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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Percent-encoding_in_a_URI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percent-encoding_in_a_URI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Percent-encoding in a URI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percent-encoding_in_a_URI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_URI_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_URI_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Types of URI characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_URI_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reserved_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserved_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reserved characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserved_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unreserved_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unreserved_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Unreserved characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unreserved_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Percent_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percent_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Percent character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percent_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbitrary_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitrary_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Arbitrary data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitrary_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Binary data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.2</span> <span>Character data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Current standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-standard_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-standard_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Non-standard implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-standard_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_application/x-www-form-urlencoded_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_application/x-www-form-urlencoded_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The application/x-www-form-urlencoded type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_application/x-www-form-urlencoded_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Percent-encoding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ترميز النسبة المئوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترميز النسبة المئوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL-Encoding" title="URL-Encoding – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="URL-Encoding" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_k%C3%B3dov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="URL kódování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="URL kódování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL-Encoding" title="URL-Encoding – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="URL-Encoding" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_porciento" title="Código porciento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código porciento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کدبندی درصدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کدبندی درصدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encodage-pourcent" title="Encodage-pourcent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encodage-pourcent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8D%BC%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9D%B8%EC%BD%94%EB%94%A9" title="퍼센트 인코딩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퍼센트 인코딩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codifica_degli_URL" title="Codifica degli URL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Codifica degli URL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_URL" title="קידוד URL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קידוד URL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL-k%C3%B3dol%C3%A1s" title="URL-kódolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="URL-kódolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="パーセントエンコーディング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーセントエンコーディング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodowanie_procentowe" title="Kodowanie procentowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kodowanie procentowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_cento" title="Codificação por cento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Codificação por cento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent-encoding" title="Percent-encoding – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Percent-encoding" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Відсоткове кодування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відсоткове кодування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E5%8F%B7%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81" title="百分号编码 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="百分号编码" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<b>percent-encoding</b>, is a method to <a href="/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding" title="Binary-to-text encoding">encode</a> arbitrary data in a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource identifier">uniform resource identifier</a> (URI) using only the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">US-ASCII</a> characters legal within a URI. Although it is known as <i>URL encoding</i>, it is also used more generally within the main <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> (URI) set, which includes both <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URL) and <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">Uniform Resource Name</a> (URN). Consequently, it is also used in the preparation of data of the <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> <a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">media type</a>, as is often used in the submission of HTML <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">form</a> data in <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> requests. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percent-encoding_in_a_URI">Percent-encoding in a URI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Percent-encoding in a URI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_URI_characters">Types of URI characters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of URI characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The characters allowed in a URI are either <i>reserved</i> or <i>unreserved</i> (or a <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent character</a> as part of a percent-encoding). <i>Reserved</i> characters are those characters that sometimes have special meaning. For example, <a href="/wiki/Forward_slash" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward slash">forward slash</a> characters are used to separate different parts of a URL (or, more generally, a URI). <i>Unreserved</i> characters have no such meanings. Using percent-encoding, reserved characters are represented using special character sequences. The sets of reserved and unreserved characters and the circumstances under which certain reserved characters have special meaning have changed slightly with each revision of specifications that govern URIs and URI schemes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>RFC 3986 section 2.2 <i>Reserved Characters</i> (January 2005) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">!