CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "help.medium.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e76b17c1abe6033',cH: '5fq1jXW4NvkB7rd0bfPrPPOC0eyEPKtxY_HgJrI3wxA-1732422937-1.2.1.1-cnIoSuwcWQ5B6D7BUumqMmiEM2SKRCmYiJVKhK7mnbYqw8Gr7Lt2zOvAPDIwlR2t',cUPMDTk: "\/hc\/en-us?source=post_page-----c60ea8bbe170--------------------------------&__cf_chl_tk=PqNsuBmWNCP6TBlMhs3uuSx_gpqVA5pjXWMoC0NjkT8-1732422937-1.0.1.1-2NvBDRgA4RaauYgPrtvWY2t9Rx54Mhzp9fK4sIWkkHc",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732422937',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/hc\/en-us?source=post_page-----c60ea8bbe170--------------------------------&__cf_chl_f_tk=PqNsuBmWNCP6TBlMhs3uuSx_gpqVA5pjXWMoC0NjkT8-1732422937-1.0.1.1-2NvBDRgA4RaauYgPrtvWY2t9Rx54Mhzp9fK4sIWkkHc",md: "0asrsJKqAsyTwxvedS8QYeIvf781lUCqQTN.LK6xzFk-1732422937-1.2.1.1-18X768.TaDwylQPeunYCWlF1z.DBgtj1uBxiOACfSgS9EGhcaTbVkn3Zo8Lgg73qmzmIOrqTkz0C4uP8j3KjkV2mQF6HyZrDOfOipTEaM4XiiALqf5Y16eGjXssNKah0SatbRMP_gS8jX8Rp5A2vXETQWyVpvZFQiWFyJjI7GAzDnwR.Zqxsc6RMAaLlQ2IxLhict1.MOO8obCl4ImF.P5TbaipPSiubjRro0RQNkoajryNFtxNCm7kU7NCE0T8FnGBsCnLX_kPpSEcchwU3TMF583463fmPux3S_RFWZiFXeqWu58WTggZb1iSyoHSzQ4aeLvGUoMD7hqP2QSBJdwoXvnqHxF_ExxbG9hX5ej1BPqpVKHQFciQ_Ufj4hBuxbRCRVK89PReFhUaEkM4GyLWAcrIQz0sIV4jbUBiBxABEKpTLQ9236PcMfkQJrvPyG7RRx3oXzYkum_xn6t5nLbdcyiiJHiR2Xq34jaMl27Gk088n.0rtjhsYLgFwtARm4s2Jsy4EDFLIYVhHnKBN4S7nUXRhrqkKIS6O.ipwT7aBGFpnGihHnsbAq1pFzK_RWnvfyB1hsosjZQUgQUd2k6tYmpZ2dLJmaj0WHeTGo.2565r5Lx5CqKyef2BNqNCuXySLQ08TNzauK_12t_Otptyi7H9ACXBowg1TaLaXjtOFuAG12DRlHKqW46Ts8Zfa8g76N9qOqyZHAB4mQ8xU.BOgnbXVP6lm0JPtVoVdiSMcYSrHcP2.dDua916snpZbsyNUJI_9iC2kkf.Kr69EgI7_QV.7eyPoXY46tJRyeofJIExGyFWDGby2E8fiaB9QXSGixGAsxDp95k_jOcNxroyarwlQXvPL.atGBnoo54p8v6y.3Kxar20lJH3V1mFFKg8XvlOcyvhglfgvF.x2MVA2mxhyeOLq_Dq1ypxKeulYOkz0NTmkGP_X9buD.1WonNgtH7.7oBvRY_5UZ4pMlPuPi8UM8XW5k3Y31j.j7Vh801cDlUZGDDPn.vo1_c2tdF5BeQ7breBCUTtbeBTDiEsgCR4Qg_fyQmw63Joynt7MCNWlv0g0ybp2yWRQS6Ub0zhfDtEPXJmSSCRYkFqP_O7rCu1gtRu1Zr6eOM6ZH1tiyIjsubHuQo8MmuFXW5HZW8vgxPi5f2_9GfBGzVrenDEIJhSL0b4HIqFD0MzThy1WU0PEwJlPgRK9OYYKBL4JhWz3hS85gku8cyGqiCLgRoFzsJy4fglJQxuJw2OCgCMo6WX.2C8