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<li id="toc-Europe_(6000_BC_–_1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_(6000_BC_–_1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Europe (6000 BC – 1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_(6000_BC_–_1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_east_coast_(1829–1850)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_east_coast_(1829–1850)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>United States east coast (1829–1850)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_east_coast_(1829–1850)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_(1850–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_(1850–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>California (1850–1933)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_(1850–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_after_Prohibition_(1933–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_after_Prohibition_(1933–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rediscovery after Prohibition (1933–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_after_Prohibition_(1933–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_Primitivo,_Crljenak_Kaštelanski,_and_Tribidrag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_Primitivo,_Crljenak_Kaštelanski,_and_Tribidrag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relationship to Primitivo, Crljenak Kaštelanski, and Tribidrag</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_to_Primitivo,_Crljenak_Kaštelanski,_and_Tribidrag-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship to Primitivo, Crljenak Kaštelanski, and Tribidrag subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_Primitivo,_Crljenak_Kaštelanski,_and_Tribidrag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_wines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_wines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and wines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_wines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution and wines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_wines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>California regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viticulture_and_winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture_and_winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Viticulture and winemaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticulture_and_winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Зинфандел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зинфандел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivo" title="Primitivo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Primitivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivo" title="Primitivo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Primitivo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivo" title="Primitivo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Primitivo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivo" title="Primitivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Primitivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="زینفندل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زینفندل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crljenak" title="Crljenak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crljenak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivo_(vitigno)" title="Primitivo (vitigno) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primitivo (vitigno)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="זינפנדל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זינפנדל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Зинфандел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зинфандел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="ジンファンデル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジンファンデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivo" title="Primitivo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Primitivo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribidrag" title="Tribidrag – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tribidrag" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Зинфандель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зинфандель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivu" title="Primitivu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Primitivu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சின்பான்டெல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சின்பான்டெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zinfandel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Примітиво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Примітиво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204433#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of grape</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Primitivo" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Primitivo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Primitivo (disambiguation)">Primitivo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the town in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Zinfandel,_California" title="Zinfandel, California">Zinfandel, California</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above variety" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: Indigo; color: Cornsilk;">Zinfandel/Primitivo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><span class="vernacular"><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></span> (<i><span class="genus">Vitis</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripe_Zinfandel_grapes_in_Dry_Creek_Valley-8958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ripe_Zinfandel_grapes_in_Dry_Creek_Valley-8958.jpg/220px-Ripe_Zinfandel_grapes_in_Dry_Creek_Valley-8958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ripe_Zinfandel_grapes_in_Dry_Creek_Valley-8958.jpg/330px-Ripe_Zinfandel_grapes_in_Dry_Creek_Valley-8958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ripe_Zinfandel_grapes_in_Dry_Creek_Valley-8958.jpg/440px-Ripe_Zinfandel_grapes_in_Dry_Creek_Valley-8958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4034" data-file-height="5648" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Zinfandel grapes ripening on the vine</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Species</th><td class="infobox-data binominal"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Crljenak Kaštelanski, Zin, ZPC (<a href="#Synonyms">more</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Notable regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hazards</th><td class="infobox-data">Bunch rot, uneven ripening</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">VIVC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=9703">9703</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zinfandel</b> (also known as <b>Primitivo</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">variety</a> of black-skinned <a href="/wiki/Wine_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine grape">wine grape</a>. The variety is grown in over 10 percent of <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California vineyards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_area_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_area-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA analysis has revealed that it is genetically equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatian</a> grapes <b>Crljenak Kaštelanski</b> and <b>Tribidrag</b>, as well as to the Primitivo variety traditionally grown in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where it was introduced in the 18th century, and Kratošija in Montenegro.<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grape found its way to the United States in the mid-19th century, where it became known by variations of a name applied to a different grape, likely "<a href="/wiki/Zierfandler" title="Zierfandler">Zierfandler</a>" from Austria. </p><p>The grapes typically produce a robust red <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, although, in the United States, a semi-sweet <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> (blush-style) wine called <a href="/wiki/White_Zinfandel" title="White Zinfandel">White Zinfandel</a> has six times the sales of the red wine.