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Caracalla - Wikipedia
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aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Caesar</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Co-<i>augustus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_as_senior_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_as_senior_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign as senior emperor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign_as_senior_emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign as senior emperor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_as_senior_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geta_as_co-augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geta_as_co-augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geta as co-<i>augustus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geta_as_co-augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geta's_murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geta's_murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geta's murder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geta's_murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_as_sole_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_as_sole_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reign as sole emperor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign_as_sole_emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign as sole emperor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_as_sole_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutio_Antoniniana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutio_Antoniniana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Constitutio Antoniniana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutio_Antoniniana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alamannic_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alamannic_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alamannic war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alamannic_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Provincial tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Baths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracalla_and_Serapis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracalla_and_Serapis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Caracalla and Serapis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracalla_and_Serapis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monetary_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Monetary policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monetary_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Military policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Parthian war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Portraiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Damnatio_memoriae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damnatio_memoriae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Damnatio memoriae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damnatio_memoriae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Classical portrayal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Medieval legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighteenth-century_artworks_and_the_French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteenth-century_artworks_and_the_French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Eighteenth-century artworks and the French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteenth-century_artworks_and_the_French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Modern portrayal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severan_dynasty_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severan_dynasty_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Severan dynasty family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severan_dynasty_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caracalla</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="قرقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کاراکالا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каракала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каракала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal%C2%B7la" title="Caracal·la – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caracal·la" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Καρακάλλας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρακάλλας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalo" title="Karakalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karakalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کاراکالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="카라칼라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라칼라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Կարակալլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարակալլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קרקלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרקלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კარაკალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარაკალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракалла – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каракалла" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Caracalla római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Caracalla római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каракала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2" title="കാരകാല്ല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാരകാല്ല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कॅराकॅला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅराकॅला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კარაკალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარაკალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7" title="كاراكلا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاراكلا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракалла – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Каракалла" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9" title="カラカラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラカラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracala" title="Caracala – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Caracala" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracala" title="Caracala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caracala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракалла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каракалла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کاراکالا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каракала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakala" title="Karakala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karakala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalla" title="Karakalla – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Karakalla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="จักรพรรดิการากัลลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิการากัลลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каракалла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каракалла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کاراکالا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="卡拉卡拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡拉卡拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="卡拉卡拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡拉卡拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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For the felid species, see <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal</a>. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Caracalla_(horse)" title="Caracalla (horse)">Caracalla (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Caracalla</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG/220px-0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG/330px-0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG/440px-0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust of Caracalla, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a>, 212–215 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 198 – 8 April 217 <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(senior from 4 February 211)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Co-rulers</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (198–211)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> (209–211)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Lucius Septimius Bassianus<br />4 April 188<br /><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 April 217 (aged 29)<br />On the road between <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrhae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrhae">Carrhae</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Marcus Aurelius Antoninus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2012495_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2012495-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_family_of_Septimius_Severus_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3455" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Severan_Tondo" title="Severan Tondo">Severan Tondo</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <b><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></b></div> <div style="float:right;">193–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap">with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caracalla</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">198–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap">with <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">209–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caracalla</a></b></span></div> <div style="float:right;">211–217</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></b></span></div> <div style="float:right;">211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus"><b>Macrinus</b></a>' usurpation</div> <div style="float:right;">217–218</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap">with <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">218</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></b></div> <div style="float:right;">218–222</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></b></div> <div style="float:right;">222–235</div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Dynasty</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Severan dynasty family tree">Severan dynasty family tree</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Severan_dynasty" title="Category:Severan dynasty">All biographies</a><br /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Preceded by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five<br />Emperors</a></td> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Followed by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third<br />Century</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Severan_dynasty" title="Template:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Severan_dynasty" title="Template talk:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Severan_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</b> (born <b>Lucius Septimius Bassianus</b>, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname <b>Caracalla</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 198 to 217 AD, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father and then ruling alone after 211 AD. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>, the elder son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and Empress <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>. Severus proclaimed Caracalla co-ruler in 198, doing the same with his other son <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> in 209. The two brothers briefly shared power after their father's death in 211, but Caracalla soon had Geta murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and became sole ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Julia Domna had a significant share in governance, since Caracalla found administration to be mundane. His reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. </p><p>Caracalla issued the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine Constitution">Antonine Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Constitutio Antoniniana</i>), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to all <a href="/wiki/Peregrinus_(Roman)" title="Peregrinus (Roman)">free men</a> throughout the Roman Empire. The edict gave all the enfranchised men Caracalla's adopted <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">nomen</a>: "Marcus Aurelius". Other landmarks of his reign were the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a>, the second-largest bathing complex in the history of Rome, the introduction of a new Roman currency named the <i><a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">antoninianus</a></i>, a sort of double <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i>, and the massacres he ordered, both in Rome and elsewhere in the empire. In 216, Caracalla began <a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">a campaign against the Parthian Empire</a>. He did not see this campaign through to completion due to his assassination by a disaffected soldier in 217. <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> succeeded him as emperor three days later. </p><p>The ancient sources portray Caracalla as a cruel tyrant; his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 155 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 235) and <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 170 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240) present him as a soldier first and an emperor second. In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> started the legend of Caracalla's role as king of Britain. Later, in the 18th century, the works of French painters revived images of Caracalla due to apparent parallels between Caracalla's tyranny and that ascribed to king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1774–1792</span>). Modern works continue to portray Caracalla as an evil ruler, painting him as one of the most tyrannical of all Roman emperors. