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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qa'a (room)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%27a_(ruang)" title="Qa'a (ruang) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Qa'a (ruang)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E2%80%99%E0%B6%86_(%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA)" title="ක’ආ (කුටිය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක’ආ (කුටිය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%81" title="قاعہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قاعہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reception room type</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_5.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_5.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_5.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="3777" /></a><figcaption>This qa'a in <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Al-Suhaymi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt Al-Suhaymi">Bayt Al-Suhaymi</a> Cairo is equipped with a cooling fountain and a lantern.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>qa'a</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قاعة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāʿa</i></span>) is a roofed reception room found in the domestic architecture of affluent residences of the Islamic world. It is the most common hall type in the medieval Islamic domestic architecture. The plan of a qa'a may be inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Four-iwan_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-iwan plan">four-iwan plan</a> (cruciform) of religious buildings. They were used to welcome male guests, where they would sit on the raised platform. </p><p>Qa'as are typically found in the homes of wealthy individuals, such as merchants or local political figures. These rooms can be situated on the ground floor or the first floor of a residence and usually face the semi-private courtyard of the house. The qa'a combines elements of a courtyard and an iwan, consisting of a central area called the durqa'a and a raised sitting area known as the tazar. Guests would enter the durqa'a first, and then remove their footwear before being seated on the diwan in the tazar. </p><p>The durqa'a is the lower central area of the qa'a, where a cooling fountain, or fasqiya, might be installed to provide sound and refreshment. Flanked by two iwans on either side, the durqa'a serves as the central space for gatherings. The tazar, located in the iwan, is where male guests would be seated and served refreshments. Walls of the tazar often feature recessed shelves displaying decorative items and may include <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a>, mashrabiyas, and decorative niches. </p><p>The qa'a is heavily decorated, often with vibrant colors and intricate patterns. Wooden panels made of cypress, poplar, or mulberry are common, sometimes layered with gypsum and adorned with metal leaf and paint. Floors are typically inlaid stone, and the ceiling heights vary between the durqa'a and the iwans. The design and decoration of the qa'a reflect the owner's status and serve to impress guests, making it a significant feature of Islamic domestic architecture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa%27a_(room)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malqaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/290px-Malqaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/435px-Malqaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/580px-Malqaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A pair of traditional <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatchers</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">malqaf</i></span>); wind is forced down on the <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> side and leaves on the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> side. In the center, a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shuksheika</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">roof lantern</a> vent), used to shade the <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">qa'a</a> below while allowing hot air rise out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Qa'as are found in domestic houses of wealthy people, e.g. merchants or local political figures. They can be situated on the ground floor or on the first floor. Entrance to the qa'a is usually situated facing the semi-private courtyard of the house. </p><p>The qa'a can be described as a combination of a courtyard and <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwan</a>. The qa'a consists of a central area (<i>durqa'a</i>), where guests would first enter the qa'a via an opening; and the raised sitting area (<i>tazar</i>), where the guests would take off their footwear and be seated on the <i>diwan</i>, a couch that is placed on the floor against the wall. The <i>tazar</i> is placed in a kind of iwan, a rectangular hall walled on three sides. Normally there are two iwans facing each other on the main axis of the qa'a, with wall recesses on the two remaining sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette20039_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagette20039-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="durqa'a"></span> The <i>durqa'a</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">‫درﻗﺎﻋﺔ‬</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">durqāʿa</i></span>, 'entry to the qa'a'), a lower central area, is the first area where the guests would enter into a qa'a via a main entrance. It is the central space of the qa'a. In a qa'a composition, the <i>durqa'a</i> is flanked with two <i>tazar</i>s (raised sitting area) on the two sides of the durqa'a, or sometimes just one. The durqa'a is where a cooling fountain (<i>fasqiya</i>) may be installed, a typical feature in Islamic architecture which provides sound into the space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette2003145_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagette2003145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>tazar</i> is the raised sitting platform. They are located in the iwan. In the complete composition of the qa'a, there are two iwans flanking the <i>durqa'a</i> at the sides. The <i>tazar</i> is where the male guests would be seated, and then served food or coffee by the servants. In a few example, there is additional access that leads directly toward the tazar, usually this is a service access where the servants would enter to provide fruits or drinks. Recessed shelves are located on the wall on the sides of the <i>tazar</i>, this is where ceramic bowls, ewers, carved metal works, or books were displayed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette2003145_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagette2003145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls may also be decorated with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a>, usually of poetry, a dominant form of art in the Islamic world. <a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiyas</a> are sometimes used to cover recesses on the side walls of the two iwans. Sometimes there's also a decorative niche (<i>masab</i>), which is treated like a kind of niche found in mosques, with miniature <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> decorating the miniature ceiling of the niche.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette2003145_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagette2003145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceiling of the iwan is always lower than the ceiling of the durqa'a. In the earliest qa'as, the iwans are usually <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel-vaulted</a> (e.g. the qa'a of al-Dardir House in Cairo).