CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><script type='text/javascript' src='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/yui/3.6.0/yui/yui-min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src='//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src='https://assets.adobedtm.com/4a848ae9611a/d0e96722185b/launch-d525bb0064d8.min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src=/assets/nr_browser_production.js></script>  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title> "Waves of Binding: Neural Oscillations of Visual, Auditory, and Lexical" by Hannah Morrow </title>  <meta itemprop="name" content="Waves of Binding: Neural Oscillations of Visual, Auditory, and Lexical Integration"> <meta property="og:title" content="Waves of Binding: Neural Oscillations of Visual, Auditory, and Lexical Integration"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Waves of Binding: Neural Oscillations of Visual, Auditory, and Lexical Integration"> <meta property="article:author" content="Hannah Morrow"> <meta name="author" content="Hannah Morrow"> <meta name="robots" content="noodp, noydir"> <meta name="description" content="If our conceptual knowledge about concrete objects is represented (in part) across the brain regions that are active when those objects are perceived, how is information from those regions integrated, or “bound” into a coherent whole? One potential mechanism for binding is synchronized neuronal firing. In particular, high-frequencies (e.g., gamma) may support local interactions, while lower frequencies (e.g., theta) may support longer-range interactions. Previous work has implicated the role of gamma and theta in binding, but not testing both on the same paradigm with a condition intended to create more cortical distance. We recorded participants’ EEG while they were presented with pairs of visual and auditory stimuli that were either congruent or incongruent (e.g., a picture of a lion followed by either a roar, or a bang sound, respectively), predicting that as observed in prior work (Schneider et al., 2008), integration and thus gamma power should be greater for congruent pairs. We also manipulated whether the sounds following the pictures were non-lexical (e.g., a roar sound) or lexical (e.g., the word “roar”), predicting that because interactions involved in integrating lexical information are presumably longer-range (i.e., not just interactions between visual and auditory processing brain areas, but between these regions and lexical processing areas as well) these interactions would produce more sustained theta activity. We found no differences between conditions in gamma. However, contrary to our predictions there was a significant increase in late theta for incongruent compared to congruent lexical trials, which we speculate may be due to working memory load. Our findings underscore the need for work examining the relationship between synchronous neural firing and integration during conceptual processing, as better understanding may lead to improvements in interventions for clinical populations, as well as better models of semantic memory organization and learning."> <meta itemprop="description" content="If our conceptual knowledge about concrete objects is represented (in part) across the brain regions that are active when those objects are perceived, how is information from those regions integrated, or “bound” into a coherent whole? One potential mechanism for binding is synchronized neuronal firing. In particular, high-frequencies (e.g., gamma) may support local interactions, while lower frequencies (e.g., theta) may support longer-range interactions. Previous work has implicated the role of gamma and theta in binding, but not testing both on the same paradigm with a condition intended to create more cortical distance. We recorded participants’ EEG while they were presented with pairs of visual and auditory stimuli that were either congruent or incongruent (e.g., a picture of a lion followed by either a roar, or a bang sound, respectively), predicting that as observed in prior work (Schneider et al., 2008), integration and thus gamma power should be greater for congruent pairs. We also manipulated whether the sounds following the pictures were non-lexical (e.g., a roar sound) or lexical (e.g., the word “roar”), predicting that because interactions involved in integrating lexical information are presumably longer-range (i.e., not just interactions between visual and auditory processing brain areas, but between these regions and lexical processing areas as well) these interactions would produce more sustained theta activity. We found no differences between conditions in gamma. However, contrary to our predictions there was a significant increase in late theta for incongruent compared to congruent lexical trials, which we speculate may be due to working memory load. Our findings underscore the need for work examining the relationship between synchronous neural firing and integration during conceptual processing, as better understanding may lead to improvements in interventions for clinical populations, as well as better models of semantic memory organization and learning."