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Nickname"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p>Caracalla's name at birth was Lucius <a href="/wiki/Septimia_gens" title="Septimia gens">Septimius</a> Bassianus. He was renamed Marcus Aurelius Antoninus at the age of seven as part of his father's attempt at union with the families of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 4th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> in his <i>Epitome de Caesaribus</i>, he became known by the <a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">agnomen</a> "Caracalla" after a <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> hooded tunic that he habitually wore and made fashionable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have begun wearing it during his campaigns on the Rhine and Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, who was still writing his <i>Historia romana</i> during Caracalla's reign,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generally referred to him as "Tarautas", after a famously diminutive and violent <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> of the time, though he also calls him "Caracallus" on various occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="History"></span><span class="anchor" id="Biography"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Caracalla_(Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/240px-Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/360px-Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/480px-Young_Caracalla_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Young Caracalla; <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Caracalla was born in <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France), on 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 188 to <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193–211</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>, thus giving him <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Punic</a> paternal ancestry and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> maternal ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a slightly younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a>, with whom Caracalla briefly ruled as co-emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011399_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011399-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caracalla was five years old when his father was acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i> on 9 April 193.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caesar"><i>Caesar</i></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/170px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/255px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/340px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2409" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, Caracalla's father (<a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg/190px-Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg/285px-Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg/380px-Publius_Septimius_Geta_Louvre_Ma1076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2950" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Septimius Geta</a>, Caracalla's brother (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In early 195, Caracalla's father Septimius Severus had himself adopted posthumously by the deified emperor (<i><a href="/wiki/Divus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus">divus</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180</span>); accordingly, in 195 or 196 Caracalla was given the imperial rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>, adopting the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar, and was named <i>imperator destinatus</i> (or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">designatus</i></span>) in 197, possibly on his birthday, 4 April, and certainly before 7 May.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thus technically became a part of the well-remembered <a href="/wiki/Antonine_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine dynasty">Antonine dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-augustus">Co-<i>augustus</i></h3></div> <p>Caracalla's father appointed Caracalla, aged 9, joint <i>Augustus</i> and full emperor from 28 January 198.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2012495_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2012495-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the day Septimius Severus's <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> was celebrated, in honour of his victory over the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>; he had successfully sacked the Parthian capital, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, after winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (198)">Battle of Ctesiphon</a>, probably in October 197.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded <a href="/wiki/Tribunician_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunician power">tribunician power</a> and the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In inscriptions, Caracalla is given from 198 the title of the chief priesthood, <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother Geta was proclaimed <i>nobilissimus caesar</i> on the same day, and their father Septimius Severus was awarded the victory name <i>Parthicus Maximus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 199, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Arval Brethren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 199, at age 11, he was entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">pater patriae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 202, he was <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a>, having been named <i>consul designatus</i> the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His colleague was his father, serving his own third consulship.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>In 202, Caracalla was forced to marry the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fulvius_Plautianus" title="Gaius Fulvius Plautianus">Gaius Fulvius Plautianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a>, whom he hated, though for what reason is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding took place between the 9 and the 15 April, just after he turned 14.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 205, Caracalla was consul for the second time, in company with Geta – his brother's first consulship.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 205, aged 16, Caracalla had got Plautianus executed for treason, though he had probably fabricated the evidence of the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then that he banished his wife, whose later killing might have been carried out under Caracalla's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 January 207, at age 18, Caracalla celebrated his <i><a href="/wiki/Decennalia" title="Decennalia">decennalia</a></i>, the tenth anniversary of the beginning of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year 208 was the year of his third and Geta's second consulship.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Geta was himself granted the rank of <i>Augustus</i> and tribunician powers in September or October 209.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of his father, Caracalla's mother Julia Domna had played a prominent public role, receiving titles of honour such as "Mother of the camp", but she also played a role behind the scenes helping her husband administer the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described as ambitious,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011299_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011299-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julia Domna surrounded herself with thinkers and writers from all over the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011404_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011404-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Caracalla was mustering and training troops for his planned Persian invasion, Julia remained in Rome, administering the empire. Julia's growing influence in state affairs was the beginning of a trend of emperors' mothers having influence, which continued throughout the Severan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_as_senior_emperor">Reign as senior emperor</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geta_as_co-augustus">Geta as co-<i>augustus</i></h3></div> <p>On 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>February 211, Septimius Severus died at <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England) while on campaign in <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Caledonia</a>, to the north of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This left his two sons and co-<i>augusti</i>, Caracalla and his brother, Geta, as joint inheritors of their father's throne and empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caracalla adopted his father's <i><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a></i>, Severus, and assumed the chief priesthood as <i>pontifex maximus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:822_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:822-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name became <i>Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius Augustus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:822_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:822-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caracalla and Geta ended the <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_(208%E2%80%93211)" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)">Roman invasion of Caledonia</a> after concluding a peace with the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a> that returned the border of Roman Britain to the line demarcated by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the journey back from Britain to Rome with their father's ashes, Caracalla and his brother continuously argued with one another, making relations between them increasingly hostile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caracalla and Geta considered dividing the empire in half along the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> to make their co-rule less hostile. Caracalla was to rule in the west and Geta was to rule in the east. They were persuaded not to do this by their mother.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geta's_murder"><span id="Geta.27s_murder"></span>Geta's murder</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg/220px-Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg/330px-Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg/440px-Geta_Dying_in_his_Mother%27s_Arms_by_Jacques_Pajou_-_Staatsgalerie_-_Stuttgart_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption><i>Geta Dying in his Mother's Arms</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Augustin-Catherine_Pajou" title="Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou">Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou</a>, 1766–1828 (<a href="/wiki/Staatsgalerie_Stuttgart" title="Staatsgalerie Stuttgart">Staatsgalerie Stuttgart</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 December 211, at a reconciliation meeting arranged by their mother, Geta was assassinated by members of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> loyal to the 23-year-old Caracalla. Geta died in his mother's arms. It is widely accepted, and clearly most likely, that Caracalla ordered the assassination himself, as the two had never been on favourable terms with one another, much less after succeeding their father.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caracalla then persecuted and executed most of Geta's supporters and ordered a <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i> pronounced by the Senate against his brother's memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geta's image was removed from all paintings, coins were melted down, statues were destroyed, his name was struck from papyrus records, and it became a capital offence to speak or write Geta's name.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the <i>damnatio memoriae</i>, an estimated 20,000 people were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those killed were Geta's inner circle of guards and advisers, friends, and other military staff under his employ.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_as_sole_emperor">Reign as sole emperor</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Domna_(Julia_Pia),_inv._2210,_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo,_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg/170px-Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg/255px-Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg/340px-Julia_Domna_%28Julia_Pia%29%2C_inv._2210%2C_Roman_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3382" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Museo_Chiaramonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Chiaramonti">Museo Chiaramonti</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>When Geta died in 211, Julia Domna's responsibilities increased, because Caracalla found administrative tasks to be mundane.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She may have taken on one of the more important civil functions of the emperor; receiving petitions and answering correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of her role in this position, however, is probably overstated. She may have represented her son and played a role in meetings and answering queries; however, the final authority on legal matters was Caracalla.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor filled all of the roles in the legal system as judge, legislator, and administrator.