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type="text/javascript"> $j(document).ready(ppTypeahead.initialize(".topSearch")); </script> <div id="contentContainer" class=" container panel panel-default"> <div id="content"> <div class="cattop"> <div style="float:right;width:250px;" class="hidden-xs">  <a class="addthis_button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&username=dbourget"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339im_/https://s7.addthis.com/static/btn/v2/lg-share-en.gif" width="125" height="16" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border:0"/></a><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339js_/https://s7.addthis.com/js/250/addthis_widget.js#username=dbourget"></script>  </div> <div class="ch" style="margin-left:0;font-size:11px;margin-bottom:10px"></div> <h1 class="gh"><a href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology">Epistemology</a> </h1> <div style="font-size:12px;color:#333;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:10px;"> Edited by <a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/matthew-mcgrath">Matthew McGrath</a> <span class="affils">(<span class="affil">Rutgers University - New Brunswick</span>)</span> </div> </div> <div class="miniheader" style="font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa">About this topic </div> <div class="summaries"> <table class="responsive nospace" style="margin-bottom:10px;width:80%"> <tr> <td style="font-size:12px;width:90px" valign="top"><em>Summary</em></td> <td style="padding-bottom:10px"><p>Epistemology is the study of knowledge and those things closely related to it: justification, what it takes for you to be justified, the relation between knowledge and justification, whether you can have any justified beliefs at all, and if so, how you come to know (or justifiably believe) things, how you can use what you know (or justifiably believe) to come to know (or justifiably believe) other things, and the value of knowledge. </p><p>The literature on epistemology is vast. Here's a very brief summary of some epistemological discussions. Concerning knowledge, many epistemologists think knowledge is justified true belief, where the justification you have is linked to the truth of the matter in the right kind of way, though what this way is a matter of debate; some epistemologists think knowledge can't be analyzed this way. Concerning justification's relation to knowledge, some epistemologists think we don't need to be justified to know, and some think we do need to be. Concerning what it takes to be justified, some epistemologists think that what it takes for you to be justified are only factors internal to the believer (Internalists). Others think it takes an external factor, like reliable or well-functioning cognitive faculties (Externalists). Concerning justification, epistemologists differ on whether in any case you there is only one doxastic attitude you are justified in adopting toward a proposition, or whether in some cases more than one doxastic attitude is permissible (as Permissivists maintain). Closely related to the question of “permissivism,” is the question of peer disagreement. Some epistemologists argue that in the face of peer disagreement, one is justified in sticking to one’s guns (as the Steadfast View maintains); others argue that one ought to be conciliatory, moving in the direction of the peer with whom one disagrees (as Conciliationists maintain). Skeptics argue that we can't have any justified beliefs at all, and many epistemologists reply to the skeptic's arguments. Concerning how we use what we know (justifiably believe) to come to know (justifiably believe) other things, some epistemologists (Foundationalists) argue that there are bedrock propositions that we know (justifiably believe), and we build our knowledge (justified beliefs) on those. Foundationalists often take perception, introspection and rational intuition as sources of foundational knowledge, in contrast to testimony (the role of memory being a matter of persistent dispute). Other epistemologists (Coherentists) argue that there aren't bedrock propositions; rather, a set of beliefs is justified as a whole, and several beliefs can be mutually supporting. Concerning the value of knowledge, some argue that knowledge is intrinsically valuable. Others have argued that knowledge is valuable because of the role it plays in practical reasoning, and others argue that knowledge isn't more valuable than justified and true belief, but there are other epistemic states such as understanding, that do have value above their proper subparts. If knowledge is valuable, then treating genuine knowers as if they did not know or depriving people of knowledge, for instance because they belong to an outgroup, can be a form of epistemic injustice.</p></td> </tr> </table> <table class="responsive nospace" style="margin-bottom:10px;width:80%"> <tr> <td style="font-size:12px;width:90px" valign="top"><em>Key works</em></td> <td><p>For an argument that knowledge requires more than justified true belief, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/GETIJT-4">Gettier 1963</a>. For a view that knowledge can't be analyzed in the traditional (justified and true, non-Gettiered belief) way, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/WILKAI">Williamson 2000</a>. For a view that knowledge doesn't require justification, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/GOLACT-2">Goldman 1967</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/ARMBTA">Armstrong 1973</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/NOZPE">Nozick 1981</a>. For a defense of skepticism, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/UNGIAC-2">Unger 1975</a>, and for replies to skeptical arguments, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/SOSAVE">Sosa 2007</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/CONE-3">Conee & Feldman 2004</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/DERSTS">DeRose 1995</a>. For a defense of internalism, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/CHITOK">Chisholm 1966</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/CONE-3">Conee & Feldman 2004</a>. For a defense of externalism, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/ALSEJ">Alston 1989</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/GOLKIA">Goldman 1999</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/KOREIA">Kornblith 2001</a>. For a defense of permissivism, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/SCHPTB">Schoenfield 2014</a> (and for criticisms, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/WHIEP">White 2005</a>). For a defense of the steadfast view of peer disagreement, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/KELTES">Kelly 2005</a>, and of the conciliationist view, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/CHREOD">Christensen 2007</a>. For overviews of the epistemology of perception, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/SIETEO">Siegel & Silins 2015</a>; of introspection, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/GERS-2">Gertler 2015</a>; of rational intuition, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/CASAPJ-2">Casullo 2003</a>; of testimony, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/LACLFW-2">Lackey 2008</a>; and of memory, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/HUNTPO-3">Huemer 1999</a>. For a defense of foundationalism, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/BONEJI">BonJour & Sosa 2003</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/PRYTII">Pryor 2005</a>. For a defense of coherentism, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/BONTSO-4">BonJour 1985</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/LEHTOK">Lehrer 1990</a>. For the view that knowledge plays an important role in practical reasoning, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/HAWKAL">Hawthorne 2003</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/STAKAP">Stanley 2005</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/FANKIA">Fantl & McGrath 2009</a> (and for criticisms, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/BROSIA">Brown 2008</a>). For discussions of the value of knowledge, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/KVATVO-2">Kvanvig 2003</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/HADEV">Haddock et al 2009</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/LINTSF">Zagzebski 2003</a>. For discussions of epistemic injustice, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/FRIEIP">Fricker 2007</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/MILWI-3">Mills 2007</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/MEDTEO-3">Medina 2012</a>. </p></td> </tr>  </table> <table class="responsive nospace" style="margin-bottom:0px;width:80%"> <tr> <td style="font-size:12px;width:90px" valign="top"><em>Introductions</em></td> <td><p>Introductory books: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/AUDEAC">Audi 1997</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/BONECP">Bonjour 2009</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/FELE-4">Feldman 2003</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/NAGKAV">Nagel 2014</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/PRIWIT-12">Pritchard 2006</a>. More advanced introductions: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/GOLEAC-8">Goldman & McGrath 2014</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/SOSE">Sosa 2017</a>.  