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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات نوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات نوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_nubies" title="Llingües nubies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües nubies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_nubiek" title="Yezhoù nubiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù nubiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_nubianes" title="Llengües nubianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües nubianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitauro_ye_Chinubhia" title="Mitauro ye Chinubhia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mitauro ye Chinubhia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubische_Sprachen" title="Nubische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nubische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_nubias" title="Lenguas nubias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas nubias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia_lingvo" title="Nubia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nubia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های نوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های نوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_nubiennes" title="Langues nubiennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues nubiennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="누비아어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누비아어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan_Nubian" title="Harsunan Nubian – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harsunan Nubian" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_nubiane" title="Lingue nubiane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue nubiane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_nobiana" title="Fiteny nobiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny nobiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اللغه النوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللغه النوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ヌビア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヌビア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuubisk_spriaken" title="Nuubisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuubisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Nubiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nubiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_nubianas" title="Lengas nubianas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas nubianas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_nubijski" title="Język nubijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język nubijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нубийские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нубийские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubialaiset_kielet" title="Nubialaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nubialaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Nubiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nubiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நூபிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூபிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нубия теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нубия теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Nubia" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Nubia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Nubia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1517194#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of Eastern Sudanic languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi language</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nubia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubia language">Nubia language</a> of Papua New Guinea.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: gold;">Nubian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000–1 million (cited 1977)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Northern Eastern Sudanic languages">Northern Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Nubian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Nubian_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Nubian reconstructions">Proto-Nubian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Central</li> <li>Northern</li> <li>Western</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: gold;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nub" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nub">nub</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nubi1251">nubi1251</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nubian languages</b> are a group of related languages spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a>. Nubian languages were spoken throughout much of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, but as a result of <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> they are today mostly limited to the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley#In_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> between <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> (southern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Al_Dabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Dabbah">Al Dabbah</a>. In the 1956 Census of Sudan there were 167,831 speakers of Nubian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_27-04-2017.pdf_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_27-04-2017.pdf-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubian is not to be confused with the various <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Nuba_Mountains" title="Languages of the Nuba Mountains">Nuba languages</a> spoken in villages in the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba mountains">Nuba mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent classifications, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a>, consider that Nubian languages form a primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>. Older classifications consider Nubian to be a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan phylum</a>, a proposal that has been losing support among <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> due to a lack of supporting data. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian</a> is preserved in at least a hundred pages of documents, comprising both texts of a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> religious nature and documentary texts dealing with state and legal affairs. Old Nubian was written with a slanted <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a> variety of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a>, with the addition of characters derived from <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a>. These documents range in date from the 8th to the 15th century AD. Old Nubian is currently considered ancestral to modern Nobiin, even though it shows signs of extensive contact with <a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a>. </p><p>Another, as yet undeciphered, Nubian language has been preserved in a few inscriptions found in <a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra" title="Musawwarat es-Sufra">Musawwarat es-Sufra</a> and is assumed to have been the language of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a>. Since their publication by Adolf Ermann in 1881, they have been referred to as 'Alwan inscriptions', 'Alwan Nubian or 'Soba Nubian'. This language appears to have become extinct by the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerhards2023147_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerhards2023147-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reconstruction of Proto-Nubian has been proposed by Claude Rilly (2010: 272–273).