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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&params=33_41_44_N_35_34_45_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°41′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°34′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.69556°N 35.57917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.69556; 35.57917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman military campaign against the Druze of the Mount Lebanon region (1585)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Summer 1585</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">The <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon-Beirut_Sanjak" title="Sidon-Beirut Sanjak">Sidon-Beirut Sanjak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&params=33_41_44_N_35_34_45_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°41′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°34′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.69556°N 35.57917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.69556; 35.57917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Ottoman victory </p> Disarmament and collection of tax arrears from the Druze</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> rebels</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Damat Ibrahim Pasha">Ibrahim Pasha</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Furaykh" title="Mansur ibn Furaykh">Mansur ibn Furaykh</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Qurqumaz Ma'n <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~20,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 15,000 to 30,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Hundreds</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style 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.pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze is located in Lebanon"><img alt="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze is located in Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/250px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/375px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/500px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.354%;left:37.103%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze"><img alt="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png" title="File:Lebanon location map Topographic.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the Chouf in modern Lebanon</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</b>, also called the <b>1585 Ottoman invasion of the Chouf</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> military campaign led by <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Damat Ibrahim Pasha">Ibrahim Pasha</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and other chieftains of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and its environs, then a part of the <a href="/wiki/Sidon-Beirut_Sanjak" title="Sidon-Beirut Sanjak">Sidon-Beirut Sanjak</a> of the province of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus Eyalet</a>. It had been traditionally considered the direct consequence of a raid by bandits in <a href="/wiki/Akkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkar">Akkar</a> against the tribute caravan of Ibrahim Pasha, then <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a>'s outgoing governor, who was on his way to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Modern research indicates that the tribute caravan arrived intact and that the expedition was instead the culmination of Ottoman attempts to subjugate the Druze and other tribal groups in Mount Lebanon dating from 1518. </p><p>In 1523–1524 dozens of Druze villages were burned in the <a href="/wiki/Chouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouf">Chouf</a> area and hundreds of Druze were killed or captured by the governor <a href="/wiki/Khurram_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurram Pasha">Khurram Pasha</a>, after which a period of peace ensued. Tensions resumed in the 1560s as Druze and non-Druze local dynasties, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'ns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assaf_dynasty" title="Assaf dynasty">Assafs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihabs</a>, acquired large quantities of prohibited firearms, which were often superior to those possessed by government troops. Military action by the Ottoman governors of Damascus in the 1570s failed to disarm the chiefs and the general population or collect tax arrears, which had been building up from the 1560s. </p><p>Ibrahim Pasha was appointed to "rectify the situation" in the Levant in 1583 and launched the expedition against the Druze of Mount Lebanon in the summer of 1585 as a Porte-ordered diversion for his Constantinople-bound caravan. He mobilised about 20,000 soldiers, including the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> of Egypt and Damascus, as well as local chieftains, namely the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Furaykh" title="Mansur ibn Furaykh">Mansur ibn Furaykh</a> and Druze rivals of the Ma'ns. Hundreds of Druze rebels were slain, thousands of muskets were confiscated and large sums of money were collected as tax arrears by Ibrahim Pasha. The Ma'nid chief Qurqumaz, one of the principal targets of the expedition, died in hiding after refusing to surrender. </p><p>The following year the governor of Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Elvendoglu_Ali_Pasha" title="Elvendoglu Ali Pasha">Ali Pasha</a>, captured the chieftains of the local Assaf, <a href="/wiki/Harfush_dynasty" title="Harfush dynasty">Harfush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh</a> and Furaykh dynasties and sent them to Constantinople. They were afterward returned to their home regions and confirmed in their <a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">tax farms</a>. The expedition and its aftermath marked a turning point in Ottoman governance of the Levant as local chieftains were thenceforth frequently appointed as <i><a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">sanjak-beys</a></i> (district governors). One such governor was a son of Qurqumaz, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II" title="Fakhr al-Din II">Fakhr al-Din II</a>, who became the most powerful local force in the Levant from the time of his appointments to the sanjaks of Sidon-Beirut and <a href="/wiki/Safad_Sanjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Safad Sanjak">Safad</a> in the 1590s and 1602, respectively, until his downfall in 1633. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The source used for the 1585 expedition by 19th-century chroniclers from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and modern historians was the account of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a> patriarch and historian Istifan al-Duwayhi, which dates to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1668</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13–15_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13–15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duwayhi's version attributes the cause of the campaign to a raid of the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>-bound tribute caravan of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a>'s governor <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Damat Ibrahim Pasha">Ibrahim Pasha</a> by bandits in Jun Akkar, a coastal area north of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13–14_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13–14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duwayhi's account was reproduced almost identically by the 19th-century, Lebanon-based chroniclers Haydar al-Shihabi (d. 1835) and <a href="/wiki/Tannus_al-Shidyaq" title="Tannus al-Shidyaq">Tannus al-Shidyaq</a> (d. 1859).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a14,_15_note_7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a14,_15_note_7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their accounts were the principal source used for the event by the modern historians <a href="/wiki/Peter_Malcolm_Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Malcolm Holt">Peter Malcolm Holt</a>, Abdul Karim Rafeq, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Kamal Salibi</a> and Muhammad Adnan Bakhit. The year of the caravan raid was cited as 1584 by Duwayhi, and then by Rafeq, Salibi and Bakhit, while Shihabi, and in turn Holt, placed the raid in 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13,_note_1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13,_note_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern research by the historian <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Rahim_Abu-Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn">Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn</a> in the 1980s suggests that the Jun Akkar raid did not occur and that successive government–Druze hostilities from the 1520s onward culminated with the 1585 government expedition. Abu-Husayn based his reassessment of the events on contemporary and near contemporary sources, namely <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> government records, the accounts of the Ottoman historian <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Selaniki" title="Mustafa Selaniki">Mustafa Selaniki</a> (d. 1600), the Italian historian and traveller Giovanni Tomasso Minadoi (d. 1615) and the Damascene historians <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Tulun" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Tulun">Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Tulun</a> (d. 1548), <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-Burini" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasan al-Burini">al-Hasan al-Burini</a> (d. 1615) and Ahmad al-Qaramani (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580s–1600s</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13,_15,_16,_20,_21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13,_15,_16,_20,_21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chouf_mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chouf_mountains.jpg/220px-Chouf_mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chouf_mountains.jpg/330px-Chouf_mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chouf_mountains.jpg/440px-Chouf_mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouf">Chouf</a> mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman Empire conquered the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in 1516. The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of the Ottoman Empire">sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> largely preserved the Mamluk governing structures and officials of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201036_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201036-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a></i> (provincial governor) over Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Janbirdi_al-Ghazali" title="Janbirdi al-Ghazali">Janbirdi al-Ghazali</a>, had served the same role under the Mamluks. After Janbirdi declared himself sultan following Selim's death in 1520, the Ottomans stamped out his revolt and began to incorporate the Levant more firmly into the empire's structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201036_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201036-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant challenge for the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> (imperial Ottoman government in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>) in the Levant had been the subjugation of its eastern desert and western mountainous peripheries. Selim had entrusted the pacification of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes and the security of the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrimage route between Damascus and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to the powerful Sunni Muslim Bedouin dynasties of the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Nablus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Nablus">Jabal Nablus</a>, the Hanash and <a href="/wiki/Turabay_dynasty" title="Turabay dynasty">Tarabay</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201036_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201036-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area of Mount Lebanon and the port towns of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> became administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Sidon-Beirut_Sanjak" title="Sidon-Beirut Sanjak">Sidon-Beirut Sanjak</a>, a district of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus Eyalet</a>. Sidon-Beirut was divided into the <i><a href="/wiki/Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">nahiyas</a></i> (subdistricts) of Beirut and Sidon along the coast, and the following nine <i>nahiyas</i> in the mountainous parts of the sanjak: from north to south, the <a href="/wiki/Keserwan_District" title="Keserwan District">Keserwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matn_District" title="Matn District">Matn</a>, the Jurd, the Gharb, <a href="/wiki/Iqlim_al-Kharrub" title="Iqlim al-Kharrub">Iqlim al-Kharrub</a>, three nahiyas collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf</a> and Iqlim al-Tuffah. The <i>nahiyas</i> of the Matn, the Jurd, the Gharb and the Chouf were predominantly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, followers of an 11th-century offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili_Shia_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili