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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Caesar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Co-augustus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_as_senior_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_as_senior_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reign as senior emperor </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign_as_senior_emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign as senior emperor subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_as_senior_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geta_as_co-augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geta_as_co-augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geta as co-augustus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geta_as_co-augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geta's_murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geta's_murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Geta's murder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geta's_murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_as_sole_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_as_sole_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reign as sole emperor </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign_as_sole_emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign as sole emperor subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_as_sole_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutio_Antoniniana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutio_Antoniniana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Constitutio Antoniniana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutio_Antoniniana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alamannic_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alamannic_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Alamannic war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alamannic_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Provincial tour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Baths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracalla_and_Serapis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracalla_and_Serapis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Caracalla and Serapis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracalla_and_Serapis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monetary_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Monetary policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monetary_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Military policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Parthian war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Portraiture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Damnatio_memoriae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damnatio_memoriae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Damnatio memoriae </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damnatio_memoriae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Classical portrayal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Medieval legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighteenth-century_artworks_and_the_French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteenth-century_artworks_and_the_French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Eighteenth-century artworks and the French Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteenth-century_artworks_and_the_French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Modern portrayal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severan_dynasty_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severan_dynasty_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Severan dynasty family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severan_dynasty_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Caracalla</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="قرقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کاراکالا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каракала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каракала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal%C2%B7la" title="Caracal·la – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caracal·la" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Καρακάλλας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρακάλλας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalo" title="Karakalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karakalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کاراکالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="카라칼라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라칼라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Կարակալլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարակալլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קרקלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרקלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კარაკალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარაკალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракалла – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каракалла" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Caracalla római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Caracalla római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каракала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2" title="കാരകാല്ല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാരകാല്ല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कॅराकॅला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅराकॅला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კარაკალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარაკალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7" title="كاراكلا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاراكلا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракалла – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Каракалла" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9" title="カラカラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラカラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracala" title="Caracala – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Caracala" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracala" title="Caracala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caracala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракалла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каракалла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کاراکالا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каракала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="จักรพรรดิการากัลลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิการากัลลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракалла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каракалла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کاراکالا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="卡拉卡拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡拉卡拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="卡拉卡拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡拉卡拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="卡拉卡拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡拉卡拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For the felid species, see <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal</a>. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Caracalla_(horse)" title="Caracalla (horse)">Caracalla (horse)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Caracalla</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG/220px-0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG/330px-0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG/440px-0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust of Caracalla, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a>, 212–215 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 198 – 8 April 217 (senior from 4 February 211)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-rulers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (198–211)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> (209–211)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Lucius Septimius Bassianus 4 April 188 <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 April 217 (aged 29) On the road between <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrhae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrhae">Carrhae</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Marcus Aurelius Antoninus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2012495-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#ffffff; background:#b80049;text-align:center;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3455" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Severan_Tondo" title="Severan Tondo">Severan Tondo</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></div> <div style="float:right;">193–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;">with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caracalla</a></div> <div style="float:right;">198–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;">with <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></div> <div style="float:right;">209–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caracalla</a></div> <div style="float:right;">211–217</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></div> <div style="float:right;">211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>' usurpation</div> <div style="float:right;">217–218</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;">with <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></div> <div style="float:right;">218</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></div> <div style="float:right;">218–222</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></div> <div style="float:right;">222–235</div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Dynasty</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Severan dynasty family tree">Severan dynasty family tree</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Severan_dynasty" title="Category:Severan dynasty">All biographies</a> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a></td> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Followed by <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Severan_dynasty" title="Template:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Severan_dynasty" title="Template talk:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Severan_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkærəˈkælə/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 198 to 217 AD, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father and then ruling alone after 211 AD. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>, the elder son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and Empress <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>. Severus proclaimed Caracalla co-ruler in 198, doing the same with his other son <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> in 209. The two brothers briefly shared power after their father's death in 211, but Caracalla soon had Geta murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and became sole ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Julia Domna had a significant share in governance, since Caracalla found administration to be mundane. His reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. Caracalla issued the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine Constitution">Antonine Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Constitutio Antoniniana), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to all <a href="/wiki/Peregrinus_(Roman)" title="Peregrinus (Roman)">free men</a> throughout the Roman Empire. The edict gave all the enfranchised men Caracalla's adopted <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">nomen</a>: "Marcus Aurelius". Other landmarks of his reign were the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a>, the second-largest bathing complex in the history of Rome, the introduction of a new Roman currency named the <a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">antoninianus</a>, a sort of double <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a>, and the massacres he ordered, both in Rome and elsewhere in the empire. In 216, Caracalla began <a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">a campaign against the Parthian Empire</a>. He did not see this campaign through to completion due to his assassination by a disaffected soldier in 217. <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> succeeded him as emperor three days later. The ancient sources portray Caracalla as a cruel tyrant; his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 155 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 235) and <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 170 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240) present him as a soldier first and an emperor second. In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> started the legend of Caracalla's role as king of Britain. Later, in the 18th century, the works of French painters revived images of Caracalla due to apparent parallels between Caracalla's tyranny and that ascribed to king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1774–1792). Modern works continue to portray Caracalla as an evil ruler, painting him as one of the most tyrannical of all Roman emperors. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> Caracalla's name at birth was Lucius <a href="/wiki/Septimia_gens" title="Septimia gens">Septimius</a> Bassianus. He was renamed Marcus Aurelius Antoninus at the age of seven as part of his father's attempt at union with the families of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36-1">[1]</a> According to the 4th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> in his Epitome de Caesaribus, he became known by the <a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">agnomen</a> "Caracalla" after a <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> hooded tunic that he habitually wore and made fashionable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6">[6]</a> He may have begun wearing it during his campaigns on the Rhine and Danube.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, who was still writing his Historia romana during Caracalla's reign,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> generally referred to him as "Tarautas", after a famously diminutive and violent <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> of the time, though he also calls him "Caracallus" on various occasions.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Caracalla_(Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/240px-Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/360px-Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/480px-Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Young Caracalla; <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></figcaption></figure> Caracalla was born in <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France), on 4 April 188 to <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193–211) and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>, thus giving him <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Punic</a> paternal ancestry and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> maternal ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He had a slightly younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a>, with whom Caracalla briefly ruled as co-emperor.<a href="#cite_note-:20-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011399-11">[11]</a> Caracalla was five years old when his father was acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a> on 9 April 193.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caesar">Caesar</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/170px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/255px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/340px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2409" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, Caracalla's father (<a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg/190px-Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg/285px-Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg/380px-Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2950" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Septimius Geta</a>, Caracalla's brother (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> In early 195, Caracalla's father Septimius Severus had himself adopted posthumously by the deified emperor (<a href="/wiki/Divus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus">divus</a>) <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180); accordingly, in 195 or 196 Caracalla was given the imperial rank of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>, adopting the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar, and was named imperator destinatus (or designatus) in 197, possibly on his birthday, 4 April, and certainly before 7 May.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> He thus technically became a part of the well-remembered <a href="/wiki/Antonine_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine dynasty">Antonine dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-augustus">Co-augustus</h3></div> Caracalla's father appointed Caracalla, aged 9, joint Augustus and full emperor from 28 January 198.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2012495-2">[2]</a> This was the day Septimius Severus's <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> was celebrated, in honour of his victory over the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>; he had successfully sacked the Parthian capital, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, after winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (198)">Battle of Ctesiphon</a>, probably in October 197.<a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a> He was also awarded <a href="/wiki/Tribunician_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunician power">tribunician power</a> and the title of <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> In inscriptions, Caracalla is given from 198 the title of the chief priesthood, <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> His brother Geta was proclaimed nobilissimus caesar on the same day, and their father Septimius Severus was awarded the victory name Parthicus Maximus.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> In 199, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Arval Brethren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> By the end of 199, at age 11, he was entitled <a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">pater patriae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> In 202, he was <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a>, having been named consul designatus the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> His colleague was his father, serving his own third consulship.<a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a> In 202, Caracalla was forced to marry the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fulvius_Plautianus" title="Gaius Fulvius Plautianus">Gaius Fulvius Plautianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a>, whom he hated, though for what reason is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402-16">[16]</a> The wedding took place between the 9 and the 15 April, just after he turned 14.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> In 205, Caracalla was consul for the second time, in company with Geta – his brother's first consulship.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> By 205, aged 16, Caracalla had got Plautianus executed for treason, though he had probably fabricated the evidence of the plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402-16">[16]</a> It was then that he banished his wife, whose later killing might have been carried out under Caracalla's orders.<a href="#cite_note-:20-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402-16">[16]</a> On 28 January 207, at age 18, Caracalla celebrated his <a href="/wiki/Decennalia" title="Decennalia">decennalia</a>, the tenth anniversary of the beginning of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> The year 208 was the year of his third and Geta's second consulship.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> Geta was himself granted the rank of Augustus and tribunician powers in September or October 209.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> During the reign of his father, Caracalla's mother Julia Domna had played a prominent public role, receiving titles of honour such as "Mother of the camp", but she also played a role behind the scenes helping her husband administer the empire.<a href="#cite_note-:22-18">[18]</a> Described as ambitious,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011299-19">[19]</a> Julia Domna surrounded herself with thinkers and writers from all over the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011404-20">[20]</a> While Caracalla was mustering and training troops for his planned Persian invasion, Julia remained in Rome, administering the empire. Julia's growing influence in state affairs was the beginning of a trend of emperors' mothers having influence, which continued throughout the Severan dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_as_senior_emperor">Reign as senior emperor</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geta_as_co-augustus">Geta as co-augustus</h3></div> On 4 February 211, Septimius Severus died at <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England) while on campaign in <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Caledonia</a>, to the north of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-22">[22]</a> This left his two sons and co-augusti, Caracalla and his brother, Geta, as joint inheritors of their father's throne and empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-22">[22]</a> Caracalla adopted his father's <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a>, Severus, and assumed the chief priesthood as pontifex maximus.<a href="#cite_note-:822-23">[23]</a> His name became Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-:822-23">[23]</a> Caracalla and Geta ended the <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_(208%E2%80%93211)" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)">Roman invasion of Caledonia</a> after concluding a peace with the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a> that returned the border of Roman Britain to the line demarcated by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-24">[24]</a> During the journey back from Britain to Rome with their father's ashes, Caracalla and his brother continuously argued with one another, making relations between them increasingly hostile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-24">[24]</a> Caracalla and Geta considered dividing the empire in half along the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> to make their co-rule less hostile. Caracalla was to rule in the west and Geta was to rule in the east. They were persuaded not to do this by their mother.<a href="#cite_note-:52-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geta's_murder">Geta's murder</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg/220px-Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg/330px-Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg/440px-Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>Geta Dying in his Mother's Arms, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Augustin-Catherine_Pajou" title="Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou">Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou</a>, 1766–1828 (<a href="/wiki/Staatsgalerie_Stuttgart" title="Staatsgalerie Stuttgart">Staatsgalerie Stuttgart</a>)</figcaption></figure> On 26 December 211, at a reconciliation meeting arranged by their mother, Geta was assassinated by members of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> loyal to the 23-year-old Caracalla. Geta died in his mother's arms. It is widely accepted, and clearly most likely, that Caracalla ordered the assassination himself, as the two had never been on favourable terms with one another, much less after succeeding their father.<a href="#cite_note-:32-22">[22]</a> Caracalla then persecuted and executed most of Geta's supporters and ordered a <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a> pronounced by the Senate against his brother's memory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-25">[25]</a> Geta's image was removed from all paintings, coins were melted down, statues were destroyed, his name was struck from papyrus records, and it became a capital offence to speak or write Geta's name.