Anthologies: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/HUEECR">Huemer 2002</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/KIME-2">Kim et al 2000</a>. Handbooks: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/BERTRC-3">Bernecker & Pritchard 2010</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/DANACT-2">Dancy et al 2010</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/rec/MOSTOH">Moser 2002</a>.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="padding-bottom:10px"> </tr> </table> <div id="reflink" class="ll" onclick="simpleReq('/utils/intro_text_refs.html',{cId:11,field:'introductions',noheader:1},function(r) {;$('xp_refs2').update(r);$('xp_refs2').show();;$('reflink').hide();return false})">Show all references</div> <div id="xp_refs2" style="display:none;"></div></td> </div> <a name="content"></a> <div class="miniheader" style="font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa"> In this area </div> <table width="100%"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <div style="padding-bottom:5px"> <form id="inside"> <input placeholder="Search inside" class="searchInside" type="text" name="catq" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="sort" value="relevance"> <input type="hidden" name="uncat" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="setAside" value=""> <input type="submit" value="go" class="button"> </form> </div> <div class="ah" style="font-size:14px;margin-bottom:10px;color:#109D49">Subcategories</div> <div class="toc1"> <div class="toc"> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemological-sources">Epistemological Sources</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,033</b> | 187)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-a-priori">The A Priori</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">946</b> | 320)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/apriority-and-necessity">Apriority and Necessity</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">164</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/apriority-in-mathematics">Apriority in Mathematics</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">72</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alexander-c-r-oldemeier">Alexander C. 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R. Oldemeier</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/modal-intuition">Modal Intuition</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">37</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/anand-vaidya">Anand Vaidya</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-intuition">Moral Intuition</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">79</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-intuitionism">Moral Intuitionism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">308</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-nature-of-intuition">The Nature of Intuition</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">125</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/sebastian-sunday-greve">Sebastian Sunday Grève</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/memory">Memory</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">5,702</b> | 1,291)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/john-sutton">John Sutton</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/perceptual-knowledge">Perceptual Knowledge</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,503</b> | 130)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/susanna-schellenberg">Susanna Schellenberg</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reasoning">Reasoning</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,080</b> | 435)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/joshua-schechter">Joshua Schechter</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/argument">Argument</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">675</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/steven-w-patterson">Steven W. Patterson</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/critical-thinking">Critical Thinking</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">175</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/steven-w-patterson">Steven W. Patterson</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/deductive-reasoning">Deductive Reasoning</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">215</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/joshua-schechter">Joshua Schechter</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/fallacies">Fallacies</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">145</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/steven-w-patterson">Steven W. Patterson</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/induction">Induction</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,866</b> | 430)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/inference">Inference</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">215</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/inference-to-the-best-explanation">Inference to the Best Explanation</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">317</b> | 131)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-nature-of-reasoning">The Nature of Reasoning</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">135</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/rhetoric">Rhetoric</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">28</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reasoning-misc">Reasoning, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">85</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/self-knowledge">Self-Knowledge</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,489</b> | 459)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/seemings">Seemings</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">66</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/testimony">Testimony</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,063</b> | 114)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/peter-graham">Peter Graham</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemological-sources-misc">Epistemological Sources, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">117</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemological-states-and-properties">Epistemological States and Properties</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">7,641</b> | 1,259)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/belief">Belief</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,740</b> | 915)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/rima-basu">Rima Basu</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-basing-relation">The Basing Relation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">96</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/silvia-de-toffoli">Silvia De Toffoli</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/defeat">Defeat</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">169</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/matthew-a-benton">Matthew A. Benton</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/entitlement">Entitlement</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">99</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/leon-leontyev">Leon