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Late Carboniferous porphyry copper mineralization at La Voluntad, Neuquén, Argentina: Constraints from Re–Os molybdenite dating

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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29059938%2FLate_Carboniferous_porphyry_copper_mineralization_at_La_Voluntad_Neuqu%25C3%25A9n_Argentina_Constraints_from_Re_Os_molybdenite_dating%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":49514437,"identifier":"Attachment_49514437","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":29059938,"created_at":"2016-10-10T16:06:10.590-07:00","from_world_paper_id":158147627,"updated_at":"2024-11-15T12:56:49.862-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"The La Voluntad porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in Neuquén, Argentina, is one of several poorly known porphyry-type deposits of Paleozoic to Early Jurassic age in the central and southern Andes. Mineralization at La Voluntad is related to a tonalite porphyry from the Chachil Plutonic Complex that intruded metasedimentary units of the Piedra Santa Complex. Five new Re-Os molybdenite ages from four samples representing three different vein types (i.e., quartz-molybdenite, quartz-sericite-molybdenite and quartz-sericite-molybdenite ± chalcopyritepyrite) are identical within error and were formed betweeñ 312 to~316 Ma. Rhenium and Os concentrations range between 34 to 183 ppm and 112 to 599 ppb, respectively. The new Re-Os ages indicate that the main mineralization event at La Voluntad, associated to sericitic alteration, was emplaced during a time span of 1.7±3.2 Ma and that the deposit is Carboniferous in age, not Permian as previously thought. La Voluntad is the oldest porphyry copper deposit so far recognized in the Andes and indicates the presence of an active magmatic arc, with associated porphyry style mineralization, at the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana during the Early Pennsylvanian.","publication_date":"2008,,","publication_name":"Mineralium Deposita","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"49514437"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Late Carboniferous porphyry copper mineralization at La Voluntad, Neuquén, Argentina: Constraints from Re–Os molybdenite dating","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [53855074]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;swp-splash-paper-cover&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49514437,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;}"><img alt="First page of “Late Carboniferous porphyry copper mineralization at La Voluntad, Neuquén, Argentina: Constraints from Re–Os molybdenite dating”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49514437/mini_magick20190131-12742-1a3dj9c.png?1548950341" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Late Carboniferous porphyry copper mineralization at La Voluntad, Neuquén, Argentina: Constraints from Re–Os molybdenite dating</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53855074" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EPerezDominguez"><img alt="Profile image of Eduardo Perez Dominguez" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/53855074/14449657/15349316/s65_eduardo.perez_dominguez.jpg" />Eduardo Perez Dominguez</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2008, Mineralium Deposita</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 29059938; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The La Voluntad porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in Neuquén, Argentina, is one of several poorly known porphyry-type deposits of Paleozoic to Early Jurassic age in the central and southern Andes. Mineralization at La Voluntad is related to a tonalite porphyry from the Chachil Plutonic Complex that intruded metasedimentary units of the Piedra Santa Complex. Five new Re-Os molybdenite ages from four samples representing three different vein types (i.e., quartz-molybdenite, quartz-sericite-molybdenite and quartz-sericite-molybdenite ± chalcopyritepyrite) are identical within error and were formed betweeñ 312 to~316 Ma. Rhenium and Os concentrations range between 34 to 183 ppm and 112 to 599 ppb, respectively. The new Re-Os ages indicate that the main mineralization event at La Voluntad, associated to sericitic alteration, was emplaced during a time span of 1.7±3.2 Ma and that the deposit is Carboniferous in age, not Permian as previously thought. La Voluntad is the oldest porphyry copper deposit so far recognized in the Andes and indicates the presence of an active magmatic arc, with associated porphyry style mineralization, at the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana during the Early Pennsylvanian.