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The GitHub Next team conducted research using a combination of surveys and experiments, which led us to expected and unexpected answers." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://github.blog/news-insights/research/research-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Research: quantifying GitHub Copilot’s impact on developer productivity and happiness" /> <meta property="og:description" content="When the GitHub Copilot Technical Preview launched just over one year ago, we wanted to know one thing: Is this tool helping developers? The GitHub Next team conducted research using a combination of surveys and experiments, which led us to expected and unexpected answers." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://github.blog/news-insights/research/research-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The GitHub Blog" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2022-09-07T16:00:28+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-05-21T18:32:25+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Copilot.jpeg?fit=1200%2C630" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Eirini Kalliamvakou" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Copilot.jpeg?fit=1200%2C630" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Eirini Kalliamvakou" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="8 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://github.blog/news-insights/research/research-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness/","url":"https://github.blog/news-insights/research/research-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness/","name":"Research: quantifying GitHub Copilot’s impact on developer productivity and happiness - The GitHub Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://github.blog/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://github.blog/news-insights/research/research-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://github.blog/news-insights/research/research-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Copilot.jpeg?fit=1200%2C630","datePublished":"2022-09-07T16:00:28+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-21T18:32:25+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://github.blog/#/schema/person/e62d37d5cfc5754750ba351eb9024108"},"description":"When the GitHub Copilot Technical Preview launched just over one year ago, we wanted to know one thing: Is this tool helping developers? 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card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://docs.github.com/en/get-started" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">Get started with GitHub documentation</a><p 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</li> <li id="menu-item-78868" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/how-we-use-github-to-be-more-productive-collaborative-and-secure/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">How we use GitHub to be more productive, collaborative, and secure</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Our engineering and security teams do some incredible work. 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color-fg-muted">Explore how to write, build, and deploy enterprise software at scale.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="Enterprise software sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78833" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/automation/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Automation</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Automating your way to faster and more secure ships.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78834" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/ci-cd/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">CI/CD</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Guides on continuous integration and delivery.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78835" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a 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https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.43.47 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://resources.github.com/artificial-intelligence/how-enterprise-engineering-teams-can-successfully-adopt-ai/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">How enterprise engineering teams can successfully adopt AI</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to bring AI to your engineering teams and maximize the value that you get from it.