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutio_Antoniniana"><i>Constitutio Antoniniana</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a></i> (lit. "Constitution of Antoninus", also called "Edict of Caracalla" or "Antonine Constitution") was an edict issued in 212 by Caracalla declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of the <i>dediticii</i>, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 212, the majority of Roman citizens had been inhabitants of Roman Italia, with about 4–7% of all peoples in the Roman Empire being Roman citizens at the time of the death of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in AD 14. Outside Rome, citizenship was restricted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">Roman coloniae</a><sup id="cite_ref-a_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Romans, or their descendants, living in the provinces, the inhabitants of various cities throughout the Empire – and small numbers of local nobles such as kings of client countries. Provincials, on the other hand, were usually non-citizens, although some magistrates and their families and relatives held the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Right">Latin Right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dio maintains that one purpose for Caracalla issuing the edict was the desire to increase state revenue; at the time, Rome was in a difficult financial situation and needed to pay for the new pay raises and benefits that were being conferred on the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edict widened the obligation for public service and gave increased revenue through the inheritance and emancipation taxes that only had to be paid by Roman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, few of those that gained citizenship were wealthy, and while it is true that Rome was in a difficult financial situation, it is thought that this could not have been the sole purpose of the edict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provincials also benefited from this edict because they were now able to think of themselves as equal partners to the Romans in the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another purpose for issuing the edict, as described within the papyrus upon which part of the edict was inscribed, was to appease the gods who had delivered Caracalla from conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspiracy in question was in response to Caracalla's murder of Geta and the subsequent slaughter of his followers; fratricide would only have been condoned if his brother had been a tyrant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>damnatio memoriae</i> against Geta and the large payments Caracalla had made to his own supporters were designed to protect himself from possible repercussions. After this had succeeded, Caracalla felt the need to repay the gods of Rome by returning the favour to the people of Rome through a similarly grand gesture. This was done through the granting of citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012127_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012127-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another purpose for issuing the edict might have been related to the fact that the periphery of the empire was now becoming central to its existence, and the granting of citizenship may have been simply a logical outcome of Rome's continued expansion of citizenship rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012127_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012127-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200849–50_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200849–50-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alamannic_war">Alamannic war</h3></div> <p>In 213, about a year after Geta's death, Caracalla left Rome, never to return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went north to the German frontier to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Tribes">Germanic tribes</a> who had broken through the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign of 213–214, Caracalla successfully defeated some of the Germanic tribes while settling other difficulties through diplomacy, though precisely with whom these treaties were made remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200825_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200825-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, Caracalla strengthened the frontier fortifications of Raetia and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a>, so that it was able to withstand any further barbarian invasions for another twenty years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_tour">Provincial tour</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png/350px-Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png/525px-Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png/700px-Roman_Empire_in_210_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire during the reign of Caracalla</figcaption></figure> <p>In spring 214, Caracalla departed for the eastern provinces, travelling through the Danubian provinces and the Anatolian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the winter of 214/215 in <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>. By 4 April 215 he had left Nicomedia, and in the summer he was in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December 215 he was in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, Egypt">Alexandria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, where he stayed until March or April 216.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the inhabitants of Alexandria heard of Caracalla's claims that he had killed his brother Geta in self-defence, they produced a satire mocking this as well as Caracalla's other pretensions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caracalla responded to this insult by slaughtering the unsuspecting deputation of leading citizens that had assembled before the city to greet his arrival in December 215, before setting his troops against Alexandria for several days of looting and plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 216 he returned to Antioch and before 27 May had set out to lead his Roman army against the Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the winter of 215/216 he was in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caracalla then moved east into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>. By 216 he had pushed through Armenia and south into Parthia.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baths">Baths</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG/220px-Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG/330px-Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG/440px-Baths_of_Caracalla.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Construction on the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a> in Rome began in 211 at the start of Caracalla's rule. The <i><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a></i> are named for Caracalla, though it is most probable that his father was responsible for their planning. In 216, a partial inauguration of the baths took place, but the outer perimeter of the baths was not completed until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These large baths were typical of the Roman practice of building complexes for social and state activities in large densely populated cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baths covered around 50 acres (or 202,000 square metres) of land and could accommodate around 1,600 bathers at any one time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the second largest public baths built in ancient Rome and were complete with <a href="/wiki/Natatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Natatio">swimming pools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">exercise yards</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">stadium</a>, steam rooms, libraries, meeting rooms, fountains, and other amenities, all of which were enclosed within formal gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior spaces were decorated with colourful marble floors, columns, mosaics, and colossal statuary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20085–6_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20085–6-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracalla_and_Serapis">Caracalla and Serapis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/170px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/255px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG/340px-SFEC_EGYPT_KOM-OMBO_2006-002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Caracalla as <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Kom_Ombo" title="Temple of Kom Ombo">Temple of Kom Ombo</a></figcaption></figure><p>At the outset of his reign, Caracalla declared imperial support for the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Greeks" title="Egyptian Greeks">Graeco-Egyptian</a> god of healing <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>. The Iseum and <a href="/wiki/Serapeum" title="Serapeum">Serapeum</a> in Alexandria were apparently renovated during Caracalla's co-rule with his father Septimius Severus. The evidence for this exists in two inscriptions found near the temple that appear to bear their names. Additional archaeological evidence exists for this in the form of two <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a> that have been dated to the Severan period and also two statues associated with the temple that have been dated to around 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>AD. Upon Caracalla's ascension to being sole ruler in 212, the imperial mint began striking coins bearing Serapis' image. This was a reflection of the god's central role during Caracalla's reign. After Geta's death, the weapon that had killed him was dedicated to Serapis by Caracalla. This was most likely done to cast Serapis into the role of Caracalla's protector from treachery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012137–139_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012137–139-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caracalla also erected a temple on the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal Hill</a> in 212, which he dedicated to Serapis.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fragmented inscription found in the church of Sant' Agata dei Goti in Rome records the construction, or possibly restoration, of a temple dedicated to the god Serapis. The inscription bears the name "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus", a reference to either Caracalla or <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, but more likely to Caracalla due to his known strong association with the god. Two other inscriptions dedicated to Serapis, as well as a granite crocodile similar to one discovered at the Iseum et Serapeum, were also found in the area around the Quirinal Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012142–143_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012142–143-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monetary_policy">Monetary policy</h3></div> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:4px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg/330px-Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg/500px-Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg/960px-Caracalla-sol%2B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4974" data-file-height="2487" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:165px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">O:</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureate</a> head of Caracalla <p>ANTONINVS <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pius_(epithet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pius (epithet) (page does not exist)">PIVS</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">AVG.</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanicus (title) (page does not exist)">GERM.</a> </p> </td> <td style="width:165px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">R:</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globe</a>, rising hand <p><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">TRibunus Plebis</a> <a href="/wiki/19_(number)" title="19 (number)">XVIIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">COnSul</a> <a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)">IIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:334px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i> struck in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> 216 AD; ref.: RIC 281b, C 359 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The expenditures that Caracalla made with the large bonuses he gave to soldiers prompted him to debase the coinage soon after his ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of Severus' reign and early into Caracalla's, the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i> had an approximate silver purity of around 55%, but by the end of Caracalla's reign the purity had been reduced to about 51%.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008130–131_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008130–131-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 215 Caracalla introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">antoninianus</a></i>, a coin intended to serve as a double <i>denarius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008123_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008123-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new currency, however, had a silver purity of about 52% for the period between 215 and 217 and an actual size ratio of 1<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>antoninianus</i> to 1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>denarii. This in effect made the <i>antoninianus</i> equal to about 1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>denarii.