fxafr9gEEa2TKrJbo0Ej2rhez1Y5QmhKOyBnrtp0SUGNgOL9NmbUA.B1x8nturJFrs5mTAJMe9JyuSZ2rUyPbhDyeqzoOiYBLn5H12IxugeRk77wMFdpq6etjCTHlJIDGDjM8sVvqNbfN9yCvutNx_m4prryN18jZUxPXzj8FX8qZzOLzDZGWoDDSISni2TgGU.Jm5CodLt0ZQ7o0oGJIbAIH1qhrvCTuQu3K4OsMxGeE3xEqQCkEwQvm5.iPHYXqplq01GanuAlSNwavyYDCRFq.pnU1SmZ9EKY1Xi6DFiJulWOEIdbkyjx7hbwq12NxLTWc3X5F0BWrMNrGSdL_wsQc5.KhtK66l0Mmy9cMJdDJW0SZ8wDvQxhrvkte9jZmda9WoadnInuOI8gAlGL3Fe1uwqo3.sr3HjxuYmE2eK9EuAjn.sk19aOUddn6Rg27QwhCMJPwM0zMVTcIN6FwVdTYXMYv0rn2aGx1T1.Njuat_6rb4ZGRItkwyMkswK5kKNtbvPb3yBhJn05mn6IybGo98UGQo1fRAutgQ2Xgwrj6WKcqOS9hpoC_VGOTNE2dhs1iW_PX7k4XfzFxPloCGSUsYIlrCtPc7zS4mBOmMClgvcxhM.gnk1XVYzsnKPN53JefUtX6M2yM2l4Xks06BRWRUsEpu3R6dbbfi0JQvfQeRhYB3QE2Zquyl9HcPGU9fpBd5k.ijVZsVCZQJ.Os08TUozEwUs8XE9GdYqkp0RIph7nZAFnFZx.ELolgDdo74kXoF1D1t2dcugOPaq52gtEALI8xvipWVKMEvNk1nY4_E2MaMjnHHOjJ_zeQ16NWwI9Bv9Kioj1WZzUq5ymaRSm_.dikzr8KfSIjuwMdGveELb0ElNMVG6eohWFmz334HU.YDSfF4BxPs9RKGUtf.5xvfGkn.jETZ6n6Q.JY_LVXJz2PWcAwu84bZZMFJ_WdKG9Acx6VROLIilGtAwKiE4Ia6.O_1rh.jXiSdVENzYcKYSkfh1aGzRA2h94w6eTC.XPRc3r60TTjQmuZ3HkkVpoLfuQZQaorasbgbXdi7BLhiGaaO2XIjM3T9Kgj_.8XA5h5fnBs1SxjgCbrkRwLQrbmZ7iwKaoBqvkayi6R5xrrFmMIZjREBd0DrxF6wuC7vW9vqFf0ku8h24LJaiPx7wRz8Ezn_wM3xTxfb0AYYjdzZsb_OLXygvL24k3K7jBceHRP_L6X7ikLuf0oGTfVUDC8FRcfrmdvdZFqaZU.jvw6C7oBGbfUaihhOi8XSC5oAR3HKTCENIdxzSgc4numfzWedPbFgBbCSPs76yifzSOkfk4gJ5zCuGmT9SW_QEG3qC6aEEckZ8fTJBkTNIatezqpo6t4lwfD.iEMpdrBHLd57XfqoH8p7aHDfoWNiGhiy6o3eok4zoWBTgjLziYIiWrr1E0JhhHCLNh4eoY9G0.2QhD8HTdMAbhc2VbIUKgGO2AguDVFXRyRsCjRc6IEi6Di1SKMljLEHS6hHwn9mvOPSTFfrEA0GcJijhpGn5op5UgJcjTWwud0tGwsNSfcAPHDPM.CPO.fmhV.qxJ7am9HbJETpYuGN1FKQlq_Z.nl5ID7dNbYylRfSX3ybiGQLx75qXp9W5DZpGQ70S4_dBUhPi53BSwujPB2g4cnBA.7FqHPpZhQY7UwxhfXCE98ny.aqb4.uP_qiBbhUE61bHfk7Wv24kNByQx5GMzXr5dBEBPXBvKB3S4BntlnChd87oj6.FomIXfcc_iKJe.P3gnoisW0fhyboM_T7Ggy0QpqAIT_0AhnWjRbjfQ8FqJahJPjEpE5FTWr2A",mdrd: "AhEVElzZChJ8ILDojMhvABCmzfsIIkzc_pQ7nHNlWJQ-1732422937-1.2.1.1-tVgo1c0uqFCwZK7uLAJrmFu.9VpkX7GHC.iVFFcdm2yXRuCrQa_tx_hUysurYh_jqTjJQoehAlc9QoYxhDmT6KtnplBCKEBGwOqn2tZUfx9oxEJgO1CP3r1EUlPJE8LC6T3N_pkctUWb11DipPorTV7mBQXTA4grTzPdpdAvT_wMOPGSikopS.qD4z_fx2RxpaZHEWw9FLoz.iiTocWkJFcjIbqxf4IyJuBpgSkBDlzARkCZtPI8393Hz5xisi_LYgxYwi5.azRZHwdryqp38SbCioz1bzw4Pqh0Atnx7shcdKQbn08NOWWGpEbXYxtwOyex_NdQCUlQ4P9XuYgebLTFSQHY_wYWGB0hLsn1NL33hP_OXKMxXjAKVmFuFnrVNvT_gEg3V0uciVKI1eA0wyKPt1y5LImKziTgx9omm7XXhERF4yk5hggjY2ivSQGc3O.7p9zZKG.y0QOTrNYtlwt6HikEB.Htq4Lw5spo7ge9t6L5KjhvYkqpVstmLchUcOLzoQz4yOXQQXuXpD8uJm878lJXe7uMXECKPTvOm6h7CN665CFiNp2RMH_7naFDlZ7UWM3yK5R8toAJq7CzrAcr9RVU_5kegGYUod.lmUUsvByzErV1J1hC8DCFRwirBLbldAYtN6ldQAkdb.cFKUZawYhPDD5k_FqHn1K8GTiybx1bbSMaJRea3AeSwt6IEjhFFifFH0iRISM_1h3YSBz4tDg.Ywh3Rfc0jLbutjKUJDl83WXwQ0oO73E7gbJkrOM4l3OVWP9N7BcojNCygi7z0pTtqciVjG1G1whyqaMgm7TBwhuTHBIh2EL7bfEKnRIn76hwWCt8BFXmTrq0LddsLk3j6Z602vkVu8zVdX5VVa5hmXksnzbqUAI0MHdfc8MXv96sWhF5YvjYyLhHTIKblo4Ow6k7pw_vkWvpgiahdXHI1b6FQzZswy2lNwfS5Kj1LmbnTkzGFsDaJoxSfOu39pc.yPc7OLp1RGLdkyb9LR04qeGZVme331fr0deJ_9HVr5TZfPnlvXYaXvoS1xWN4FjY5sGh7_SLojItoVknUK_Vp4V_z6b05qjSIzFOVhAlgo0aGbCzFlOZqstNXyrq_QRqQOL0oo29MF5IrB2pJ1JThhmNqcYkRNmfRcxuxgu8R0BuNo2OqIqQYRNAjqF4KV09l9yYY6zalqeDbfRRZCHbED90rEWTIK7CTTryDDnzVVK16llw5Y5OCrC5QqpaIGaQibMZCRLB44j.BrHhxHboP9j8FEy1NGa6FKhypDEMn1VjOb3pnIRrvqHJf0OyCx4bZKg8X_5HoMuV65dYOUMs1ougx4TKIyx.9TOS4aJFsyzmJiarTvZe45wj6U6RgVn08Ss6rITGB0BjYGoZ7wfZsgwhaU_l_aDtZikWvgSwt2PP60NMeAIMgXmmSpBbcQzDMqWH5rSQTUpp7.JA_.nU6fe.6pGSReEeOaYtc0qeUTxpkCRNF6hB4FUdKbYc0Fvn5KVsCDrqnC5ePpfftroGsk7koaRbdOgm7zYqVRQfoFryC0TyFSF983YF9h54AFZSTmoBrzNUmNr4JL4ieFEFYhMyd.g8kUjziRFt0p8r2IJlBiqRF2gz4ruVYZPVmzjCTlK0DHQgZwdCqJxdH.tc293WLZk2kaJY2c1utP3TCxMCFsRJYEqWNs8Tay_3JxijmH0dRZbdGu9mp1Yy_Kq9LqGNSLyYud.NtPdZfWgdmULLf.0PYTaqHUDkCBheTZIsI66498T0BI7ytEABAHtYXqUR9ZUNySnkiVYhT7uQqp2FULULUS5fHQZkXxKLjkK8oVrfaNhJsgLQIFjrpI3PH8NyRe8nTT.qYYZKeUp9lMRBYkJF9l5fkTf_i3EE7bKI7Uh_15YkLDIm2RYr.2fV_dNlD6IANEAcq6uvUhZTl7kMHtD5fjS_gUMsbpG08q0STeJJZ6egnX7oiKFfFqIdH2mhQZkhOm7xdi87"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e76b17c1abe6033';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/hc\/en-us?source=post_page-----c60ea8bbe170--------------------------------&__cf_chl_rt_tk=PqNsuBmWNCP6TBlMhs3uuSx_gpqVA5pjXWMoC0NjkT8-1732422937-1.0.1.1-2NvBDRgA4RaauYgPrtvWY2t9Rx54Mhzp9fK4sIWkkHc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>