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78840"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/" 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target="_blank">Contact sales</a> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on button, text: Try GitHub Copilot; ref_location:top nav;" class="d-block no-wrap btn-mktg font-weight-semibold" href="https://docs.github.com/en/copilot/quickstart?utm_source=github&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=topnav" target="_blank">Try GitHub Copilot</a> </div> </nav> </header> </div> <main id="start-of-content"> <header class="position-relative" data-color-mode="dark" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark_dimmed"> <div class="container-xl p-responsive-blog"> <div class="gutter-spacious"> <div class="col-12 offset-lg-1 col-lg-10 col-xl-8 py-5 py-md-6 "> <div class="f5 mb-5 mb-md-8"><span><span><a class="Link--primary" href="https://github.blog/">Home</a></span> <span class="mx-2 opacity-5">/</span> <span><a class="Link--primary" href="https://github.blog/news-insights/">News & insights</a></span> <span class="mx-2 opacity-5">/</span> <span><a class="Link--primary" href="https://github.blog/news-insights/research/">Research</a></span></span></div> <h1 class="h3-mktg lh-condensed mb-3 color-fg-default">Research: quantifying GitHub Copilot’s impact on developer productivity and happiness</h1> <div class="f4-mktg"> <p>When the GitHub Copilot Technical Preview launched just over one year ago, we wanted to know one thing: Is this tool helping developers? The GitHub Next team conducted research using a combination of surveys and experiments, which led us to expected and unexpected answers.</p> </div> </div> <div class="offset-lg-1 col-lg-10"> <div class="position-relative overflow-hidden rounded-2 z-1"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="1032" height="548" class=" d-block width-full height-auto" role="presentation"></svg> <img width="1200" height="630" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Copilot.jpeg?resize=1200%2C630" class="d-block cover-image wp-post-image" alt="GitHub Copilot logo." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Copilot.jpeg?w=1200 1200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Copilot.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Copilot.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Copilot.jpeg?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="position-absolute bottom-0 width-full" style="background:#fff; height:80px;"></div> </header> <section class="container-xl mx-auto p-responsive-blog mt-4"> <div class="gutter-spacious"> <div class="col-12 offset-lg-1 col-lg-10"> <div class="d-lg-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <div class="mb-4 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mb-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/ikaliam/" title="Posts by Eirini Kalliamvakou" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Eirini Kalliamvakou</a><span class="mx-2">·</span><a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/ikaliam" class="Link--primary" aria-label="GitHub profile of ikaliam">@ikaliam</a> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light_tritanopia" class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row text-mono color-fg-muted"> <time datetime="2022-09-07" class="d-block"> September 7, 2022 </time> <span class="d-none d-md-block mx-3">|</span> <time datetime="2024-05-21" class="d-block mt-1 mt-md-0"> Updated May 21, 2024 </time> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mt-2 mt-md-0"> <span class="d-none d-md-block mx-3">|</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="mr-2"> <path fill="currentcolor" d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm7-3.25v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> 8 minutes </div> </div> </div> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-items-center"> <li> <span class="text-semibold"> Share: </span> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://x.com/share?text=Research%3A%20quantifying%20GitHub%20Copilot%E2%80%99s%20impact%20on%20developer%20productivity%20and%20happiness&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fnews-insights%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on X"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?t=Research%3A%20quantifying%20GitHub%20Copilot%E2%80%99s%20impact%20on%20developer%20productivity%20and%20happiness&u=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fnews-insights%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on Facebook"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 15.3 15.4" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M14.5 0H.8a.88.88 0 0 0-.8.9v13.6a.88.88 0 0 0 .8.9h7.3v-6h-2V7.1h2V5.4a2.87 2.87 0 0 1 2.5-3.1h.5a10.87 10.87 0 0 1 1.8.1v2.1h-1.3c-1 0-1.1.5-1.1 1.1v1.5h2.3l-.3 2.3h-2v5.9h3.9a.88.88 0 0 0 .9-.8V.8a.86.86 0 0 0-.8-.8z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?title=Research%3A%20quantifying%20GitHub%20Copilot%E2%80%99s%20impact%20on%20developer%20productivity%20and%20happiness&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fnews-insights%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on LinkedIn"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 18" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M3.94 2A2 2 0 1 1 2 0a2 2 0 0 1 1.94 2zM4 5.48H0V18h4zm6.32 0H6.34V18h3.94v-6.57c0-3.66 4.77-4 4.77 0V18H19v-7.93c0-6.17-7.06-5.94-8.72-2.91z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="indigo-separator mt-4"></div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="container-xl mx-auto p-responsive-blog mt-4 mt-md-7 mb-7 mb-md-9"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-center gutter-spacious"> <section class="col-12 col-md-8 col-lg-7 post__content post-66861 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news-insights category-research tag-github-copilot tag-research"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Everyday, we use tools and form habits to achieve more with less. Software development produces such a high number of tools and technologies to make work efficient, to the point of inducing decision fatigue. When we first launched a technical preview of GitHub Copilot in 2021, our hypothesis was that it would improve developer productivity and, in fact, early users shared reports that it did. In the months following its release, we wanted to better understand and measure its effects with quantitative and qualitative research. To do that, we first had to grapple with the question: what does it mean to be productive?