Shia Islam">Isma'ili Shia Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992666_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992666-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Druze tribesmen of southern Mount Lebanon proved challenging for the authorities to pacify, and a provincial law code from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman</a>'s reign (1520–1566) referenced them as a "misguided folk where each follows his own cult" and from whom tax collection was difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201036–37_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201036–37-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Druze were officially considered Muslims by the Ottomans for taxation purposes, though they were not viewed as genuine Muslims by the authorities or the Sunni Muslim <i><a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a></i> (religious establishment). Members of the community had to pretend to be of the Sunni Muslim faith to attain any official post, were occasionally forced to pay the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> (poll tax) reserved for Christians and Jews, and were the target of condemnatory treatises and <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> (edicts) by the <i>ulema</i> of Damascus. The Druze were likewise suspicious of the Ottomans. In their consistent efforts to counter their incorporation into the administrative and fiscal system, the Druze benefited from a rugged terrain, possession of firearms and sectarian and tribal cohesion, making it difficult to impose government authority in the Druze areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992666–667_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992666–667-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the Ottoman presence in the Druze areas, as well as the non-Druze <i>nahiyas</i> of Sidon-Beirut, was negligible for much of the 16th and 17th centuries, during which time local chieftains, Druze and Muslim alike, governed the area through <i><a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">iltizam</a></i> (limited-term tax farms). Ostensibly, the appointed holders of <i>iltizams</i>, called <i>multazims</i>, were to remit taxes to the government and undertake official military duties; the local <i>multazims</i> did neither and were more powerful than the occasional government-appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">sanjak-bey</a></i> (district governor).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze–Ottoman_hostilities_before_1585"><span id="Druze.E2.80.93Ottoman_hostilities_before_1585"></span>Druze–Ottoman hostilities before 1585</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Druze–Ottoman hostilities before 1585"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known government action against the Druze occurred in 1518 during the rebellion of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_Ibn_al-Hanash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasir al-Din Ibn al-Hanash (page does not exist)">Nasir al-Din</a>, the Hanash chieftain and the <i>sanjak-bey</i> of Sidon-Beirut, against Selim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667–668_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667–668-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was suppressed by Janbirdi, who arrested and executed Nasir al-Din and captured the latter's Druze allies, the chiefs Qurqumaz, Zayn al-Din and Alam al-Din Sulayman from the Chouf-based <a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n</a> family and Sharaf al-Din Yahya of the Gharb-based <a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh-Buhtur</a> family. The four Druze chiefs were released after paying a heavy fine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667–668_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667–668-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b66_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b66-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>beylerbey</i> of Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Khurram_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurram Pasha">Khurram Pasha</a>, launched a punitive expedition against the Chouf Druze led by the Ma'nid chiefs in 1523. Forty-three Druze villages, including <a href="/wiki/Barouk" title="Barouk">Barouk</a>, the headquarters of Qurqumaz, were burned and Ibn Tulun reported that Khurram Pasha returned to Damascus with four camel loads of Druze heads and Druze religious literature proving the religion's hostility to Sunni Islam. The expedition represented the first attempt to impose direct government authority in the Chouf. Khurram Pasha followed up by appointing <i><a href="/wiki/Soubashi" title="Soubashi">subashis</a></i> (police superintendents) to enforce law and order in the area, but they were killed by the Druze. Khurram Pasha responded by launching a second punitive expedition against the Chouf on 18 June 1524, during which thirty villages were burned and the <i>beylerbey</i> returned the next day with three camel loads of Druze heads and 300 Druze women and children captives. The campaigns were lauded by the contemporary <i>ulema</i> and poets of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a17_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a17-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no further mentions of Druze rebellions or government expeditions in the sources until the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b77_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b77-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tensions between the Druze and the Porte rose considerably as the Druze, along with other tribal and sectarian groups in Syria, acquired firearms which were at times superior to the firearms used by the Ottoman armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b77_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b77-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possession of firearms by non-military subjects was forbidden, though the authorities faced difficulties enforcing the ban in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a17,_note_21_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a17,_note_21-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrians obtained at least part of their arsenals from European powers intent on destabilising Ottoman rule in Syria. The arsenals were provided using mercantile ships which docked in the Syrian ports. Other sources included the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> of Damascus, the <i><a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a></i> (fief)-holders in Syria and Ottoman ships from Constantinople which came to transport grain from Syria to the imperial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78,_note_52_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78,_note_52-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Druze armed with long muskets attacked officials sent to collect the taxes from their sub-districts and repulsed the subsequent Ottoman raid against them at <a href="/wiki/Ain_Dara,_Lebanon" title="Ain Dara, Lebanon">Ain Dara</a> in 1565.