</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">#</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">&</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe_(mark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostrophe (mark)">'</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenthesis">(</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenthesis">)</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">*</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">+</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Equal_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal sign">=</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">@</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Square bracket">[</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Square bracket">]</a></code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>RFC 3986 section 2.3 <i>Unreserved Characters</i> (January 2005) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><code><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code><a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)">0</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)">1</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)">2</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)">3</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)">4</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)">5</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)">6</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)">7</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)">8</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)">9</a></code> </td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">-</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">.</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">_</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">~</a></code></td> <td colspan="13"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other characters in a URI must be percent-encoded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserved_characters">Reserved characters<span class="anchor" id="Percent-encoding_reserved_characters"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reserved characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a character from the reserved set (a "reserved character") has a special meaning (a "reserved purpose") in a certain context, and a URI scheme says that it is necessary to use that character for some <i>other</i> purpose, then the character must be <i>percent-encoded</i>. Percent-encoding a reserved character involves converting the character to its corresponding byte value in <a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a> and then representing that value as a pair of <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> digits (if there is a single hex digit, a <a href="/wiki/Leading_zero" title="Leading zero">leading zero</a> is added). The digits, preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a> (<code>%</code>) as an <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape character</a>, are then used in the URI in place of the reserved character. (A non-ASCII character is typically converted to its byte sequence in <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, and then each byte value is represented as above.) </p><p>The reserved character <code>/</code>, for example, if used in the "path" component of a <a href="/wiki/URI" class="mw-redirect" title="URI">URI</a>, has the special meaning of being a <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)#Networking" title="Slash (punctuation)">delimiter</a> <i>between</i> path segments. If, according to a given URI scheme, <code>/</code> needs to be <i>in</i> a path segment, then the three characters <code>%2F</code> or <code>%2f</code> must be used in the segment instead of a raw <code>/</code>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reserved characters after percent-encoding </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">!</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">#</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">&</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe_(mark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostrophe (mark)">'</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenthesis">(</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenthesis">)</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">*</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">+</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Equal_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal sign">=</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">@</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Square bracket">[</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Square bracket">]</a></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>%21</code></td> <td><code>%23</code></td> <td><code>%24</code></td> <td><code>%26</code></td> <td><code>%27</code></td> <td><code>%28</code></td> <td><code>%29</code></td> <td><code>%2A</code></td> <td><code>%2B</code></td> <td><code>%2C</code></td> <td><code>%2F</code></td> <td><code>%3A</code></td> <td><code>%3B</code></td> <td><code>%3D</code></td> <td><code>%3F</code></td> <td><code>%40</code></td> <td><code>%5B</code></td> <td><code>%5D</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Reserved characters that have no reserved purpose in a particular context may also be percent-encoded but are not semantically different from those that are not. </p><p>In the "<a href="/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">query</a>" component of a URI (the part after a <code>?</code> character), for example, <code>/</code> is still considered a reserved character but it normally has no reserved purpose, unless a particular URI scheme says otherwise. The character does not need to be percent-encoded when it has no reserved purpose. </p><p>URIs that differ only by whether a reserved character is percent-encoded or appears literally are normally considered not equivalent (denoting the same resource) unless it can be determined that the reserved characters in question have no reserved purpose. This determination is dependent upon the rules established for reserved characters by individual URI schemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unreserved_characters">Unreserved characters<span class="anchor" id="Percent-encoding_unreserved_characters"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unreserved characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Characters from the unreserved set never need to be percent-encoded. </p><p>URIs that differ only by whether an unreserved character is percent-encoded or appears literally are equivalent by definition, but URI processors, in practice, may not always recognize this equivalence. For example, URI consumers <i>should not</i> treat <code>%41</code> differently from <code>A</code> or <code>%7E</code> differently from <code>~</code>, but some do. For maximal interoperability, URI producers are discouraged from percent-encoding unreserved characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Percent_character">Percent character<span class="anchor" id="Percent-encoding_the_percent_character"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Percent