft.btitle=MIT%27s+Mario+Molina+wins+Nobel+Prize+in+chemistry+for+discovery+of+ozone+depletion&rft.date=1995-10-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F1995%2Fmolina.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mario Molina and FS Rowland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/249810a0">Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone</a>. Nature 249: 810–2. 28 June 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F249810a0"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/249810a0</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&rft.au=Mario+Molina+and+FS+Rowland&rft.btitle=Stratospheric+Sink+for+Chlorofluoromethanes%3A+Chlorine+Atom-Catalysed+Destruction+of+Ozone&rft.date=1974-06-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=810-2&rft.pub=Nature+249&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%2F249810a0&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F249810a0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B7%E6%B0%94%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="喷气推进实验室">喷气推进实验室</a> Small-Body Database Browser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9680">9680 Molina (3557 P-L)</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925104312/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9680">存档</a>于2014-09-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&rft.au=%E5%96%B7%E6%B0%94%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4+Small-Body+Database+Browser&rft.btitle=9680+Molina+%283557+P-L%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsstr%3D9680&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/mario-molina-mexico-chemistry-nobel-winner-dies-77-73488415">Mario Molina, Mexico chemistry Nobel winner, dies at 77</a>. ABC News. 2020-10-08 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070339/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/mario-molina-mexico-chemistry-nobel-winner-dies-77-73488415">存档</a>于2020-10-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&rft.atitle=Mario+Molina%2C+Mexico+chemistry+Nobel+winner%2C+dies+at+77&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2FwireStory%2Fmario-molina-mexico-chemistry-nobel-winner-dies-77-73488415&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciencia-y-salud/muere-mario-molina-ganador-del-premio-nobel-1995">Mario Molina, ganador del Premio Nobel 1995, muere a causa de un infarto</a>. El Universal. 2020-10-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070341/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciencia-y-salud/muere-mario-molina-ganador-del-premio-nobel-1995">存档</a>于2020-10-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到西班牙语网页">（西班牙语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&rft.atitle=Mario+Molina%2C+ganador+del+Premio+Nobel+1995%2C+muere+a+causa+de+un+infarto&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fciencia-y-salud%2Fmuere-mario-molina-ganador-del-premio-nobel-1995&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="西班牙語">（西班牙文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centromariomolina.org/">Centro Mario Molina</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081019190238/http://www.centromariomolina.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/hispanic/molinatscript.htm">Hispanic Heritage Interview</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20051102055752/http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/hispanic/molinatscript.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="诺贝尔化学奖获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:诺贝尔化学奖获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template talk:诺贝尔化学奖获得者"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:诺贝尔化学奖获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="诺贝尔化学奖获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96%E5%BE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="诺贝尔化学奖得主列表">获得者</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d3d3d3;">1901年－1925年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">1901年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB" title="雅各布斯·亨里克斯·范托夫">范托夫</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1902年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔曼·埃米尔·费歇尔">费歇尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1903年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%90%AC%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9E%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="斯萬特·阿瑞尼斯">阿伦尼乌斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1904年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90" title="威廉·拉姆齐">拉姆齐</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1905年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94" title="阿道夫·冯·拜尔">拜尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1906年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%93%A6%E6%A1%91" title="亨利·莫瓦桑">莫瓦桑</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1907年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%AB%E7%BA%B3" title="爱德华·布赫纳">布赫纳</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1908年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">卢瑟福</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1909年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德">奥斯特瓦尔德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1910年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB" title="奥托·瓦拉赫">瓦拉赫</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1911年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里">居里</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1912年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="维克多·格林尼亚">格林尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B7%B4%E6%8D%B7" title="保罗·萨巴捷">萨巴捷</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1913年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="阿尔弗雷德·维尔纳">维尔纳</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1914年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%B9" title="西奥多·威廉·理查兹">理查兹</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1915年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9" title="里夏德·维尔施泰特">维尔施泰特</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1918年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF" title="弗里茨·哈伯">哈伯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1920年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%BD%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="瓦爾特·能斯特">能斯特</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1921年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E8%BF%AA" title="弗雷德里克·索迪">索迪</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1922年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="弗朗西斯·阿斯顿">阿斯顿</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1923年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="弗里茨·普雷格尔">普雷格尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1925年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%AD%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E8%BF%AA" title="里夏德·阿道夫·席格蒙迪">席格蒙迪</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d3d3d3;">1926年－1950年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">1926年