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an order by the Porte to the <i>beylerbey</i> of Damascus in August 1574, it is mentioned that the villagers of the Gharb, Jurd, Chouf and Matn owed tax arrears dating over twenty years and that the <i>muqaddams</i> (chieftains) of the Druze possessed large quantities of muskets; the <i>muqaddams</i> named in the order were the Ma'nid Qurqumaz, possibly the grandson of the above-mentioned Qurqumaz, the Tanukhid Sharaf al-Din and the non-Druze chieftains Mansur ibn Hasan of the Keserwan-based <a href="/wiki/Assaf_dynasty" title="Assaf dynasty">Assaf</a> family and Qasim of the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihab</a> family. The <i>beylerbey</i> was ordered to collect at least 6,000 muskets from the named chieftains and more from each household of the named subdistricts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200426–27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200426–27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined forces of the <i>beylerbey</i> of Damascus, the imperial Damascene Janissaries, the <i>sanjak-bey</i> of Tripoli, and an Ottoman fleet launched an expedition against the Druze that year, but they were unable to subdue and disarm them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imperial order from 1574 was renewed in February 1576, but the <i>beylerbey</i> of Damascus was again unable to execute the order rather complaining that the inhabitants of the Gharb, Jurd, Chouf and Matn remained in a state of rebellion, that no <i>multazim</i> was willing to accept the tax farm for the subdistricts and appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Emin_(Ottoman_official)" title="Emin (Ottoman official)">emins</a></i> (tax collectors) were disrespected by the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78–79_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78–79-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Porte consequently ordered that the <i>beylerbey</i> destroy an unspecified number of Druze villages, arrest and punish their <i>muqaddams</i> and collect the tax arrears. No military action was taken and the Druze continued to defy the authorities and were reported by the government to have acquired further muskets in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b79_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b79-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year they were accused of collaborating with the Druze and Shia Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Safad_Sanjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Safad Sanjak">Safad Sanjak</a>, south of Sidon-Beirut, and the Porte's order called for "get[ting] rid of [Qurqumaz] ibn Ma'n, whose trouble and evil deeds exceed all others".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200430_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200430-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude">Prelude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Qaramani wrote that the <i><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a></i> Ibrahim Pasha was sent to Egypt and Syria in 1583 to "rectify the situation [there]".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b20_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 February 1585 an imperial order issued to the <i>beylerbey</i> of Damascus, Uveys Pasha, reaffirmed that Qurqumaz was "a rebellious chieftain ... who has gathered [around him] miscreants in the Druze community and done harm and mischief in the sanjak of Safad".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200434_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200434-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim Pasha arrived in Damascus with a tribute caravan from Egypt and a large military escort in June. He was instructed by the Porte to subdue the Druze of Mount Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201291_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201291-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 August Uveys Pasha was ordered by the Porte to cooperate with Ibrahim Pasha against the Bedouin and the Druze who had rebelled throughout Damascus Eyalet, causing damage and attacking highways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200434_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200434-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu-Husayn views the constant state of rebellion by the Druze and the general insubordination of chieftains in parts of Syria where the government had been unable to exercise authority as the direct cause of Ibrahim Pasha's expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b20_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a19_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a19-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition_and_follow_up_campaigns">Expedition and follow up campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expedition and follow up campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibrahim Pasha's army consisted of the Janissaries of Egypt and Damascus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b79_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b79-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his troops numbered about 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201291_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201291-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The versions of Duwayhi and Shihabi, which add the troops of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus Eyalet">Cyprus Eyalet</a> to the expeditionary force, hold that Ibrahim Pasha's troops encamped in an area called Marj Armush and the size of the Ottoman force alone "frightened all the Arab lands".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a14–15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a14–15-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman troops and their local backers blocked the roads to the coast and the Beqaa Valley and killed about 500 Druze elders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhit1972191_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhit1972191-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government records confirm Ibrahim Pasha killed hundreds of Druze rebels, sent many of their heads to Constantinople and had "thus punished the rebellious community properly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200435_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200435-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous villages in the Chouf were plundered and Qurqumaz went into hiding in a cave and died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Druze and others were disarmed and tax arrears were collected, with al-Burini reporting that Ibrahim Pasha confiscated thousands of muskets and large sums of money from the Druze.