Leontyev</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-possibility">Epistemic Possibility</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">113</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jens-christian-bjerring">Jens Christian Bjerring</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-luck">Epistemic Luck</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">205</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/j-adam-carter">J. Adam Carter</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evidence">Evidence</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">856</b> | 85)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evidence-and-knowledge">Evidence and Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">430</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evidentialism">Evidentialism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">294</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/trent-dougherty">Trent Dougherty</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/perceptual-evidence">Perceptual Evidence</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">105</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/susanna-schellenberg">Susanna Schellenberg</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-problem-of-old-evidence">The Problem of Old Evidence</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">43</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/underdetermination-of-theory-by-data">Underdetermination of Theory by Data</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">404</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/margaret-greta-turnbull">Margaret Greta Turnbull</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evidence-misc">Evidence, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">341</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/ignorance">Ignorance</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">188</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/inquiry">Inquiry</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">113</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/joshua-habgood-coote">Joshua Habgood-Coote</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/justification">Justification</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,097</b> | 627)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/coherentism">Coherentism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">261</b> | 171)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ted-poston">Ted Poston</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/dogmatism">Dogmatism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">443</b> | 155)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-internalism-and-externalism">Epistemic Internalism and Externalism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">498</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/b-j-c-madison">B. J. C. Madison</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-regress">Epistemic Regress</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">163</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evidentialism">Evidentialism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">294</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/trent-dougherty">Trent Dougherty</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/foundationalism">Foundationalism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">493</b> | 189)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/infinitism">Infinitism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">109</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/kurt-sylvan">Kurt Sylvan</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/justification-misc">Justification, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">195</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-justification">Moral Justification</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">248</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/perceptual-justification">Perceptual Justification</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">444</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/susanna-siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/propositional-and-doxastic-justification">Propositional and Doxastic Justification</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">112</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/silvia-de-toffoli">Silvia De Toffoli</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reliabilism-about-justification">Reliabilism about Justification</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">153</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/luis-r-g-oliveira">Luis R. G. Oliveira</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge">Knowledge</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,470</b> | 597)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/clayton-m-littlejohn">Clayton M Littlejohn</a> and <a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/clayton-littlejohn">Clayton Littlejohn</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/rationality">Rationality</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,354</b> | 1,765)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/delusions">Delusions</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">461</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/irrationality">Irrationality</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">91</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-rationality">Moral Rationality</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">280</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/rational-requirements">Rational Requirements</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">319</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jonathan-way">Jonathan Way</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/rationality-misc">Rationality, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">179</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/rationality-and-cognitive-science">Rationality and Cognitive Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">527</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reasons-and-rationality">Reasons and Rationality</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">657</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/errol-lord">Errol Lord</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reasons">Reasons</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,683</b> | 296)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/errol-lord">Errol Lord</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/subjectivity-and-objectivity">Subjectivity and Objectivity</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">81</b> | 10)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/objectivity-and-value-in-social-science">Objectivity and Value in Social Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">153</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-objectivity">Moral Objectivity</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">97</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/derek-christian-haderlie">Derek Haderlie</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/objectivity-of-mathematics">Objectivity Of Mathematics</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">55</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/daniel-waxman">Daniel Waxman</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/subjectivity-and-consciousness">Subjectivity and Consciousness</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">253</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/david-chalmers">David Chalmers</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/subjectivity-and-objectivity-misc">Subjectivity and Objectivity, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">12</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">11</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-objectivity">Epistemic Objectivity</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">48</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/thought-and-thinking">Thought and Thinking</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">390</b> | 209)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/understanding">Understanding</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">383</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/stephen-grimm">Stephen