<sup id="cite_ref-USsales_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USsales-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grape's high sugar content can be <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermented</a> into levels of alcohol exceeding 15 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The taste of the red wine depends on the <a href="/wiki/Ripeness_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripeness (wine)">ripeness</a> of the grapes from which it is made. Red berry fruit flavors like <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a> predominate in wines from cooler areas,<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> notes are more common in wines made in warmer areas<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in wines made from the earlier-ripening Primitivo clone. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_(6000_BC_–_1870)"><span id="Europe_.286000_BC_.E2.80.93_1870.29"></span>Europe (6000 BC – 1870)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europe (6000 BC – 1870)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological evidence indicates that domestication of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region around 6000 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> was discovered shortly after that.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivation of the vine subsequently spread to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a> and surrounding regions. Croatia once had several indigenous varieties related to Zinfandel,<sup id="cite_ref-Piljac_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piljac-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which formed the basis of its wine industry in the 19th century. This diversity suggests that the grapes have been grown in Croatia longer than anywhere else. These varieties were almost entirely wiped out, however, by the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> epidemic of the late 19th century, eventually reducing Zinfandel to just nine vines of locally-known "Crljenak Kaštelanski" discovered in 2001 on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-Piljac_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piljac-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first documented use of the term <i>Primitivo</i> appears in Italian governmental publications of the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name derives from the terms <i>primativus</i> or <i>primaticcio</i>, which refer to the grape's tendency to ripen earlier than other varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Apiula_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiula-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name's appearance, 40 years after the first documented use of the term <i>Zinfandel</i>, was previously thought to suggest that Primitivo was introduced to Italy from across the Atlantic; however, this hypothesis has become unlikely since the discovery of the vine's Croatian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primitivo is now thought to have been introduced as a distinct clone into Italy's <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> region in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Apiula_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apiula-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strada_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strada-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Don Francesco Filippo Indellicati, the priest of the church at <a href="/wiki/Gioia_del_Colle" title="Gioia del Colle">Gioia del Colle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, selected an early ("primo") ripening plant of the Zagarese variety and planted it in Liponti.<sup id="cite_ref-Strada_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strada-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This clone ripened at the end of August and became widespread throughout northern Apulia.<sup id="cite_ref-Strada_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strada-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuttings came to the other great Primitivo DOC (<i><a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">denominazione di origine controllata</a></i> or "denomination of controlled origin") as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> of the Countess Sabini of <a href="/wiki/Altamura" title="Altamura">Altamura</a> when she married Don Tommaso Schiavoni-Tafuri of <a href="/wiki/Manduria" title="Manduria">Manduria</a> in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Strada_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strada-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_east_coast_(1829–1850)"><span id="United_States_east_coast_.281829.E2.80.931850.29"></span>United States east coast (1829–1850)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States east coast (1829–1850)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrival of Zinfandel in the United States may have been via the Imperial Nursery in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria, which probably obtained the vines during the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>'s control over the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> territories of the former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Gibbs, a horticulturist on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, received shipments of grapes from <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn</a> and elsewhere in Europe between 1820 and 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sullivan suggests that the "Black Zinfardel of Hungary" mentioned by <a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Prince" title="William Robert Prince">William Robert Prince</a> in <i>A Treatise on the Vine</i> (1830) may have referred to one of Gibbs's 1829 acquisitions. Webster suggests that the name is a modification of the Hungarian <i>tzinifándli</i> (<i>czirifandli</i>), which derives from the German <a href="/wiki/Zierfandler" title="Zierfandler">Zierfandler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a white grape (Grüner <a href="/wiki/Sylvaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvaner">Sylvaner</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria's</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermenregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermenregion">Thermenregion</a>. </p><p>Gibbs visited Boston in 1830, and Samuel Perkins of that city began selling "Zenfendal" soon afterward. In 1830, Gibbs also supplied Prince with "Black St. Peters," a similar variety that may have come from England, where many vines have "St. Peters" in their names. Little is known about this vine, except that the Black St. Peters that arrived in California in the 1850s was the same as what became known as Zinfandel by the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1835 Charles M. Hovey, Boston's leading nurseryman, was recommending "Zinfindal" as a table grape. It was soon widely grown in heated greenhouses to produce table grapes as early as June. The first reference to making wine from "Zinfindal" appears in John Fisk Allen's <i>Practical Treatise in the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine</i> (1847). Meanwhile, the fad of hothouse cultivation faded in the 1850s as attention turned to the <a href="/wiki/Concord_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concord (grape)">Concord</a> and other grape varieties that could be grown outdoors in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_(1850–1933)"><span id="California_.281850.E2.80.931933.29"></span>California (1850–1933)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: California (1850–1933)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prince and other nurseryman, such as Frederick W. Macondray (future son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Faxon_Atherton" title="Faxon Atherton">Faxon Atherton</a>), joined the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> in the 1850s and took Zinfandel with them. Prince's notebook records that the grape dried "perfectly to Raisin" and that he believed his Zinfandel was the same as the "Black Sonora" he found in California. When the vine known as "Black St. Peters" arrived in California, it was initially regarded as a distinct variety, but by the 1870s, it was recognized as the same grape as Zinfandel.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph W. Osborne may have made the first wine from Zinfandel in California. He planted Zinfandel from Macondray at his Oak Knoll vineyard just north of Napa, and his wine was much praised in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planting of Zinfandel boomed soon after, and by the end of the 19th century, it was the most widespread variety in California.