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:19_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008139_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008139-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduced silver purity of the coins caused people to hoard the old coins that had higher silver content, aggravating the inflation problem caused by the earlier devaluation of the <i>denarii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008123_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008123-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_policy">Military policy</h3></div> <p>During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the annual pay of an average legionary from 2000 <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius"><i>sesterces</i></a> (500 <i><a href="/wiki/Denarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Denarii">denarii</a></i>) to 2700–3000 <i>sesterces</i> (675–750 <i>denarii</i>). He lavished many benefits on the army, which he both feared and admired, in accordance with the advice given by his father on his deathbed always to heed the welfare of the soldiers and ignore everyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caracalla needed to gain and keep the trust of the military, and he did so with generous pay raises and popular gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent much of his time with the soldiers, so much so that he began to imitate their dress and adopt their manners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200821_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200821-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Caracalla concluded his campaign against the Alamanni, it became evident that he was inordinately preoccupied with emulating <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:92_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began openly mimicking Alexander in his personal style. In planning his invasion of the Parthian Empire, Caracalla decided to arrange 16,000 of his men in Macedonian-style <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanxes</a>, despite the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> having made the phalanx an obsolete tactical formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:92_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:292_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:292-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Christopher Matthew mentions that the term <i>Phalangarii</i> has two possible meanings, both with military connotations. The first refers merely to the Roman battle line and does not specifically mean that the men were armed with <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>, and the second bears similarity to the 'Marian Mules' of the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> who carried their equipment suspended from a long pole, which were in use until at least the 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:292_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:292-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, the <i>phalangarii</i> of <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica" title="Legio II Parthica">Legio II Parthica</a> may not have been pikemen, but rather standard battle line troops or possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Triarii" title="Triarii">triarii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:292_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:292-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that he visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> school based on a legend that <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> had poisoned Alexander. This was a sign of Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_war">Parthian war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">Parthian war of Caracalla</a></div> <p>In 216, Caracalla pursued a series of aggressive campaigns in the east against the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, intended to bring more territory under direct Roman control. He offered the king of Parthia, <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV of Parthia</a>, a marriage proposal between himself and the king's daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artabanus refused the offer, realizing that the proposal was merely an attempt to unite the kingdom of Parthia under the control of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Caracalla used the opportunity to start a campaign against the Parthians. That summer Caracalla began to attack the countryside east of the Tigris in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">Parthian war of Caracalla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following winter, Caracalla retired to <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a> in south-east <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and began making preparations to renew the campaign by spring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <p>At the beginning of 217, Caracalla was still based at Edessa before renewing hostilities against Parthia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 217 Caracalla, who had just turned 29, was travelling to visit a temple of the moon god <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while on the road from Edessa to Carrhae, now <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> in southern Turkey, where in 53<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC the Romans had suffered <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">a defeat</a> at the hands of the Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After stopping briefly to urinate, Caracalla was approached by a soldier, <b>Justin Martialis</b>, and stabbed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Scythian bodyguard of Caracalla killed Martialis with his lance. The two Praetorian tribunes rushed to the emperor, as if to help him, and completed the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martialis had been incensed by Caracalla's refusal to grant him the position of <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>, Caracalla's successor, saw the opportunity to use Martialis to end Caracalla's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the immediate aftermath of Caracalla's death, his murderer, Martialis, was killed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Caracalla was murdered, Julia Domna was in Antioch sorting out correspondence, removing unimportant messages from the bunch so that when Caracalla returned, he would not be overburdened with duties.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, Macrinus declared himself emperor with the support of the Roman army.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portraiture">Portraiture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg/220px-Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg/330px-Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg/440px-Roman_-_Medallion_with_Roman_Emperor_Caracalla_-_Walters_593_-_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>This medallion exemplifies the typical manner in which Caracalla was depicted (<a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Caracalla's official portrayal as sole emperor marks a break from the detached images of the philosopher-emperors who preceded him: his close-cropped haircut is that of a soldier, his pugnacious scowl a realistic and threatening presence. This rugged soldier-emperor, an iconic archetype, was adopted by most of the following emperors, such as <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, who were dependent on the support of the troops to rule the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200859_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200859-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herodian describes Caracalla as having preferred northern European clothing, <i>Caracalla</i> being the name of the short Gaulish cloak that he made fashionable, and he often wore a blond wig.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dio mentions that when Caracalla was a boy, he had a tendency to show an angry or even savage facial expression.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way Caracalla wanted to be portrayed to his people can be seen through the many surviving busts and coins. Images of the young Caracalla cannot be clearly distinguished from his younger brother Geta.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the coins, Caracalla was shown laureate after becoming <i>augustus</i> in 197; Geta is bareheaded until he became <i>augustus</i> himself in 209.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 209 and their father's death in February<span class="nowrap"> </span>211, both brothers are shown as mature young men who were ready to take over the empire. </p><p>Between the death of the father and the assassination of Geta towards the end of 211, Caracalla's portrait remains static with a short full beard while Geta develops a long beard with hair strains like his father. The latter was a strong indicator of Geta's effort to be seen as the true successor to their father, an effort that came to naught when he was murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caracalla's presentation on coins during the period of his co-reign with his father, from 198 to 210, are in broad terms in line with the third-century imperial representation; most coin types communicate military and religious messages, with other coins giving messages of <i>saeculum aureum</i> and virtues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012251_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012251-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Caracalla's sole reign, from 212 to 217, a significant shift in representation took place. The majority of coins produced during this period made associations with divinity or had religious messages; others had non-specific and unique messages that were only circulated during Caracalla's sole rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012251–252_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012251–252-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damnatio_memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</h3></div> <p>Caracalla was not subject to a proper <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i> after his assassination; while the Senate disliked him, his popularity with the military prevented <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> and the Senate from openly declaring him to be a <i>hostis</i>. Macrinus, in an effort to placate the Senate, instead ordered the secret removal of statues of Caracalla from public view. After his death, the public made comparisons between him and other condemned emperors and called for the horse race celebrating his birthday to be abolished and for gold and silver statues dedicated to him to be melted down. These events were, however, limited in scope; most erasures of his name from inscriptions were either accidental or occurred as a result of re-use. Macrinus had Caracalla deified and commemorated on coins as <i>Divus Antoninus</i>. There does not appear to have been any intentional mutilation of Caracalla in any images that were created during his reign as sole emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari,_forse_dai_castra_praetoria,_bronzo,_212-217_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG/220px-Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG/330px-Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG/440px-Caracalla_con_le_decorazioni_militari%2C_forse_dai_castra_praetoria%2C_bronzo%2C_212-217_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Bronze portrait of Caracalla (<a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_portrayal">Classical portrayal</h3></div> <p>Caracalla is presented in the ancient sources of <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i> as a cruel tyrant and savage ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012226_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portrayal of Caracalla is only further supported by the murder of his brother Geta and the subsequent massacre of Geta's supporters that Caracalla ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012226_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside this, these contemporary sources present Caracalla as a "soldier-emperor" for his preference of the soldiery over the senators, a depiction that made him even less popular with the senatorial biographers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012226_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dio explicitly presented Caracalla as an emperor who marched with the soldiers and behaved like a soldier. Dio also often referred to Caracalla's large military expenditures and the subsequent financial problems this caused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012226_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traits dominate Caracalla's image in the surviving classical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012227_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012227-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baths of Caracalla are presented in classical literature as unprecedented in scale, and impossible to build if not for the use of reinforced concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Edict of Caracalla, issued in 212, however, goes almost unnoticed in classical records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012227_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012227-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Historia Augusta</i> is considered by historians as the least trustworthy for all accounts of events, historiography, and biographies among the ancient works and is full of fabricated materials and sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of Herodian of Antioch are, by comparison, "far less fantastic" than the stories presented by the <i>Historia Augusta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Andrew G. Scott suggests that Dio's work is frequently considered the best source for this period.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historian Clare Rowan questions Dio's accuracy on the topic of Caracalla, referring to the work as having presented a hostile attitude towards Caracalla and thus needing to be treated with caution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012113_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012113-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this hostility is found in one section where Dio notes that Caracalla is descended from three different races and that he managed to combine all of their faults into one person: the fickleness, cowardice, and recklessness of the Gauls, the cruelty and harshness of the Africans, and the craftiness that is associated with the Syrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012113_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012113-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the outline of events as presented by Dio are described by Rowan as generally accurate, while the motivations that Dio suggests are of questionable origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012113_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012113-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this is his presentation of the Edict of Caracalla; the motive that Dio appends to this event is Caracalla's desire to increase tax revenue. Olivier Hekster, Nicholas Zair, and Rowan challenge this presentation because the majority of people who were enfranchised by the edict would have been poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012113_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012113-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her work, Rowan also describes Herodian's depiction of Caracalla: more akin to a soldier than an emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012114_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012114-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_legends">Medieval legends</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s pseudohistorical <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">History of the Kings of Britain</a></i> makes Caracalla a king of Britain, referring to him by his actual name "Bassianus", rather than by the nickname Caracalla. In the story, after Severus' death the Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus because he had a British mother. The two brothers fought until Geta was killed and Bassianus succeeded to the throne, after which he ruled until he was overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a>. However, Carausius' revolt actually happened about seventy years after Caracalla's death in 217.