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E5%BE%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C" title="特奥多尔·斯韦德贝里">斯韦德贝里</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1927年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%B0" title="海因里希·奥托·威兰">威兰</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1928年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E9%81%93%E6%96%AF" title="阿道夫·温道斯">温道斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1929年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%99%BB" title="阿瑟·哈登">哈登</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%92-%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B3" title="汉斯·冯·奥伊勒-切尔平">奥伊勒-切尔平</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1930年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E8%88%8D%E5%B0%94" title="汉斯·菲舍尔">费歇尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1931年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%BD" title="卡爾·博施">博施</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%90%89%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="弗里德里希·贝吉乌斯">贝吉乌斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1932年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE" title="歐文·朗繆爾">朗缪尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1934年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C" title="哈羅德·尤里">尤里</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1935年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里">F·约里奥-居里</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%9B%B7%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="伊雷娜·约里奥-居里">I·约里奥-居里</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1936年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%9C" title="彼得·德拜">德拜</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1937年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%B2%83%E6%80%9D" title="沃尔特·霍沃思">霍沃思</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%8B%92" title="保罗·卡勒">卡勒</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1938年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%81%A9" title="里夏德·库恩">库恩</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1939年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97%E7%89%B9" title="阿道夫·布特南特">布特南特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%97%A5%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%A1" title="拉沃斯拉夫·鲁日奇卡">鲁日奇卡</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1943年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%B5%B7%E9%9F%A6%E8%A5%BF" title="乔治·德海韦西">德海韦西</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1944年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%81%A9" title="奥托·哈恩">哈恩</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1945年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E5%AE%81" title="阿尔图里·伊尔马里·维尔塔宁">维尔塔宁</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1946年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E7%BA%B3" title="詹姆斯·B·萨姆纳">萨姆纳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E6%80%9D%E7%BD%97%E6%99%AE" title="约翰·霍华德·诺思罗普">诺思罗普</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9" title="温德尔·梅雷迪思·斯坦利">斯坦利</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1947年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E8%B3%93%E9%81%9C" title="羅伯特·魯賓遜">魯賓遜</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1948年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E8%92%82%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔内·蒂塞利乌斯">蒂塞利乌斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1949年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B" title="威廉·吉奥克">吉奥克</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1950年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="奥托·迪尔斯">迪尔斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="库尔特·阿尔德">阿尔德</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d3d3d3;">1951年－1975年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">1951年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%B1%B3%E4%BC%A6" title="埃德温·麦克米伦">麦克米伦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="格倫·西奧多·西博格">西博格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1952年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%BB%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81" title="阿彻·约翰·波特·马丁">马丁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="理查德·劳伦斯·米林顿·辛格">辛格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1953年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E9%99%B6%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="赫尔曼·施陶丁格">施陶丁格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1954年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E6%9E%97" title="萊納斯·鮑林">鮑林</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1955年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5" title="文森特·迪维尼奥">迪维尼奥</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1956年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%AC%A3%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="西里尔·欣谢尔伍德">欣谢尔伍德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="尼古拉·谢苗诺夫">谢苗诺夫</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1957年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7" title="托德男爵亚历山大·罗伯图斯·托德">托德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1958年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="弗雷德里克·桑格">桑格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1959年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="雅罗斯拉夫·海罗夫斯基">海罗夫斯基</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1960年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94" title="威拉得·利比">利比</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1961年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="梅尔文·卡尔文">卡尔文</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1962年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%B2%81%E8%8C%A8" title="马克斯·佩鲁茨">佩鲁茨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81" title="约翰·肯德鲁">肯德鲁</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1963年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·齐格勒">齐格勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E5%A1%94" title="居里奥·纳塔">纳塔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1964年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%90%9D%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A5%87%E9%87%91" title="多萝西·霍奇金">霍奇金</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1965年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%BE%B7" title="罗伯特·伯恩斯·伍德沃德">伍德沃德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1966年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7S%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%82%AF" title="罗伯特·S·马利肯">马利肯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1967年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%A0%B9" title="曼弗雷德·艾根">艾根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E4%BC%8A%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E9%87%8C%E4%BB%80" title="罗纳德·乔治·雷伊福特·诺里什">诺里什</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·波特">波特</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1968年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="拉斯·昂萨格">昂萨格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