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present-day_languages">Present-day languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Present-day languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg/220px-Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg/330px-Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg/440px-Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>A page from an <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian">Old Nubian</a> translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Archangel_Michael" title="Investiture of the Archangel Michael">Investiture of the Archangel Michael</a></i>, from the 9th–10th century, found at <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibrim" title="Qasr Ibrim">Qasr Ibrim</a>, now at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>'s name appears in red: Nubians during the period frequently used Greek personal names, often with a terminal ‑ⲓ added.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_stone_with_southern-Nubian_inscription,_Soba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Marble_stone_with_southern-Nubian_inscription%2C_Soba.jpg/220px-Marble_stone_with_southern-Nubian_inscription%2C_Soba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Marble_stone_with_southern-Nubian_inscription%2C_Soba.jpg/330px-Marble_stone_with_southern-Nubian_inscription%2C_Soba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Marble_stone_with_southern-Nubian_inscription%2C_Soba.jpg/440px-Marble_stone_with_southern-Nubian_inscription%2C_Soba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>Marble Monument found in Soba with an as yet undeciphered inscription in Alwan Nubian</figcaption></figure> <p>Rilly (2010) distinguishes the following Nubian languages, spoken by in total about 900,000 speakers: </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a></b>, is the second largest Nubian language with 545,000 speakers in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, and the Nubian diaspora. Previously known by the geographic terms Mahas and Fadicca/Fiadicca.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: Mattokki) with 865,000 speakers in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b><a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: Andaandi) with 180,000 speakers in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. They are no longer considered a single language, but closely related. The split between Kenzi and Dongolawi is dated relatively recently to around the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dongolawi is now spoken as far south as <a href="/wiki/Al_Dabbah,_Sudan" title="Al Dabbah, Sudan">ed-Debbah</a>, but as late as the 19th century could be found as far south as <a href="/wiki/Korti" title="Korti">Korti</a> and probably even further upstream.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerhards2023138–141_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerhards2023138–141-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Midob_language" title="Midob language">Midob</a></b> (Meidob) with 50,000 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is spoken primarily in and around the Malha volcanic crater in North <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Birgid_language" title="Birgid language">Birgid</a></b>, now extinct, was spoken north of <a href="/wiki/Nyala,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyala, Sudan">Nyala</a> around Menawashei, with the last known speakers alive in the 1970s. It was the predominant language between the corridor of Nyala and <a href="/wiki/Al-Fashir" title="Al-Fashir">al-Fashir</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Arab" title="Bahr al-Arab">Bahr al-Arab</a> in the south as recently as 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpaulding2006396_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaulding2006396-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill Nubian</a></b> or Kordofan Nubian, a group of closely related languages or dialects spoken in various villages in the northern <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>; in particular by the <a href="/wiki/Dilling_language" title="Dilling language">Dilling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Debri language">Debri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kadaru_language" title="Kadaru language">Kadaru</a>. An extinct language, <a href="/wiki/Haraza_language" title="Haraza language">Haraza</a>, is known only from a few dozen words recalled by village elders in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Synchronic research on the Nubian languages began in the last decades of the nineteenth century, first focusing on the Nile Nubian languages Nobiin and Kenzi-Dongolawi. Several well-known Africanists have occupied themselves with Nubian, most notably <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Lepsius</a> (1880), Reinisch (1879) and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Meinhof" title="Carl Meinhof">Meinhof</a> (1918); other early Nubian scholars include Almkvist and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%A4fer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Schäfer">Schäfer</a>. Additionally, important <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative method (linguistics)">comparative</a> work on the Nubian languages has been carried out by Thelwall, Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst in the second half of the twentieth century and Claude Rilly and George Starostin in the twenty-first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubian-tree3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nubian-tree3.png/500px-Nubian-tree3.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nubian-tree3.png/750px-Nubian-tree3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nubian-tree3.png/1000px-Nubian-tree3.png 2x" data-file-width="2947" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>Relations between the Nubian languages. Lines indicate genealogical relations, dotted lines linguistic influence; asterisks (*) mark languages unattested in writing, daggers (†) mark dead languages.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, the Nubian languages are divided into three branches: Northern (Nile), Western (Darfur), and Central. <i>Ethnologue's</i> classifies the Nubian languages as follows:.