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His early education was carried on in Zurich, and he entered the university there in 1836. After two years, however, he moved to the [[University of Bonn]], and later to that of [[Berlin]], becoming a pupil of noted physiologists [[Johannes Peter Müller]] and of [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle]]. He graduated in [[philosophy]] at Zurich in 1841, and in medicine at [[Heidelberg]] in 1842. The first academic post which he held was that of [[prosector]] of [[anatomy]] under Henle, but his tenure of this office was brief{{snd}}in 1844 he returned to Zurich University to occupy a chair as professor extraordinary of [[physiology]] and [[comparative anatomy]]. His stay here was also brief; in 1847 the [[University of Würzburg]], attracted by his rising fame, offered him the post of professor of physiology and of microscopical and comparative anatomy. He accepted the appointment, and at Würzburg he remained thenceforth, refusing all offers tempting him to leave the quiet academic life of the [[Bavaria]]n town, where he died.{{sfn|Foster|1911|p=889}} Many of the numerous memoirs which he published, (including the very first paper he wrote) and which appeared in 1841, before he graduated, were on the structure of animals of the most varied kinds. Notable among these were his papers on the ''[[Medusae]]'' and allied creatures. His activity in this direction led him to make [[zoology|zoological]] excursions to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and to the coasts of [[Scotland]], as well as to undertake, conjointly with his friend [[Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold]], the editorship of the ''Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie'', which, founded in 1848, continued under his hands to be one of the most important zoological periodicals.{{sfn|Foster|1911|p=890}} His hand was one of the first to be x-rayed, by his friend [[Wilhelm Roentgen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5084328|title=RÖNTGEN, Wilhelm Conrad (1845–1923). Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen (Vorläufige Mittheilung). – Eine neue Art von Strahlen. II. Mittheilung. Offprints from: Sitzungsberichte der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft, 1895 [no. 9], and 1896, [nos. 1–2]. Würzburg: Verlag und Druck der Stahel'schen k. Hof.-und Universitäts- Buch- und Kunsthandlung, 1895–1896.|website=www.christies.com|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> [[File:X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of Albert von Kölliker's hand - 18960123-02.jpg|thumb|X-ray of Kölliker's hand, made by Röntgen on 23 Jan 1896]] ==Works== Kölliker made contributions to the study of [[zoology]]. His earlier efforts were directed to the [[invertebrates]], and his memoir on the development of [[cephalopod]]s (which appeared in 1844) is considered a classical work. He soon passed on to the [[vertebrates]], and studied the [[amphibia]]ns and [[mammal]]ian [[embryo]]s. He was among the first, if not the very first, to introduce into this branch of biological inquiry the newer [[microscopy|microscopic technique]] – the methods of hardening, sectioning and [[staining (biology)|staining]]. Much of the progress which [[embryology]] made during the middle and latter half of the 19th century are associated with his name.{{Cn|date=February 2022}} His ''Lectures on Development'', published in 1861, at once became a standard work.{{sfn|Foster|1911|p=890}} But neither zoology nor embryology furnished Kölliker's chief claim to fame. If he did much for these branches of science, he did still more for [[histology]], the knowledge of the minute structure of the animal [[Biological tissue|tissues]]. Among his earlier results was the demonstration in 1847 that [[smooth muscle|smooth]] or unstriated muscle is made up of distinct units, of nucleated muscle cells. In this work, he followed in the footsteps of his master Henle. A few years before this, there was doubt whether [[arteries]] had muscle in their walls – in addition, no solid histological basis as yet existed for those views as to the action of the [[nervous system]] on the [[circulatory system|circulation]], which were soon to be put forward, and which had such a great influence on the progress of physiology.{{sfn|Foster|1911|p=890}} Kölliker's contributions to histology were widespread; [[smooth muscle]], [[striated muscle]], [[skin]], [[bone]], [[teeth]], [[blood vessel]]s and [[viscera]] were all investigated by Kölliker. The results at which he arrived were recorded partly in separate memoirs, partly in his great textbook on microscopical anatomy, which first saw the light in 1850.{{sfn|Foster|1911|p=890}} [[Albert L. Lehninger]] asserted that Kölliker was among the first to notice the arrangement of granules in the [[sarcoplasm]] of striated muscle over a period of years beginning around 1850. These granules were later called sarcosomes by [[Gustaf Retzius|Retzius]] in 1890. These sarcosomes have come to be known as the [[mitochondria]]-the power houses of the cell. In the words of Lehninger, "Kölliker should also be credited with the first separation of mitochondria from cell structure. In 1888 he teased these granules from insect muscle, in which they are very profuse, found them to swell in water, and showed them to possess a [[Inner nuclear membrane|membrane]]."