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_130_&_786_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_130_&_786-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Zinfandel <a href="/wiki/Old_vine" title="Old vine">old vines</a> are now treasured for the production of premium red wine, but many were ripped up in the 1920s, during the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> years (1920–1933), but not for the obvious reason. Even during the Prohibition, home winemaking remained effectively legal,<sup id="cite_ref-Pinney_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinney-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some vineyards embraced the sale of grapes for making wine at home. While Zinfandel grapes proved popular among home winemakers living near the vineyards, it was vulnerable to rot on the long journey to East Coast markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinney26_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinney26-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thick-skinned <a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a> was less susceptible to rot, so this and similar varieties were widely planted for the home winemaking market.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinney26_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinney26-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg_444_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg_444-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, 3000 cars – about 38,000 short tons (34,000 t) – of Zinfandel grapes were shipped, compared to 6000 cars of Alicante Bouschet.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinney26_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinney26-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rediscovery_after_Prohibition_(1933–present)"><span id="Rediscovery_after_Prohibition_.281933.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Rediscovery after Prohibition (1933–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rediscovery after Prohibition (1933–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1930, the wine industry had weakened due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many vineyards that survived by supplying the home market were located in California's <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>, a non-optimal environment for growing quality Zinfandel.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinney26_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinney26-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the end of Prohibition left a shortage of quality wine grapes,<sup id="cite_ref-Pinney26_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinney26-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Zinfandel sank into obscurity as most was blended into undistinguished fortified wines. However, some producers remained interested in making single <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> red wines. </p><p>By the middle of the 20th century, the origins of California Zinfandel had been forgotten. In 1972, one British wine writer wrote, "there is a fascinating Californian grape, the zinfandel, said to have come from Hungary, but apparently, a <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9page" class="mw-redirect" title="Cépage">cépage</a> now unknown there."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 and 1981, American wine writers described it as "a California original, grown nowhere else"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "California's own red grape".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, Bob Trinchero of the <a href="/wiki/Sutter_Home_Winery" title="Sutter Home Winery">Sutter Home Winery</a> decided to try draining some juice from the vats to impart more tannins and color to his Deaver Vineyard Zinfandel. He vinified this juice as a dry wine, and tried to sell it under the name of <a href="/wiki/Oeil_de_Perdrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeil de Perdrix">Oeil de Perdrix</a>, a Swiss wine made by this <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9#Saignée" title="Rosé">saignée</a> method.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco_and_Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms</a> insisted on an English translation, so he added "White Zinfandel" to the name, and sold 220 cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, demand for white wine exceeded the availability of white wine grapes, encouraging other California producers to make "white" wine from red grapes, with minimal skin contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Mead_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1975, Trinchero's wine experienced a <a href="/wiki/Stuck_fermentation" title="Stuck fermentation">stuck fermentation</a>, a problem in which the <a href="/wiki/Yeast_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (wine)">yeast</a> dies off before all the sugar is converted to alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunne_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunne-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He put the wine aside for two weeks, tasted it, and decided to sell this pinker, sugary wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as <a href="/wiki/Mateus_Ros%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Mateus Rosé">Mateus Rosé</a> had become a huge success in Europe after World War II, this medium <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_in_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetness in wine">sweet</a> White Zinfandel became immensely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunne_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunne-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White Zinfandel<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still accounts for 9.9% of U.S. wine sales by volume (6.3% by value), six times the sales of red Zinfandel.<sup id="cite_ref-USsales_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USsales-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most white Zinfandel is made from grapes grown for that purpose in California's Central Valley. </p><p>Wine critics considered white Zinfandel to be insipid and uninteresting in the 1970s and 1980s, although modern white Zinfandels have more fruit and less cloying sweetness.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the success of this <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">blush wine</a> saved many old vines in premium areas, which came into their own at the end of the 20th century as red Zinfandel wines came back into fashion. Although the two wines taste dramatically different, both are made from the same (red) grapes and processed differently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_Primitivo,_Crljenak_Kaštelanski,_and_Tribidrag"><span id="Relationship_to_Primitivo.2C_Crljenak_Ka.C5.A1telanski.2C_and_Tribidrag"></span>Relationship to Primitivo, Crljenak Kaštelanski, and Tribidrag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship to Primitivo, Crljenak Kaštelanski, and Tribidrag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crljenak_kastelanski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crljenak_kastelanski.jpg/170px-Crljenak_kastelanski.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crljenak_kastelanski.jpg/255px-Crljenak_kastelanski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crljenak_kastelanski.jpg/340px-Crljenak_kastelanski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>A vine of Crljenak Kaštelanski, in the vineyard where it was discovered. The metal tag from the University of Zagreb indicates that this vine is reserved for genetic research.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zinfandel was long considered "America's vine and wine," <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a> (UCD) professor Austin Goheen visited <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in 1967, he noticed how the wine made from Primitivo reminded him of Zinfandel.<sup id="cite_ref-Plavac_review_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plavac_review-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others also made the connection about that time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primitivo was brought to California in 1968, and <a href="/wiki/Ampelographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelographers">ampelographers</a> declared it identical to Zinfandel in 1972. The first wine made from these California vines in 1975 also seemed identical to Zinfandel.