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhit1972191_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhit1972191-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibrahim Pasha used <a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Furaykh" title="Mansur ibn Furaykh">Mansur ibn Furaykh</a> as his guide. Ibn Furaykh was a Sunni Bedouin chieftain of the Beqaa Valley and local enemy of Qurqumaz who had a reputation of hostility toward the Druze and Shias; the role attributed to Ibn Furaykh of persuading the <i>vizier</i> to launch the campaign by the 19th-century chroniclers was without foundation, according to Abu-Husayn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b154_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b154-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the expedition, a number of Ma'nids and other Druze chieftains, including the <a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Alam al-Din">Alam al-Dins</a> of the Matn and the Sharaf al-Dins of the Gharb defected to Ibrahim Pasha, along with a significant proportion of Qurqumaz's men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200413_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200413-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim Pasha arrived in Constantinople later in 1585. According to Minadoi's account he entered the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> with 24 galleys and received a welcome by a volley of artillery fire from the <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapi Palace">Topkapi Palace</a> and large crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a15_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contradiction to Duwayhi's account of the tribute having been robbed, contemporary accounts indicate it arrived in Constantinople with about 300,000–1,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Piaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Piaster">piasters</a>, 173,000 gold pieces, an emerald throne for Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1574–1595</span>), <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horses</a>, an elephant and a giraffe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a15_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the expedition, in the same year, the Sidon-Beirut Sanjak was detached from Damascus Eyalet and became part of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli Eyalet</a>, which was established in 1579. The <i>beylerbey</i> of Tripoli from 1579, the local chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Akkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkar">Akkar</a> area <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Sayfa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Sayfa Pasha">Yusuf Sayfa Pasha</a>, was concomitantly dismissed, likely because of suspicions that he would compromise the government's interests for local considerations. His replacement, the veteran Ottoman commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ja%27far_Pasha_al-Tuwashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ja'far Pasha al-Tuwashi (page does not exist)">Ja'far Pasha al-Tuwashi</a>, was entrusted with continuing Ibrahim Pasha's suppression of the rebellion in Mount Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992670_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992670-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yusuf Sayfa may have resisted his dismissal, as according to Duwayhi his territory in Akkar was raided by Ja'far Pasha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a18–19_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a18–19-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter was reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1578%E2%80%931590)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)">Safavid front</a> within a few months and without his iron grip the territory of Sidon-Beirut drifted out of Tripoli's control and, in practice, reverted to Damascene oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992670_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992670-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Duwayhi's version holds that a number of Syrian chieftains were captured in Ibrahim Pasha's expedition and brought to Constantinople, contemporary sources indicate most of the chieftains were captured in a follow-up campaign by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_ibn_Alwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha ibn Alwan">Ali Pasha ibn Alwan</a>, Ibrahim Pasha's appointee as <i>beylerbey</i> of Damascus, in 1586.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the captive chieftains were Muhammad, the <a href="/wiki/Ghazir" title="Ghazir">Ghazir</a>-based son and successor of the Assaf chieftain Mansur, Muhammad ibn Jamal al-Din and Mundhir, the respective Tanukhid chiefs of <a href="/wiki/Aramoun,_Aley" title="Aramoun, Aley">Aramoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abeih" class="mw-redirect" title="Abeih">Abeih</a>, Ali al-Harfush, the Shia chieftain of <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, and Ibn Furaykh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi1967164,_note_6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi1967164,_note_6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chieftains were well received in Constantinople and shortly after sent back to their respective territories with confirmations of their <i>iltizam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi1967164_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi1967164-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria,-detail-from-Ottoman-Empire-_by_Jaillot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Syria%2C-detail-from-Ottoman-Empire-_by_Jaillot.jpg/290px-Syria%2C-detail-from-Ottoman-Empire-_by_Jaillot.