character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the percent character ( <code>%</code> ) serves to indicate percent-encoded octets, it must itself be percent-encoded as <code>%25</code> to be used as data within a URI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arbitrary_data">Arbitrary data<span class="anchor" id="Percent-encoding_arbitrary_data"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arbitrary data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most URI schemes involve the representation of arbitrary data, such as an <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> or <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> path, as components of a URI. URI scheme specifications should, but often do not, provide an explicit mapping between URI characters and all possible data values being represented by those characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Binary_data">Binary data</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Binary data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the publication of RFC 1738 in 1994 it has been specified that schemes that provide for the representation of <a href="/wiki/Binary_data" title="Binary data">binary data</a> in a URI must divide the data into 8-bit bytes and percent-encode each byte in the same manner as above.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byte value 0x0F, for example, should be represented by <code>%0F</code>, but byte value 0x41 can be represented by <code>A</code>, or <code>%41</code>. The use of unencoded characters for alphanumeric and other unreserved characters is typically preferred, as it results in shorter URLs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Character_data">Character data</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Character data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The procedure for percent-encoding binary data has often been extrapolated, sometimes inappropriately or without being fully specified, to apply to character-based data. In the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>'s formative years, when dealing with data characters in the ASCII repertoire and using their corresponding bytes in ASCII as the basis for determining percent-encoded sequences, this practice was relatively harmless; it was just assumed that characters and bytes mapped one-to-one and were interchangeable. The need to represent characters outside the ASCII range, however, grew quickly, and URI schemes and protocols often failed to provide standard rules for preparing character data for inclusion in a URI. Web applications consequently began using different multi-byte, <a href="/wiki/State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">stateful</a>, and other non-ASCII-compatible encodings as the basis for percent-encoding, leading to ambiguities and difficulty interpreting URIs reliably. </p><p>For example, many URI schemes and protocols based on RFCs 1738 and 2396 presume that the data characters will be converted to bytes according to some unspecified <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> before being represented in a URI by unreserved characters or percent-encoded bytes. If the scheme does not allow the URI to provide a hint as to what encoding was used, or if the encoding conflicts with the use of ASCII to percent-encode reserved and unreserved characters, then the URI cannot be reliably interpreted. Some schemes fail to account for encoding at all and instead just suggest that data characters map directly to URI characters, which leaves it up to implementations to decide whether and how to percent-encode data characters that are in neither the reserved nor unreserved sets. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common characters after percent-encoding (ASCII or UTF-8 based) </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">␣</a></code> </td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Double_quote" class="mw-redirect" title="Double quote">"</a></code> </td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">%</a></code> </td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">-</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">.</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Angle_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle bracket"><</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Angle_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle bracket">></a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Back_slash" class="mw-redirect" title="Back slash">\</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">^</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">_</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">`</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket">{</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">|</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket">}</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">~</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a></code></td> <td><code><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="€">€</a></code> </td></tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><code>%20</code> </td> <td><code>%22</code> </td> <td><code>%25</code> </td> <td><code>%2D</code></td> <td><code>%2E</code></td> <td><code>%3C</code></td> <td><code>%3E</code></td> <td><code>%5C</code></td> <td><code>%5E</code></td> <td><code>%5F</code></td> <td><code>%60</code></td> <td><code>%7B</code></td> <td><code>%7C</code></td> <td><code>%7D</code></td> <td><code>%7E</code></td> <td><code>%C2%A3</code></td> <td><code>%E2%82%AC</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Arbitrary character data is sometimes percent-encoded and used in non-URI situations, such as for password-obfuscation programs or other system-specific translation protocols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_standard">Current standard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">Internationalized Resource Identifier</a></div> <p>The generic URI syntax recommends that new URI schemes that provide for the representation of character data in a URI should, in effect, represent characters from the unreserved set without translation and should convert all other characters to bytes according to <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, and then percent-encode those values. This suggestion was introduced in January 2005 with the publication of RFC 3986. URI schemes introduced before this date are not affected. </p><p>Not addressed by the current specification is what to do with encoded character data. For example, in computers, character data manifests in encoded form, at some level, and thus could be treated as either binary or character data when being mapped to URI characters. Presumably, it is up to the URI scheme specifications to account for this possibility and require one or the other, but in practice, few, if any, actually do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-standard_implementations">Non-standard implementations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-standard implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exists a non-standard encoding for Unicode characters: <code>%u<i>xxxx</i></code>, where <i>xxxx</i> is a <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> code unit represented as four hexadecimal digits. This behavior is not specified by any RFC and has been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/International/iri-edit/draft-duerst-iri.html">rejected</a> by