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, Ph.D. student Wade Wolfe showed that the two varieties had identical <a href="/wiki/Isozyme#Isozymes_and_allozymes_as_molecular_markers" title="Isozyme">isozyme fingerprints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. Lamberti of Bari had suggested to Goheen in 1976 that Primitivo might be the Croatian variety <a href="/wiki/Plavac_Mali" title="Plavac Mali">Plavac Mali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plavac_review_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plavac_review-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1982, Goheen had confirmed that they were similar but not identical, probably by isozyme analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Plavac_review_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plavac_review-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Croatians, however, became convinced that Plavac Mali was the same as Zinfandel, among them Croatian-born winemaker <a href="/wiki/Mike_Grgich" title="Mike Grgich">Mike Grgich</a>. In 1991 Grgich and other producers came together as the Zinfandel Advocates and Producers (ZAP) with the objectives of promoting the varietal and wine and supporting scientific research on Zinfandel.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_130_&_786_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_130_&_786-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this support, UCD professor <a href="/wiki/Carole_Meredith" title="Carole Meredith">Carole Meredith</a> went to Croatia and collected over 150 samples of Plavac Mali<sup id="cite_ref-MeredithZAP_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeredithZAP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout Dalmatia, in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zagreb" title="University of Zagreb">University of Zagreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plavac_review_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plavac_review-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Meredith used a DNA fingerprinting technique to confirm that Primitivo and Zinfandel were clones of the same variety.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparative field trials have found that "Primitivo selections were generally superior to those of Zinfandel, having earlier fruit maturity, similar or higher yield, and similar or lower bunch rot susceptibility."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with the theory that Primitivo was selected as an early-ripening clone of a Croatian grape. </p><p>By 1998, Meredith's team realized that Plavac Mali was <i>not</i> Zinfandel, but that one was the parent of the other. In 2000 they discovered that Primitivo/Zinfandel was one parent of Plavac Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-MeredithZAP_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeredithZAP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other parent of Plavac Mali was determined by Ivan Pejić and Edi Maletić (University of Zagreb) to be <a href="/wiki/Dobri%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Dobričić">Dobričić</a>, an ancient variety from the Adriatic island of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0olta" title="Šolta">Šolta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MeredithZAP_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeredithZAP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_130_&_786_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_130_&_786-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This discovery narrowed down the search to the central <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> coastal strip and its offshore <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Croatia" title="List of islands of Croatia">islands</a>. Eventually, a matching DNA fingerprint was found among the samples. The match came from a vine sampled in 2001 in the vineyard of Ivica Radunić in <a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%A1tela" title="Kaštela">Kaštel Novi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MeredithZAP_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeredithZAP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Crljenak Kaštelanski ("Kaštela Red") appears to represent Primitivo/Zinfandel in its original home, although some genetic divergence may have occurred since their separation. Meredith now refers to the variety as "ZPC" – Zinfandel / Primitivo / Crljenak Kaštelanski.<sup id="cite_ref-Meredith_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meredith-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This Croatian vineyard contained nine Crljenak Kaštelanski vines mixed with thousands of other vines. In 2002, additional vines, known locally as Pribidrag, were found in the Dalmatian coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Omi%C5%A1" title="Omiš">Omiš</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both clones are being propagated in California under the aegis of <a href="/wiki/Ridge_Vineyards" title="Ridge Vineyards">Ridge Vineyards</a>, although virus infections have delayed their release.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweet_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Croatian ZPC wine was made by Edi Maletić in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-UCDcourses_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDcourses-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, plantings of Primitivo have increased in California, where it seems to grow somewhat less vigorously than its sibling. Its wines are reputed to have more blackberry and spice flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2012 book <i><a href="/wiki/Wine_Grapes" title="Wine Grapes">Wine Grapes</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Wine" title="Master of Wine">Masters of wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Jancis Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Harding">Julia Harding</a> and Swiss grape geneticist Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vouillamoz" class="mw-redirect" title="José Vouillamoz">José Vouillamoz</a> detail the search for Zinfandel's origins. After years of research and DNA testing of vines from vineyards across the globe, a single 90-year-old grapevine from the garden of an elderly lady in <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split, Croatia</a> provided the evidence to show that Zinfandel was a Croatian grape that had been known as <i>Tribidrag</i> since at least the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local wine-labeling regulations are slowly catching up with the DNA evidence, a process that trade disputes have slowed. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> recognized Zinfandel as a synonym for Primitivo in January 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-Sweet_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that Italian Primitivos can be labeled as Zinfandel in the United States and any other country that recognizes EU labeling laws.<sup id="cite_ref-ATF_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian winemakers</a> have taken advantage of these rules and shipped Primitivo wines to the United States labeled as Zinfandels,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_130_&_786_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_130_&_786-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a> (TTB).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of December 2007, the TTB lists both Zinfandel and Primitivo as approved grape varieties for American wines, but they are not listed as synonyms;<sup id="cite_ref-ECFR_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECFR-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. producers, therefore, must label a wine according to whether it is Zinfandel or Primitivo.<sup id="cite_ref-ATF_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF) proposed in 2002 that they be recognized as synonyms. In July 2008, the proposed regulation (RIN 1513–AA32, formerly RIN 1512-AC65)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was withdrawn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_wines">Distribution and wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Distribution and wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinfandel_vineyard_-_Madrone_Vineyards_Estate_-_Stierch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Zinfandel_vineyard_-_Madrone_Vineyards_Estate_-_Stierch.jpg/170px-Zinfandel_vineyard_-_Madrone_Vineyards_Estate_-_Stierch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Zinfandel_vineyard_-_Madrone_Vineyards_Estate_-_Stierch.jpg/255px-Zinfandel_vineyard_-_Madrone_Vineyards_Estate_-_Stierch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Zinfandel_vineyard_-_Madrone_Vineyards_Estate_-_Stierch.jpg/340px-Zinfandel_vineyard_-_Madrone_Vineyards_Estate_-_Stierch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Gnarly zinfandel grapes in Sonoma, California, in the winter</figcaption></figure> <p>Zinfandel is grown across the continental United States, although California grows the largest proportion.