1969年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A1%BF" title="德里克·巴顿">巴顿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="奥德·哈塞尔">哈塞尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1970年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94" title="卢伊斯·弗德里科·莱洛伊尔">莱洛伊尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1971年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%A8%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="格哈德·赫茨贝格">赫茨贝格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1972年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E8%8A%AC%E6%A3%AE" title="克里斯蒂安·B·安芬森">安芬森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="斯坦福·摩尔">摩尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="威廉·霍华德·斯坦">斯坦</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1973年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E8%88%8D%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·奥托·菲舍尔">菲舍尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE" title="杰弗里·威尔金森">威尔金森</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1974年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8C" title="保罗·弗洛里">弗洛里</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1975年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%80%9D" title="约翰·康福思">康福思</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%B4%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="弗拉迪米尔·普雷洛格">普雷洛格</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d3d3d3;">1976年－2000年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">1976年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%A7%86" title="威廉·利普斯科姆">利普斯科姆</a></span> <span class="nowrap">1977年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%AB%98%E6%B4%A5" title="伊利亚·普里高津">普里高津</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1978年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94" title="彼得·米切尔">米切尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1979年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97" title="赫伯特·布朗">布朗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E8%92%82%E5%B8%8C" title="格奥尔格·维蒂希">维蒂希</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1980年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="保羅·伯格">伯格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="沃特·吉爾伯特">吉尔伯特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="弗雷德里克·桑格">桑格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1981年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%95%E8%B0%A6%E4%B8%80" title="福井谦一">福井谦一</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="罗德·霍夫曼">霍夫曼</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1982年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BE%99%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%A2%E6%A0%BC" title="阿龙·克卢格">克卢格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1983年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%99%B6%E5%B8%83" title="亨利·陶布">陶布</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1984年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="罗伯特·布鲁斯·梅里菲尔德">梅里菲尔德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1985年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B1%AA%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="赫伯特·豪普特曼">豪普特曼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%B0%94%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="杰尔姆·卡尔">卡尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1986年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="达德利·赫施巴赫">赫施巴赫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%81%A0%E5%93%B2" title="李遠哲">李遠哲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC" title="约翰·查尔斯·波拉尼">波拉尼</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1987年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="唐纳德·克拉姆">克拉姆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9" title="让-马里·莱恩">莱恩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE" title="查尔斯·佩德森">佩德森</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1988年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE%E9%9C%8D%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·戴森霍费尔">戴森霍费尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·胡贝尔">胡贝尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="哈特穆特·米歇尔">米歇尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1989年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="西德尼·奥尔特曼">奥尔特曼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%87%E8%B5%AB" title="托马斯·切赫">切赫</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1990年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C" title="艾里亚斯·詹姆斯·科里">科里</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1991年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="理查德·恩斯特">恩斯特</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1992年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="鲁道夫·马库斯">马库斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1993年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="凯利·穆利斯">穆利斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="迈克尔·史密斯 (化学家)">史密斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1994年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E6%8B%89" title="乔治·安德鲁·欧拉">欧拉</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1995年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%B2%91" title="保罗·克鲁岑">克鲁岑</a>、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">莫利纳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0" title="弗兰克·舍伍德·罗兰">罗兰</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1996年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·柯尔">柯尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E6%89%98" title="哈罗德·克罗托">克罗托</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9" title="理查德·斯莫利">斯莫利</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1997年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E8%80%B6" title="保罗·博耶">博耶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7E%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·E·沃克">沃克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="延斯·克里斯蒂安·斯科">斯科</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1998年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9" title="沃尔特·科恩">科恩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="約翰·波普 (化學家)">波普</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1999年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BD%8A%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE" title="亞米德·齊威爾">兹韦勒</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2000年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC" title="艾伦·黑格">黑格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="艾伦·麦克德尔米德">麦克德尔米德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B7%9D%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%91" title="白川英树">白川英树</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d3d3d3;">2001年－</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">2001年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%BF%AA%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·斯坦迪什·诺尔斯">诺尔斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BE%9D%E8%89%AF%E6%B2%BB" title="野依良治">野依良治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·巴里·沙普利斯">沙普利斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2002年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%8A%AC%E6%81%A9" title="约翰·贝内特·芬恩">芬恩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E8%80%95%E4%B8%80" title="田中耕一">田中耕一</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C" title="库尔特·维特里希">维特里希</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2003年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7" title="彼得·阿格雷">阿格雷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E9%87%91%E5%86%9C" title="罗德里克·麦金农">麦金农</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2004年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BE%99%C2%B7%E5%88%87%E5%93%88%E8%AF%BA%E6%B2%83" title="阿龙·切哈诺沃">切哈诺沃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91" title="阿夫拉姆·赫什科">赫什科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="欧文·罗斯">罗斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2005年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%82%96%E4%B8%87" title="伊夫·肖万">肖万</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83" title="罗伯特·格拉布">格拉布</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B" title="理查德·施罗克">施罗克</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2006年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="罗杰·科恩伯格">科恩伯格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2007年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="格哈德·埃特尔">埃特尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2008年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%9D%91%E8%84%A9" title="下村脩">下村脩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%8F%B2" title="马丁·查尔菲">查尔菲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E6%B0%B8%E5%81%A5" title="钱永健">钱永健</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2009年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BA%B3%E7%89%B9" title="阿达·约纳特">约纳特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%97" title="文卡·拉马克里希南">拉马克里希南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E8%8C%A8" title="托马斯·施泰茨">施泰茨</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2010年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%8B" title="理查德·赫克">赫克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E5%B2%B8%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%80" title="根岸英一">根岸英一</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%83%E6%9C%A8%E7%AB%A0" title="铃木章">铃木章</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2011年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="丹·谢赫特曼">谢赫特曼</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2012年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%A4%AB%E7%A7%91%E7%BB%B4%E8%8C%A8" title="罗伯特·莱夫科维茨">莱夫科维茨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%96%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1" title="布赖恩·科比尔卡">科比尔卡</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2013年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="马丁·卡普拉斯">卡普拉斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9" title="邁可·列維特">列維特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%88%8D%E5%B0%94" title="阿里耶·瓦舍尔">瓦舍尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2014年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E9%BD%8A%E6%A0%BC" title="艾力克·貝齊格">貝齊格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94" title="斯特凡·赫尔">赫尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94" title="威廉·莫尔纳尔">莫尔纳尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2015年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="托马斯·林达尔">林达尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87" title="保罗·莫德里奇">莫德里奇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%90%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E8%B4%BE%E5%B0%94" title="阿齐兹·桑贾尔">桑贾尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2016年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%E6%97%A5" title="让-皮埃尔·索瓦日">索瓦日</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%BE%A4%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%81%94%E7%89%B9" title="弗雷澤·斯托達特">斯托達特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%9E%97%E5%8A%A0" title="伯纳德·费林加">費林加</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2017年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%8D%9A%E6%AD%87" title="雅克·杜博歇">杜博歇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B" title="约阿希姆·弗兰克">法蘭克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE" title="理查德·亨德森">亨德森</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2018年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7" title="弗朗西丝·阿诺德">阿諾德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E7%89%B9" title="格雷格·温特">溫特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·P·史密斯">史密斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2019年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%AA%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·B·古迪纳夫">古迪納夫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%BB%B7%E5%8E%84%E5%A7%86" title="斯坦利·惠廷厄姆">惠廷厄姆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%87%8E%E5%BD%B0" title="吉野彰">吉野彰</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2020年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%8E%9B%E7%BA%BD%E5%9F%83%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%9E%E6%8D%B7" title="埃玛纽埃勒·沙尔庞捷">沙尔庞捷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%AE%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3" title="珍妮弗·道德纳">道德纳</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2021年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%9A%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="本亚明·利斯特">利斯特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%B1%B3%E4%BC%A6" title="戴维·麦克米伦">麦克米伦</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2022年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98%E8%A5%BF" title="卡罗琳·贝尔托西">贝尔托齐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%BB%95%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" title="莫滕·梅爾達爾">梅尔达尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·巴里·沙普利斯">沙普利斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2023年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA" title="蒙吉·巴文迪">巴文迪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="路易斯·布鲁斯">布鲁斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E5%9F%BA%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB" title="阿列克谢·叶基莫夫">叶基莫夫</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2024年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="戴维·贝克 (生物化学家)">贝克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF" title="杰米斯·哈萨比斯">哈萨比斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B1%9F%E7%8F%80" title="约翰·江珀">江珀</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d3d3d3;"><div>注：年份不一定是實際獲獎時間，1914年、1918年、1920年、1921年、1925年、1927年、1938年、1943年、1944年的獎項都延後一年頒發。