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Syria%2C-detail-from-Ottoman-Empire-_by_Jaillot.jpg/435px-Syria%2C-detail-from-Ottoman-Empire-_by_Jaillot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Syria%2C-detail-from-Ottoman-Empire-_by_Jaillot.jpg/580px-Syria%2C-detail-from-Ottoman-Empire-_by_Jaillot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Map of 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>, showing the eyalets of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet" title="Rakka Eyalet">Rakka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1585–1586 events marked a turning point in the history of Mount Lebanon and the Levant in general under Ottoman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201037_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201037-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans began to entrust local chieftains with the policing and taxation of the region by appointing them over the sanjaks of the region and granting them the title of <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> (Turkish equivalent to the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201037_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201037-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qurqumaz's son <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II" title="Fakhr al-Din II">Fakhr al-Din II</a> was appointed <i>sanjak-bey</i> of Sidon-Beirut in the early 1590s and was additionally assigned Safad Sanjak in 1602.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992671–672_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992671–672-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fakhr al-Din combined lucrative commercial ties with the Italians, a privately funded army of <i><a href="/wiki/Sekban" title="Sekban">sekbans</a></i> (musketeers), and support from Ottoman officialdom, which he guaranteed through bribes and prompt payment of taxes, to establish himself as the most powerful chieftain of the Levant until his downfall in 1633.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201037_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201037-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali al-Harfush, who had been appointed <i>sanjak-bey</i> of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> in 1585, was kept in his post during his exile in Constantinople and returned to his Baalbek headquarters by 1589. He was executed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span> but his son Musa succeeded him in Baalbek and was appointed <i>sanjak-bey</i> of Homs in 1592.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201048_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201048-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Winter_(historian)" title="Stefan Winter (historian)">Stefan Winter</a> places the 1585 expedition within the context of imperial changes to the military and fiscal structures of the Levant in the late 16th century, which included the creation of the hybrid eyalet of Tripoli in 1579, which combined the military appendage sanjak of <a href="/wiki/Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabala">Jabala</a> with the tax revenue-driven sanjaks of Sidon-Beirut, <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a>, which were governed by local chieftains and did not contribute troops for war. About the same time the Porte also began to grant lands along the upper <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates</a> valley to Ottoman officers and loyal Bedouin chieftains and in 1586 created the <a href="/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet" title="Rakka Eyalet">Rakka Eyalet</a> all toward exerting greater control of the desert interior of the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201038_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201038-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13–15-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13–15_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, pp. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13–14-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13–14_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a14,_15_note_7-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a14,_15_note_7_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, pp. 14, 15 note 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13,_note_1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13,_note_1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, p. 13, note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13,_15,_16,_20,_21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13,_15,_16,_20,_21_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, pp. 13, 15, 16, 20, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201036-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201036_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201036_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201036_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter2010">Winter 2010</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992666-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992666_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1992">Abu-Husayn 1992</a>, p. 666.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201036–37-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201036–37_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter2010">Winter 2010</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992666–667-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992666–667_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1992">Abu-Husayn 1992</a>, pp. 666–667.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1992">Abu-Husayn 1992</a>, p. 667.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a16_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667–668-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667–668_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992667–668_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1992">Abu-Husayn 1992</a>, pp. 667–668.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b66-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b66_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a17-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a17_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b77-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b77_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b77_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a17,_note_21-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a17,_note_21_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, p. 17, note 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78,_note_52-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78,_note_52_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, p. 78, note 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200426–27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200426–27_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn2004">Abu-Husayn 