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. producers make wine in styles that range from <a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">late harvest</a> <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wines</a>, rosés (White Zinfandel) and <a href="/wiki/Beaujolais" title="Beaujolais">Beaujolais</a>-style light reds to big hearty reds and <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wine</a> in the style of <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a>. The quality and character of American Zinfandel wines largely depend on the climate, location, and age of the vineyard in which they are grown, as well as the technology employed by the winemaker. </p><p>Historically, California Zinfandel vines were planted as a <a href="/wiki/Field_blend" class="mw-redirect" title="Field blend">field blend</a> interspersed with <a href="/wiki/Durif" title="Durif">Durif</a> (Petite Sirah), <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission_(grape)" title="Mission (grape)">Mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Muscat</a>. While most vineyards are now fully segregated, California winemakers continue to use other grapes (particularly Petite Sirah) in their Zinfandel wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zinfandel is grown on approximately 11% of California's vineyard land area.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_area_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA_area-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a> (350,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>) are crushed each year, depending on the harvest, placing Zinfandel third behind <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> and just ahead of <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California_regions">California regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: California regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_vine_Zin_from_Lodi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Old_vine_Zin_from_Lodi.jpg/170px-Old_vine_Zin_from_Lodi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Old_vine_Zin_from_Lodi.jpg/255px-Old_vine_Zin_from_Lodi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Old_vine_Zin_from_Lodi.jpg/340px-Old_vine_Zin_from_Lodi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An old vine Zinfandel from the Lodi AVA of California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amador_county_Zin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amador_county_Zin.jpg/170px-Amador_county_Zin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amador_county_Zin.jpg/255px-Amador_county_Zin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amador_county_Zin.jpg/340px-Amador_county_Zin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Zinfandel from Amador County</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2019, there were 39,500 acres planted in Zinfandel in California.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA2020_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA2020-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the state's 44 Zinfandel-growing counties, the top 10 hold some 85% of the Zinfandel growing area.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-Grape-Acreage-2020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-Grape-Acreage-2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, major producing areas such as <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera County</a> produce Zinfandel primarily for blends or <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug wine</a>. </p><p>Certain California regions are regarded as "exceptional" for Zinfandel,<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each with identifiable flavor characteristics: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador</a> has a reputation for big, full-bodied Zinfandel. These extra-ripe wines have been called jammy, briary, and brambly, having aromas of sweet berries.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Although the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains_AVA" title="Santa Cruz Mountains AVA">Santa Cruz Mountains AVA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_AVA" title="Santa Clara Valley AVA">Santa Clara Valley</a> produces Zinfandel from just 106 acres (43 ha),<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-Grape-Acreage-2020_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-Grape-Acreage-2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Zinfandel from that region is known for its complexity and depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County_wine" title="Sonoma County wine">Sonoma county</a> has a Zinfandel-producing land area second only to that of San Joaquin County.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-Grape-Acreage-2020_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-Grape-Acreage-2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The county contains the warm <a href="/wiki/Dry_Creek_Valley_AVA" title="Dry Creek Valley AVA">Dry Creek Valley AVA</a>, known for its juicy Zinfandel with bright fruit, balanced acidity and notes of blackberry, anise, and pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry Creek Valley produces Zinfandel in a variety of styles ranging from the high-alcohol Amador style to balanced, spicy wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Paso_Robles_AVA" title="Paso Robles AVA">Paso Robles AVA</a> with its hot days and cool <a href="/wiki/Maritime_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime (wine)">maritime</a> evenings,<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produces Zinfandel known for being <a href="/wiki/Soft_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft (wine)">soft</a> and round.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>While the <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">Napa Valley AVA</a> is known primarily for its <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a>, Napa also produces Zinfandel wines described as <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plummy</a> and intense, tasting of red berry fruits with cedar and vanilla.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zinfandel in Napa tends to be made in a <a href="/wiki/Claret" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret">claret</a> style like red <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_River_Valley_AVA" title="Russian River Valley AVA">Russian River Valley</a> generally produces well during warm <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintages</a>. Otherwise, the grapes do not fully ripen, leaving the wines with excessive <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has mostly "old vine" Zinfandel, characterized as spicy and somewhat lower in alcohol than Zinfandel from other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_AVA" title="Mendocino AVA">Mendocino County</a> Zinfandel wines have been considered high quality, but they are less known because they are not heavily marketed.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_AVA" title="Lodi AVA">Lodi</a> has some of the oldest Zinfandel vines in California. While often used for White Zinfandel production in the red style, Lodi Zinfandels have a reputation for being juicy and approachable.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Primitivo is grown in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, a coastal region known as the "heel" of Italy, and it is estimated to be the country's 12th most widely planted grape variety.<sup id="cite_ref-g&b-prim_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g&b-prim-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main three DOC areas are <a href="/wiki/Manduria" title="Manduria">Primitivo di Manduria</a>, Gioia del Colle Primitivo (Riserva) and Falerno del Massico Primitivo (Riserva o Vecchio).<sup id="cite_ref-DOClist_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOClist-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Manduria" title="Manduria">Manduria</a> DOC covers still red wine as well as sweet (Dolce Naturale) and fortified (Liquoroso Dolce Naturale, Liquoroso Secco) wine.