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49514437,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/29059938/Late_Carboniferous_porphyry_copper_mineralization_at_La_Voluntad_Neuqu%C3%A9n_Argentina_Constraints_from_Re_Os_molybdenite_dating&quot;}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;download-pdf-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49514437,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/29059938/Late_Carboniferous_porphyry_copper_mineralization_at_La_Voluntad_Neuqu%C3%A9n_Argentina_Constraints_from_Re_Os_molybdenite_dating&quot;}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="29059938" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;signup-banner&quot;}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The study of the Andean Chain suggests that the location of the porphyry copper deposits is related to the transition zone which separates the eugeosynclinal and miogeosynclinal zones throughout the length of the Andean basin (mesodorsal, Frutos, 1973). The porphyry copper deposits are specifically related to the eastern fringe, located parallel to the axis of the basin, in which, due principally to the Mid-Late Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary diastrophic phases some important overthrustings occurred, with a partial riding of the mesodorsal zone on the miogeosynclinal furrow. The spatial location of the Mid-Late Cretaceous and Tertiary magmatic processes involved in the evolution of the geosynclinal basin, the sedimentary physicochemical environment, and the tectonic structures directly associated with the porphyry copper deposits, obviously have a direct relation with the aforementioned tectonic phenomenon and with the evolution of the western margin of the continent. It seems that the geological-geographical location of the porphyry copper deposits and also the copper-bearing tourmaline breccia pipes could be related to the following factors : a) The miogeosynclinal Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous andesitic volcanic facies, parallel marine sediments and evaporitic facies. b) The important Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary compressive structures. c) The Cretaceous-Pliocene transcurrent fault system, cutting diagonally the Andean Chain, &#39;Vlrith NE and NIV general directions. d) The Upper Cretaceous-Cainozoic acid hypabyssal magmatism. e) The relatively uplifted mesodorsal zones, especially those of the Upper Tertiary, that have enhanced secondary enrichment. Mention is also made of some plate tectonic metallogenetic models, emphasizing the volcanic characteristics observed in the youngest ore bodies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Porphyry copper-type mineralization and geosynclinal tectonic evolution in the Chilean Andes&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:90786495,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/86304593/Porphyry_copper_type_mineralization_and_geosynclinal_tectonic_evolution_in_the_Chilean_Andes&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86304593/Porphyry_copper_type_mineralization_and_geosynclinal_tectonic_evolution_in_the_Chilean_Andes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="67176617" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67176617/LA_ICP_MS_zircon_U_Pb_geochronology_in_the_Altar_porphyry_copper_Project_Andes_Main_Cordillera_of_San_Juan_Argentina">LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology in the Altar porphyry copper Project, Andes Main Cordillera of San Juan, Argentina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="697103" href="https://unige.academia.edu/MassimoChiaradia">Massimo Chiaradia</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology in the Altar porphyry copper Project, Andes Main Cordillera of San Juan, Argentina&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:78093407,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/67176617/LA_ICP_MS_zircon_U_Pb_geochronology_in_the_Altar_porphyry_copper_Project_Andes_Main_Cordillera_of_San_Juan_Argentina&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67176617/LA_ICP_MS_zircon_U_Pb_geochronology_in_the_Altar_porphyry_copper_Project_Andes_Main_Cordillera_of_San_Juan_Argentina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="63132691" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63132691/Spatial_coincidence_and_similar_geochemistry_of_Late_Triassic_and_Eocene_Oligocene_magmatism_in_the_Andes_of_northern_Chile_evidence_from_the_MMH_porphyry_type_Cu_Mo_deposit_Chuquicamata_District">Spatial coincidence and similar geochemistry of Late Triassic and Eocene–Oligocene magmatism in the Andes of northern Chile: evidence from the MMH porphyry type Cu–Mo deposit, Chuquicamata District</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="104484376" href="https://dal.academia.edu/MarcosZentilli">Marcos Zentilli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The MMH porphyry type copper–molybdenum deposit in northern Chile is the newest mine in the Chuquicamata District, one of largest copper concentrations on Earth. Mineralized Eocene–Oligocene porphyry intrusions are hosted by essentially barren Triassic granodiorites. Despite a century of exploitation, geologists still have problems in the mine distinguishing the Triassic