</p> <h2 id="why-is-developer-productivity-so-difficult-to-measure">Why is developer productivity so difficult to measure?<a href="#why-is-developer-productivity-so-difficult-to-measure" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Why is developer productivity so difficult to measure?"></a></h2> <p>When it comes to measuring developer productivity, there is little consensus and there are far more questions than answers. For example:</p> <ul> <li>What are the “right” productivity metrics? [<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10664-020-09820-z">1</a>, <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8643844">2</a>]</li> <li>How valuable are self-reports of productivity? [<a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2635868.2635892?casa_token=j1_2RtHeHBoAAAAA:Ic_ycWwPvzW2a4SPzZ6vFrHQG4N7PzjoCP9cb1CaljCmGge4DNmYiSC2d_Lc7a5rz-9Otiph1nSm">3</a>]</li> <li>Is the traditional view of productivity—outputs over inputs—a good fit for the complex problem solving and creativity involved in development work? [<a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4842-4221-6">4</a>].</li> </ul> <p>In a 2021 study, we found that developers’ own view of productivity has a twist–it’s more akin to having <a href="https://github.blog/2021-05-25-octoverse-spotlight-good-day-project/">a good day</a>. The ability to stay focused on the task at hand, make meaningful progress, and feel good at the end of a day’s work make a real difference in developers’ satisfaction and productivity.</p> <p>This isn’t a one-off finding, either. Other academic research shows that these outcomes are important for developers [<a href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10090507/1/Barr_Today%20was%20a%20Good%20Day.%20The%20Daily%20Life%20of%20Software%20Developers_AAM2.pdf">5</a>] and that satisfied developers perform better [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.00922.pdf">6</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.4422.pdf">7</a>]. Clearly, there’s more to developer productivity than inputs and outputs.</p> <h2 id="how-do-we-think-about-developer-productivity-at-github">How do we think about developer productivity at GitHub?<a href="#how-do-we-think-about-developer-productivity-at-github" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="How do we think about developer productivity at GitHub?"></a></h2> <p>Because AI-assisted development is a relatively new field, as researchers we have little prior research to draw upon. We wanted to measure GitHub Copilot’s effects, but what are they? After early observations and interviews with users, we surveyed more than 2,000 developers to learn at scale about their experience using GitHub Copilot. We designed our research approach with three points in mind:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Look at productivity holistically.</strong> At GitHub we like to think <a href="https://github.swoogo.com/2021/session/692592/the-sustainable-future-of-developer-productivity">broadly and sustainably</a> about developer productivity and the many factors that influence it. We used the <a href="https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3454124">SPACE productivity framework</a> to pick which aspects to investigate.</li> <li><strong>Include developers’ first-hand perspective.</strong> We conducted multiple rounds of research including qualitative (perceptual) and quantitative (observed) data to assemble the full picture. We wanted to verify: (a) Do users’ actual experiences confirm what we infer from telemetry? (b) Does our qualitative feedback generalize to our large user base?</li> <li><strong>Assess GitHub Copilot’s effects in everyday development scenarios.</strong> When setting up our studies, we took extra care to recruit professional developers, and to design tests around typical tasks a developer might work through in a given day.</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://github.com/features/copilot?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=blogB&utm_campaign=cta&utm_content=copilot"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-74436 width-fit" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/1200x300-Blog_Ad-Master-1-1.png?w=1024&resize=1024%2C257" alt="" width="1024" height="257" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/1200x300-Blog_Ad-Master-1-1.png?w=1200 1200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/1200x300-Blog_Ad-Master-1-1.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/1200x300-Blog_Ad-Master-1-1.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/1200x300-Blog_Ad-Master-1-1.png?