> <meta name="twitter:description" content="If our conceptual knowledge about concrete objects is represented (in part) across the brain regions that are active when those objects are perceived, how is information from those regions integrated, or “bound” into a coherent whole? One potential mechanism for binding is synchronized neuronal firing. In particular, high-frequencies (e.g., gamma) may support local interactions, while lower frequencies (e.g., theta) may support longer-range interactions. Previous work has implicated the role of gamma and theta in binding, but not testing both on the same paradigm with a condition intended to create more cortical distance. We recorded participants’ EEG while they were presented with pairs of visual and auditory stimuli that were either congruent or incongruent (e.g., a picture of a lion followed by either a roar, or a bang sound, respectively), predicting that as observed in prior work (Schneider et al., 2008), integration and thus gamma power should be greater for congruent pairs. We also manipulated whether the sounds following the pictures were non-lexical (e.g., a roar sound) or lexical (e.g., the word “roar”), predicting that because interactions involved in integrating lexical information are presumably longer-range (i.e., not just interactions between visual and auditory processing brain areas, but between these regions and lexical processing areas as well) these interactions would produce more sustained theta activity. We found no differences between conditions in gamma. However, contrary to our predictions there was a significant increase in late theta for incongruent compared to congruent lexical trials, which we speculate may be due to working memory load. Our findings underscore the need for work examining the relationship between synchronous neural firing and integration during conceptual processing, as better understanding may lead to improvements in interventions for clinical populations, as well as better models of semantic memory organization and learning."> <meta property="og:description" content="If our conceptual knowledge about concrete objects is represented (in part) across the brain regions that are active when those objects are perceived, how is information from those regions integrated, or “bound” into a coherent whole? One potential mechanism for binding is synchronized neuronal firing. In particular, high-frequencies (e.g., gamma) may support local interactions, while lower frequencies (e.g., theta) may support longer-range interactions. Previous work has implicated the role of gamma and theta in binding, but not testing both on the same paradigm with a condition intended to create more cortical distance. We recorded participants’ EEG while they were presented with pairs of visual and auditory stimuli that were either congruent or incongruent (e.g., a picture of a lion followed by either a roar, or a bang sound, respectively), predicting that as observed in prior work (Schneider et al., 2008), integration and thus gamma power should be greater for congruent pairs. We also manipulated whether the sounds following the pictures were non-lexical (e.g., a roar sound) or lexical (e.g., the word “roar”), predicting that because interactions involved in integrating lexical information are presumably longer-range (i.e., not just interactions between visual and auditory processing brain areas, but between these regions and lexical processing areas as well) these interactions would produce more sustained theta activity. We found no differences between conditions in gamma. However, contrary to our predictions there was a significant increase in late theta for incongruent compared to congruent lexical trials, which we speculate may be due to working memory load. Our findings underscore the need for work examining the relationship between synchronous neural firing and integration during conceptual processing, as better understanding may lead to improvements in interventions for clinical populations, as well as better models of semantic memory organization and learning."> <meta name="keywords" content="Semantic memory, time frequency analysis, gamma, theta, integration, binding"> <meta name="bepress_citation_series_title" content="Master's Theses"> <meta name="bepress_citation_author" content="Morrow, Hannah"> <meta name="bepress_citation_title" content="Waves of Binding: Neural Oscillations of Visual, Auditory, and Lexical Integration"> <meta name="bepress_citation_date" content="2020">   <meta name="bepress_citation_pdf_url" content="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2649&context=gs_theses"> <meta name="bepress_citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1488"> <meta name="bepress_citation_online_date" content="2020/5/18"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">  <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1488"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Digital Commons @ UConn">  <script type="text/javascript"> (function(e,t){var n=e.amplitude||{_q:[],_iq:{}};var r=t.createElement("script") ;r.type="text/javascript";r.async=true ;r.src="https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/amplitude-4.5.2-min.gz.js" ;r.integrity="5ceGNbvkytO+PTI82JRl6GwJjVCw6k79kP4le5L5/m0Zny1P7taAF6YVvC4z4Pgj" ;r.onload=function(){if(e.amplitude.runQueuedFunctions){ e.amplitude.runQueuedFunctions()}else{ console.log("[Amplitude] Error: could not load SDK")}} ;var i=t.