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighteenth-century_artworks_and_the_French_Revolution">Eighteenth-century artworks and the French Revolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/220px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/440px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><i>Septimius Severus and Caracalla</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Jean-Baptiste Greuze</a>, 1769 (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Caracalla's memory was revived in the art of late eighteenth-century French painters. His tyrannical career became the subject of the work of several French painters such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Greuze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_de_Parme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien de Parme (page does not exist)">Julien de Parme</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_de_Parme" class="extiw" title="fr:Julien de Parme">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bonvoisin" title="Jean Bonvoisin">Bonvoisin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Augustin-Catherine_Pajou" title="Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou">J.-A.-C. Pajou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Guillon-Lethi%C3%A8re" title="Guillaume Guillon-Lethière">Lethière</a>. Their fascination with Caracalla was a reflection of the growing discontent of the French people with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">monarchy</a>. Caracalla's visibility was influenced by the existence of several literary sources in French that included both translations of ancient works and contemporary works of the time. Caracalla's likeness was readily available to the painters due to the distinct style of his portraiture and his unusual soldier-like choice of fashion that distinguished him from other emperors. The artworks may have served as a warning that <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> could become the horror of tyranny and that disaster could come about if the regime failed to reform. Art historian Susan Wood suggests that this reform was for the absolute monarchy to become a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, as per the original goal of revolution, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> that it eventually became. Wood also notes the similarity between Caracalla and his crimes leading to his assassination and the eventual uprising against, and death of, King Louis XVI: both rulers had died as a result of their apparent tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_portrayal">Modern portrayal</h3></div> <p>Caracalla has had a reputation as being among the worst of Roman emperors, a perception that survives even into modern works.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art and linguistics historian John Agnew and the writer Walter Bidwell describe Caracalla as having an evil spirit, referring to the devastation he wrought in Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman historian David Magie describes Caracalla, in the book <i>Roman Rule in Asia Minor</i>, as brutal and tyrannical and points towards psychopathy as an explanation for his behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Clifford Ando supports this description, suggesting that Caracalla's rule as sole emperor is notable "almost exclusively" for his crimes of theft, massacre, and mismanagement.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>18th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, takes Caracalla's reputation, which he had received for the murder of Geta and subsequent massacre of Geta's supporters, and applied it to Caracalla's provincial tours, suggesting that "every province was by turn the scene of his rapine and cruelty".<sup id="cite_ref-:28_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibbon compared Caracalla to emperors such as <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> who spent their careers campaigning in the provinces and then to tyrants such as <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> whose entire reigns were confined to Rome and whose actions only impacted upon the senatorial and equestrian classes residing there. Gibbon then concluded that Caracalla was "the common enemy of mankind", as both Romans and provincials alike were subject to "his rapine and cruelty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This representation is questioned by the historian Shamus Sillar, who cites the construction of roads and reinforcement of fortifications in the western provinces, among other things, as being contradictory to the representation made by Gibbon of cruelty and destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history professors Molefi Asante and Shaza Ismail note that Caracalla is known for the disgraceful nature of his rule, stating that "he rode the horse of power until it nearly died of exhaustion" and that though his rule was short, his life, personality, and acts made him a notable, though likely not beneficial, figure in the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Severan_dynasty_family_tree">Severan dynasty family tree</h2></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template talk:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Severan family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <div class="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimius Macer</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fulvius Pius</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Lucius Septimius Severus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Publius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gaius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fulvia Pia</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(father_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (father of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimia Polla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Bassianus" title="Julius Bassianus">Julius Bassianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimius</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(brother_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (brother of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimia Octavilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paccia_Marciana" title="Paccia Marciana">Paccia Marciana</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 193–211)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Avitus_Alexianus" title="Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus">Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Septimius_Severus_Aper" title="Gaius Septimius Severus Aper">Gaius Septimius Severus Aper</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caracalla</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 197–217)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 209–211)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias" title="Julia Soaemias">Julia Soaemias</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Varius_Marcellus" title="Sextus Varius Marcellus">Sextus Varius Marcellus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">Julia Avita Mamaea</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Unknown<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a> (2 and 4)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 218–222)<sup id="cite_ref-gibbon_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a> (3)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 222–235)<sup id="cite_ref-gibbon_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <hr /> <ul><li>(1) = 1st spouse</li> <li>(2) = 2nd spouse</li> <li>(3) = 3rd spouse</li> <li>(4) = 4th spouse</li> <li>Dark green indicates an <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the Severan dynasty</li></ul> <p><b>Notes:</b><br /> </p> <dl><dd>Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999). <i>Septimius Severus: The African Emperor</i>. London: Routledge. p. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaaClrSUtHsC&dq=caracalla%20rule%20with%20father&pg=PA216"><i>Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors</i></a>. BRILL. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7"><bdi>90-04-12578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neokoroi%3A+Greek+Cities+and+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12578-7&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaaClrSUtHsC%26dq%3Dcaracalla%2520rule%2520with%2520father%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaaClrSUtHsC&dq=caracalla%20rule%20with%20father&pg=PA247"><i>Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors</i></a>. BRILL. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7"><bdi>90-04-12578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neokoroi%3A+Greek+Cities+and+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12578-7&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaaClrSUtHsC%26dq%3Dcaracalla%2520rule%2520with%2520father%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Icks, Martijn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-MDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor</i></a>. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-362-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimes+of+Elagabalus%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Rome%27s+Decadent+Boy+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-362-1&rft.aulast=Icks&rft.aufirst=Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_g-MDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibbon-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbonSmith1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>; Smith, William (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXMtAQAAMAAJ&dq=elagabalus%20218%20to%20222%20edward%20gibbon&pg=PA45"><i>The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Gibbon%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXMtAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Delagabalus%2520218%2520to%2520222%2520edward%2520gibbon%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography:</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999). <i>Septimius Severus: The African Emperor</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415165911" title="Special:BookSources/0415165911"><bdi>0415165911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0415165911&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>; Smith, William (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXMtAQAAMAAJ&dq=elagabalus%20218%20to%20222%20edward%20gibbon&pg=PP1"><i>The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. London: Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993285639">993285639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Gibbon%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993285639&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXMtAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Delagabalus%2520218%2520to%2520222%2520edward%2520gibbon%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/40px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/60px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/120px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Severan dynasty family tree">Severan dynasty family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Caracalla_(Dj%C3%A9mila)" title="Arch of Caracalla (Djémila)">Arch of Caracalla (Djémila)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coloniae were cities of Roman citizens founded in conquered provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Latin Rights or <i>ius Latii</i> were an intermediate or probationary stage for non-Romans obtaining full Roman citizenship. Aside from the right to vote, and ability to pursue a political office, the Latin Rights were just a limited Roman citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond195735–36_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1957">Hammond 1957</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2012495-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2012495_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2012495_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooley2012">Cooley 2012</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Reference-AHD-Caracalla" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Caracalla">"Caracalla"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caracalla&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DCaracalla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGagarin2009" class="citation book cs1">Gagarin, Michael (2009). <i>Ancient Greece and Rome</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gagarin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabberneeLampe2008" class="citation book cs1">Tabbernee, William; Lampe, Peter (2008). <i>Pepouza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020859-7"><bdi>978-3-11-020859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pepouza+and+Tymion%3A+The+Discovery+and+Archaeological+Exploration+of+a+Lost+Ancient+City+and+an+Imperial+Estate&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020859-7&rft.aulast=Tabbernee&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Lampe%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405–406_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, pp. 405–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/74"><i>How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwan2004" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Michael Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26s6CG8LffsC"><i>The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3, 