{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} In the case of almost every tissue, our present knowledge contains information first discovered by Kölliker – it is for his work on the [[nervous system]] that his name is most remembered. As early as 1845, while still at Zurich, he supplied a clear proof that [[nerve fiber]]s are continuous with [[nerve cells]], and laying the groundwork for all later research as to the actions of the [[central nervous system]].{{sfn|Foster|1911|p=890}} From that time onward he continually laboured at the histology of the nervous system, and more especially at the difficult problems presented by the intricate patterns in which [[nerve fiber]]s and [[neuron]]s are woven together in the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]]. From his early days a master of method, he saw at a glance the value of the new [[Golgi's method|Golgi staining method]] for the investigation of the central nervous system. Kölliker contributed greatly to knowledge of the inner structure of the [[brain]].{{sfn|Foster|1911|p=890}}<ref>[https://archive.org/details/handbuchdergeweb02kl ''Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen'', t. 2, Leipzig, 1896.] (in German).</ref> In 1889, he reproduces the histological preparations of the father of neuroscience [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Ramón y Cajal]] and confirmed the theory of neuronism. ==Honors== Kölliker was ennobled by [[Prince Regent]] [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Luitpold of Bavaria]] in 1897 and thus permitted to add the predicate "[[von]]" to his surname.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} He was made a member of the learned societies of many countries; in [[England]], which he visited more than once, and where he became well known, the [[Royal Society]] made him a fellow in 1860, and in 1897 gave him its highest token of esteem, the [[Copley medal]].{{sfn|Foster|1911|p=890}} A species of lizard, ''[[Hyalosaurus koellikeri]]'', is named in his honor.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Koelliker", p. 144).</ref> {{-}} {{botanist|Koell.}} ==Heterogenesis== {{further|Saltationism}} In 1864 Kölliker revived [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]'s theory that [[evolution]] proceeds by large steps ([[saltationism]]), under the name of heterogenesis.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Sewall Wright |first=Sewall |last=Wright |year=1984 |title=Evolution and the Genetics of Populations: Genetics and Biometric Foundations |volume=1 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutiongenetic0000wrig/page/10 10] |isbn=978-0-226-91049-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutiongenetic0000wrig/page/10 }}</ref> Kölliker was a critic of [[Darwinism]] and rejected a [[universal common ancestor]], instead he supported a theory of [[common descent]] along separate lines.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mario A. |last=Di Gregorio |year=2005 |title=From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |page=303 |isbn=978-3-525-56972-6 }}</ref> According to [[Alexander Vucinich]] the non-Darwinian evolution theory of Kölliker tied "organic transformism to three general ideas, all contrary to Darwin's view: the multiple origin of living forms, the internal causes of variation, and "sudden leaps" (heterogenesis) in the evolutionary process."<ref>{{cite book |first=Alexander |last=Vucinich |year=1988 |title=Darwin in Russian Thought |publisher=University of California Press |page=137 |isbn=978-0-520-06283-2 }}</ref> Kölliker claimed that heterogenesis functioned according to a general law of evolutionary progress, [[orthogenesis]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Thomas F. Glick |first=Thomas F. |last=Glick |year=1988 |title=The Comparative Reception of Darwinism |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=99 |isbn=978-0-226-29977-8 }}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== *{{EB1911|wstitle=Kölliker, Rudolph Albert von|volume=15|pages=889–890 |first=Michael|last=Foster|authorlink=Michael Foster (physiologist)}} ==Further reading== *{{Cite journal |pmid = 4880509 |year=1968 |title=Albert von Kölliker (1817–1905) Würzburger histologist |volume=206 |issue=9 |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]] |pages=2111–2 |doi = 10.1001/jama.206.9.2111 }} * {{Cite web |year=1964 |title=The Mitochondrion |url=https://archive.org/details/mitochondrionmol0000lehn |url-access=registration |author=Albert L. Lehninger }} == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{BHL author}} * {{OL author}} * {{Internet Archive author|sopt=t}} * {{Worldcat id|lccn-n85822229}} {{Copley Medallists 1851–1900|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kolliker, Albert von}} [[Category:1817 births]] [[Category:1905 deaths]] [[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Histologists]] [[Category:History of neuroscience]] [[Category:Non-Darwinian evolution]] [[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]] [[Category:Swiss biologists]] [[Category:Swiss neuroscientists]] [[Category:Swiss zoologists]] [[Category:University of Bonn alumni]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> 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