Grimm</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/warrant">Warrant</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">171</b> | 68)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/transmission-of-warrant">Transmission of Warrant</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">78</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/martin-smith">Martin Smith</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/warrant-misc">Warrant, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">25</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/wisdom">Wisdom</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">380</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/stephen-grimm">Stephen Grimm</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemological-states-and-properties-misc">Epistemological States and Properties, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">77</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemological-theories">Epistemological Theories</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">5,758</b> | 254)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/coherentism">Coherentism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">261</b> | 171)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ted-poston">Ted Poston</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-regress">Epistemic Regress</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">163</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/coherentism-misc">Coherentism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">90</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ted-poston">Ted Poston</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/foundationalism-and-coherentism">Foundationalism and Coherentism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">145</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/dogmatism">Dogmatism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">443</b> | 155)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/dogmatism-misc">Dogmatism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">63</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/dogmatism-about-perception">Dogmatism about Perception</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">88</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/susanna-siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/dogmatist-and-moorean-replies-to-skepticism">Dogmatist and Moorean Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">225</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/yuval-avnur">Yuval Avnur</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-constructivism">Epistemic Constructivism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">82</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-contextualism">Epistemic Contextualism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">936</b> | 123)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jonathan-jenkins-ichikawa">Jonathan Ichikawa</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/contextualist-replies-to-skepticism">Contextualist Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">205</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jonathan-jenkins-ichikawa">Jonathan Ichikawa</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-contextualism-and-invariantism">Epistemic Contextualism and Invariantism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">296</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alexander-dinges">Alexander Dinges</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-contextualism-and-relativism">Epistemic Contextualism and Relativism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">123</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-contextualism-misc">Epistemic Contextualism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">118</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-contrastivism">Epistemic Contrastivism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">71</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-fallibilism">Epistemic Fallibilism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">111</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/silvia-de-toffoli">Silvia De Toffoli</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-internalism-and-externalism">Epistemic Internalism and Externalism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">498</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/b-j-c-madison">B. J. C. Madison</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-relativism">Epistemic Relativism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">483</b> | 41)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-seidel">Markus Seidel</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-contextualism-and-relativism">Epistemic Contextualism and Relativism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">123</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-relativism-misc">Epistemic Relativism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">442</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-seidel">Markus Seidel</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/empiricism">Empiricism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">333</b> | 224)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evidentialism">Evidentialism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">294</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/trent-dougherty">Trent Dougherty</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evolutionary-epistemology">Evolutionary Epistemology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">330</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/foundationalism">Foundationalism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">493</b> | 189)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/foundationalism-and-coherentism">Foundationalism and Coherentism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">145</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/foundationalism-misc">Foundationalism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">159</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-regress">Epistemic Regress</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">163</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/sense-datum-theories">Sense-Datum Theories</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">409</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/benj-hellie">Benj Hellie</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-basing-relation">The Basing Relation</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">96</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/silvia-de-toffoli">Silvia De Toffoli</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-given">The Given</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">183</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/benj-hellie">Benj Hellie</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/infinitism">Infinitism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">109</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/kurt-sylvan">Kurt Sylvan</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/pragmatic-and-moral-encroachment">Pragmatic and Moral Encroachment</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">278</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brian-kim">Brian Kim</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/rationalism">Rationalism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">172</b> | 126)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/magdalena-balcerak-jackson">Magdalena Balcerak Jackson</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reliabilism">Reliabilism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">534</b> | 169)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/luis-r-g-oliveira">Luis R. G. Oliveira</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reliabilism-about-knowledge">Reliabilism about Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">120</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/luis-r-g-oliveira">Luis R. G. Oliveira</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reliabilism-about-justification">Reliabilism about