2004</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78–79-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b78–79_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b79-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b79_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b79_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200430-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200430_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn2004">Abu-Husayn 2004</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b20-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b20_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b20_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200434-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200434_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200434_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn2004">Abu-Husayn 2004</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201291-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201291_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201291_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2012">Harris 2012</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a19-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a19_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a14–15-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a14–15_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhit1972191-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhit1972191_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhit1972191_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakhit1972">Bakhit 1972</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200435-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200435_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn2004">Abu-Husayn 2004</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b80_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b154-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985b154_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b">Abu-Husayn 1985b</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200413-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn200413_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn2004">Abu-Husayn 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a15-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a15_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a15_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992670-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992670_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992670_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1992">Abu-Husayn 1992</a>, p. 670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a18–19-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a18–19_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi1967164,_note_6-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi1967164,_note_6_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalibi1967">Salibi 1967</a>, p. 164, note 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi1967164-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi1967164_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalibi1967">Salibi 1967</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1985a13_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a">Abu-Husayn 1985a</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201037-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201037_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201037_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201037_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter2010">Winter 2010</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992671–672-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Husayn1992671–672_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Husayn1992">Abu-Husayn 1992</a>, pp. 671–672.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201048-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201048_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter2010">Winter 2010</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter201038-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter201038_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter2010">Winter 2010</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abu-Husayn" title="Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn">Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim</a> (1985a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oqUTAQAAMAAJ">"The Ottoman Invasion of the Shūf in 1585: A Reconsideration"</a>. <i>Al-Abhath</i>. <b>32</b>: 13–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Abhath&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Invasion+of+the+Sh%C5%ABf+in+1585%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Abu-Husayn&rft.aufirst=Abdul-Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoqUTAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1585+Ottoman+expedition+against+the+Druze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Husayn1985b" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1ttAAAAMAAJ"><i>Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650</i></a>. Beirut: American University of Beirut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815660729" title="Special:BookSources/9780815660729"><bdi>9780815660729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+Leaderships+in+Syria%2C+1575-1650&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=American+University+of+Beirut&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780815660729&rft.aulast=Abu-Husayn&rft.aufirst=Abdul-Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1ttAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1585+Ottoman+expedition+against+the+Druze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Husayn1992" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/164441">"Problems in the Ottoman Administration in Syria during the 16th and 17th Centuries: The Case of the Sanjak of Sidon-Beirut"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 665–675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002074380002239X">10.1017/S002074380002239X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/164441">164441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159670509">159670509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Problems+in+the+Ottoman+Administration+in+Syria+during+the+16th+and+17th+Centuries%3A+The+Case+of+the+Sanjak+of+Sidon-Beirut&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=665-675&rft.date=1992-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159670509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F164441%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002074380002239X&rft.aulast=Abu-Husayn&rft.aufirst=Abdul-Rahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F164441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1585+Ottoman+expedition+against+the+Druze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Husayn2004" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004). <i>The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546–1711</i>. Oxford and New York: The Centre for Lebanese Studies and I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-856-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-856-8"><bdi>1-86064-856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+View+from+Istanbul%3A+Lebanon+and+the+Druze+Emirate+in+the+Ottoman+Chancery+Documents%2C+1546%E2%80%931711&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=The+Centre+for+Lebanese+Studies+and+I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86064-856-8&rft.aulast=Abu-Husayn&rft.aufirst=Abdul-Rahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1585+Ottoman+expedition+against+the+Druze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakhit1972" class="citation thesis cs1">Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan Salamah (February 1972). <i>The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century</i> (PhD). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Ottoman+Province+of+Damascus+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.inst=School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1972-02&rft.aulast=Bakhit&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Adnan+Salamah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1585+Ottoman+expedition+against+the+Druze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2012" class="citation book cs1">Harris, William (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XwUTDAAAQBAJ"><i>Lebanon: A History, 600–2011</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518-111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518-111-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518-111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+History%2C+600%E2%80%932011&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518-111-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwUTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1585+Ottoman+expedition+against+the+Druze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1967" class="citation journal cs1">Salibi, Kamal (June 1967). "Northern Lebanon under the Dominance of Ġazīr (1517–1591)". <i>Arabica</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 144–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005867X00029">10.1163/157005867X00029</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4055631">4055631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=Northern+Lebanon+under+the+Dominance+of+%C4%A0az%C4%ABr+%281517%E2%80%931591%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-166&rft.date=1967-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005867X00029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4055631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1585+Ottoman+expedition+against+the+Druze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2010" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Stefan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGeuAeFFJCEC&q=editions:jLFlDGGDXJgC"><i>The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139486811" title="Special:BookSources/9781139486811"><bdi>9781139486811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shiites+of+Lebanon+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516%E2%80%931788&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139486811&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGeuAeFFJCEC%26q%3Deditions%3AjLFlDGGDXJgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1585+Ottoman+expedition+against+the+Druze" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Druze_footer" title="Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze_footer" title="Template talk:Druze footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Druze" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidūn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muwahhid_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhid Muslim">Mowahhid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawh%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhīd">Ahl at-Tawhīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Esotericism" title="Druze">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Druze" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Durzi pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">Muhammad al-Darazī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (<i>Rasa'il al-Hikma</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Khalwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Khalwa (page does not exist)">Druze Khalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat al-Bayada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khidr_Festival" title="Al-Khidr Festival">Al-Khidr Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid Al Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon Emirate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Druze in Mandatory Palestine">Druze in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhideen">Jaysh al-Muwahhideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationship with<br /> other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite-Druze_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maronite-Druze dualism (page does not exist)">Maronite-Druze dualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Druze">Islam and Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Druze">Judaism and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze Zionist movement">Druze Zionism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Druze communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Location" title="Druze">Druze diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_Jawad_Walieddine" title="Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine">Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Atrash" title="Al-Atrash">Al-Atrash clan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_dynasty" title="Alam al-Din dynasty">Alam al-Din dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Tarif" title="Amin Tarif">Amin Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Arabic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Arabic dialect (page does not exist)">Druze Arabic dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze cuisine">Druze cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumblatt_family" title="Jumblatt family">Jumblatt family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Druze" title="List of Israeli Druze">List of Israeli Druze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Arslan" title="Majid Arslan">Majid Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowafaq_Tarif" title="Mowafaq Tarif">Mowafaq Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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