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></a></p> <p>Let’s dig in and see what we found!</p> <h3 id="finding-1-developer-productivity-goes-beyond-speed">Finding 1: Developer productivity goes beyond speed<a href="#finding-1-developer-productivity-goes-beyond-speed" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Finding 1: Developer productivity goes beyond speed"></a></h3> <p>Through a large-scale survey, we wanted to see if developers using GitHub Copilot see benefits in other areas beyond speeding up tasks. Here’s what stood out:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Improving developer satisfaction.</strong> Between 60–75% of users reported they feel more fulfilled with their job, feel less frustrated when coding, and are able to focus on more satisfying work when using GitHub Copilot. That’s a win for developers feeling good about what they do!</li> <li><strong>Conserving mental energy.</strong> Developers reported that GitHub Copilot helped them stay in the flow (73%) and preserve mental effort during repetitive tasks (87%). That’s developer happiness right there, since we know from previous research that context switches and interruptions can ruin a developer’s day, and that certain types of work are draining [<a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2635868.2635892?casa_token=QSunRfpWvOQAAAAA:2HVi9JV6N7A5KKMRXe23pT8j71mFXoxdzKwwMiBXd_UdqvAClkQ1H_w3DJx-AJbz9AD9PRHiSYau">8</a>, <a href="https://github.blog/2021-05-25-octoverse-spotlight-good-day-project/">9</a>].</li> </ul> <aside class="p-4 p-md-6 post-aside--large"><p class="h5-mktg gh-aside-title">What the charts show, and how to read them</p><p> 📝 <strong>Helpful context:</strong> In the survey, we included statements that covered all dimensions of the SPACE framework. SPACE is the acronym for a multidimensional framework that describes several aspects of developer productivity: (1) Satisfaction and well-being; (2) Performance; (3) Activity; (4) Communication and collaboration; and (5) Efficiency and flow. In this post, we focus on the results from the dimensions of “Satisfaction and well-being” and “Efficiency and flow.” Both dimensions are critical to developer productivity and are often overlooked. We’re also preparing more publications of our findings and data, so we can’t share everything today!<br /> 📊 <strong>What the charts show:</strong> The charts below show the percentage of respondents who agreed with the corresponding statement (strongly agree + agree). The >2,000 responses we received came from developers that were signed up in the Technical Preview. They were primarily professional developers (~60%), though we also received responses from students (~30%), and developers who identified as hobbyists (~7%).</p> <p>If you want a refresher on how we also correlated the productivity results to how much developers use GitHub Copilot, check out our <a href="https://github.blog/2022-07-14-research-how-github-copilot-helps-improve-developer-productivity">previous blog post</a>, and our <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3520312.3534864">academic paper</a>.</p> </aside> </p><h4 id="table-survey-responses-measuring-dimensions-of-developer-productivity-when-using-github-copilot">Table: Survey responses measuring dimensions of developer productivity when using GitHub Copilot<a href="#table-survey-responses-measuring-dimensions-of-developer-productivity-when-using-github-copilot" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Table: Survey responses measuring dimensions of developer productivity when using GitHub Copilot"></a></h4> <p class="has-image"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-66862 width-fit" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?resize=1024%2C1024" alt="Survey responses measuring dimensions of developer productivity--perceived productivity, satisfaction and well-being, and efficiency and flow--when using GitHub Copilot" width="1024" height="1024" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=1200 1200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=150 150w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=1024 1024w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=600 600w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=200 200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=1000 1000w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=90 90w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copilot1.png?w=116 116w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /><br> <em>All questions were modeled off of <a href="https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3454124">the SPACE framework</a>.</em></p> <p>Developers see GitHub Copilot as a productivity aid, but there’s more to it than that. One user described the overall experience:</p> <figure class="gh-full-blockquote mx-0 pl-6 mt-6 mt-md-7 mb-7 mb-md-8"><blockquote><p>(With Copilot) I have to think less, and when I have to think it’s the fun stuff. It sets off a little spark that makes coding more fun <b>and</b> more efficient.