granodiorite from the most important ore-carrying Eocene porphyries in the district. To resolve the problem, internally consistent high-quality geochemical analyses of the Triassic and Tertiary intrusives were carried out: explaining the confusion, they show that the rock units in question are nearly identical in composition and thus respond equally to hydrothermal alteration. In detail, the only difference in terms of chemical composition is that the main Eocene–Oligocene porphyries carry relatively less Fe and Ni. Unexpectedly, the mineralized Eocene–Oligocene porphyries have consistently less U and Th than other ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Spatial coincidence and similar geochemistry of Late Triassic and Eocene–Oligocene magmatism in the Andes of northern Chile: evidence from the MMH porphyry type Cu–Mo deposit, Chuquicamata District&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:75656747,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/63132691/Spatial_coincidence_and_similar_geochemistry_of_Late_Triassic_and_Eocene_Oligocene_magmatism_in_the_Andes_of_northern_Chile_evidence_from_the_MMH_porphyry_type_Cu_Mo_deposit_Chuquicamata_District&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63132691/Spatial_coincidence_and_similar_geochemistry_of_Late_Triassic_and_Eocene_Oligocene_magmatism_in_the_Andes_of_northern_Chile_evidence_from_the_MMH_porphyry_type_Cu_Mo_deposit_Chuquicamata_District"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="78343811" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78343811/Gondwanan_magmatism_with_adakite_like_signature_linked_to_Cu_Mo_porphyry_deposits_from_the_San_Rafael_Massif_Mendoza_Province_Argentina">Gondwanan magmatism with adakite-like signature linked to Cu (Mo)-porphyry deposits from the San Rafael Massif, Mendoza Province, Argentina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="222543227" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnabelGomez38">Anabel Gomez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The gondwanan magmatism in the San Rafael Massif, known as Choiyoi Magmatic Cycle, was emplaced during the inception of a magmatic arc setting during the early Permian. Two different sections can be differentiated in this volcanic sequence. The lower section (∼281 up to ∼265 Ma) consisting of andesites and dacitic to low-silica rhyolitic ignimbrites has geochemical characteristics that indicate a subduction zone setting. The upper section (∼265 up to ∼252 Ma) composed of rhyolitic ignimbrites and lava flows, dacitic to rhyolitic subvolcanics and alkalic basaltic andesites has geochemical characteristics transitional between subduction and continental intraplate settings. Several Cu-(Mo) porphyry deposits are genetically linked to the lower section (Infiernillo, San Pedro and La Chilca-Zanjón del Buitre). In this paper, we discussed the petrogenesis of the magmatism linked to the porphyry deposits from the San Rafael Massif. The petrogenetic analysis suggests that the lower section was produced in a thickened crust resulting in an adakite-like signature magmatism. The U/Pb LA-ICP-MS age of magmatic zircons from an intrusive associated to the San Pedro porphyry (263.1 ± 4.2 Ma) allowed confirming that the emplacement of Cu-Mo porphyry deposits in the San Rafael Massif occurred during the change in the geodynamical conditions from a transpressive to a transtensive tectonic regime.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Gondwanan magmatism with adakite-like signature linked to Cu (Mo)-porphyry deposits from the San Rafael Massif, Mendoza Province, Argentina&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:85423671,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/78343811/Gondwanan_magmatism_with_adakite_like_signature_linked_to_Cu_Mo_porphyry_deposits_from_the_San_Rafael_Massif_Mendoza_Province_Argentina&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78343811/Gondwanan_magmatism_with_adakite_like_signature_linked_to_Cu_Mo_porphyry_deposits_from_the_San_Rafael_Massif_Mendoza_Province_Argentina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="76651102" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76651102/DIACHRONOUS_AND_PROTRACTED_MAGMATIC_AND_HYDROTHERMAL_ACTIVITY_IN_THE_RI_O_BLANCO_PORPHYRY_COPPER_MOLYBDENUM_DEPOSIT_CLUSTER_CENTRAL_CHILE_NEW_SHRIMP_U_Pb_Re_Os_AND_40Ar_39Ar_AGE_DATA">DIACHRONOUS AND PROTRACTED MAGMATIC AND HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN THE RÍO BLANCO PORPHYRY COPPER-MOLYBDENUM DEPOSIT CLUSTER, CENTRAL CHILE: NEW SHRIMP U-Pb, Re-Os AND 40Ar/39Ar AGE DATA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="72005558" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlfredoBertens">Alfredo Bertens</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Representing the third-largest (57 Mt Cu; 1.26 Mt. Mo) porphyry system known, the Río Blanco-Los Bronces behemoth incorporates at least five hypabyssal intrusive and hydrothermal centres, extending for ca. 5 km from the Río Blanco and Los Bronces mines in