Justification</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">153</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/luis-r-g-oliveira">Luis R. G. Oliveira</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reliabilism-misc">Reliabilism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">46</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/luis-r-g-oliveira">Luis R. G. Oliveira</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-problem-of-easy-knowledge">The Problem of Easy Knowledge</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">47</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-generality-problem-for-reliabilism">The Generality Problem for Reliabilism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">46</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/samuel-kampa">Samuel Kampa</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/virtue-epistemology">Virtue Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">737</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ian-m-church">Ian M. Church</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemological-theories-misc">Epistemological Theories, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">245</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-specific-domains">Epistemology of Specific Domains</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">736</b> | 498)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ted-poston">Ted Poston</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/aesthetic-knowledge">Aesthetic Knowledge</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">121</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-mathematics">Epistemology of Mathematics</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,192</b> | 223)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alan-baker">Alan Baker</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-logic">Epistemology of Logic</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">174</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/joshua-schechter">Joshua Schechter</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-mind">Epistemology of Mind</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,477</b> | 316)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-philosophy">Epistemology of Philosophy</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">373</b> | 35)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jonathan-jenkins-ichikawa">Jonathan Ichikawa</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-religion">Epistemology of Religion</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">6,291</b> | 874)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/matthew-a-benton">Matthew A. Benton</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-specific-domains-misc">Epistemology of Specific Domains, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">238</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evidence-and-proof-in-law">Evidence and Proof in Law</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">212</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/martin-smith">Martin Smith</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-of-action">Knowledge of Action</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">67</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/john-schwenkler">John Schwenkler</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-of-emotion">Knowledge of Emotion</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">65</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-of-consciousness">Knowledge of Consciousness</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">175</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-of-language">Knowledge of Language</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">627</b> | 606)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-longworth">Guy Longworth</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/modal-epistemology">Modal Epistemology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">687</b> | 14)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/anand-vaidya">Anand Vaidya</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-epistemology">Moral Epistemology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,033</b> | 82)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/political-epistemology">Political Epistemology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">167</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/michael-hannon">Michael Hannon</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-problem-of-other-minds">The Problem of Other Minds</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">547</b> | 229)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/self-knowledge">Self-Knowledge</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,489</b> | 459)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-miscellaneous">Epistemology, Miscellaneous</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">3,926</b> | 236)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-injustice">Epistemic Injustice</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">360</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/krista-hyde">Krista Hyde</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-luck">Epistemic Luck</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">205</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/j-adam-carter">J. Adam Carter</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-paradoxes">Epistemic Paradoxes</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">395</b> | 299)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/paradox-of-confirmation">Paradox of Confirmation</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">102</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowability">Knowability</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">234</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/joe-salerno">Joe Salerno</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-paradoxes-misc">Epistemic Paradoxes, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">83</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/paradox-of-the-knower">Paradox of the Knower</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">13</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-possibility">Epistemic Possibility</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">113</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jens-christian-bjerring">Jens Christian Bjerring</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemologies-of-ignorance">Epistemologies of Ignorance</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">111</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/nora-berenstain">Nora Berenstain</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/feminist-epistemology">Feminist Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">712</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/gaile-pohlhaus">Gaile Pohlhaus</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/evolutionary-epistemology">Evolutionary Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">330</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/historical-epistemology">Historical Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">0</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">235</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/naturalized-epistemology">Naturalized Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">476</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/kristoffer-ahlstrom-vij">Kristoffer Ahlstrom-Vij</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-general-works">Epistemology, General Works</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">292</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-misc">Epistemology, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">890</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-normativity">Epistemic Normativity</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,972</b> | 175)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/asbjorn-steglich-petersen-2">Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/doxastic-voluntarism">Doxastic Voluntarism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">260</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/asbjorn-steglich-petersen-2">Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-normativity-misc">Epistemic