</p></blockquote><figcaption class="text-mono color-fg-muted f5-mktg mt-3"> - Senior Software Engineer</figcaption></figure> <p>The takeaway from our qualitative investigation was that <strong>letting GitHub Copilot shoulder the boring and repetitive work of development reduced cognitive load</strong>. This makes room for developers to enjoy the more meaningful work that requires complex, critical thinking and problem solving, leading to greater happiness and satisfaction.</p> <h3 id="finding-2-but-speed-is-important-too">Finding 2: … but speed is important, too<a href="#finding-2-but-speed-is-important-too" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Finding 2: … but speed is important, too"></a></h3> <p>In the survey, we saw that developers reported they complete tasks faster when using GitHub Copilot, especially repetitive ones. That was an expected finding (GitHub Copilot writes faster than a human, after all), but >90% agreement was still a pleasant surprise. Developers overwhelmingly perceive that GitHub Copilot is helping them complete tasks faster—can we observe and measure that effect in practice? For that we conducted a controlled experiment.</p> <h4 id="figure-summary-of-the-experiment-process-and-results">Figure: Summary of the experiment process and results<a href="#figure-summary-of-the-experiment-process-and-results" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Figure: Summary of the experiment process and results"></a></h4> <p class="has-image"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-66863 width-fit" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copitlot2.png?resize=1024%2C870" alt="Summary of the experiment process and results (described in following paragraph)" width="1024" height="870" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copitlot2.png?w=1600 1600w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copitlot2.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copitlot2.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copitlot2.png?w=1024 1024w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/copitlot2.png?w=1536 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /><br> We recruited 95 professional developers, split them randomly into two groups, and timed how long it took them to write an HTTP server in JavaScript. One group used GitHub Copilot to complete the task, and the other one didn’t. We tried to control as many factors as we could–all developers were already familiar with JavaScript, we gave everyone the same instructions, and we leveraged GitHub Classroom to automatically score submissions for correctness and completeness with a test suite. We’re sharing a behind-the-scenes blog post soon about how we set up our experiment!</p> <p>In the experiment, we measured—on average—how successful each group was in completing the task and how long each group took to finish.</p> <ul> <li>The group that used GitHub Copilot had a <strong>higher rate of completing the task</strong> (78%, compared to 70% in the group without Copilot).</li> <li>The striking difference was that <strong>developers who used GitHub Copilot completed the task significantly faster–55% faster than the developers who didn’t use GitHub Copilot</strong>. Specifically, the developers using GitHub Copilot took on average 1 hour and 11 minutes to complete the task, while the developers who didn’t use GitHub Copilot took on average 2 hours and 41 minutes. These results are statistically significant (<em>P=.0017</em>) and the 95% confidence interval for the percentage speed gain is [21%, 89%].</li> </ul> <p>There’s more to uncover! We’re conducting more experiments and a more thorough analysis of the experiment data we already collected—looking into heterogeneous effects, or potential effects on the quality of code—and we are planning further academic publications to share our findings.</p> <h2 id="what-do-these-findings-mean-for-developers">What do these findings mean for developers?<a href="#what-do-these-findings-mean-for-developers" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="What do these findings mean for developers?"></a></h2> <p>We’re here to support developers while they build software—that includes working more efficiently and finding more satisfaction in their work. In our research, we saw that <strong>GitHub Copilot supports faster completion times, conserves developers’ mental energy, helps them focus on more satisfying work, and ultimately find more fun in the coding they do.</strong></p> <p>We’re also hearing that these benefits are becoming material to engineering leaders in companies that ran early trials with GitHub Copilot. When they consider how to keep their engineers healthy and productive, they are thinking through the same lens of holistic developer wellbeing and promoting the use of tools that bring delight.</p> <figure class="gh-full-blockquote mx-0 pl-6 mt-6 mt-md-7 mb-7 mb-md-8"><blockquote><p>The engineers’ satisfaction with doing edgy things and us giving them edgy tools is a factor for me. Copilot makes things more exciting.