the north, through the Don Luis mine, to the Sur Sur mine and La Americana prospect in the south. Previous geochronological research (Deckart et al., 2003; 2005), focused on the Río Blanco and Don Luis sectors, defined (ID-TIMS and SHRIMP zircon data) the crystallization ages of the Río Blanco granodiorite, Diorite and Late Porphyries and the emplacement age of the Río Blanco dacite plug. However, all 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau and inverse-isochron ages for magmatic biotite are reset. The inferred temporal overlap of mineralization with the intrusion of the Late Porphyries was supported by Re-Os dates of 5.4 and 6.3 Ma for paragenetically ambiguous molybdenites (Mathur et al., 2001). This preliminary chronology of magmatic activity and Cu-Mo mineralization is herein clarified through new SHRIMP U-Pb dating of single zircons in the &quot;Diorite&quot;, the &quot;Quartz Monzonite Porphyry&quot;</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;DIACHRONOUS AND PROTRACTED MAGMATIC AND HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN THE RÍO BLANCO PORPHYRY COPPER-MOLYBDENUM DEPOSIT CLUSTER, CENTRAL CHILE: NEW SHRIMP U-Pb, Re-Os AND 40Ar/39Ar AGE DATA&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:84288431,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/76651102/DIACHRONOUS_AND_PROTRACTED_MAGMATIC_AND_HYDROTHERMAL_ACTIVITY_IN_THE_RI_O_BLANCO_PORPHYRY_COPPER_MOLYBDENUM_DEPOSIT_CLUSTER_CENTRAL_CHILE_NEW_SHRIMP_U_Pb_Re_Os_AND_40Ar_39Ar_AGE_DATA&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76651102/DIACHRONOUS_AND_PROTRACTED_MAGMATIC_AND_HYDROTHERMAL_ACTIVITY_IN_THE_RI_O_BLANCO_PORPHYRY_COPPER_MOLYBDENUM_DEPOSIT_CLUSTER_CENTRAL_CHILE_NEW_SHRIMP_U_Pb_Re_Os_AND_40Ar_39Ar_AGE_DATA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="14404272" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14404272/El_Salvador_Chile_Porphyry_Copper_Deposit_Revisited_Geologic_and_Geochronologic_Framework">El Salvador, Chile Porphyry Copper Deposit Revisited: Geologic and Geochronologic Framework</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33347713" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulaCornejo1">Paula Cornejo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33203936" href="https://uchile.academia.edu/ConstantinoMpodozis">Constantino Mpodozis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Geology Review, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;El Salvador, Chile Porphyry Copper Deposit Revisited: Geologic and Geochronologic Framework&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:44174502,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/14404272/El_Salvador_Chile_Porphyry_Copper_Deposit_Revisited_Geologic_and_Geochronologic_Framework&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14404272/El_Salvador_Chile_Porphyry_Copper_Deposit_Revisited_Geologic_and_Geochronologic_Framework"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="24377561" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24377561/Timing_and_formation_of_porphyry_Cu_Mo_mineralization_in_the_Chuquicamata_district_northern_Chile_new_constraints_from_the_Toki_cluster">Timing and formation of porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization in the Chuquicamata district, northern Chile: new constraints from the Toki cluster</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46999392" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MunizagaFrancisco">Francisco Munizaga</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mineralium Deposita, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The recently discovered Toki cluster, which includes the Toki, Quetena, Genoveva, Miranda, and Opache porphyry Cu-Mo prospects, is located 15 km south-southwest of the Chuquicamata-Radomiro Tomic mines in northern Chile. These prospects occur in an area of 5×6 km and are completely covered with Neogene alluvial deposits. Inferred resources for the cluster are estimated at about 20 Mt of fine copper, with Toki and Quetena contributing ∼88 % of these resources. Mineralization in these deposits is associated with tonalite porphyries that intruded andesites and dacites of the Collahuasi Group and intrusions of the Fortuna-Los Picos Granodioritic Complex. Hypogene mineralization in the Toki cluster consists mainly of chalcopyrite-bornite with minor molybdenite with mineralization grading outward to a chalcopyrite-pyrite zone and ultimately to a pyrite halo. Alteration is dominantly of the potassic type with K-feldspar and hydrothermal biotite. Sericitic alteration is relatively restricted to late quartz-pyrite veins (D-type veins). Previous K-Ar geochronology for the cluster yielded ages within a range of 34 to 40 Ma. Four new Re-Os ages for Toki indicate that molybdenite mineralization occurred in a single pulse at ∼38 Ma. Re-Os ages for three different molybdenite samples from Quetena are within error of the Toki mineralization ages. These ages are concordant with a new zircon U-Pb age of 38.6±0.7 Ma from the tonalite