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Nubian <ul><li>Northern (Nile) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western (Darfur) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midob_language" title="Midob language">Midob</a></li></ul></li> <li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgid_language" title="Birgid language">Birgid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill (Kordofan)</a> <ul><li>Kadaru-Ghulfan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghulfan_language" title="Ghulfan language">Ghulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadaru_language" title="Kadaru language">Kadaru</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unclassified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dair_language" title="Dair language">Dair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilling_language" title="Dilling language">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hugeirat_language" title="El Hugeirat language">El Hugeirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karko_language_(Sudan)" title="Karko language (Sudan)">Karko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Sudan)" title="Wali language (Sudan)">Wali</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> groups all non-Northern Nubian branches in a single group named West-Central Nubian. Additionally, within Hill Nubian, Glottolog places Dair in the same branch as Kadaru.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relation between Dongolawi and Nobiin remains a matter of debate within Nubian Studies. Ethnologue's classification is based on glotto-chronological research of Thelwall (1982) and Bechhaus-Gerst (1996), which considers Nobiin the earliest branching from Proto-Nubian. They attribute the current syntactical and phonological proximity between Nobiin and Dongolawi to extensive language contact. Arguing that there is no archeological evidence for a separate migration to the Nile of Dongolawi speakers, Rilly (2010) provides evidence that the difference in vocabulary between Nobiin and Dongolawi is mainly due to a pre-Nubian substrate underneath Nobiin, which he relates to the <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic</a>. Approaching the inherited proto-Nubian vocabulary in all Nubian languages systematically through a comparative linguistic approach, Rilly arrives at the following classification:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Nubian <ul><li>Nile Nubian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenzi-Dongolawi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western Nubian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birgid_language" title="Birgid language">Birgid</a></li> <li>Midob-Kordofan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midob_language" title="Midob language">Midob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Kordofan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three currently active proposals for a Nubian alphabet: based on the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek script</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language#Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian alphabet</a>. In the publication of various books of proverbs, dictionaries, and textbooks since the 1950s, Latin has been used by four authors, Arabic by two authors, and Old Nubian by three authors. For Arabic, the extended <a href="/wiki/ISESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISESCO">ISESCO</a> system may be used to indicate vowels and consonants not found in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> itself. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Character_(symbol)" title="Character (symbol)">Character</a> </th> <td><big><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style><span class="script-coptic">ⲁ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲃ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲅ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲇ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲉ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲍ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲏ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲑ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲓ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲓ̈</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲕ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲗ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲙ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲛ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲟ</span></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romanized </th> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">a</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">b</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">g</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">d</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">e</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">z</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">ē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">th</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">i</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">ï</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">k</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">l</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">m</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">n</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">o</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabized </th> <td><big><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"></span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"></span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"></span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ك</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">Phonetic value</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a, aː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e, eː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə, əː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Character_(symbol)" title="Character (symbol)">Character</a> </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲡ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲣ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲥ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲧ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲩ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲫ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲱ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ϣ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ϩ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⳝ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲇⳝ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲧⳝ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⳟ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⳡ</span></big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⳣ</span></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romanized </th> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">p</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">r</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">s</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">t</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">u</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">f</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">ō</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">š</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">h</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">c</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">j</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">ç</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">ŋ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">ñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Nobiin-language romanization"><i