Normativity, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">421</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/asbjorn-steglich-petersen-2">Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-norms">Epistemic Norms</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">615</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/asbjorn-steglich-petersen-2">Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-responsibility">Epistemic Responsibility</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">209</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-value">Epistemic Value</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">421</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/asbjorn-steglich-petersen-2">Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-virtues">Epistemic Virtues</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">370</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/asbjorn-steglich-petersen-2">Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/theoretical-virtues">Theoretical Virtues</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">975</b> | 163)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/ethics-of-belief">Ethics of Belief</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">501</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/asbjorn-steglich-petersen-2">Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/norms-of-assertion">Norms of Assertion</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">359</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/matthew-a-benton">Matthew A. Benton</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-epistemology">Formal Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,837</b> | 919)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/belief-revision">Belief Revision</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">342</b> | 120)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/nonmonotonic-logic">Nonmonotonic Logic</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">118</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/agm-belief-revision-theory">AGM Belief Revision Theory</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">72</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/ranking-functions">Ranking Functions</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">42</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/belief-revision-misc">Belief Revision, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">108</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/causal-reasoning">Causal Reasoning</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,018</b> | 6)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alexander-gebharter">Alexander Gebharter</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/causal-modeling">Causal Modeling</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">384</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alexander-gebharter">Alexander Gebharter</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/causal-reasoning-misc">Causal Reasoning, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">628</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alexander-gebharter">Alexander Gebharter</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-method">Scientific Method</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,167</b> | 5)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/darrell-rowbottom">Darrell P. Rowbottom</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-logic">Epistemic Logic</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,243</b> | 434)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/mark-jago">Mark Jago</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-social-epistemology">Formal Social Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">270</b> | 150)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/common-knowledge">Common Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">22</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-social-epistemology-misc">Formal Social Epistemology, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">98</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/judgment-aggregation">Judgment Aggregation</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">199</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-disagreement">Epistemology of Disagreement</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">581</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/bryan-frances">Bryan Frances</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-epistemology-misc">Formal Epistemology, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">288</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/probabilistic-reasoning">Probabilistic Reasoning</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">5,087</b> | 131)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge">Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,470</b> | 597)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/clayton-m-littlejohn">Clayton M Littlejohn</a> and <a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/clayton-littlejohn">Clayton Littlejohn</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/defining-knowledge">Defining Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">684</b> | 150)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/defining-knowledge-misc">Defining Knowledge, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">148</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-as-a-natural-kind">Knowledge as a Natural Kind</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">30</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/primitivism-about-knowledge">Primitivism about Knowledge</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">94</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/matthew-a-benton">Matthew A. Benton</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-concept-of-knowledge">The Concept of Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">127</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-gettier-problem">The Gettier Problem</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">229</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ian-m-church">Ian M. Church</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-knowledge">Varieties of Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,283</b> | 768)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-by-acquaintance">Knowledge by Acquaintance</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">77</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-how">Knowledge How</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">297</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/john-bengson">John Bengson</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-wh">Knowledge-Wh</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">77</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/t-parent">T. Parent</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-knowledge-misc">Varieties of Knowledge, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">64</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/theories-of-knowledge">Theories of Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">507</b> | 144)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-contextualism">Epistemic Contextualism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">936</b> | 123)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jonathan-jenkins-ichikawa">Jonathan Ichikawa</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/causal-theory-of-knowledge">Causal Theory of Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">37</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/defeasibility-theory-of-knowledge">Defeasibility Theory of Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">31</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-relativism">Epistemic Relativism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">483</b> | 41)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-seidel">Markus Seidel</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-as-a-natural-kind">Knowledge as a Natural Kind</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">30</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/primitivism-about-knowledge">Primitivism about Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">94</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/matthew-a-benton">Matthew A. Benton</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/reliabilism-about-knowledge">Reliabilism about Knowledge</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">120</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/luis-r-g-oliveira">Luis R. G. Oliveira</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/theories-of-knowledge-misc">Theories of Knowledge, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">201</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/principles-of-knowledge">Principles of Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,053</b> | 66)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/julien-dutant">Julien Dutant</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/closure-of-knowledge">Closure of Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">266</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/julien-dutant">Julien Dutant</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/infallibility">Infallibility</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">54</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/julien-dutant">Julien Dutant</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowability">Knowability</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">234</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/joe-salerno">Joe Salerno</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-kk-principle">The KK Principle</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">68</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/julien-dutant">Julien Dutant</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/luminosity">Luminosity</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">74</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/julien-dutant">Julien Dutant</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/safety-and-sensitivity">Safety and Sensitivity</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">233</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/julien-dutant">Julien Dutant</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/principles-of-knowledge-misc">Principles of Knowledge, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">58</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/julien-dutant">Julien Dutant</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-miscellaneous">Knowledge, Miscellaneous</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">346</b> | 67)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-misc">Knowledge, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">232</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-problem-of-easy-knowledge">The Problem of Easy Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">47</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/skepticism">Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,201</b> | 99)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/everett-fulmer">Everett Fulmer</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-skepticism">Varieties of Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,432</b> | 5)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/everett-fulmer">Everett Fulmer</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/simulation-hypothesis">Simulation Hypothesis</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">63</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jonathan-simon">Jonathan Simon</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/brains-in-vats">Brains in Vats</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">156</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/tim-button">Tim Button</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/cartesian-skepticism">Cartesian Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">322</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-ranalli">Christopher Ranalli</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/dreams-and-skepticism">Dreams and Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">90</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/inductive-skepticism">Inductive Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">494</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphilosophical-skepticism">Metaphilosophical Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">190</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/modal-skepticism">Modal Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">64</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/anand-vaidya">Anand Vaidya</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-skepticism">Moral Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">388</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/perception-and-skepticism">Perception and Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">232</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/susanna-schellenberg">Susanna Schellenberg</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/pyrrhonian-skepticism">Pyrrhonian Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">305</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/diego-e-machuca">Diego E. Machuca</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/religious-skepticism">Religious Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">393</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/arif-ahmed">Arif Ahmed</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-skepticism-misc">Varieties of Skepticism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">554</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/replies-to-skepticism">Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,134</b> | 29)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/everett-fulmer">Everett Fulmer</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/contextualist-replies-to-skepticism">Contextualist Replies to Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">205</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/jonathan-jenkins-ichikawa">Jonathan Ichikawa</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/abductive-replies-to-skepticism">Abductive Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">44</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/dogmatist-and-moorean-replies-to-skepticism">Dogmatist and Moorean Replies to Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">225</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/yuval-avnur">Yuval Avnur</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/content-externalist-replies-to-skepticism">Content Externalist Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">117</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/fallibilist-replies-to-skepticism">Fallibilist Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">66</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/relevant-alternative-replies-to-skepticism">Relevant Alternative Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">64</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/transcendental-replies-to-skepticism">Transcendental Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">144</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/pragmatic-replies-to-skepticism">Pragmatic Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">74</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/ordinary-language-replies-to-skepticism">Ordinary Language Replies to Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">135</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/replies-to-skepticism-misc">Replies to Skepticism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">461</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-skepticism">History: Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">910</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/everett-fulmer">Everett Fulmer</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/skepticism-misc">Skepticism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">626</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/everett-fulmer">Everett Fulmer</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-epistemology">Social Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">5,871</b> | 2,428)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-relativism">Epistemic Relativism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">483</b> | 41)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-seidel">Markus