<sup id="cite_ref-DOClist_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOClist-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falerno requires a minimum of 85% Primitivo; the others are 100% Primitivo.<sup id="cite_ref-DOClist_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOClist-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gioia del Colle Rosso and Rosato contain 50–60% Primitivo, and Cilento Rosso/Rosato contains around 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-DOClist_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOClist-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the grape was <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermented</a> and shipped north to <a href="/wiki/Toscana_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toscana (wine)">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piemonte_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piemonte (wine)">Piedmont</a>, where it was used as a blending grape to enhance the <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">body</a> of thin red wines produced in those areas. When the link between Primitivo and Zinfandel began to emerge, plantings in the region and production of non-blended varietals increased.<sup id="cite_ref-g&b-prim_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g&b-prim-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most Italian Primitivo is made as a rustic, highly alcoholic red wine with up to 16% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (ABV). Some Italian winemakers age the wines in new American <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak</a> to imitate American-style Zinfandel.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_locations">Other locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_zinfandel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Turkish_zinfandel.jpg/220px-Turkish_zinfandel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Turkish_zinfandel.jpg/330px-Turkish_zinfandel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Turkish_zinfandel.jpg/440px-Turkish_zinfandel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Zinfandel</i> wine from <a href="/wiki/Bekilli" title="Bekilli">Bekilli, Denizli</a> region, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>The Croatian form Crljenak Kaštelanski was not bottled in Croatia as a varietal in its own right before the link to Zinfandel was revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweet_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UCD has since sent clones of both Zinfandel and Primitivo to Professor Maletić in Croatia, which he planted on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hvar" title="Hvar">Hvar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCDcourses_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDcourses-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made his first ZPC wines in Croatia in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-UCDcourses_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDcourses-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is high demand for red grapes in the country, and the government has supported ongoing research.<sup id="cite_ref-UCDcourses_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDcourses-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures from the department of viticulture and enology at the University of Zagreb claim that from only 22 vines of Crljenak Kaštelanski in Croatia in 2001, there were about 2,000 vines in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-g&b-prim_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g&b-prim-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old vine Zinfandel plantings dating from the 1930s have been found in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTasimov_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTasimov-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also small Zinfandel plantings in Western Australia, <a href="/wiki/Mudgee_wine_region" title="Mudgee wine region">Mudgee</a> in New South Wales <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Vale" title="McLaren Vale">McLaren Vale</a> area of South Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa has a small production of Zinfandel, including one estate rated among the country's Zinfandel producers<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and winner of an international prize.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, there is a single hectare of Zinfandel grown in the Côtes de Thongue region, sold by Domaine de l'Arjolle.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture_and_winemaking">Viticulture and winemaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Viticulture and winemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes,_Dry_Creek_Valley-7705.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grapes%2C_Dry_Creek_Valley-7705.jpg/220px-Grapes%2C_Dry_Creek_Valley-7705.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grapes%2C_Dry_Creek_Valley-7705.jpg/330px-Grapes%2C_Dry_Creek_Valley-7705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grapes%2C_Dry_Creek_Valley-7705.jpg/440px-Grapes%2C_Dry_Creek_Valley-7705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3663" data-file-height="4579" /></a><figcaption>Zinfandel grapes during <a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">veraison</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zin_barrels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zin_barrels.jpg/220px-Zin_barrels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zin_barrels.jpg/330px-Zin_barrels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zin_barrels.jpg/440px-Zin_barrels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Zinfandel wine aging in <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrels</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Zinfandel vines are quite vigorous and grow best in warm but not too hot climates because grapes may shrivel in hot weather. Zinfandel's thin-skinned grapes grow in large, tight bunches that are sometimes prone to <a href="/wiki/Bunch_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunch rot">bunch rot</a>. The fruit ripens reasonably early and produces juice with high sugar content. If weather conditions permit, the grapes may be <a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">late-harvested</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zinfandel is often praised for its ability to reflect both its <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> and its winemaker's style and skill.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grapes exhibit an uneven pattern of ripening: a single bunch may contain both raisin-like, over-ripe grapes, and green, unripened grapes. Some winemakers choose to <a href="/wiki/Vinify" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinify">vinify</a> the bunches with these varying levels of ripeness, while others hand-<a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a> the bunches, even by single berries, in multiple passes through the vineyards over several weeks. This extensively laborious practice is one component of the high cost of some Zinfandels.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red Zinfandel wines have been criticized for being too "hot" (too alcoholic),<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although modern winemaking techniques have helped make them more approachable. On the other hand, Zinfandel producers such as Joel Peterson of Ravenswood believe that alcohol-removing technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">spinning cones</a>, remove a sense of <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a> from the wine. If a wine has the tannins and other components to balance 15% alcohol, Peterson argues, it should be accepted on its terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factors that affect the wine's flavors include the length of fermentation, length of the <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a> period with skin contact, the level of oak aging, and the <a href="/wiki/Degrees_Brix" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees Brix">degrees Brix</a> of the harvested grapes. White Zinfandel is normally harvested early at 20°Bx when the grapes have yet to develop much <a href="/wiki/Typicity" title="Typicity">varietal character</a>, though some examples can develop hints of tobacco and apple skin. At 23°Bx (the degree that most red wine is considered "ripe"), <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a> flavors develop. <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">Cherry</a> flavors appear at 24°Bx followed by blackberry notes at 25°Bx.