lang="fia-Latn">w</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabized </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پ</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ف</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ه</span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"></span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"></span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"></span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"></span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"></span>‎</big></td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">Phonetic value</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ç/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟʝ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/cç/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/25px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/38px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/51px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Nubian_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Nubian reconstructions">List of Proto-Nubian reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Nubian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Fnubian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kord1246">"Glottolog 3.0 – Kordofan Nubian"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+3.0+%E2%80%93+Kordofan+Nubian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fkord1246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRilly2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rilly, Claude (2010). <i>Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique</i> (in French). Peeters. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2237-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2237-2"><bdi>978-90-429-2237-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+m%C3%A9ro%C3%AFtique+et+sa+famille+linguistique&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-429-2237-2&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Abdel-Hafiz, A. (1988). <i>A Reference Grammar of Kunuz Nubian.</i> PhD Thesis, SUNY, Buffalo, NY.</li> <li>Adams, W. Y. (1982). "The coming of Nubian speakers to the Nile Valley", in <i>The Archeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History.</i> Edited by C. Ehret & M. Posnansky. Berkeley / Los Angeles, 11–38.</li> <li>Armbruster, Charles Hubert (1960). <i>Dongolese Nubian: A Grammar</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Armbruster, Charles Hubert (1965). <i>Dongolese Nubian: A Lexicon</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Asmaa M. I. Ahmed, "Suggestions for Writing Modern Nubian Languages", and Muhammad J. A. Hashim, "Competing Orthographies for Writing Nobiin Nubian", in <i>Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages No.9</i>, <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a>/Sudan, Entebbe, 2004.</li> <li>Ayoub, A. (1968). <i>The Verbal System in a Dialect of Nubian.</i> Khartoum: University of Khartoum.</li> <li>Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne (1989). "Nile-Nubian Reconsidered", in <i>Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics</i>. Edited by M. Lionel Bender. Hamburg: Heinrich Buske.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechhaus-Gerst1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne (1996). <i>Sprachwandel durch Sprachkontakt am Beispiel des Nubischen im Niltal</i> (in German). Cologne: Köppe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927620-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-927620-26-2"><bdi>3-927620-26-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprachwandel+durch+Sprachkontakt+am+Beispiel+des+Nubischen+im+Niltal&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=K%C3%B6ppe&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-927620-26-2&rft.aulast=Bechhaus-Gerst&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne (2011). <i>The (Hi)story of Nobiin: 1000 Years of Language Change.</i> Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</li> <li>Erman, Adolf (1881). "Die Aloa-Inschriften." <i>Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 19, no. 4.</i> 112–15.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhards2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerhards, Gabriel (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/110748602/Pr%C3%A4arabische_Sprachen_der_Ja_aliyin_und_Ababde_in_der_europ%C3%A4ischen_Literatur_des_19_Jahrhunderts">"Präarabische Sprachen der Ja'aliyin und Ababde in der europäischen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts"</a>. <i>Der Antike Sudan</i> (in German). <b>34</b>. Sudanarchäologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V: 135–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Antike+Sudan&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A4arabische+Sprachen+der+Ja%E2%80%98aliyin+und+Ababde+in+der+europ%C3%A4ischen+Literatur+des+19.+Jahrhunderts&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=135-152&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Gerhards&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F110748602%2FPr%25C3%25A4arabische_Sprachen_der_Ja_aliyin_und_Ababde_in_der_europ%25C3%25A4ischen_Literatur_des_19_Jahrhunderts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jakobi, Angelika & Tanja Kümmerle (1993). <i>The Nubian Languages: An Annotated Bibliography.</i> Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</li> <li>Khalil, Mokhtar (1996). <i>Wörterbuch der nubischen Sprache.</i> Warsaw: Nubica.</li> <li>Rilly, Claude (2010). <i>Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique.</i> Leuven: Peeters.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaulding1990" class="citation journal cs1">Spaulding, Jay (1990). "The Old Shaiqi Language in Historical Perspective". <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>17</b>. Cambridge University: 283–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3171817">10.2307/3171817</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171817">3171817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153767706">153767706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Old+Shaiqi+Language+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=283-292&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153767706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3171817&rft.aulast=Spaulding&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaulding2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spaulding, Jay (2006). "Pastoralism, Slavery, Commerce, Culture and the Fate of the Nubians of Northern and Central Kordofan Under Dar Fur Rule, ca. 1750-ca. 1850". <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (3). Boston University African Studies Center. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-7882">0361-7882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Pastoralism%2C+Slavery%2C+Commerce%2C+Culture+and+the+Fate+of+the+Nubians+of+Northern+and+Central+Kordofan+Under+Dar+Fur+Rule%2C+ca.+1750-ca.+1850&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0361-7882&rft.aulast=Spaulding&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Starostin, George (2011). <i>Explaining a Lexicostatistical Anomaly for Nubian Languages</i> (lecture) May 25, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/839576/Explaining_a_Lexicostatistical_Anomaly_for_Nubian_languages">Online version.