<sup id="cite_ref-syl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a Mamluk qa'a, one of the iwan would have a <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatcher</a> (<i>malqaf</i> or <i>badhahanj</i>) which brings in the breeze into the qa'a.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette2003145_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagette2003145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceiling of the durqa'a is normally the tallest in the qa'a, often topped with a wooden hexagonal skylight (<i>shukhsheikha</i>) which provides light into the interior or equipped with a lantern.<sup id="cite_ref-syl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior_design">Interior design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa%27a_(room)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interior design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_Room_MET_DP240367.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Damascus_Room_MET_DP240367.jpg/220px-Damascus_Room_MET_DP240367.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Damascus_Room_MET_DP240367.jpg/330px-Damascus_Room_MET_DP240367.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Damascus_Room_MET_DP240367.jpg/440px-Damascus_Room_MET_DP240367.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="3870" /></a><figcaption>The tazar (sitting platform) of the Damascus Room, a qa'a from a medieval house in Damascus. This qa'a, designed in ajami-style, is now kept in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The qa'a is heavily decorated with vibrant colors and complex pattern. The design of the room is where the owner of the house can show off to the guests. They can be designed in different styles, depending on where the qa'a is located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wall of the qa'a is normally wooden panels of cypress, poplar, or mulberry. A qa'a in Ajami style would have the wooden walls layered with a gypsum mixture to create a raised patterned surface, decorated with metal leaf (e.g. tin, silver, or gold) and then painted and layered. The entire wall would then be varnished. Today the color of old qa'a walls would be low in saturation, but they were used to be extremely vibrant in color. Many newer domestic houses, e.g. those in Damascus, still have vibrant colors of green, blue, fuchsias and purples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The floor is of cut inlaid stones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa%27a_(room)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The qa'a is one of many reception rooms featured in the domestic architecture found in Egyptian Ottoman and other Islamic worlds e.g. Syria. A qa'a is featured in affluent houses of a merchant or a local political figure. The place is where the owner of the house would have a meeting or greet his guests. The qa'a didn't have any fixed furniture as it is influenced by the seasons. The qa'a is ideally located to the north side of the courtyard of a house, so that it could have taken advantage of the sun's rays during winter when the sun would be at the lowest. If the qa'a is used for the summer, they would have the <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatcher</a> to direct breeze into the room during summer time. The qa'a can also be used as a sleeping room. In that case, there will be a larger niche where bedding rolls and carpets would be placed to be used for sleeping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>ataba</i> is a term to indicate a low zone, a term which is applied to the depressed <i>durqa'a</i>. If the guests of the house owner are not important, they are kept in the <i>ataba</i>. They are only allowed to enter into the <i>tazar</i> if they are guests of honor, where they would sit on the couches after taking off their footwears.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_Room_MET_DP247979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Damascus_Room_MET_DP247979.jpg/220px-Damascus_Room_MET_DP247979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Damascus_Room_MET_DP247979.jpg/330px-Damascus_Room_MET_DP247979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Damascus_Room_MET_DP247979.jpg/440px-Damascus_Room_MET_DP247979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3895" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption>Fountain of the Damascus Room, it is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>tazar</i> is a place where important guests would be seated. Here, they would be served fruits depending on the season, or drinks (e.g. coffee) or a hookah. Depending on how important the guests are, they would be seated toward the central part of the rear wall, where they could admire the glory of the qa'a.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_qa'a"><span id="Examples_of_qa.27a"></span>Examples of qa'a</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa%27a_(room)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of qa'a"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beit_Ghazaleh_Alep_Dec_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Beit_Ghazaleh_Alep_Dec_2017.jpg/220px-Beit_Ghazaleh_Alep_Dec_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Beit_Ghazaleh_Alep_Dec_2017.jpg/330px-Beit_Ghazaleh_Alep_Dec_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Beit_Ghazaleh_Alep_Dec_2017.jpg/440px-Beit_Ghazaleh_Alep_Dec_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Damaged qa'a of the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a> in Aleppo. The fine woodwork of the room has been stripped out by looters.</figcaption></figure> <p>The qa'a room is found throughout the Islamic world, especially in Ottoman Egypt and Ottoman Syria. Below are lists of buildings with notable qa'a: </p> <ul><li><b>Egypt</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Al-Suhaymi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt Al-Suhaymi">Bayt Al-Suhaymi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> contains many qa'as facing its inner courtyard.</li> <li>The Grand Hall in the Convent of Saint George, just next to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George_(Cairo)" title="Church of St. George (Cairo)">Church of St. George (Cairo)</a>, contains a qa'a which was converted from an early 14th-century merchant's house. A 66-paneled double-door were installed in one of the arms of the qa'a, which leads to the chapel of the convent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200239_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200239-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The qa'a of Muhibb al-Din al-Muwaqqi' is one of the best examples of domestic architecture from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> period. It is a 16 metres (52 ft) high room topped with an octagonal dome and equipped with an octagonal fountain. The room is decorated with calligraphic letters on its wooden panels and geometric stone tiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2002168-9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2002168-9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Syria</b> <ul><li>The Damascus Room is an early 18th-century winter qa'a from a <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> house. The interior of the qa'a is currently preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. The qa'a features stained-glass windows, a marble octagonal fountain in its durqa'a, and wooden panels decorated with Arabic inscriptions from a poem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2012142_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2012142-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Bayt Ghazaleh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> contains a qa'a with three <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a> with an octagonal basin in the center. The qa'a was decorated with painted wooden panels and stone tiles with geometric patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuda197135,_90–1,_108_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuda197135,_90–1,_108-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 17th-century house, including its qa'a, has been looted and damaged by explosions from the armed conflict in Aleppo.