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];i.parentNode.insertBefore(r,i) ;function s(e,t){e.prototype[t]=function(){ this._q.push([t].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)));return this}} var o=function(){this._q=[];return this} ;var a=["add","append","clearAll","prepend","set","setOnce","unset"] ;for(var u=0;u<a.length;u++){s(o,a[u])}n.Identify=o;var c=function(){this._q=[] ;return this} ;var l=["setProductId","setQuantity","setPrice","setRevenueType","setEventProperties"] ;for(var p=0;p<l.length;p++){s(c,l[p])}n.Revenue=c ;var d=["init","logEvent","logRevenue","setUserId","setUserProperties","setOptOut","setVersionName","setDomain","setDeviceId","setGlobalUserProperties","identify","clearUserProperties","setGroup","logRevenueV2","regenerateDeviceId","groupIdentify","logEventWithTimestamp","logEventWithGroups","setSessionId","resetSessionId"] ;function v(e){function t(t){e[t]=function(){ e._q.push([t].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)))}} for(var n=0;n<d.length;n++){t(d[n])}}v(n);n.getInstance=function(e){ e=(!e||e.length===0?"$default_instance":e).toLowerCase() ;if(!n._iq.hasOwnProperty(e)){n._iq[e]={_q:[]};v(n._iq[e])}return n._iq[e]} ;e.amplitude=n})(window,document); amplitude.getInstance().init("1d890e80ea7a0ccc43c2b06438458f50"); </script>  <meta name="bepress_is_article_cover_page" content="1">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ir-style.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ir-custom.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../ir-custom.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ir-local.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../ir-local.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ir-print.css" type="text/css" media="print"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/floatbox/floatbox.css"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Site Feed" href="/recent.rss"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">   <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/jsUtilities.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/footnoteLinks.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/scripts/yui-init.pack.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/scripts/bepress-init.debug.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/scripts/JumpListYUI.pack.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript">var pageData = {"page":{"environment":"prod","productName":"bpdg","language":"en","name":"ir_series:article","businessUnit":"els:rp:st"},"visitor":{}};</script> </head> <body id="geo-series">  <script src="/assets/scripts/dc-mobile/dc-responsive-nav.js"></script> <header id="mobile-nav" class="nav-down device-fixed-height" style="visibility: hidden;"> <nav class="nav-collapse"> <ul> <li class="menu-item active device-fixed-width"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu" title="Home" data-scroll >Home</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/do/search/advanced/" title="Search" data-scroll ><i class="icon-search"></i> Search</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/communities.html" title="Browse" data-scroll >Browse Collections</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="/cgi/myaccount.cgi?context=gs_theses" title="My Account" data-scroll >My Account</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/about.html" title="About" data-scroll >About</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://network.bepress.com" title="Digital Commons Network" data-scroll ><img width="16" height="16" alt="DC Network" style="vertical-align:top;" src="/assets/md5images/8e240588cf8cd3a028768d4294acd7d3.png"> Digital Commons Network™</a></li> </ul> </nav> </header> <script src="/assets/scripts/dc-mobile/dc-mobile-nav.js"></script>   <div id="uconn"> <div id="container"> <a href="#main" class="skiplink" accesskey="2" >Skip to main content</a> <div id="navigation"> <div id="tabs" role="navigation" aria-label="Main"><ul><li id="tabone"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu" title="Home" ><span>Home</span></a></li><li id="tabtwo"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/about.html" title="About" ><span>About</span></a></li><li id="tabthree"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/faq.html" title="FAQ" ><span>FAQ</span></a></li><li id="tabfour"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/cgi/myaccount.cgi?context=gs_theses" title="My Account" ><span>My Account</span></a></li></ul></div>  </div> <div id="header"> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu" id="banner_link" title="Digital Commons @ UConn" > <img id="banner_image" alt="Digital Commons @ UConn" width='980' height='122' src="/assets/md5images/a0e1d0e38bb6493bbc06d6671bf94ff1.png"> </a> <a href="http://www.lib.uconn.edu/" id="logo_link" title="University of Connecticut" > <img id="logo_image" alt="University of Connecticut" width='240' height='120' src="/assets/md5images/269ed242afe17f7914eeab38f203a035.png"> </a> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="content"> <div