</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19045#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19045#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19045#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1570690/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120248124">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/43806068">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4pjqB7b4ck4MTBtKPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9074023">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6225467">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14440830c">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14440830c">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1029801800">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Molina, Mario <1943-2020>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV099701">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007434376805171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2002018877">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20110608022&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2021S7330">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p242167721">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810633977505606">波兰</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15422093?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2339-3225">ORCID</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7202281109">Scopus</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c94k4p">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/109964861">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=马里奥·莫利纳&oldid=82133385">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=马里奥·莫利纳&oldid=82133385</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F" title="Category:1943年出生">1943年出生</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96" title="Category:2020年逝世">2020年逝世</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Category:诺贝尔化学奖获得者">诺贝尔化学奖获得者</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E%E7%8D%B2%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Category:墨西哥諾貝爾獎獲得者">墨西哥諾貝爾獎獲得者</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E9%99%A2%E5%A3%AB" title="Category:美国国家科学院院士">美国国家科学院院士</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:墨西哥化学家">墨西哥化学家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:大氣化學家">大氣化學家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB" title="Category:麻省理工學院教師">麻省理工學院教師</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%9F%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1%E6%A0%A1%E5%8F%8B" title="Category:加州大學柏克萊分校校友">加州大學柏克萊分校校友</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%8F%8B" title="Category:弗萊堡大學校友">弗萊堡大學校友</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%8F%8B" title="Category:墨西哥國立自治大學校友">墨西哥國立自治大學校友</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="Category:墨西哥天主教徒">墨西哥天主教徒</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9F%8E%E4%BA%BA" title="Category:墨西哥城人">墨西哥城人</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E5%BA%A7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E9%99%A2%E5%A3%AB" title="Category:宗座科学院院士">宗座科学院院士</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="Category:不列颠哥伦比亚大学荣誉博士">不列颠哥伦比亚大学荣誉博士</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(es)" title="Category:CS1西班牙语来源 (es)">CS1西班牙语来源 (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有西班牙語的條目">含有西班牙語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89hCards%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有hCards的条目">含有hCards的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9B%B8%E5%90%8C" title="Category:本地相关图片与维基数据相同">本地相关图片与维基数据相同</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%AA%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%A1%86%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用未知科学家信息框参数的页面">使用未知科学家信息框参数的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABFAST%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目">包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABISNI%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目">包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABVIAF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目">包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABWorldCat%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目">包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBIBSYS%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目">包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABICCU%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含ICCU标识符的维基百科条目">包含ICCU标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNLK%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目">包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNTA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NTA标识符的维基百科条目">包含NTA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABPLWABN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含PLWABN标识符的维基百科条目">包含PLWABN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABCINII%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含CINII标识符的维基百科条目">包含CINII标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABORCID%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含ORCID标识符的维基百科条目">包含ORCID标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABScopus%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含Scopus标识符的维基百科条目">包含Scopus标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABSNAC-ID%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含SNAC-ID标识符的维基百科条目">包含SNAC-ID标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABSUDOC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目">包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年4月3日 (星期三) 01:53。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CC_BY-SA_4.0%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Wikipedia:CC BY-SA 4.0协议文本">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">马里奥·莫利纳</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>65种语言</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>添加话题</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-xcdnt","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.557","walltime":"0.669","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4620,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":107452,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15666,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":26345,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 550.576 1 -total"," 35.29% 194.280 1 Template:Infobox_Scientist"," 22.31% 122.831 1 Template:Lang-es"," 14.38% 79.159 1 Template:诺贝尔化学奖获得者_(1976年－2000年)"," 13.83% 76.156 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.20% 67.163 2 Template:Infobox"," 11.48% 63.192 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.21% 61.716 1 Template:Authority_control"," 8.51% 46.863 4 Template:Citeweb"," 7.04% 38.741 1 Template:Infobox_person/core"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.354","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20121998,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-l8mc2","timestamp":"20250217101808","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u9a6c\u91cc\u5965\u00b7\u83ab\u5229\u7eb3","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19045","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19045","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-12-29T17:30:05Z","dateModified":"2024-04-03T01:53:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/db\/Mario_Molina_1c389_8387.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>