</li></ul></li> <li><b>England</b> <ul><li>The "Arab Room" at <a href="/wiki/Leighton_House_Museum" title="Leighton House Museum">Leighton House Museum</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa%27a_(room)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qa%27a_(room)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Qa'a (room)">Qa'a (room)</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cavaedium" title="Cavaedium">Cavaedium</a></i> – a similar ancient Roman architectural space</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa%27a_(room)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-egypt_trad-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2010" class="citation conference cs1">Mohamed, Mady A. A. (2010). S. Lehmann; H.A. Waer; J. Al-Qawasmi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273122348"><i>Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt</i></a>. The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010). <i>Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development</i>. Amman, Jordan: The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press). pp. <span class="nowrap">247–</span>266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Architecture+and+Urban+Development&rft.atitle=Traditional+Ways+of+Dealing+with+Climate+in+Egypt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Mady+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273122348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQa%27a+%28room%29" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB22610.pdf">low-res bw version</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagette20039-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette20039_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagette2003">Ragette 2003</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagette2003145-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette2003145_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette2003145_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette2003145_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagette2003145_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagette2003">Ragette 2003</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisZucker2013_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisZucker2013">Harris & Zucker 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syl_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syl_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/4.611/www/L7.html">"AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - 7-Palaces, Houses, and Halls types between the 9th and 12th Century"</a>. <i>AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE</i>. Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AGA+KHAN+PROGRAM+FOR+ISLAMIC+ARCHITECTURE&rft.atitle=AGA+KHAN+PROGRAM+FOR+ISLAMIC+ARCHITECTURE+-+7-Palaces%2C+Houses%2C+and+Halls+types+between+the+9th+and+12th+Century&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F4.611%2Fwww%2FL7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQa%27a+%28room%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200239-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200239_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2002">Williams 2002</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2002168-9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2002168-9_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2002">Williams 2002</a>, p. 168-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2012142-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2012142_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2012">Metropolitan Museum of Art 2012</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuda197135,_90–1,_108-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuda197135,_90–1,_108_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuda1971">Duda 1971</a>, pp. 35, 90–1, 108.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_works">Cited works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa%27a_(room)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cited works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuda1971" class="citation web cs1">Duda, Dorothea (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100722/http://www.perspectivia.net/publikationen/bts1/12/duda_innenarchitektur#pdf-pane">"Innenarchitektur syrischer Stadthäuser des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts"</a>. <i>www.perspectivia.net</i>. FRANZ STEINER VERLAG. pp. 35, <span class="nowrap">90–</span>1, 108. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perspectivia.net/publikationen/bts1/12/duda_innenarchitektur#pdf-pane">the original</a> on 28 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perspectivia.net&rft.atitle=Innenarchitektur+syrischer+Stadth%C3%A4user+des+16.+bis+18.+Jahrhunderts&rft.pages=35%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E1%2C+108&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Duda&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perspectivia.net%2Fpublikationen%2Fbts1%2F12%2Fduda_innenarchitektur%23pdf-pane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQa%27a+%28room%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisZucker2013" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Beth; Zucker, Steven (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/islamic-art-late-period/v/damascus-room">"Qa'a: The Damascus room"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i>. Khan Academ<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Qa%27a%3A+The+Damascus+room&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft.au=Zucker%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fart-islam%2Fislamic-art-late-period%2Fv%2Fdamascus-room&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQa%27a+%28room%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2012" class="citation book cs1">Metropolitan Museum of Art (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3C4AFXFLmZEC"><i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide</i></a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588394552" title="Special:BookSources/9781588394552"><bdi>9781588394552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Guide&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781588394552&rft.au=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3C4AFXFLmZEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQa%27a+%28room%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagette2003" class="citation book cs1">Ragette, Friedrich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLWm6eVwnwAC"><i>Traditional Domestic Architecture of the Arab Region</i></a>. Edition Axel Menges. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783932565304" title="Special:BookSources/9783932565304"><bdi>9783932565304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Domestic+Architecture+of+the+Arab+Region&rft.pub=Edition+Axel+Menges&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783932565304&rft.aulast=Ragette&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLWm6eVwnwAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQa%27a+%28room%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=InGnJNZc-QoC"><i>Islamic Monument in Cairo</i></a>. Cairo: Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774246951" title="Special:BookSources/9789774246951"><bdi>9789774246951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monument+in+Cairo&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Cairo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789774246951&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DInGnJNZc-QoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQa%27a+%28room%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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