porphyry in Quetena. Two Re-Os ages for Genoveva (38.1±0.2 and 38.0±0.2 Ma) are also within error of the Toki and Quetena molybdenite ages. Four Re-Os molybdenite ages for Opache range between 36.4 and 37.6 Ma. The Miranda prospect is the youngest with an age of ∼36 Ma. Four new Re-Os ages for the Chuquicamata deposit range between 33 and 32 Ma, whereas nine new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of biotite, muscovite, and K-feldspar range between 32 and 31 Ma. Analyzed molybdenites have Re and Os concentrations that vary between 21-3,099 ppm and 8-1,231 ppb, respectively. The highest Re and Os concentrations are found in the Toki prospect. Three new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages for the Toki cluster are younger than the Re-Os mineralization ages. The age spectra for these three samples show evidence of excess argon and have similar inverse isochron ages of 35 Ma that probably reflect a late hydrothermal phyllic event. The new geochronological data presented here for the Toki cluster indicate that molybdenite mineralization occurred within a very short period, probably within 2 Ma, and synchronously (at ∼38 Ma) in three mineralization centers (Toki, Quetena, and Genoveva). Furthermore, mineralization at the Toki cluster preceded the emplacement of the Chuquicamata deposit (35-31 Ma) and indicates that porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization occurred episodically over a period of several million years in the Chuquicamata district.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Timing and formation of porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization in the Chuquicamata district, northern Chile: new constraints from the Toki cluster&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:44709623,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/24377561/Timing_and_formation_of_porphyry_Cu_Mo_mineralization_in_the_Chuquicamata_district_northern_Chile_new_constraints_from_the_Toki_cluster&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24377561/Timing_and_formation_of_porphyry_Cu_Mo_mineralization_in_the_Chuquicamata_district_northern_Chile_new_constraints_from_the_Toki_cluster"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="56579302" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56579302/The_Altar_Porphyry_Cu_Au_Mo_Deposit_Argentina_A_Complex_Magmatic_Hydrothermal_System_with_Evidence_of_Recharge_Processes">The Altar Porphyry Cu-(Au-Mo) Deposit (Argentina): A Complex Magmatic-Hydrothermal System with Evidence of Recharge Processes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="198737683" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DillesJohn">John Dilles</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic Geology, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Altar (31º 29&#39; S, 70º 28&#39; W) is a large porphyry Cu-(Au-Mo) deposit with associated epithermal Au-(Ag-Cu) veins located in the Cordillera Principal of SW San Juan Province (Argentina). Altar is a complex magmatic-hydrothermal system formed from several magmatic and hydrothermal pulses during the middle-late Miocene. New LA-ICPMS U-Pb ages in zircons from the Altar porphyries indicate four discrete events of intrusions over an extended magmatic life time of ca. 3 m.y. It comprises a pre-mineralization porphyry (11.75 ± 0.24 Ma), three mineralized porphyries (11.62 ± 0.21 Ma and 11.68 ± 0.27 Ma, 11.13 ± 0.26 Ma, 10.35 ± 0.32 Ma) related to hydrothermal breccias, two post-mineralization intrusions, and a post-mineralization breccia (8.9 ± 0.4 Ma). The three mineralized porphyries (porphyries 2, 3 and 4) were emplaced within ~0.7-1.3 m.y. Amphibole phenocrysts from the porphyries crystallized from oxidized magmas (fO 2 = NNO +1 to +2) at temperatures of 780 to 850°C and pressures between 0.9 and 1.8 kbar corresponding to depths of ~4-7 km. Anorthite and Fe-rich rims in the plagioclase phenocrysts suggest that the magmatic chambers were episodically recharged by a less evolved magma. The middle-late Miocene intrusions are interpreted to have been derived from a deeper and relatively large magmatic reservoir that supplied magmas to smaller chambers located in the upper crust. The focused magmatic output to shallow levels during a period of a few million years in the Altar area has been a main requirement in the formation of this large porphyry copper deposit. Tectonic setting Altar is located in the southern portion of the flat-slab segment (~27°-33° 30&#39;S) of the Central Andes. In this region, the Nazca plate is subducting nearly horizontally beneath the South American plate at ~100 km depth (Gans et al., 2011). The flat-slab segment presents a smooth transition to the north, toward the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), and an abrupt transition to the south, to the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ; Fig. 1; Cahill and Isacks, 1992; Anderson et al., 2007; Gans et al., 2011). Several studies have documented the Miocene to recent evolution of the flat-slab segment (Allmendinger