<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a> In the aftermath of the damnatio memoriae, an estimated 20,000 people were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-:16-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a> Those killed were Geta's inner circle of guards and advisers, friends, and other military staff under his employ.<a href="#cite_note-:16-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_as_sole_emperor">Reign as sole emperor</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Domna_(Julia_Pia),_inv._2210,_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo,_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg/170px-Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg/255px-Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg/340px-Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3382" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Museo_Chiaramonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Chiaramonti">Museo Chiaramonti</a>)</figcaption></figure> When Geta died in 211, Julia Domna's responsibilities increased, because Caracalla found administrative tasks to be mundane.<a href="#cite_note-:22-18">[18]</a> She may have taken on one of the more important civil functions of the emperor; receiving petitions and answering correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-:23-27">[27]</a> The extent of her role in this position, however, is probably overstated. She may have represented her son and played a role in meetings and answering queries; however, the final authority on legal matters was Caracalla.<a href="#cite_note-:23-27">[27]</a> The emperor filled all of the roles in the legal system as judge, legislator, and administrator.<a href="#cite_note-:23-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutio_Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a> (lit. "Constitution of Antoninus", also called "Edict of Caracalla" or "Antonine Constitution") was an edict issued in 212 by Caracalla declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> with the exception of the dediticii, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Before 212, the majority of Roman citizens had been inhabitants of Roman Italia, with about 4–7% of all peoples in the Roman Empire being Roman citizens at the time of the death of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in AD 14. Outside Rome, citizenship was restricted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">Roman coloniae</a><a href="#cite_note-a-35">[a]</a> – Romans, or their descendants, living in the provinces, the inhabitants of various cities throughout the Empire – and small numbers of local nobles such as kings of client countries. Provincials, on the other hand, were usually non-citizens, although some magistrates and their families and relatives held the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Right">Latin Right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b-38">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Dio maintains that one purpose for Caracalla issuing the edict was the desire to increase state revenue; at the time, Rome was in a difficult financial situation and needed to pay for the new pay raises and benefits that were being conferred on the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48-40">[38]</a> The edict widened the obligation for public service and gave increased revenue through the inheritance and emancipation taxes that only had to be paid by Roman citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41">[39]</a> However, few of those that gained citizenship were wealthy, and while it is true that Rome was in a difficult financial situation, it is thought that this could not have been the sole purpose of the edict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48-40">[38]</a> The provincials also benefited from this edict because they were now able to think of themselves as equal partners to the Romans in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41">[39]</a> Another purpose for issuing the edict, as described within the papyrus upon which part of the edict was inscribed, was to appease the gods who had delivered Caracalla from conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848-42">[40]</a> The conspiracy in question was in response to Caracalla's murder of Geta and the subsequent slaughter of his followers; fratricide would only have been condoned if his brother had been a tyrant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49-43">[41]</a> The damnatio memoriae against Geta and the large payments Caracalla had made to his own supporters were designed to protect himself from possible repercussions. After this had succeeded, Caracalla felt the need to repay the gods of Rome by returning the favour to the people of Rome through a similarly grand gesture. This was done through the granting of citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012127-44">[42]</a> Another purpose for issuing the edict might have been related to the fact that the periphery of the empire was now becoming central to its existence, and the granting of citizenship may have been simply a logical outcome of Rome's continued expansion of citizenship rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012127-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200849–50-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alamannic_war">Alamannic war</h3></div> In 213, about a year after Geta's death, Caracalla left Rome, never to return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41">[39]</a> He went north to the German frontier to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Tribes">Germanic tribes</a> who had broken through the <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[44]</a> During the campaign of 213–214, Caracalla successfully defeated some of the Germanic tribes while settling other difficulties through diplomacy, though precisely with whom these treaties were made remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200825-47">[45]</a> While there, Caracalla strengthened the frontier fortifications of Raetia and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a>, so that it was able to withstand any further barbarian invasions for another twenty years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_tour">Provincial tour</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png/500px-Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png/960px-Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire during the reign of Caracalla</figcaption></figure> In spring 214, Caracalla departed for the eastern provinces, travelling through the Danubian provinces and the Anatolian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> He spent the winter of 214/215 in <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>. By 4 April 215 he had left Nicomedia, and in the summer he was in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> By December 215 he was in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, Egypt">Alexandria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, where he stayed until March or April 216.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> When the inhabitants of Alexandria heard of Caracalla's claims that he had killed his brother Geta in self-defence, they produced a satire mocking this as well as Caracalla's other pretensions.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Caracalla responded to this insult by slaughtering the unsuspecting deputation of leading citizens that had assembled before the city to greet his arrival in December 215, before setting his troops against Alexandria for several days of looting and plunder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[48]</a> In spring 216 he returned to Antioch and before 27 May had set out to lead his Roman army against the Parthians.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> During the winter of 215/216 he was in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-13">[13]</a> Caracalla then moved east into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>. By 216 he had pushed through Armenia and south into Parthia.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baths">Baths</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG/220px-Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG/330px-Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG/440px-Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></figcaption></figure> Construction on the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a> in Rome began in 211 at the start of Caracalla's rule. The <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a> are named for Caracalla, though it is most probable that his father was responsible for their planning. In 216, a partial inauguration of the baths took place, but the outer perimeter of the baths was not completed until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52">[50]</a> These large baths were typical of the Roman practice of building complexes for social and state activities in large densely populated cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52">[50]</a> The baths covered around 50 acres (or 202,000 square metres) of land and could accommodate around 1,600 bathers at any one time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52">[50]</a> They were the second largest public baths built in ancient Rome and were complete with <a href="/wiki/Natatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Natatio">swimming pools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">exercise yards</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">stadium</a>, steam rooms, libraries, meeting rooms, fountains, and other amenities, all of which were enclosed within formal gardens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The interior spaces were decorated with colourful marble floors, columns, mosaics, and colossal statuary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20085–6-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracalla_and_Serapis">Caracalla and Serapis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/250px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/330px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/500px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Caracalla as <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Kom_Ombo" title="Temple of Kom Ombo">Temple of Kom Ombo</a></figcaption></figure>At the outset of his reign, Caracalla declared imperial support for the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Greeks" title="Egyptian Greeks">Graeco-Egyptian</a> god of healing <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>. The Iseum and <a href="/wiki/Serapeum" title="Serapeum">Serapeum</a> in Alexandria were apparently renovated during Caracalla's co-rule with his father Septimius Severus. The evidence for this exists in two inscriptions found near the temple that appear to bear their names. Additional archaeological evidence exists for this in the form of two <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a> that have been dated to the Severan period and also two statues associated with the temple that have been dated to around 200 AD. Upon Caracalla's ascension to being sole ruler in 212, the imperial mint began striking coins bearing Serapis' image. This was a reflection of the god's central role during Caracalla's reign. After Geta's death, the weapon that had killed him was dedicated to Serapis by Caracalla. This was most likely done to cast Serapis into the role of Caracalla's protector from treachery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012137–139-55">[53]</a> Caracalla also erected a temple on the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal Hill</a> in 212, which he dedicated to Serapis.