</p></blockquote><figcaption class="text-mono color-fg-muted f5-mktg mt-3"> - CTO, Large Engineering Org</figcaption></figure> <p>With the advent of GitHub Copilot, we’re not alone in exploring the impact of AI-powered code completion tools! In the realm of productivity, we recently saw <a href="https://tianyi-zhang.github.io/files/chi2022-lbw-copilot.pdf">an evaluation with 24 students</a>, and <a href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2022/07/ml-enhanced-code-completion-improves.html">Google’s internal assessment of ML-enhanced code completion</a>. More broadly, the research community is trying to understand GitHub Copilot’s implications in a number of contexts: <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3511861.3511863">education</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.09727">security</a>, <a href="https://github.com/github/developer-policy/issues/5">labor market</a>, as well as developer <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9796235">practices</a> and <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.15000">behaviors</a>. We are all currently learning by trying GitHub Copilot in a variety of settings. This is an evolving field, and we’re excited for the findings that the research community — including us — will uncover in the months to come.</p> <h2 id="acknowledgements">Acknowledgements<a href="#acknowledgements" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Acknowledgements"></a></h2> <p>We are very grateful to all the developers who participated in the survey and experiments–we would be in the dark without your input! <a href="https://githubnext.com/">GitHub Next</a> conducted the experiment in partnership with the Microsoft Office of the Chief Economist, and specifically in collaboration with <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/people/sidpeng/">Sida Peng</a> and <a href="https://aadharshkannan.com/">Aadharsh Kannan</a>.</p> </body></html> <section class="my-6 my-md-8 mt-md-0"> <hr class="post-tags-separator border-0 mt-0 mb-2" /> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <h2 class="text-mono f4-mktg py-1 mr-3">Tags:</h2> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap px-0 my-0 list-style-none post-tags"> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/github-copilot/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> GitHub Copilot </a> </li> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/research/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> research </a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mt-8 mb-8 mb-md-0"> <h2 class="h5-mktg"> Written by </h2> <div class="gradient-separator mt-3 mb-4"></div> <article class="author-bio mb-5 mb-md-4"> <div class="author-bio__content"> <div class="author-bio__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2157841?v=4&s=200" width="120" height="120" media="(min-width: 768px)" /> <img class="d-block circle" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2157841?v=4&s=200" alt="Eirini Kalliamvakou" width="80" height="80" loading="lazy" decoding="async" > </picture> </div> <header class="author-bio__header"> <h3 class="f3-mktg text-bold mb-1"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/ikaliam/" class="Link--primary color-fg-default">Eirini Kalliamvakou</a> </h3> <p class="mb-0 f4 lh-condensed"> <a href="https://github.com/ikaliam" target="_blank">@ikaliam</a> </p> </header> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside id="sidebar" class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3 post__sidebar" aria-label="Sidebar"> <section aria-label="Tags"> <ul class="d-none d-md-flex flex-items-start flex-wrap list-style-none mt-4 mt-md-0 mb-6 mb-md-8 post-tags"> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/github-copilot/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> GitHub Copilot </a> </li> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/research/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> research </a> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="position-sticky top-md-scroll"> <div class="d-none d-md-block"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="github-copilot-related-posts-title" class="mb-7 mb-md-8 mt-7 mt-md-0"><h2 class="h5-mktg aside-heading pb-3 border-bottom color-fg-muted color-border-muted" id="github-copilot-related-posts-title">More on <a href="https://github.blog/tag/github-copilot/" class="Link--primary">GitHub Copilot</a></h2><article class="py-4 d-flex flex-column"><div class="col-12 tease-text"><h3 class="h6-mktg mb-12px"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/research/does-github-copilot-improve-code-quality-heres-what-the-data-says/" class="Link--primary">Does GitHub Copilot improve code quality? Here’s what the data says</a></h3><div class="f4-mktg color-fg-muted"><p>Findings in our latest study show that the quality of code written with GitHub Copilot is significantly more functional, readable, reliable, maintainable, and concise. </p> </div><div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/jaredsb/" title="Posts by Jared Bauer" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Jared Bauer</a> </span> </span> </div> </div></article><article class="py-4 d-flex flex-column border-top"><div class="col-12 tease-text"><h3 class="h6-mktg mb-12px"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/product-news/universe-2024-previews-releases/" class="Link--primary">New from Universe 2024: Get the latest previews and releases</a></h3><div class="f4-mktg color-fg-muted"><p>Find out how we’re evolving GitHub and GitHub Copilot—and get access to the latest previews and GA releases.</p> </div><div 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