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516774-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516774-0"><bdi>0-19-516774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustan+Succession%3A+An+Historical+Commentary+on+Cassius+Dio%27s+Roman+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516774-0&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Michael+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26s6CG8LffsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/79*.html">Book 79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahid1984" class="citation book cs1">Shahid, Irfan (1984). <i>Rome and the Arabs</i>. Georgetown, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-115-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-115-7"><bdi>0-88402-115-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Arabs&rft.place=Georgetown%2C+Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-88402-115-7&rft.aulast=Shahid&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011399-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011399_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooley2012">Cooley 2012</a>, pp. 495–496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_13-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKienast" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. "Caracalla". <i>Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie</i> (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8"><bdi>978-3-534-26724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caracalla&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26724-8&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1996). <i>The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire</i>. Psychology Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+the+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKienast" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. "Septimius Severus". <i>Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie</i> (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8"><bdi>978-3-534-26724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Septimius+Severus&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26724-8&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011402_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011405_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/76"><i>How Rome fell: death of a superpower</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011299-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011299_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011404-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011404_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1996). <i>The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire</i>. Psychology Press. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+the+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/68"><i>How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/68">68–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:822-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:822_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:822_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKienast" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. "Caracalla". <i>Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie</i> (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8"><bdi>978-3-534-26724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caracalla&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26724-8&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70"><i>How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70"><i>How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70">70–71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric, R. (2004). <i>Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture</i>. Brill Academic. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4"><bdi>90-04-13577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutilation+and+transformation%3A+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13577-4&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuori2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tuori, Kaius (2016). "Judge Julia Domna? A Historical Mystery and the Emergence of Imperial Legal Administration". <i>The Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">180–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440365.2016.1191590">10.1080/01440365.2016.1191590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-0365">0144-0365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147778542">147778542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Judge+Julia+Domna%3F+A+Historical+Mystery+and+the+Emergence+of+Imperial+Legal+Administration&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147778542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0144-0365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440365.2016.1191590&rft.aulast=Tuori&rft.aufirst=Kaius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLim2010" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Richard (2010). <i>The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome: Late Antiquity</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Companion+to+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevine1975" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lee (1975). <i>Caesarea Under Roman Rule</i>. Brill Archive. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04013-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04013-7"><bdi>90-04-04013-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Under+Roman+Rule&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04013-7&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenario1954" class="citation journal cs1">Benario, Herbert (1954). "The Dediticii of the Constitutio Antoniniana". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>85</b>: <span class="nowrap">188–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283475">10.2307/283475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283475">283475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Dediticii+of+the+Constitutio+Antoniniana&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benario&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCairns2007" class="citation book cs1">Cairns, John (2007). <i>Beyond Dogmatics: Law and Society in the Roman World: Law and Society in the Roman World</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3177-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3177-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-3177-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Dogmatics%3A+Law+and+Society+in+the+Roman+World%3A+Law+and+Society+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3177-3&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giessen Papyrus, 40,7-9 "I grant to all the inhabitants of the Empire the Roman citizenship and no one remains outside a civitas, with the exception of the dediticii"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittockWhittock1991" class="citation book cs1">Whittock, Martyn John; Whittock, Martyn (1991). <i>The Roman Empire</i>. Heinemann. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-31274-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-31274-X"><bdi>0-435-31274-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-435-31274-X&rft.aulast=Whittock&rft.aufirst=Martyn+John&rft.au=Whittock%2C+Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonColeman-NortonBournePharr1961" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Allan; Coleman-Norton, Paul; Bourne, Frank; Pharr, Clyde (1961). <i>Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation with Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index</i>. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-291-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-291-3"><bdi>1-58477-291-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Roman+Statutes%3A+A+Translation+with+Introduction%2C+Commentary%2C+Glossary%2C+and+Index&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=1-58477-291-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Coleman-Norton%2C+Paul&rft.au=Bourne%2C+Frank&rft.au=Pharr%2C+Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZoch2000" class="citation book cs1">Zoch, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/91"><i>Ancient Rome: An Introductory History</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6"><bdi>0-8061-3287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8061-3287-6&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientrome00paul%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lavan, Myles (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/12646/1/Lavan_2016_PandP_SpreadRomanCitizenship_RevisedAAM.pdf">"The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14–212 CE: Quantification in the face of high uncertainty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Past and Present</i> (230): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtv043">10.1093/pastj/gtv043</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F12646">10023/12646</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Roman+Citizenship%2C+14%E2%80%93212+CE%3A+Quantification+in+the+face+of+high+uncertainty&rft.issue=230&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F12646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtv043&rft.aulast=Lavan&rft.aufirst=Myles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F10023%2F12646%2F1%2FLavan_2016_PandP_SpreadRomanCitizenship_RevisedAAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200847–48_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200848–49_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012127-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012127_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012127_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowan2012">Rowan 2012</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200849–50-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200849–50_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoatwrightGargolaTalbert2004" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413"><i>The Romans, from village to empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413">413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8"><bdi>0-19-511875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans%2C+from+village+to+empire&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-511875-8&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rft.au=Gargola%2C+Daniel+J&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Richard+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromansfromvillag00boat_0%2Fpage%2F413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200825-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200825_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2016" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Robert (2016). <i>History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt</i>. FriesenPress. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-8027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-8027-0"><bdi>978-1-4602-8027-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Coptic+Orthodox+People+and+the+Church+of+Egypt&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=FriesenPress&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4602-8027-0&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher2010" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Warren (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMpxi1AqaZYC&pg=PA86"><i>The Illustrated History of the Roman Empire: From Caesar's Crossing the Rubicon (49 BC) to the Empire's Fall, 476 AD</i></a>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4490-7739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4490-7739-6"><bdi>978-1-4490-7739-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+From+Caesar%27s+Crossing+the+Rubicon+%2849+BC%29+to+the+Empire%27s+Fall%2C+476+AD&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4490-7739-6&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJMpxi1AqaZYC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelton2014" class="citation book cs1">Melton, Gordon, J. (2014). <i>Faiths Across Time: 5000 Years of Religious History</i>. p. 338.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+Across+Time%3A+5000+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.pages=338&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=Gordon%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoatwrightGargolaTalbert2004" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413"><i>The Romans, from village to empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413">413–414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8"><bdi>0-19-511875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans%2C+from+village+to+empire&rft.pages=413-414&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-511875-8&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rft.au=Gargola%2C+Daniel+J&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Richard+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromansfromvillag00boat_0%2Fpage%2F413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastex20084-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastex20084_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastex2008">Castex 2008</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOetelaar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Oetelaar, Taylor (2014). 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(1916). "The Decline and Fall of the Denarius in the Third Century A.D.". <i>The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42663723">42663723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle+and+Journal+of+the+Royal+Numismatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Denarius+in+the+Third+Century+A.D.