<a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[48]</a> A fragmented inscription found in the church of Sant' Agata dei Goti in Rome records the construction, or possibly restoration, of a temple dedicated to the god Serapis. The inscription bears the name "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus", a reference to either Caracalla or <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, but more likely to Caracalla due to his known strong association with the god. Two other inscriptions dedicated to Serapis, as well as a granite crocodile similar to one discovered at the Iseum et Serapeum, were also found in the area around the Quirinal Hill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012142–143-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monetary_policy">Monetary policy</h3></div> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:4px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg/330px-Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg/500px-Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg/960px-Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4974" data-file-height="2487" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:165px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">O:</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureate</a> head of Caracalla ANTONINVS <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pius_(epithet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pius (epithet) (page does not exist)">PIVS</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">AVG.</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanicus (title) (page does not exist)">GERM.</a> </td> <td style="width:165px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">R:</a> <a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globe</a>, rising hand <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">TRibunus Plebis</a> <a href="/wiki/19_(number)" title="19 (number)">XVIIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">COnSul</a> <a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)">IIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:334px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> struck in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> 216 AD; ref.: RIC 281b, C 359 </td></tr></tbody></table> The expenditures that Caracalla made with the large bonuses he gave to soldiers prompted him to debase the coinage soon after his ascension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6">[6]</a> At the end of Severus' reign and early into Caracalla's, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> had an approximate silver purity of around 55%, but by the end of Caracalla's reign the purity had been reduced to about 51%.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008130–131-58">[56]</a> In 215 Caracalla introduced the <a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">antoninianus</a>, a coin intended to serve as a double denarius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008123-59">[57]</a> This new currency, however, had a silver purity of about 52% for the period between 215 and 217 and an actual size ratio of 1 antoninianus to 1.5 denarii. This in effect made the antoninianus equal to about 1.5 denarii.<a href="#cite_note-:19-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008139-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The reduced silver purity of the coins caused people to hoard the old coins that had higher silver content, aggravating the inflation problem caused by the earlier devaluation of the denarii.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008123-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_policy">Military policy</h3></div> During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the annual pay of an average legionary from 2000 <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a> (500 <a href="/wiki/Denarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Denarii">denarii</a>) to 2700–3000 sesterces (675–750 denarii). He lavished many benefits on the army, which he both feared and admired, in accordance with the advice given by his father on his deathbed always to heed the welfare of the soldiers and ignore everyone else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[44]</a> Caracalla needed to gain and keep the trust of the military, and he did so with generous pay raises and popular gestures.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> He spent much of his time with the soldiers, so much so that he began to imitate their dress and adopt their manners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200821-65">[63]</a> After Caracalla concluded his campaign against the Alamanni, it became evident that he was inordinately preoccupied with emulating <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:92-67">[65]</a> He began openly mimicking Alexander in his personal style. In planning his invasion of the Parthian Empire, Caracalla decided to arrange 16,000 of his men in Macedonian-style <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanxes</a>, despite the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> having made the phalanx an obsolete tactical formation.<a href="#cite_note-:02-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:92-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:292-68">[66]</a> The historian Christopher Matthew mentions that the term Phalangarii has two possible meanings, both with military connotations. The first refers merely to the Roman battle line and does not specifically mean that the men were armed with <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>, and the second bears similarity to the 'Marian Mules' of the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> who carried their equipment suspended from a long pole, which were in use until at least the 2nd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-:292-68">[66]</a> As a consequence, the phalangarii of <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica" title="Legio II Parthica">Legio II Parthica</a> may not have been pikemen, but rather standard battle line troops or possibly <a href="/wiki/Triarii" title="Triarii">triarii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:292-68">[66]</a> Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that he visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> school based on a legend that <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> had poisoned Alexander. This was a sign of Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-:92-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_war">Parthian war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">Parthian war of Caracalla</a></div> In 216, Caracalla pursued a series of aggressive campaigns in the east against the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, intended to bring more territory under direct Roman control. He offered the king of Parthia, <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV of Parthia</a>, a marriage proposal between himself and the king's daughter.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69">[67]</a> Artabanus refused the offer, realizing that the proposal was merely an attempt to unite the kingdom of Parthia under the control of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69">[67]</a> In response, Caracalla used the opportunity to start a campaign against the Parthians. That summer Caracalla began to attack the countryside east of the Tigris in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">Parthian war of Caracalla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69">[67]</a> In the following winter, Caracalla retired to <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a> in south-east <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and began making preparations to renew the campaign by spring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> At the beginning of 217, Caracalla was still based at Edessa before renewing hostilities against Parthia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> On 8 April 217 Caracalla, who had just turned 29, was travelling to visit a temple of the moon god <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> while on the road from Edessa to Carrhae, now <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> in southern Turkey, where in 53 BC the Romans had suffered <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">a defeat</a> at the hands of the Parthians.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> After stopping briefly to urinate, Caracalla was approached by a soldier, Justin Martialis, and stabbed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> A Scythian bodyguard of Caracalla killed Martialis with his lance. The two Praetorian tribunes rushed to the emperor, as if to help him, and completed the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Martialis had been incensed by Caracalla's refusal to grant him the position of <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>, Caracalla's successor, saw the opportunity to use Martialis to end Caracalla's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69">[67]</a> In the immediate aftermath of Caracalla's death, his murderer, Martialis, was killed as well.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> When Caracalla was murdered, Julia Domna was in Antioch sorting out correspondence, removing unimportant messages from the bunch so that when Caracalla returned, he would not be overburdened with duties.<a href="#cite_note-:22-18">[18]</a> Three days later, Macrinus declared himself emperor with the support of the Roman army.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portraiture">Portraiture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg/220px-Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg/330px-Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg/440px-Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>This medallion exemplifies the typical manner in which Caracalla was depicted (<a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>)</figcaption></figure> Caracalla's official portrayal as sole emperor marks a break from the detached images of the philosopher-emperors who preceded him: his close-cropped haircut is that of a soldier, his pugnacious scowl a realistic and threatening presence. This rugged soldier-emperor, an iconic archetype, was adopted by most of the following emperors, such as <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, who were dependent on the support of the troops to rule the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200859-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Herodian describes Caracalla as having preferred northern European clothing, Caracalla being the name of the short Gaulish cloak that he made fashionable, and he often wore a blond wig.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Dio mentions that when Caracalla was a boy, he had a tendency to show an angry or even savage facial expression.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The way Caracalla wanted to be portrayed to his people can be seen through the many surviving busts and coins. Images of the young Caracalla cannot be clearly distinguished from his younger brother Geta.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> On the coins, Caracalla was shown laureate after becoming augustus in 197; Geta is bareheaded until he became augustus himself in 209.<a href="#cite_note-:13-79">[77]</a> Between 209 and their father's death in February 211, both brothers are shown as mature young men who were ready to take over the empire. Between the death of the father and the assassination of Geta towards the end of 211, Caracalla's portrait remains static with a short full beard while Geta develops a long beard with hair strains like his father. The latter was a strong indicator of Geta's effort to be seen as the true successor to their father, an effort that came to naught when he was murdered.<a href="#cite_note-:13-79">[77]</a> Caracalla's presentation on coins during the period of his co-reign with his father, from 198 to 210, are in broad terms in line with the third-century imperial representation; most coin types communicate military and religious messages, with other coins giving messages of saeculum aureum and virtues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012251-80">[78]</a> During Caracalla's sole reign, from 212 to 217, a significant shift in representation took place. The majority of coins produced during this period made associations with divinity or had religious messages; others had non-specific and unique messages that were only circulated during Caracalla's sole rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012251–252-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damnatio_memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</h3></div> Caracalla was not subject to a proper <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a> after his assassination; while the Senate disliked him, his popularity with the military prevented <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> and the Senate from openly declaring him to be a hostis. Macrinus, in an effort to placate the Senate, instead ordered the secret removal of statues of Caracalla from public view. After his death, the public made comparisons between him and other condemned emperors and called for the horse race celebrating his birthday to be abolished and for gold and silver statues dedicated to him to be melted down. These events were, however, limited in scope; most erasures of his name from inscriptions were either accidental or occurred as a result of re-use. Macrinus had Caracalla deified and commemorated on coins as Divus Antoninus. There does not appear to have been any intentional mutilation of Caracalla in any images that were created during his reign as sole emperor.