</a></li> <li>Thelwall, Robin (1982). "Linguistic Aspects of Greater Nubian History", in <i>The Archeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History.</i> Edited by C. Ehret & M. Posnansky. Berkeley/Los Angeles, 39–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403072826/http://thenubian.net/aspect.php">Online version.</a></li> <li>Werner, Roland (1987). Grammatik des Nobiin (Nilnubisch). Hamburg: Helmut Buske.</li> <li>Werner, Roland (1993). Tìdn-Àal: A Study of Midoob (Darfur Nubian). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/new100/nub.pdf">Swadesh List comparing basic words of the Nubian languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Nubian">Panafrican localization page on Nubian</a> (summaries of information, links)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeroblue2.tripod.com/lango.htm">Nubian alphabet examples</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dar.aucegypt.edu/bitstream/handle/10526/3812/Final%20chronciled%20THESIS%2009-12-2013.pdf?sequence=1">The Lucky Bilingual: Ethnography of Factors Influencing Code-switching Among the Nubian Community in Southern Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117162900/http://dar.aucegypt.edu/bitstream/handle/10526/3812/Final%20chronciled%20THESIS%2009-12-2013.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 2021-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Music video by Sudanese women's group <a href="/wiki/Al_Balabil_(musical_group)" title="Al Balabil (musical group)">Al Balabil</a>, featuring the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WknfIVt2_d4">Nubian song "The Boat Set Sail" ("بابور كسونا")</a> with English translation</li> <li>Music video featuring Nubian musician <a href="/wiki/Hamza_El_Din" title="Hamza El Din">Hamza El Din</a>'s song <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuBe8Xjud6E&list=OLAK5uy_m6TNZvvidxOKIoALsdTaTdK79fK-Ku_fM">Helalisa</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Sudanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan language family</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Northern_k_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Northern Eastern Sudanic languages">Northern <i>k</i> languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nubian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birgid_language" title="Birgid language">Birgid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midob_language" title="Midob language">Midob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill Nubian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dair_language" title="Dair language">Dair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilling_language" title="Dilling language">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hugeirat_language" title="El Hugeirat language">El Hugeirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulfan_language" title="Ghulfan language">Ghulfan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haraza_language" title="Haraza language">Haraza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadaru_language" title="Kadaru language">Kadaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karko_language_(Sudan)" title="Karko language (Sudan)">Karko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Sudan)" title="Wali language (Sudan)">Wali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Nara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nyima_languages" title="Nyima languages">Nyima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afitti_language" title="Afitti language">Afitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyimang_language" title="Nyimang language">Nyimang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Taman_languages" title="Taman languages">Taman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mararit_language" title="Mararit language">Mararit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miisiirii_language" title="Miisiirii language">Miisiirii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungor_language" title="Sungor language">Sungor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_language" title="Tama language">Tama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Southern_n_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Southern Eastern Sudanic languages">Southern <i>n</i> languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Surmic_languages" title="Surmic languages">Surmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majang_language" title="Majang language">Majang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_language" title="Kwegu language">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%CA%BCen_language" title="Meʼen language">Meʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_language" title="Mursi language">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri_language" title="Suri language">Suri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baale_language" title="Baale language">Baale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didinga_language" title="Didinga language">Didinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_language" title="Murle language">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laarim_language" title="Laarim language">Laarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennet_language" title="Tennet language">Tennet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jebel_languages" title="Eastern Jebel languages">Eastern Jebel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaam_language" title="Gaam language">Gaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelo_language" title="Kelo language">Kelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molo_language" title="Molo language">Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillok_language" title="Sillok language">Sillok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Temein_languages" title="Temein languages">Temein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiga_Jirru_language" title="Keiga Jirru language">Keiga Jirru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temein_language" title="Temein language">Temein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tese_language" title="Tese language">Tese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Daju_languages" title="Daju languages">Daju</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logorik_language" title="Logorik language">Logorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_language" title="Shatt language">Shatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beigo_language" title="Beigo language">Beigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_Mongo_language" title="Daju Mongo language">Daju Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyolge_language" title="Nyolge language">Nyolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyala_language_(Sudan)" title="Nyala language (Sudan)">Nyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sila_language_(Chad)" title="Sila language (Chad)">Sila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large group listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nilotic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic languages</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nilotic_languages" title="Eastern Nilotic languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_dialect" title="Kuku dialect">Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandari_dialect" title="Mandari