Seidel</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/collective-mentality">Collective Mentality</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">210</b> | 40)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/bryce-huebner">Bryce Huebner</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/collective-epistemology">Collective Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">312</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/extended-epistemology">Extended Epistemology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">53</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/feminist-epistemology">Feminist Epistemology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">712</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/gaile-pohlhaus">Gaile Pohlhaus</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-social-epistemology">Formal Social Epistemology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">270</b> | 150)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-choice-theory">Social Choice Theory</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">642</b> | 227)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-epistemology-misc">Social Epistemology, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">937</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/trust">Trust</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">834</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/edward-hinchman">Edward Hinchman</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/sociology-of-knowledge">Sociology of Knowledge</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">317</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-seidel">Markus Seidel</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/sociology-of-science">Sociology of Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">3,147</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-seidel">Markus Seidel</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/judgment-aggregation">Judgment Aggregation</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">199</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/testimony">Testimony</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,063</b> | 114)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/peter-graham">Peter Graham</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-testimony">Epistemology of Testimony</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">655</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/stephen-wright-1">Stephen Wright</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/testimony-misc">Testimony, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">210</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-nature-of-testimony">The Nature of Testimony</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">84</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/disagreement">Disagreement</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">814</b> | 105)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/disagreement-in-philosophy">Disagreement in Philosophy</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">154</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/zach-barnett">Zach Barnett</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/verbal-disputes">Verbal Disputes</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">34</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/ontological-disagreement">Ontological Disagreement</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">81</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/nurbay-irmak">Nurbay Irmak</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-disagreement">Moral Disagreement</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">231</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology-of-disagreement">Epistemology of Disagreement</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">581</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/bryan-frances">Bryan Frances</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/disagreement-misc">Disagreement, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">94</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/argument">Argument</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">675</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpeople.org/profiles/steven-w-patterson">Steven W. Patterson</a></span> </div> </div></div> <p><h3>History/traditions: Epistemology</h3><ul class="toc normal" style=""><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/experimental-philosophy-epistemology">Experimental Philosophy: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">224</b> | 3)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/stoics-epistemology">Stoics: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">36</b>)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/aristotle-epistemology">Aristotle: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">172</b> | 101)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/plato-epistemology">Plato: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">751</b> | 101)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/ancient-greek-and-roman-epistemology">Ancient Greek and Roman Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">26</b> | 26)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/berkeley-epistemology">Berkeley: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">99</b> | 10)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/hobbes-epistemology">Hobbes: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">50</b>)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/hume-epistemology">Hume: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">861</b> | 340)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/locke-epistemology">Locke: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">282</b> | 13)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/kant-epistemology">Kant: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,959</b> | 811)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/leibniz-epistemology">Leibniz: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">150</b>)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/spinoza-epistemology">Spinoza: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">301</b> | 56)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/nietzsche-epistemology">Nietzsche: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">112</b> | 7)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/carnap-epistemology">Carnap: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">67</b>)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/popper-epistemology">Popper: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">201</b> | 27)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/african-philosophy-epistemology">African Philosophy: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">132</b>)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/japanese-philosophy-epistemology">Japanese Philosophy: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">8</b>)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/husserl-epistemology">Husserl: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">329</b> | 62)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/derrida-epistemology">Derrida: Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">11</b>)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/browse/continental-epistemology">Continental Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">34</b> | 34)</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td valign="top" style="padding-left:5px" class="visible-lg"> <div class="sideBox" style="float:right;max-width:500px"> <div class="sideBoxH">Also in this area</div> <div class="sideBoxC"> <div class="ah"><a href="?uncat=1">Entries to categorize (268)</a></div> <p> <div class="ah"><a href="?recent=1&sort=added">Most recently added items</a></div> <p> <p> <div class="ah"> <a href="/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/utils/bargains.pl?bmode=11">Discounted books in this area</a></div> <p> <div class="ah">Most recent discussion threads:</div> <ul class="normal"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623164339/https://philpapers.org/bbs/thread.pl?tId=5338#p24250">About knowledge a litle bit.</a>, <span 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