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari,_forse_dai_castra_praetoria,_bronzo,_212-217_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG/250px-Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG/330px-Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG/500px-Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Bronze portrait of Caracalla (<a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_portrayal">Classical portrayal</h3></div> Caracalla is presented in the ancient sources of <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> as a cruel tyrant and savage ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83">[81]</a> This portrayal of Caracalla is only further supported by the murder of his brother Geta and the subsequent massacre of Geta's supporters that Caracalla ordered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83">[81]</a> Alongside this, these contemporary sources present Caracalla as a "soldier-emperor" for his preference of the soldiery over the senators, a depiction that made him even less popular with the senatorial biographers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83">[81]</a> Dio explicitly presented Caracalla as an emperor who marched with the soldiers and behaved like a soldier. Dio also often referred to Caracalla's large military expenditures and the subsequent financial problems this caused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83">[81]</a> These traits dominate Caracalla's image in the surviving classical literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012227-84">[82]</a> The Baths of Caracalla are presented in classical literature as unprecedented in scale, and impossible to build if not for the use of reinforced concrete.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The Edict of Caracalla, issued in 212, however, goes almost unnoticed in classical records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012227-84">[82]</a> The Historia Augusta is considered by historians as the least trustworthy for all accounts of events, historiography, and biographies among the ancient works and is full of fabricated materials and sources.<a href="#cite_note-:26-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The works of Herodian of Antioch are, by comparison, "far less fantastic" than the stories presented by the Historia Augusta.<a href="#cite_note-:26-86">[84]</a> Historian Andrew G. Scott suggests that Dio's work is frequently considered the best source for this period.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> However, historian Clare Rowan questions Dio's accuracy on the topic of Caracalla, referring to the work as having presented a hostile attitude towards Caracalla and thus needing to be treated with caution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012113-92">[90]</a> An example of this hostility is found in one section where Dio notes that Caracalla is descended from three different races and that he managed to combine all of their faults into one person: the fickleness, cowardice, and recklessness of the Gauls, the cruelty and harshness of the Africans, and the craftiness that is associated with the Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012113-92">[90]</a> Despite this, the outline of events as presented by Dio are described by Rowan as generally accurate, while the motivations that Dio suggests are of questionable origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012113-92">[90]</a> An example of this is his presentation of the Edict of Caracalla; the motive that Dio appends to this event is Caracalla's desire to increase tax revenue. Olivier Hekster, Nicholas Zair, and Rowan challenge this presentation because the majority of people who were enfranchised by the edict would have been poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012113-92">[90]</a> In her work, Rowan also describes Herodian's depiction of Caracalla: more akin to a soldier than an emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012114-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_legends">Medieval legends</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s pseudohistorical <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">History of the Kings of Britain</a> makes Caracalla a king of Britain, referring to him by his actual name "Bassianus", rather than by the nickname Caracalla. In the story, after Severus' death the Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus because he had a British mother. The two brothers fought until Geta was killed and Bassianus succeeded to the throne, after which he ruled until he was overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a>. However, Carausius' revolt actually happened about seventy years after Caracalla's death in 217.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighteenth-century_artworks_and_the_French_Revolution">Eighteenth-century artworks and the French Revolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/220px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/440px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Septimius Severus and Caracalla, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Jean-Baptiste Greuze</a>, 1769 (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> Caracalla's memory was revived in the art of late eighteenth-century French painters. His tyrannical career became the subject of the work of several French painters such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Greuze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_de_Parme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien de Parme (page does not exist)">Julien de Parme</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_de_Parme" class="extiw" title="fr:Julien de Parme">fr</a>], <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bonvoisin" title="Jean Bonvoisin">Bonvoisin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Augustin-Catherine_Pajou" title="Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou">J.-A.-C. Pajou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Guillon-Lethi%C3%A8re" title="Guillaume Guillon-Lethière">Lethière</a>. Their fascination with Caracalla was a reflection of the growing discontent of the French people with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">monarchy</a>. Caracalla's visibility was influenced by the existence of several literary sources in French that included both translations of ancient works and contemporary works of the time. Caracalla's likeness was readily available to the painters due to the distinct style of his portraiture and his unusual soldier-like choice of fashion that distinguished him from other emperors. The artworks may have served as a warning that <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> could become the horror of tyranny and that disaster could come about if the regime failed to reform. Art historian Susan Wood suggests that this reform was for the absolute monarchy to become a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, as per the original goal of revolution, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> that it eventually became. Wood also notes the similarity between Caracalla and his crimes leading to his assassination and the eventual uprising against, and death of, King Louis XVI: both rulers had died as a result of their apparent tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_portrayal">Modern portrayal</h3></div> Caracalla has had a reputation as being among the worst of Roman emperors, a perception that survives even into modern works.<a href="#cite_note-:28-96">[94]</a> The art and linguistics historian John Agnew and the writer Walter Bidwell describe Caracalla as having an evil spirit, referring to the devastation he wrought in Alexandria.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The Roman historian David Magie describes Caracalla, in the book Roman Rule in Asia Minor, as brutal and tyrannical and points towards psychopathy as an explanation for his behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The historian Clifford Ando supports this description, suggesting that Caracalla's rule as sole emperor is notable "almost exclusively" for his crimes of theft, massacre, and mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> 18th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>, takes Caracalla's reputation, which he had received for the murder of Geta and subsequent massacre of Geta's supporters, and applied it to Caracalla's provincial tours, suggesting that "every province was by turn the scene of his rapine and cruelty".<a href="#cite_note-:28-96">[94]</a> Gibbon compared Caracalla to emperors such as <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> who spent their careers campaigning in the provinces and then to tyrants such as <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> whose entire reigns were confined to Rome and whose actions only impacted upon the senatorial and equestrian classes residing there. Gibbon then concluded that Caracalla was "the common enemy of mankind", as both Romans and provincials alike were subject to "his rapine and cruelty".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41">[39]</a> This representation is questioned by the historian Shamus Sillar, who cites the construction of roads and reinforcement of fortifications in the western provinces, among other things, as being contradictory to the representation made by Gibbon of cruelty and destruction.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The history professors Molefi Asante and Shaza Ismail note that Caracalla is known for the disgraceful nature of his rule, stating that "he rode the horse of power until it nearly died of exhaustion" and that though his rule was short, his life, personality, and acts made him a notable, though likely not beneficial, figure in the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Severan_dynasty_family_tree">Severan dynasty family tree</h2></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template talk:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Severan family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <div class="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimius Macer</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fulvius Pius</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Lucius Septimius Severus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Publius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gaius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fulvia Pia</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(father_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (father of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimia Polla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Bassianus" title="Julius Bassianus">Julius Bassianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimius</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(brother_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (brother of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimia Octavilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paccia_Marciana" title="Paccia Marciana">Paccia Marciana</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  193–211)<a href="#cite_note-103">[i]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Avitus_Alexianus" title="Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus">Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Septimius_Severus_Aper" title="Gaius Septimius Severus Aper">Gaius Septimius Severus Aper</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caracalla</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  197–217)<a href="#cite_note-104">[ii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  209–211)<a href="#cite_note-105">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias" title="Julia Soaemias">Julia Soaemias</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Varius_Marcellus" title="Sextus Varius Marcellus">Sextus Varius Marcellus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">Julia Avita Mamaea</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-106">[iv]</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a> (2 and 4)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  218–222)<a href="#cite_note-gibbon-107">[v]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a> (3)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  222–235)<a href="#cite_note-gibbon-107">[v]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <hr /> <ul><li>(1) = 1st spouse</li> <li>(2) = 2nd spouse</li> <li>(3) = 3rd spouse</li> <li>(4) = 4th spouse</li> <li>Dark green indicates an <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the Severan dynasty</li></ul> Notes: <dl><dd>Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. p. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaaClrSUtHsC&dq=caracalla%20rule%20with%20father&pg=PA216">Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors</a>. BRILL. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7"><bdi>90-04-12578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neokoroi%3A+Greek+Cities+and+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12578-7&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaaClrSUtHsC%26dq%3Dcaracalla%2520rule%2520with%2520father%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaaClrSUtHsC&dq=caracalla%20rule%20with%20father&pg=PA247">Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors</a>. BRILL. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7"><bdi>90-04-12578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neokoroi%3A+Greek+Cities+and+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12578-7&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaaClrSUtHsC%26dq%3Dcaracalla%2520rule%2520with%2520father%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Icks, Martijn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-MDwAAQBAJ">The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor</a>. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-362-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimes+of+Elagabalus%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Rome%27s+Decadent+Boy+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-362-1&rft.aulast=Icks&rft.aufirst=Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_g-MDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibbon-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbonSmith1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>; Smith, William (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXMtAQAAMAAJ&dq=elagabalus%20218%20to%20222%20edward%20gibbon&pg=PA45">The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>. pp. 45–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Gibbon%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXMtAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Delagabalus%2520218%2520to%2520222%2520edward%2520gibbon%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> Bibliography: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415165911" title="Special:BookSources/0415165911"><bdi>0415165911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0415165911&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>; Smith, William (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXMtAQAAMAAJ&dq=elagabalus%20218%20to%20222%20edward%20gibbon&pg=PP1">The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>. London: Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993285639">993285639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Gibbon%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993285639&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXMtAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Delagabalus%2520218%2520to%2520222%2520edward%2520gibbon%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/40px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/60px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/120px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Severan dynasty family tree">Severan dynasty family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Caracalla_(Dj%C3%A9mila)" title="Arch of Caracalla (Djémila)">Arch of Caracalla (Djémila)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-35"><a href="#cite_ref-a_35-0">^</a> Coloniae were cities of Roman citizens founded in conquered provinces.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-38"><a href="#cite_ref-b_38-0">^</a> The Latin Rights or ius Latii were an intermediate or probationary stage for non-Romans obtaining full Roman citizenship. Aside from the right to vote, and ability to pursue a political office, the Latin Rights were just a limited Roman citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1957">Hammond 1957</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2012495-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2012495_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2012495_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooley2012">Cooley 2012</a>, p. 495. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Reference-AHD-Caracalla" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Caracalla">"Caracalla"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caracalla&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DCaracalla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGagarin2009" class="citation book cs1">Gagarin, Michael (2009). Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gagarin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabberneeLampe2008" class="citation book cs1">Tabbernee, William; Lampe, Peter (2008). Pepouza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020859-7"><bdi>978-3-11-020859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pepouza+and+Tymion%3A+The+Discovery+and+Archaeological+Exploration+of+a+Lost+Ancient+City+and+an+Imperial+Estate&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020859-7&rft.aulast=Tabbernee&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Lampe%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, pp. 405–406. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/74">How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwan2004" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Michael Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26s6CG8LffsC">The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3, 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516774-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516774-0"><bdi>0-19-516774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustan+Succession%3A+An+Historical+Commentary+on+Cassius+Dio%27s+Roman+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516774-0&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Michael+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26s6CG8LffsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/79*.html">Book 79</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahid1984" class="citation book cs1">Shahid, Irfan (1984). Rome and the Arabs. Georgetown, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-115-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-115-7"><bdi>0-88402-115-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Arabs&rft.place=Georgetown%2C+Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-88402-115-7&rft.aulast=Shahid&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011399-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011399_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooley2012">Cooley 2012</a>, pp. 495–496 </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKienast" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. "Caracalla". Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 156–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8"><bdi>978-3-534-26724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caracalla&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26724-8&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1996). The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire. Psychology Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+the+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKienast" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. "Septimius Severus". Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 149–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8"><bdi>978-3-534-26724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Septimius+Severus&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26724-8&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 405. </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/76">How Rome fell: death of a superpower</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011299-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011299_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011404-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011404_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1996). The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire. Psychology Press. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+the+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/68">How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/68">68–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:822-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:822_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:822_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKienast" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. "Caracalla". Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 156–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8"><bdi>978-3-534-26724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caracalla&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26724-8&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70">How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70">How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70">70–71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric, R. (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. Brill Academic. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4"><bdi>90-04-13577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutilation+and+transformation%3A+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13577-4&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuori2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tuori, Kaius (2016). "Judge Julia Domna? A Historical Mystery and the Emergence of Imperial Legal Administration". The Journal of Legal History. 37 (2): 180–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440365.2016.1191590">10.1080/01440365.2016.1191590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-0365">0144-0365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147778542">147778542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Judge+Julia+Domna%3F+A+Historical+Mystery+and+the+Emergence+of+Imperial+Legal+Administration&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147778542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0144-0365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440365.2016.1191590&rft.aulast=Tuori&rft.aufirst=Kaius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLim2010" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Richard (2010). The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome: Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Companion+to+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevine1975" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lee (1975). Caesarea Under Roman Rule. Brill Archive. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04013-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04013-7"><bdi>90-04-04013-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Under+Roman+Rule&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04013-7&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenario1954" class="citation journal cs1">Benario, Herbert (1954). "The Dediticii of the Constitutio Antoniniana". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 85: 188–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283475">10.2307/283475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283475">283475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Dediticii+of+the+Constitutio+Antoniniana&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benario&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCairns2007" class="citation book cs1">Cairns, John (2007). Beyond Dogmatics: Law and Society in the Roman World: Law and Society in the Roman World. Edinburgh University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3177-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3177-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-3177-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Dogmatics%3A+Law+and+Society+in+the+Roman+World%3A+Law+and+Society+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3177-3&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Giessen Papyrus, 40,7-9 "I grant to all the inhabitants of the Empire the Roman citizenship and no one remains outside a civitas, with the exception of the dediticii" </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittockWhittock1991" class="citation book cs1">Whittock, Martyn John; Whittock, Martyn (1991). The Roman Empire. Heinemann. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-31274-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-31274-X"><bdi>0-435-31274-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-435-31274-X&rft.aulast=Whittock&rft.aufirst=Martyn+John&rft.au=Whittock%2C+Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonColeman-NortonBournePharr1961" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Allan; Coleman-Norton, Paul; Bourne, Frank; Pharr, Clyde (1961). Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation with Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-291-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-291-3"><bdi>1-58477-291-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Roman+Statutes%3A+A+Translation+with+Introduction%2C+Commentary%2C+Glossary%2C+and+Index&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=1-58477-291-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Coleman-Norton%2C+Paul&rft.au=Bourne%2C+Frank&rft.au=Pharr%2C+Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZoch2000" class="citation book cs1">Zoch, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/91">Ancient Rome: An Introductory History</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6"><bdi>0-8061-3287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8061-3287-6&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientrome00paul%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lavan, Myles (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/12646/1/Lavan_2016_PandP_SpreadRomanCitizenship_RevisedAAM.pdf">"The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14–212 CE: Quantification in the face of high uncertainty"</a> (PDF). Past and Present (230): 3–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtv043">10.1093/pastj/gtv043</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F12646">10023/12646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Roman+Citizenship%2C+14%E2%80%93212+CE%3A+Quantification+in+the+face+of+high+uncertainty&rft.issue=230&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F12646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtv043&rft.aulast=Lavan&rft.aufirst=Myles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F10023%2F12646%2F1%2FLavan_2016_PandP_SpreadRomanCitizenship_RevisedAAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012127-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012127_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012127_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowan2012">Rowan 2012</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200849–50-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200849–50_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoatwrightGargolaTalbert2004" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. 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Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413">413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8"><bdi>0-19-511875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans%2C+from+village+to+empire&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-511875-8&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rft.au=Gargola%2C+Daniel+J&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Richard+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromansfromvillag00boat_0%2Fpage%2F413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200825-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200825_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2016" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Robert (2016). History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt. FriesenPress. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-8027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-8027-0"><bdi>978-1-4602-8027-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Coptic+Orthodox+People+and+the+Church+of+Egypt&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=FriesenPress&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4602-8027-0&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher2010" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Warren (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMpxi1AqaZYC&pg=PA86">The Illustrated History of the Roman Empire: From Caesar's Crossing the Rubicon (49 BC) to the Empire's Fall, 476 AD</a>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413">413–414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8"><bdi>0-19-511875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans%2C+from+village+to+empire&rft.pages=413-414&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-511875-8&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rft.au=Gargola%2C+Daniel+J&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Richard+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromansfromvillag00boat_0%2Fpage%2F413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastex2008">Castex 2008</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOetelaar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Oetelaar, Taylor (2014). 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Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. 1 (2): 45–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.daach.2013.12.002">10.1016/j.daach.2013.12.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Applications+in+Archaeology+and+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Baths+of+Caracalla&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.daach.2013.12.002&rft.aulast=Oetelaar&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20085–6-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20085–6_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastex2008">Castex 2008</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012137–139-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012137–139_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowan2012">Rowan 2012</a>, pp. 137–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012142–143-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012142–143_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowan2012">Rowan 2012</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOman1916" class="citation journal cs1">Oman, C. (1916). "The Decline and Fall of the Denarius in the Third Century A.D.". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 16: 37–60. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42663723">42663723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle+and+Journal+of+the+Royal+Numismatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Denarius+in+the+Third+Century+A.D.&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42663723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008130–131-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008130–131_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008123-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008123_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008123_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergeron2007–2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bergeron, David (2007–2008). 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JHU Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-85291-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-801-85291-9"><bdi>0-801-85291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+in+the+Roman+Economy%2C+300+B.C.+to+A.D.+700&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-801-85291-9&rft.aulast=Harl&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yPDL0EykeAC%26q%3Dantoninianus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1996). The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire. Psychology Press. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+the+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2015" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Patricia (2015). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49694-6"><bdi>978-1-317-49694-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49694-6&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200821-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200821_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/74">How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:92_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrauer1967" class="citation book cs1">Brauer, G. (1967). The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decadent+Emperors%3A+Power+and+Depravity+in+Third-Century+Rome&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:292-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:292_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:292_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:292_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2015" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Matthew (2015). An Invincible Beast: Understanding the Hellenistic Pike Phalanx in Action. Casemate Publishers. p. 403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Invincible+Beast%3A+Understanding+the+Hellenistic+Pike+Phalanx+in+Action&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, pp. 406–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> see about Caracalla's planned visit to the shrine <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Frank Kolb: Literarische Beziehungen zwischen Cassius Dio, Herodian und der Historia Augusta, Bonn 1972, pp. 123ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Dio Cassius 79 (78),5,2-5. See, Herodian and 4.13 Historia Augusta, Caracalla 6.6-7.2. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />Michael Louis Meckler: Caracalla and his late-antique biographer, Ann Arbor, 1994, pp. 152-156. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/75">How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndo2012" class="citation book cs1">Ando, Clifford (2012). Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century. Edinburgh University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-5534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rome+AD+193+to+284%3A+The+Critical+Century&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-5534-2&rft.aulast=Ando&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200859-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200859_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/05/eust/ho_40.11.1a.htm">"Metropolitan Museum of Art: Portrait head of the Emperor Caracalla". acc. no. 40.11.1a"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%3A+Portrait+head+of+the+Emperor+Caracalla%22.+acc.+no.+40.11.1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fho%2F05%2Feust%2Fho_40.11.1a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerodian_of_Antioch" class="citation book cs1">Herodian of Antioch. History of the Roman Empire. pp. 4.7.3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=4.7.3&rft.au=Herodian+of+Antioch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDion.d." class="citation book cs1">Dio, Cassius (n.d.). Roman History. pp. 78.11.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.pages=78.11.1&rft.aulast=Dio&rft.aufirst=Cassius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric, R. (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. Brill Academic. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4"><bdi>90-04-13577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutilation+and+transformation%3A+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13577-4&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPangerl2013" class="citation book cs1">Pangerl, Andreas (2013). Porträttypen des Caracalla und des Geta auf Römischen Reichsprägungen – Definition eines neuen Caesartyps des Caracalla und eines neuen Augustustyps des Geta. 