dialect">Mandari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teso%E2%80%93Turkana_languages" title="Teso–Turkana languages">Teso–Turkana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamojong_language" title="Karamojong language">Karamojong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_language" title="Teso language">Teso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toposa_language" title="Toposa language">Toposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_language" title="Nyangatom language">Nyangatom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lotuko</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongotono_language" title="Dongotono language">Dongotono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(South_Sudan)" title="Lango language (South Sudan)">Lango (South Sudan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokoya_language" title="Lokoya language">Lokoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopit_language" title="Lopit language">Lopit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuho_language" title="Otuho language">Otuho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maa_languages" title="Maa languages">Ongamo–Maa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngasa_language" title="Ngasa language">Ngasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilchamus_people#Language" title="Ilchamus people">Camus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Nilotic_languages" title="Western Nilotic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dinka–Nuer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_language" title="Reel language">Reel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Bor_language" title="Belanda Bor language">Belanda Bor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_language" title="Jur language">Jur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ri_language" title="Päri language">Päri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuri_language" title="Thuri language">Thuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Luo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luo language">Southern Luo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_dialect" title="Acholi dialect">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhola_dialect" title="Adhola dialect">Adhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Dholuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumam_dialect" title="Kumam dialect">Kumam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(Uganda)" title="Lango language (Uganda)">Lango (Uganda)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burun_languages" title="Burun languages">Burun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burun_language" title="Burun language">Northern Burun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Burun_language" title="Southern Burun language">Southern Burun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nilotic_languages" title="Southern Nilotic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_languages" title="Kalenjin languages">Kalenjin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elgon_languages" title="Elgon languages">Elgon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kupsabiny_language" title="Kupsabiny language">Kupsabiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaot_language" title="Sabaot language">Sabaot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nandi%E2%80%93Markweta_languages" title="Nandi–Markweta languages">Nandi–Markweta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiyo_language" title="Keiyo language">Keiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_language" title="Kipsigis language">Kipsigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markwet_language" title="Markwet language">Markwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naandi_language" title="Naandi language">Naandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terik_language" title="Terik language">Terik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugen_language" title="Tugen language">Tugen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Okiek–Mosiro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pökoot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Omotik–Datooga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nilo-Saharan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nilo-Saharan_branches" title="Template:Nilo-Saharan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nilo-Saharan_branches" title="Template talk:Nilo-Saharan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nilo-Saharan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nilo-Saharan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nilo-Saharan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><br />border region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berta_languages" title="Berta languages">Berta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCaga_languages" title="Bʼaga languages">Bʼaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koman_languages" title="Koman languages">Koman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuliak_languages" title="Kuliak languages">Kuliak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunama_languages" title="Kunama languages">Kunama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur_languages" title="Fur languages">Furan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maban_languages" title="Maban languages">Maban</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saharan_languages" title="Saharan languages">Saharan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birri_language" title="Birri language">Birri</a></i> ?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bongo%E2%80%93Bagirmi_languages" title="Bongo–Bagirmi languages">Bongo–Bagirmi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresh_languages" title="Kresh languages">Kresh</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenduic_languages" title="Lenduic languages">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_languages" title="Mangbetu languages">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu%E2%80%93Lese_languages" title="Mangbutu–Lese languages">Mangbutu–Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moru%E2%80%93Madi_languages" title="Moru–Madi languages">Moru–Madi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinyar_language" title="Sinyar language">Sinyar</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daju_languages" title="Daju languages">Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jebel_languages" title="Eastern Jebel languages">Eastern Jebel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Surmic_languages" title="Surmic languages">Surmic</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Astaboran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Astaboran languages">Astaboran</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyimang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyimang languages">Nyimang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_languages" title="Taman languages">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temein_languages" title="Temein languages">Temein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517194#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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