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_287-294_43-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_287-294-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatian wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Draper_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Draper (wine)">Paul Draper</a> – chief winemaker at <a href="/wiki/Ridge_Vineyards" title="Ridge Vineyards">Ridge Vineyards</a>, pioneer of California Zinfandel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Grgich" title="Mike Grgich">Mike Grgich</a> – winemaker advocate of Zinfandel who funded genetic research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plavac_Mali" title="Plavac Mali">Plavac Mali</a> – a grape variety descended from parents Zinfandel and <a href="/wiki/Dobri%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Dobričić">Dobričić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumaniello" title="Susumaniello">Susumaniello</a> – Pugliese grape that also probably came from Dalmatia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CA_area-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA_area_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_area_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNational_Agricultural_Statistics_Service2007" class="citation web cs1">National Agricultural Statistics Service (2007-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Fruits_and_Nuts/indexgar.asp">"Grape Acreage Reports"</a>. USDA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grape+Acreage+Reports&rft.pub=USDA&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.au=National+Agricultural+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nass.usda.gov%2FStatistics_by_State%2FCalifornia%2FPublications%2FFruits_and_Nuts%2Findexgar.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Financial_Times-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a9c6ef26-cc33-11e1-839a-00144feabdc0">"The great grapevine"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 2012-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+great+grapevine&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa9c6ef26-cc33-11e1-839a-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USsales-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USsales_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USsales_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winebusiness.com/SalesMarketing/webarticle.cfm?dataId=42231">"U.S. wine sales 2006"</a>. Wine Communications Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+wine+sales+2006&rft.pub=Wine+Communications+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winebusiness.com%2FSalesMarketing%2Fwebarticle.cfm%3FdataId%3D42231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2003" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Charles L (2003-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zinfandelhistory00sull/page/167"><i>Zinfandel: A History of a Grape and Its Wine</i></a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zinfandelhistory00sull/page/167">167–175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23969-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23969-2"><bdi>978-0-520-23969-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zinfandel%3A+A+History+of+a+Grape+and+Its+Wine&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=167-175&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23969-2&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Charles+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzinfandelhistory00sull%2Fpage%2F167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Joel. "To knock all high-alcohol wines is just simplistic". <i>Decanter</i> (December 2007). UK: IPC: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Decanter&rft.atitle=To+knock+all+high-alcohol+wines+is+just+simplistic&rft.issue=December+2007&rft.pages=8&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern,_P._E.2003" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, P. E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuUSVEAUrfIC"><i>Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07080-3"><bdi>978-0-691-07080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Wine%3A+The+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Viniculture&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07080-3&rft.au=McGovern%2C+P.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuUSVEAUrfIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piljac-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piljac_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piljac_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiljac,_Jasenka2005" class="citation journal cs1">Piljac, Jasenka (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuk4zA0YiUC">"The Application of Bioinformatics Techniques in Genetic Identification and Profiling of Rare Grape Varieties Indigenous to Croatia"</a>. <i>Essays in Bioinformatics</i>. <b>368</b>. 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DiWineTaste. March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apiula&rft.pub=DiWineTaste&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diwinetaste.com%2Fdwt%2Fen2007042.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertson,_Lynda2008" class="citation web cs1">Albertson, Lynda (2008-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716221421/http://www.theamericanmag.com/article.php?feature=food&column=26&article=793">"A Multitude of Zins"</a>. <i>The American</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanmag.com/article.php?feature=food&column=26&article=793">the original</a> on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American&rft.atitle=A+Multitude+of+Zins&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.au=Albertson%2C+Lynda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanmag.com%2Farticle.php%3Ffeature%3Dfood%26column%3D26%26article%3D793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strada-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strada_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strada_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strada_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strada_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703205002/http://www.stradadelprimitivo.it/html/b_vitigni.htm">"I vitigni"</a>. Strada del vino a D.O.C. Primitivo di Manduria e Lizzano. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stradadelprimitivo.it/html/b_vitigni.htm">the original</a> on 2007-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+vitigni&rft.pub=Strada+del+vino+a+D.O.C.+Primitivo+di+Manduria+e+Lizzano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stradadelprimitivo.it%2Fhtml%2Fb_vitigni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10047/10047.ch02.pdf">Chapter 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet,_Nancy_L2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sweet, Nancy L (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fpms.ucdavis.edu/WebSitePDFs/Newsletters&Publications/GrapeNewsletterNov2007.pdf">"The Zinfandels of FPS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FPS Grape Program Newsletter</i>. UC Davis: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FPS+Grape+Program+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Zinfandels+of+FPS&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2007-11&rft.au=Sweet%2C+Nancy+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffpms.ucdavis.edu%2FWebSitePDFs%2FNewsletters%26Publications%2FGrapeNewsletterNov2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zinfandel">"Zinfandel etymology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinfandel+etymology&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fzinfandel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_130_&_786-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_130_&_786_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_130_&_786_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_130_&_786_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_130_&_786_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_J2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, J, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/130"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/130">130 & 