et al. 1990; Kay and Abbruzzi, 1996; Kay and Mpodozis, 2002). During the Early Miocene (27-20 Ma) this segment had a slab geometry similar to that currently observed in the normal-slab segment at 35ºS, and a crustal thickness of 35-40 km (Kay and Abbruzzi, 1996; Kay and Mpodozis, 2002). The shallowing of the subduction zone progressed from Middle to Late Miocene (20-5 Ma). It was accompanied by crustal thickening, subduction of the Juan Fernández ridge (e.g., Yáñez et al., 2001), a substantial decrease in the astenospheric wedge thickness and eastward migration, and broadening of the arc (Kay et al., 2005). Cessation of magmatic activity over the Miocene flat-slab occurred at 5 Ma. At this time, magmatism occurred in the back-arc, in the Farallón Negro, Pocho and San Luis magmatic centers (Kay and Mpodozis, 2002). Local Geology The Altar area was poorly known geologically until the mid-1990s, when CRA Exploration Argentina outlined a broad zone of alteration and mineralization. Between 1999 and 2003, Río Tinto tested this target with 2,841 m of diamond drilling. Since 2005, Peregrine Metals Ltd. has completed 140 diamond drill holes (55,688 meters). Recently, the project has been acquired by Stillwater Mining Company, which is conducting a comprehensive drilling campaign, metallurgical testwork program, environmental baseline study, and preliminary economic evaluations for a copper-gold mining and concentrating project at Altar. Maydagán et al. (2011) presented the first field mapping and data on magmatic rocks of the Altar region. The authors grouped the igneous rocks into two sequences: the early Miocene lower volcanic complex and the middle-late Miocene upper subvolcanic suite. The lower volcanic complex is an early Miocene arc in which mantle-derived magmas evolved at low pressures through plagioclase-and pyroxene-dominated fractional crystallization and assimilation of crustal rocks (AFC; Maydagán et al., 2011). The Altar porphyry Cu-(Au-Mo) deposit is partially hosted and related to the upper subvolcanic suite, a series of porphyritic stocks, dikes, and breccias that intruded the lower volcanic complex in the central and east ridges of the Altar district (Fig. 2). Magmas of the upper subvolcanic suite require a hornblende-bearing residual mineral assemblage that is interpreted to reflect their higher water contents (Maydagán et al., 2011). Analytical Techniques and Sampling Methodology Over 200 samples representatives of the different porphyritic rocks and breccias of the upper subvolcanic suite were collected from surface exposures and drill core from the Altar region. The samples were studied by transmitted and reflected light petrography at the Universidad Nacional del Comahue (Neuquén, Argentina) and twenty samples were selected for analysis. Three radiometric ages of the subvolcanic stocks were determined by U-Pb LA-ICPMS on zircons at the PCIGR-Pacific Center for Isotopic and Geochemical Research at the University of British Columbia (Canada). Another radiometric age of the late breccia was determined by U-Pb LA-ICPMS on zircons at the Arizona LaserChron Center, University of Arizona, U.S.A. Details of the dating methods and results of LA-ICPMS analyses of zircons from the porphyries and late breccia are provided in digital appendices A5-A10. Major, trace and rare earth elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasmaemission spectrometry and ICP mass spectrometry (Group 4A-4B combined package) at Acme Analytical Laboratories Ltd., Canada (Table 4). Seven samples were analyzed for Sr and Nd isotopes and ten for Pb isotopes at the Mineralogy Department at the University of Geneva (Switzerland) following the method of Chiaradia et al. (2009a; Table 5). Chemical compositions of magmatic minerals (plagioclase (n = 74), ulvöspinel (n = 17), amphibole (n = 20), biotite (n=16), and magnetite (n = 8) from different subvolcanic intrusions were determined with electron microprobe at three different laboratories with some samples analyzed in duplicate at more than one laboratory. The full data set of microprobe analysis is provided in the digital appendices A1-A4. Altar subvolcanic intrusions At least five porphyritic intrusions and three breccias have been recognized in the Altar district. They are distinguished based on their textures, phenocryst abundances, related veins,</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;The Altar Porphyry Cu-(Au-Mo) Deposit (Argentina): A Complex Magmatic-Hydrothermal System with Evidence of Recharge Processes&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:71897264,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/56579302/The_Altar_Porphyry_Cu_Au_Mo_Deposit_Argentina_A_Complex_Magmatic_Hydrothermal_System_with_Evidence_of_Recharge_Processes&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56579302/The_Altar_Porphyry_Cu_Au_Mo_Deposit_Argentina_A_Complex_Magmatic_Hydrothermal_System_with_Evidence_of_Recharge_Processes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="6122282" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6122282/Giant_versus_small_porphyry_copper_deposits_of_Cenozoic_age_in_northern_Chile_adakitic_versus_normal_calc_alkaline_magmatism">Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9271950" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ivanlopez11">ivan