id="main" class="text"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/floatbox/floatbox.js"></script>  <div id="breadcrumb"><ul id="pager"> <li>< <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1485" class="ignore" >Previous</a></li> <li><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1514" class="ignore" >Next</a> ></li> <li> </li></ul><div class="crumbs"> <div class="crumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <p> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu" class="ignore" >Home</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs" class="ignore" >Grad School</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses" class="ignore" >Master's Theses</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1488" class="ignore" aria-current="page" >1488</a> </p> </div> </div> </div>   <div id="series-header">  <h2 id="series-title"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses" >Master's Theses</a></h2></div> <div style="clear: both"> </div> <div id="sub"> <div id="alpha"> <div id='title' class='element'> <h1><a href='https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2649&context=gs_theses'>Waves of Binding: Neural Oscillations of Visual, Auditory, and Lexical Integration</a></h1> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='authors' class='element'> <h2 class='visually-hidden'>Authors</h2> <p class="author"><a href='https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/do/search/?q=bp_author_id%3A%22a2486ed0-d4a7-4ae6-8fa1-d55181f3fd99%22%20OR%20%28author%3A%22Hannah%20Morrow%22%20AND%20-bp_author_id%3A%5B%2A%20TO%20%2A%5D%29&start=0&context=48134'><strong>Hannah Morrow</strong></a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://network.bepress.com/api/follow/subscribe?user=YzgwNjBhM2I0YjY4MDgwYg%3D%3D&institution=ZjFhZDRkY2M4N2IyODY2Yw%3D%3D&format=html" data-follow-set="user:YzgwNjBhM2I0YjY4MDgwYg== institution:ZjFhZDRkY2M4N2IyODY2Yw==" title="Follow Hannah Morrow" class="btn followable">Follow</a><br /> </p></div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='publication_date' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Date of Completion</h2> <p>5-10-2020</p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='embargo_date' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Embargo Period</h2> <p>5-8-2020</p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='advisor' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Advisors</h2> <p>Eiling Yee, Emily Myers, Jon Sprouse, Roeland Hancock</p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='department' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Field of Study</h2> <p>Psychological Sciences</p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='degree' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Degree</h2> <p>Master of Science</p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='document_type' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Open Access</h2> <p>Open Access</p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='abstract' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Abstract</h2> <p>If our conceptual knowledge about concrete objects is represented (in part) across the brain regions that are active when those objects are perceived, how is information from those regions integrated, or “bound” into a coherent whole? One potential mechanism for binding is synchronized neuronal firing. In particular, high-frequencies (e.g., gamma) may support local interactions, while lower frequencies (e.g., theta) may support longer-range interactions. Previous work has implicated the role of gamma and theta in binding, but not testing both on the same paradigm with a condition intended to create more cortical distance. We recorded participants’ EEG while they were presented with pairs of visual and auditory stimuli that were either congruent or incongruent (e.g., a picture of a lion followed by either a roar, or a bang sound, respectively), predicting that as observed in prior work (Schneider et al., 2008), integration and thus gamma power should be greater for congruent pairs. We also manipulated whether the sounds following the pictures were non-lexical (e.g., a roar sound) or lexical (e.g., the word “roar”), predicting that because interactions involved in integrating lexical information are presumably longer-range (i.e., not just interactions between visual and auditory processing brain areas, but between these regions and lexical processing areas as well) these interactions would produce more sustained theta activity. We found no differences between conditions in gamma. However, contrary to our predictions there was a significant increase in late theta for <em>incongruent</em> compared to congruent lexical trials, which we speculate may be due to working memory load. Our findings underscore the need for work examining the relationship between synchronous neural firing and integration during conceptual processing, as better understanding may lead to improvements in interventions for clinical populations, as well as better models of semantic memory organization and learning.