the W3C. The 13th edition of <a href="/wiki/ECMA-262" class="mw-redirect" title="ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a> still includes an <code>escape</code> function that uses this syntax, which applies <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding to a string, then percent-escapes the resulting bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_application/x-www-form-urlencoded_type"><span id="The_application.2Fx-www-form-urlencoded_type"></span>The application/x-www-form-urlencoded type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The application/x-www-form-urlencoded type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When data that has been entered into HTML <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">forms</a> is submitted, the form field names and values are encoded and sent to the server in an HTTP request message using method <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">GET</a> or <a href="/wiki/POST_(HTTP)" title="POST (HTTP)">POST</a>, or, historically, via <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encoding used by default is based on an early version of the general URI percent-encoding rules,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a number of modifications such as <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newline</a> normalization and replacing spaces with <code>+</code> instead of <code>%20</code>. The <a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">media type</a> of data encoded this way is <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code>, and it is currently defined in the HTML and <a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a> specifications. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> specification contains rules for how web servers decode data of this type and make it available to applications. </p><p>When HTML form data is sent in an HTTP GET request, it is included in the <a href="/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">query component</a> of the request URI using the same syntax described above. When sent in an HTTP <a href="/wiki/POST_(HTTP)" title="POST (HTTP)">POST</a> request or via email, the data is placed in the body of the message, and <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> is included in the message's Content-Type header. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/40px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/60px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/80px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikifunctions" title="Wikifunctions">Wikifunctions</a> has <b><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z10761" class="extiw" title="f:Z10761">a URI percent encode function</a></b>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/40px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/60px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wikifunctions-logo.svg/80px-Wikifunctions-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikifunctions" title="Wikifunctions">Wikifunctions</a> has <b><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z10774" class="extiw" title="f:Z10774">a URI percent decode function</a></b>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">Internationalized Resource Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding" title="Binary-to-text encoding">Binary-to-text encoding</a> for a comparison of various encoding algorithms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellcode" title="Shellcode">Shellcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RFC 1738 §2.2; RFC 2396 §2.4; RFC 3986 §1.2.1, 2.1, 2.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/index.html">"ECMAScript 2017 Language Specification (ECMA-262, 8th edition, June 2017)"</a>. Ecma International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702045054/http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECMAScript+2017+Language+Specification+%28ECMA-262%2C+8th+edition%2C+June+2017%29&rft.pub=Ecma+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fecma-262%2F8.0%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercent-encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">User-agent support for email based <a href="/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a> form submission, using a 'mailto' <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> as the form action, was proposed in RFC 1867 section 5.6, during the HTML 3.2 era. Various web browsers implemented it by invoking a separate email program or using their own rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a> capabilities. Although sometimes unreliable, it was briefly popular as a simple way to transmit form data without involving a web server or <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> scripts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee1994" class="citation journal cs1">Berners-Lee, T. (June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1630">"RFC 1630"</a>. <i>IETF Tools</i>. IETF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621035940/https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1630">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IETF+Tools&rft.atitle=RFC+1630&rft.date=1994-06&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc1630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercent-encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following specifications all discuss and define reserved characters, unreserved characters, and percent-encoding, in some form or other: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a> / <a href="/wiki/Internet_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet standard">STD</a> 66 (plus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=3986">errata</a>), the current generic URI syntax specification.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a> (obsolete, plus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=2396&rec_status=15&presentation=records">errata</a>) and RFC 2732 (plus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=2732&rec_status=15&presentation=records">errata</a>) together comprised the previous version of the generic URI syntax specification.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a> (mostly obsolete) and RFC 1808 (obsolete), which define <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URLs</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1630">1630</a> (obsolete), the first generic URI syntax specification.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/Addressing/">W3C Guidelines on Naming and Addressing: URIs, URLs, ...</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/International/O-URL-code.html">W3C explanation of UTF-8 in URIs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#h-17.13.4.1">W3C HTML form content types</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&oldid=1254825813">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percent-encoding&oldid=1254825813</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:URI_schemes" title="Category:URI schemes">URI schemes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_Standards" title="Category:Internet Standards">Internet Standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Binary-to-text_encoding_formats" title="Category:Binary-to-text encoding formats">Binary-to-text encoding formats</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 21:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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