786</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2"><bdi>978-0-19-860990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.pages=130+%26+786&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860990-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc%2Fpage%2F130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinney-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinney_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinney2005" class="citation book cs1">Pinney, Thomas (July 2005). <i>A History of Wine in America From Prohibition to the Present</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24176-3"><bdi>978-0-520-24176-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wine+in+America+From+Prohibition+to+the+Present&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005-07&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24176-3&rft.aulast=Pinney&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span> p2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10206/pinney1.pdf">Chapter 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinney26-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinney26_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinney26_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinney26_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinney26_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinney26_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinney p26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pg_444-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg_444_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_H1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/444"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/444">444</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-68702-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-68702-1"><bdi>978-0-671-68702-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The+Story+of+Wine&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-671-68702-1&rft.au=Johnson%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinney, p10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoxall,_H.W.1974" class="citation book cs1">Yoxall, H.W. (1974). <i>The Enjoyment of Wine</i>. New York: Drake Publishers Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87749-463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87749-463-8"><bdi>978-0-87749-463-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enjoyment+of+Wine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Drake+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87749-463-8&rft.au=Yoxall%2C+H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_J._Grossman1974" class="citation book cs1">Harold J. Grossman (1974). <i>Grossman's Guide to Wines, Beers and Spirits</i> (5th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13528-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13528-1"><bdi>978-0-684-13528-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grossman%27s+Guide+to+Wines%2C+Beers+and+Spirits&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-684-13528-1&rft.au=Harold+J.+Grossman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span>, page 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Hugh1981" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Hugh (1981). <i>Hugh Johnson's Pocket Encyclopedia of Wine</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-42199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-42199-1"><bdi>978-0-671-42199-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugh+Johnson%27s+Pocket+Encyclopedia+of+Wine&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-671-42199-1&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy,_Linda2003" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Linda (2003-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/07/03/WI178515.DTL">"White Zinfandel, now 30, once ruled the U.S. wine world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=White+Zinfandel%2C+now+30%2C+once+ruled+the+U.S.+wine+world&rft.date=2003-07-03&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2003%2F07%2F03%2FWI178515.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mead-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mead_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead,_Jerry_D1997" class="citation web cs1">Mead, Jerry D (1997-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070921043436/http://www.wines.com/winepress/mead/mowi-06.html">"Mill Creek Revisited"</a>. Mead on Wine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wines.com/winepress/mead/mowi-06.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mill+Creek+Revisited&rft.pub=Mead+on+Wine&rft.date=1997-03-13&rft.au=Mead%2C+Jerry+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wines.com%2Fwinepress%2Fmead%2Fmowi-06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunne-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunne_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunne_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne,_Mike2005" class="citation news cs1">Dunne, Mike (2005-07-29). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinfandel&rft.pub=Ka%C5%A1tela+Tourist+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkastela-info.hr%2Fen%2Fzinfandel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plavac_review-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plavac_review_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plavac_review_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plavac_review_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plavac_review_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirosevic,_NMeredith,_C2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mirosevic, N; Meredith, C (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516151858/http://www.agr.hr/smotra/pdf/acs65_07.pdf">"A review of research and literature related to the origin and identity of the cultivars Plavac mali, Zinfandel and Primitivo (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 45–49. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winereviewonline.com/whitleyzinfandel.cfm">the original</a> on 2006-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blaauwklippen+%E2%80%93+The+Zinfandel+King+of+South+Africa&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinetimes.co.za%2F2011%2F02%2F14%2Fblaauwklippen-the-zinfandel-king-of-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222184530/http://www.decanter.com/dwwa/2010/">"Decanter World Wine Awards 2010"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/dwwa/2010/">the original</a> on 2014-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decanter+World+Wine+Awards+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decanter.com%2Fdwwa%2F2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjolle.com/boutique/etonnants/27-z.html">"Cuvée Z-Zinfandel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuv%C3%A9e+Z-Zinfandel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farjolle.com%2Fboutique%2Fetonnants%2F27-z.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Robinson, Jancis</a> (1992). <i>Vines, Grapes and Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties</i>. Mitchell Beazley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85732-999-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85732-999-5"><bdi>978-1-85732-999-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vines%2C+Grapes+and+Wines%3A+The+Wine+Drinker%27s+Guide+to+Grape+Varieties&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85732-999-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jancis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlington2001" class="citation book cs1">Darlington, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zin00davi_0/page/283"><i>Zin: The History and Mystery of Zinfandel</i></a>. Da Capo Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zin00davi_0/page/283">283</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81029-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81029-9"><bdi>978-0-306-81029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zin%3A+The+History+and+Mystery+of+Zinfandel&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81029-9&rft.aulast=Darlington&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzin00davi_0%2Fpage%2F283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinfandel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinfandel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zinfandel.org/">Zinfandel Advocates & Producers (ZAP)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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