&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42663723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008130–131-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008130–131_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008123-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008123_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008123_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergeron2007–2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bergeron, David (2007–2008). "Roman Antoninianus". <i>Bank of Canada Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+Canada+Review&rft.atitle=Roman+Antoninianus&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2008139-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2008139_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarl1996" class="citation book cs1">Harl, Kenneth (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yPDL0EykeAC&q=antoninianus"><i>Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-85291-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-801-85291-9"><bdi>0-801-85291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+in+the+Roman+Economy%2C+300+B.C.+to+A.D.+700&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-801-85291-9&rft.aulast=Harl&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yPDL0EykeAC%26q%3Dantoninianus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1996). <i>The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire</i>. Psychology Press. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+the+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2015" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Patricia (2015). <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49694-6"><bdi>978-1-317-49694-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49694-6&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200821-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200821_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2008">Scott 2008</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/74"><i>How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:92_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrauer1967" class="citation book cs1">Brauer, G. (1967). <i>The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome</i>. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decadent+Emperors%3A+Power+and+Depravity+in+Third-Century+Rome&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:292-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:292_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:292_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:292_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2015" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Matthew (2015). <i>An Invincible Beast: Understanding the Hellenistic Pike Phalanx in Action</i>. Casemate Publishers. p. 403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Invincible+Beast%3A+Understanding+the+Hellenistic+Pike+Phalanx+in+Action&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunstan2011406–407_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, pp. 406–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see about Caracalla's planned visit to the shrine <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Frank Kolb</span>: <i>Literarische Beziehungen zwischen Cassius Dio, Herodian und der Historia Augusta</i>, Bonn 1972, pp. 123ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio Cassius 79 (78),5,2-5. See, Herodian and 4.13 <i>Historia Augusta</i>, Caracalla 6.6-7.2. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps">Michael Louis Meckler</span>: <i>Caracalla and his late-antique biographer</i>, Ann Arbor, 1994, pp. 152-156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/75"><i>How Rome Fell: death of a superpower</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"><bdi>978-0-300-16426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+death+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=New+Haven%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16426-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndo2012" class="citation book cs1">Ando, Clifford (2012). <i>Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-5534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rome+AD+193+to+284%3A+The+Critical+Century&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-5534-2&rft.aulast=Ando&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200859-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterZair200859_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeksterZair2008">Hekster & Zair 2008</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/05/eust/ho_40.11.1a.htm">"Metropolitan Museum of Art: Portrait head of the Emperor Caracalla". acc. no. 40.11.1a"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%3A+Portrait+head+of+the+Emperor+Caracalla%22.+acc.+no.+40.11.1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fho%2F05%2Feust%2Fho_40.11.1a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerodian_of_Antioch" class="citation book cs1">Herodian of Antioch. <i>History of the Roman Empire</i>. pp. 4.7.3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=4.7.3&rft.au=Herodian+of+Antioch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDion.d." class="citation book cs1">Dio, Cassius (n.d.). <i>Roman History</i>. pp. 78.11.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.pages=78.11.1&rft.aulast=Dio&rft.aufirst=Cassius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric, R. (2004). <i>Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture</i>. Brill Academic. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4"><bdi>90-04-13577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutilation+and+transformation%3A+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13577-4&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPangerl2013" class="citation book cs1">Pangerl, Andreas (2013). <i>Porträttypen des Caracalla und des Geta auf Römischen Reichsprägungen – Definition eines neuen Caesartyps des Caracalla und eines neuen Augustustyps des Geta</i>. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt des RGZM Mainz 43. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portr%C3%A4ttypen+des+Caracalla+und+des+Geta+auf+R%C3%B6mischen+Reichspr%C3%A4gungen+%E2%80%93+Definition+eines+neuen+Caesartyps+des+Caracalla+und+eines+neuen+Augustustyps+des+Geta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Arch%C3%A4ologisches+Korrespondenzblatt+des+RGZM+Mainz+43&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pangerl&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012251-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012251_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManders2012">Manders 2012</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012251–252-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012251–252_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManders2012">Manders 2012</a>, pp. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric (2004). <i>Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture</i>. Brill Academic. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4"><bdi>90-04-13577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutilation+and+transformation%3A+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13577-4&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012226-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012226_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012226_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012226_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012226_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManders2012">Manders 2012</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManders2012227-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012227_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManders2012227_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManders2012">Manders 2012</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuck2014" class="citation book cs1">Tuck, Steven L. (2014). <i>A History of Roman Art</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3026-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-3026-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Roman+Art&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3026-7&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehl2011" class="citation book cs1">Mehl, Andreas (2011). <i>Roman Historiography</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Historiography&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mehl&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreisach2008" class="citation book cs1">Breisach, Ernst (2008). <i>Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Third Edition</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07284-5"><bdi>978-0-226-07284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiography%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07284-5&rft.aulast=Breisach&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadas2013" class="citation book cs1">Hadas, Moses (2013). <i>History of Latin Literature</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51487-3"><bdi>978-0-231-51487-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Latin+Literature&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51487-3&rft.aulast=Hadas&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeistner1966" class="citation book cs1">Leistner, M. W. L. (1966). <i>The Greater Roman Historians</i>. University of California Press. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greater+Roman+Historians&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Leistner&rft.aufirst=M.+W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <i>The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome</i>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7"><bdi>3-16-148076-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+Reconsidered%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Second+Jewish+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-16-148076-7&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Andrew G. (2015). <i>Cassius Dio, Caracalla, and the Senate</i>. 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Edinburgh University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-5534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rome+AD+193+to+284%3A+The+Critical+Century&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-5534-2&rft.aulast=Ando&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSillar2001" class="citation book cs1">Sillar, Shamus (2001). <i>Quinquennium in provinciis: Caracalla and Imperial Administration 212–217</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quinquennium+in+provinciis%3A+Caracalla+and+Imperial+Administration+212%E2%80%93217&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sillar&rft.aufirst=Shamus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsanteIsmail2016" class="citation journal cs1">Asante, Molefi K.; Ismail, Shaza (2016). "Interrogating the African Roman Emperor Caracalla: Claiming and Reclaiming an African Leader". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Black_Studies" title="Journal of Black Studies">Journal of Black Studies</a></i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934715611376">10.1177/0021934715611376</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147256542">147256542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Interrogating+the+African+Roman+Emperor+Caracalla%3A+Claiming+and+Reclaiming+an+African+Leader&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934715611376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147256542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+K.&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Shaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Agnew, John; Bidwell, Walter (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eclecticmagazin04bidwgoog"><i>The Eclectic Magazine: Foreign Literature</i></a>. Vol. II. Leavitt, Throw and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eclectic+Magazine%3A+Foreign+Literature&rft.pub=Leavitt%2C+Throw+and+Company&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bidwell%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feclecticmagazin04bidwgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ando, Clifford (2012). <i>Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-5534-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-5534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rome+AD+193+to+284%3A+The+Critical+Century&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-5534-2&rft.aulast=Ando&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Asante, Molefi K.; Shaza, Ismail (2016). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8"><bdi>0-19-511875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans%2C+from+village+to+empire.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-511875-8&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rft.au=Gargola%2C+Daniel%2C+J&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Richard+J.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromansfromvillag00boat_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Brauer, G (1967). <i>The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decadent+Emperors%3A+Power+and+Depravity+in+Third-Century+Rome&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Breisach, Ernst (2008). <i>Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern</i> (3rd ed.). 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Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6832-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6832-7&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Warren (2010). <i>The Illustrated History of the Roman Empire: From Caesar's Crossing the Rubicon (49 Bc) to Empire's Fall, 476 Ad</i>. 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Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18970-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18970-6"><bdi>978-90-04-18970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Empire%3A+Coining+Images+of+Power%3A+Patterns+in+the+Representation+of+Roman+Emperors+on+Imperial+Coinage%2C+A.D.+193%E2%80%93284&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18970-6&rft.aulast=Manders&rft.aufirst=Erika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Matthew, Christopher (2015). <i>An Invincible Beast: Understanding the Hellenistic Pike Phalanx in Action</i>. Casemate Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Invincible+Beast%3A+Understanding+the+Hellenistic+Pike+Phalanx+in+Action&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Mehl, Andres (2011). <i>Roman Historiography</i>. John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Historiography&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mehl&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Melton, Gordon, J. (2014). <i>Faiths Across Time: 5000 Years of Religious History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+Across+Time%3A+5000+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=Gordon%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Mennen, Inge (2011). <i>Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284</i>. Impact of Empire. Vol. XII. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859895124">859895124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Status+in+the+Roman+Empire%2C+AD+193%E2%80%93284&rft.series=Impact+of+Empire&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859895124&rft.aulast=Mennen&rft.aufirst=Inge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Robert (2016). <i>History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt</i>. FriesenPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-8027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-8027-0"><bdi>978-1-4602-8027-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Coptic+Orthodox+People+and+the+Church+of+Egypt&rft.pub=FriesenPress&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4602-8027-0&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Oman, C (1916). <i>The Decline and Fall of the Denarius in the Third Century A.D</i>. Royal Numismatic Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Denarius+in+the+Third+Century+A.D.&rft.pub=Royal+Numismatic+Society&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Oetelaar, Taylor (2014). "Reconstructing the Baths of Caracalla". <i>Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Applications+in+Archaeology+and+Cultural+History&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Baths+of+Caracalla&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Oetelaar&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Pangerl, Andreas (2013). <i>Porträttypen des Caracalla und des Geta auf Römischen Reichsprägungen – Definition eines neuen Caesartyps des Caracalla und eines neuen Augustustyps des Geta</i>. RGZM Mainz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portr%C3%A4ttypen+des+Caracalla+und+des+Geta+auf+R%C3%B6mischen+Reichspr%C3%A4gungen+%E2%80%93+Definition+eines+neuen+Caesartyps+des+Caracalla+und+eines+neuen+Augustustyps+des+Geta&rft.pub=RGZM+Mainz&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pangerl&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowan2012" class="citation book cs1">Rowan, Clare (2012). <i>Under Divine Auspices: Divine Ideology and the Visualisation of Imperial Power in the Severan Period</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Divine+Auspices%3A+Divine+Ideology+and+the+Visualisation+of+Imperial+Power+in+the+Severan+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rowan&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <i>The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome</i>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7"><bdi>3-16-148076-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+Reconsidered%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Second+Jewish+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-16-148076-7&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2008" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Andrew (2008). <i>Change and Discontinuity Within the Severan Dynasty: The Case of Macrinus</i>. Rutgers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-89041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-89041-6"><bdi>978-0-549-89041-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/430652279">430652279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+and+Discontinuity+Within+the+Severan+Dynasty%3A+The+Case+of+Macrinus&rft.pub=Rutgers&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F430652279&rft.isbn=978-0-549-89041-6&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Scott, Andrew G. (2015). <i>Cassius Dio, Caracalla and the Senate</i>. De Gruyters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassius+Dio%2C+Caracalla+and+the+Senate&rft.pub=De+Gruyters&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Sillar, Shamus (2001). <i>Quinquennium in provinciis: Caracalla and Imperial Administration 212–217</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quinquennium+in+provinciis%3A+Caracalla+and+Imperial+Administration+212%E2%80%93217&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sillar&rft.aufirst=Shamus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Tuck, Steven L. (2014). <i>A History of Roman Art</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3026-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-3026-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Roman+Art&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3026-7&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Southern, Patricia (2015). <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49694-6"><bdi>978-1-317-49694-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49694-6&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Tabbernee, William; Lampe, Peter (2008). <i>Pepouza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020859-7"><bdi>978-3-11-020859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pepouza+and+Tymion%3A+The+Discovery+and+Archaeological+Exploration+of+a+Lost+Ancient+City+and+an+Imperial+Estate&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020859-7&rft.aulast=Tabbernee&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Lampe%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tuori, Kaius (2016). "Judge Julia Domna? A Historical Mystery and the Emergence of Imperial Legal Administration". <i>The Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">180–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440365.2016.1191590">10.1080/01440365.2016.1191590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147778542">147778542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Judge+Julia+Domna%3F+A+Historical+Mystery+and+the+Emergence+of+Imperial+Legal+Administration&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440365.2016.1191590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147778542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tuori&rft.aufirst=Kaius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric (2004). <i>Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture</i>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13577-4"><bdi>90-04-13577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutilation+and+transformation%3A+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13577-4&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Whittock, Martyn John; Whittock, Martyn (1991). <i>The Roman Empire</i>. Heinemann. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-31274-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-31274-X"><bdi>0-435-31274-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-435-31274-X&rft.aulast=Whittock&rft.aufirst=Martyn+John&rft.au=Whittock%2C+Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Susan (2010). "Caracalla and the French Revolution: A Roman tyrant in eighteenth-century iconography". <i>Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=Caracalla+and+the+French+Revolution%3A+A+Roman+tyrant+in+eighteenth-century+iconography&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Zoch, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/91"><i>Ancient Rome: An Introductory History</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00paul/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6"><bdi>0-8061-3287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8061-3287-6&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientrome00paul%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caracalla" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caracalla">Caracalla</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKettenhofen1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kettenhofen, Erich (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/caracalla-the-roman-emperor-marcus-aurelius-antoninus">"CARACALLA"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">790–</span>792.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CARACALLA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E790-%3C%2Fspan%3E792&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kettenhofen&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcaracalla-the-roman-emperor-marcus-aurelius-antoninus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Caracalla*.html">Life of Caracalla</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>: Latin text and English translation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Historia Romana</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/78*.html">Books 79–80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, <i>Epitome de Caesaribus</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030918051251/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/victor_ep.html#21">21</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">translation</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus_Caracalla">"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. V (9th ed.). 1878. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marcus+Aurelius+Antoninus+Caracalla&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>For information on the <i>caracallus</i> garment, see <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a> <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Caracalla.html">"Caracalla"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm#_ftnref1">Roman Currency of the Principate</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101003844/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm#_ftnref1">Archived</a> 1 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Caracalla </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> </b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 4 April 188 </span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 8 April 217 </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />198–217<br />with <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (198–211)<br /> and <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> (209–211) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annius_Fabianus" title="Lucius Annius Fabianus">L. Annius Fabianus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Nonius_Arrius_Mucianus" title="Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus">M. Nonius Arrius Mucianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />202<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Murrenius_Severus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Murrenius Severus (page does not exist)">T. Murrenius Severus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Regallianus" title="Gaius Cassius Regallianus">C. Cassius Regallianus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fabius_Cilo" title="Lucius Fabius Cilo">L. Fabius Cilo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Flavius_Libo" title="Marcus Annius Flavius Libo">M. Annius Flavius Libo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />205<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">P. Septimius Geta Caesar</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Nummius_Umbrius_Primus_Senecio_Albinus" title="Marcus Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio Albinus">M. Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio Albinus</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Fulvius_Gavius_Numisius_Petronius_Aemilianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius Aemilianus (page does not exist)">L. Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius Aemilianus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Annius_Maximus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Annius Maximus (page does not exist)">L. Annius Maximus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Septimius_Severus_Aper" title="Gaius Septimius Severus Aper">C. Septimius Severus Aper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> </b><br />208<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">P. Septimius Geta Caesar</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Commodus_Pompeianus" title="Lucius Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus">L. Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hedius_Lollianus_Plautius_Avitus" title="Quintus Hedius Lollianus Plautius Avitus">Q. Hedius Lollianus Plautius Avitus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Asper" title="Gaius Julius Asper">Gaius Julius Asper</a> II,<br />and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Julius_Camilius_Asper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Julius Camilius Asper (page does not exist)">Gaius Julius Camilius Asper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> </b><br />213<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Valerius_Messalla_(consul_214)" title="Lucius Valerius Messalla (consul 214)">L. Valerius Messalla</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_Appius_Suetrius_Sabinus" title="Gaius Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus">C. Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos_(grandson_of_Romanos_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)">Romanos</a></i> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (271–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2629" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2629" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88672215">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2826151247939744270004">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/285154380950030291017">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103869/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtvKwT847v6hmHGQbjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118667041">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82207265">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967505w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967505w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35761132">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20140704001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1459594">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1075352">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118667041.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118667041">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027685144">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-21T04:22:15Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T23:44:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/0_Caracalla_-_Museo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG","headline":"Roman emperor from 198 to 217"}</script> </body> </html>