lopez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mineralium Deposita, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cenozoic magmatic activity in northern Chile led to the formation of two contrasting porphyry copper belts: (1) a Paleocene–Early Eocene belt comprising small porphyry copper deposits (e.g., Lomas Bayas) of normal calc-alkaline affinity; and (2) a Late Eocene–Early Oligocene belt hosting huge porphyry copper deposits (e.g., Chuquicamata) of adakitic affinity. Although the first belt comprises both volcanic and plutonic rocks (andesitic–basaltic and rhyolitic lavas and tuffs, and associated sub-volcanic porphyries and felsic stocks), the latter only includes intrusions (mostly granodioritic types, including porphyry copper deposits). We suggest that the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene belt formed when fast and oblique convergence between the South America and Farallon plates led to flat subduction and direct melting of the subducting plate, hence giving rise to plutonic rocks of adakitic affinity. The absence of volcanism, under prevailing compressional conditions, prevented the escape of SO2 from the adakitic, sulfur-rich, highly oxidized magmas (&quot;closed porphyry system&quot;), which allowed formation of huge mineral deposits. On the contrary, coeval volcanic activity during formation of the Paleocene–Early Eocene calc-alkaline porphyries allowed development of &quot;open systems&quot;, hence to outgassing, and therefore, to small mineral deposits.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49009187,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/6122282/Giant_versus_small_porphyry_copper_deposits_of_Cenozoic_age_in_northern_Chile_adakitic_versus_normal_calc_alkaline_magmatism&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6122282/Giant_versus_small_porphyry_copper_deposits_of_Cenozoic_age_in_northern_Chile_adakitic_versus_normal_calc_alkaline_magmatism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="19833817" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19833817/Punctuated_Magmatism_Associated_with_Porphyry_Cu_Mo_Formation_in_the_Paleocene_to_Eocene_of_Southern_Peru">Punctuated Magmatism Associated with Porphyry Cu-Mo Formation in the Paleocene to Eocene of Southern Peru</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40487246" href="https://unsa-pe.academia.edu/AndreGallegos">Andre Gallegos</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41125758" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardTosdal">Richard Tosdal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Paleocene to Eocene southern Peru porphyry belt contains three significant porphyry Cu-Mo deposits at Cuajone, Quellaveco, and Toquepala. Ten new zircon U-Pb Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe- Reverse Geometry (SHRIMP-RG) ages for Cuajone and Toquepala, together with published ages for Quellaveco, establish a magmatic history characterized by episodic events. Punctuated magmatism at Cuajone is distributed over approximately 13 m.y., at Toquepala over 8 m.y., and at Quellaveco over 6 m.y. The ages of the porphyry intrusions hosting or associated with the introduction of Cu and Mo at the three deposits show remarkable similarity, with emplacement beginning and ending at approximately 56.5 to 53.0 Ma at Cuajone, 57.0 to 54.0 Ma at Toquepala, and at 58.4 to 54.3 Ma at Quellaveco. Field relations coupled with the U-Pb ages for synmineral intrusions suggest very similar timing of the cupriferous hydrothermal systems, with the youngest pyritiferous and Cu-poor hydrothermal systems being associated with porphyry intrusions as much as 2 m.y. younger than significant Cu introduction. Overall, the porphyry Cu-Mo intrusive complexes represent the youngest magmatic complexes formed during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary arc, having formed prior to eastward migration of the magmatic locus.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Punctuated Magmatism Associated with Porphyry Cu-Mo Formation in the Paleocene to Eocene of Southern Peru&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:40869111,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/19833817/Punctuated_Magmatism_Associated_with_Porphyry_Cu_Mo_Formation_in_the_Paleocene_to_Eocene_of_Southern_Peru&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19833817/Punctuated_Magmatism_Associated_with_Porphyry_Cu_Mo_Formation_in_the_Paleocene_to_Eocene_of_Southern_Peru"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49514437,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49514437,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49514437" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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