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The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. Hachette UK. p. B21;P80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-0113-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-0113-6"><bdi>978-1-4721-0113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+British+Kings+and+Queens&rft.pages=B21%3BP80&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4721-0113-6&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Susan (2010). "Caracalla and the French Revolution: A Roman tyrant in eighteenth-century iconography". 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Princeton University Press. p. 683.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Rule+in+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=683&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Magie&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSillar2001" class="citation book cs1">Sillar, Shamus (2001). Quinquennium in provinciis: Caracalla and Imperial Administration 212–217. p. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quinquennium+in+provinciis%3A+Caracalla+and+Imperial+Administration+212%E2%80%93217&rft.pages=127&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sillar&rft.aufirst=Shamus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndo2012" class="citation book cs1">Ando, Clifford (2012). Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century. Edinburgh University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-5534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rome+AD+193+to+284%3A+The+Critical+Century&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-5534-2&rft.aulast=Ando&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSillar2001" class="citation book cs1">Sillar, Shamus (2001). Quinquennium in provinciis: Caracalla and Imperial Administration 212–217. pp. 46–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quinquennium+in+provinciis%3A+Caracalla+and+Imperial+Administration+212%E2%80%93217&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sillar&rft.aufirst=Shamus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsanteIsmail2016" class="citation journal cs1">Asante, Molefi K.; Ismail, Shaza (2016). "Interrogating the African Roman Emperor Caracalla: Claiming and Reclaiming an African Leader". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Black_Studies" title="Journal of Black Studies">Journal of Black Studies</a>. 47: 41–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934715611376">10.1177/0021934715611376</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147256542">147256542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Interrogating+the+African+Roman+Emperor+Caracalla%3A+Claiming+and+Reclaiming+an+African+Leader&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934715611376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147256542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+K.&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Shaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Agnew, John; Bidwell, Walter (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eclecticmagazin04bidwgoog">The Eclectic Magazine: Foreign Literature</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49694-6"><bdi>978-1-317-49694-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49694-6&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Tabbernee, William; Lampe, Peter (2008). Pepouza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020859-7"><bdi>978-3-11-020859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pepouza+and+Tymion%3A+The+Discovery+and+Archaeological+Exploration+of+a+Lost+Ancient+City+and+an+Imperial+Estate&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020859-7&rft.aulast=Tabbernee&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Lampe%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tuori, Kaius (2016). "Judge Julia Domna? A Historical Mystery and the Emergence of Imperial Legal Administration". The Journal of Legal History. 37 (2): 180–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440365.2016.1191590">10.1080/01440365.2016.1191590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147778542">147778542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Judge+Julia+Domna%3F+A+Historical+Mystery+and+the+Emergence+of+Imperial+Legal+Administration&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440365.2016.1191590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147778542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tuori&rft.aufirst=Kaius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4"><bdi>90-04-13577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutilation+and+transformation%3A+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13577-4&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Whittock, Martyn John; Whittock, Martyn (1991). The Roman Empire. Heinemann. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-31274-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-31274-X"><bdi>0-435-31274-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-435-31274-X&rft.aulast=Whittock&rft.aufirst=Martyn+John&rft.au=Whittock%2C+Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Susan (2010). "Caracalla and the French Revolution: A Roman tyrant in eighteenth-century iconography". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=Caracalla+and+the+French+Revolution%3A+A+Roman+tyrant+in+eighteenth-century+iconography&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Zoch, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/91">Ancient Rome: An Introductory History</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6"><bdi>0-8061-3287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8061-3287-6&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientrome00paul%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caracalla" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caracalla">Caracalla</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKettenhofen1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kettenhofen, Erich (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/caracalla-the-roman-emperor-marcus-aurelius-antoninus">"CARACALLA"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7. pp. 790–792.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CARACALLA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E790-%3C%2Fspan%3E792&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kettenhofen&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcaracalla-the-roman-emperor-marcus-aurelius-antoninus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Caracalla*.html">Life of Caracalla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>: Latin text and English translation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Historia Romana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/78*.html">Books 79–80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, Epitome de Caesaribus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030918051251/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/victor_ep.html#21">21</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">translation</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus_Caracalla">"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. V (9th ed.). 1878. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marcus+Aurelius+Antoninus+Caracalla&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For information on the caracallus garment, see <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a> Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Caracalla.html">"Caracalla"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm#_ftnref1">Roman Currency of the Principate</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101003844/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm#_ftnref1">Archived</a> 1 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Caracalla </div><div> <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> </div>Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> 198–217 with <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (198–211) and <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> (209–211) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annius_Fabianus" title="Lucius Annius Fabianus">L. Annius Fabianus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Nonius_Arrius_Mucianus" title="Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus">M. Nonius Arrius Mucianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> 202 with <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Murrenius_Severus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Murrenius Severus (page does not exist)">T. Murrenius Severus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Regallianus" title="Gaius Cassius Regallianus">C. Cassius Regallianus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fabius_Cilo" title="Lucius Fabius Cilo">L. Fabius Cilo</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Flavius_Libo" title="Marcus Annius Flavius Libo">M. Annius Flavius Libo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> 205 with <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">P. Septimius Geta Caesar</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Nummius_Umbrius_Primus_Senecio_Albinus" title="Marcus Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio Albinus">M. Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio Albinus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Fulvius_Gavius_Numisius_Petronius_Aemilianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius Aemilianus (page does not exist)">L. Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius Aemilianus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Annius_Maximus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Annius Maximus (page does not exist)">L. Annius Maximus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Septimius_Severus_Aper" title="Gaius Septimius Severus Aper">C. Septimius Severus Aper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 208 with <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">P. Septimius Geta Caesar</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Commodus_Pompeianus" title="Lucius Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus">L. Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hedius_Lollianus_Plautius_Avitus" title="Quintus Hedius Lollianus Plautius Avitus">Q. Hedius Lollianus Plautius Avitus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Asper" title="Gaius Julius Asper">Gaius Julius Asper</a> II, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Julius_Camilius_Asper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Julius Camilius Asper (page does not exist)">Gaius Julius Camilius Asper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 213 with <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Valerius_Messalla_(consul_214)" title="Lucius Valerius Messalla (consul 214)">L. Valerius Messalla</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_Appius_Suetrius_Sabinus" title="Gaius Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus">C. Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> 284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos_(grandson_of_Romanos_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)">Romanos</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (271–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2581" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2581" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109228229">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88672215">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2826151247939744270004">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/285154380950030291017">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103869/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtvKwT847v6hmHGQbjmd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118667041">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82207265">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967505w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967505w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35761132">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20140704001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1459594">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810670798305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/7386">Vatican</a></li><li><a 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