</p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='recommended_citation' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Recommended Citation</h2> <p> Morrow, Hannah, "Waves of Binding: Neural Oscillations of Visual, Auditory, and Lexical Integration" (2020). <em>Master's Theses</em>. 1488. <br> https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1488 </p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div id='m_advisor' class='element'> <h2 class='field-heading'>Major Advisor</h2> <p>Eiling Yee</p> </div> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div> <div id='beta_7-3'>     <div class="aside download-button"> <a id="pdf" class="btn" href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2649&context=gs_theses" title="PDF (2.4 MB) opens in new window" target="_blank" > <i class="icon-download-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> Download </a> </div>         <div id="article-stats" class="aside hidden"> <p class="article-downloads-wrapper hidden"><span id="article-downloads"></span> DOWNLOADS</p> <p class="article-stats-date hidden">Since May 18, 2020</p> <p class="article-plum-metrics"> <a href="https://plu.mx/plum/a/?repo_url=https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1488" class="plumx-plum-print-popup plum-bigben-theme" data-badge="true" data-hide-when-empty="true" ></a> </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.plu.mx/widget-popup.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/scripts/article-downloads.pack.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> insertDownloads(17677055); </script>  <script> // bind to event when PlumX widget loads jQuery('body').bind('plum:widget-load', function(e){ // if Plum badge is visible if (jQuery('.PlumX-Popup').length) { // remove 'hidden' class jQuery('#article-stats').removeClass('hidden'); jQuery('.article-stats-date').addClass('plum-border'); } }); // bind to event when page loads jQuery(window).bind('load',function(e){ // if DC downloads are visible if (jQuery('#article-downloads').text().length > 0) { // add border to aside jQuery('#article-stats').removeClass('hidden'); } }); </script>  <script> $(function() { // This is the handler for Plum popup engagement on mouseover $("#article-stats").on("mouseover", "a.plx-wrapping-print-link", function(event) { // Send the event to Amplitude amplitude.getInstance().logEvent("plumPopupMouseover"); }); // This is the handler for Plum badge and 'see details' link clickthrough $("#article-stats").on("click", "div.ppp-container.ppp-small.ppp-badge", function(event) { // Send the event to Amplitude amplitude.getInstance().logEvent("plumDetailsClick"); }); // This is the handler for AddThis link clickthrough $(".addthis_toolbox").on("click", "a", function(event) { // Send the event to Amplitude amplitude.getInstance().logEvent("addThisClick"); }); // This is the handler for AddThis link clickthrough $(".aside.download-button").on("click", "a", function(event) { // Send the event to Amplitude amplitude.getInstance().logEvent("downloadClick"); }); }); </script>  <script> $(function() { // Download button click event tracker for PDFs $(".aside.download-button").on("click", "a#pdf", function(event) { pageDataTracker.trackEvent('navigationClick', { link: { location: 'aside download-button', name: 'pdf' } }); }); // Download button click event tracker for native files $(".aside.download-button").on("click", "a#native", function(event) { pageDataTracker.trackEvent('navigationClick', { link: { location: 'aside download-button', name: 'native' } }); }); }); </script>     <div id="share" class="aside"> <h2>Share</h2> <div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_24 a2a_default_style"> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"></a> <a class="a2a_button_whatsapp"></a> <a class="a2a_button_email"></a> <a class="a2a_dd"></a> <script async src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script> </div> </div>      <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu%2Fgs_theses%2F1488&rft.atitle=Waves%20of%20Binding%3A%20Neural%20Oscillations%20of%20Visual%2C%20Auditory%2C%20and%20Lexical%20Integration&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.jtitle=Master%27s%20Theses&rft.date=2020-05-10">COinS</span>    </div>  </div> <div class="verticalalign"> </div> <div class="clear"> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar" role="complementary">    <h2>Search</h2> <form method='get' action='https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/do/search/' id="sidebar-search"> <label for="search" accesskey="4"> Enter search terms: </label> <div> <span class="border"> <input type="text" name='q' class="search" id="search"> </span> <input type="submit" value="Search" class="searchbutton" style="font-size:11px;"> </div> <label for="context" class="visually-hidden"> Select context to search: </label> <div> <span class="border"> <select name="fq" id="context"> <option value='virtual_ancestor_link:"https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses"'>in this series</option> <option value='virtual_ancestor_link:"https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu"'>in this repository</option> <option value='virtual_ancestor_link:"http:/"'>across all repositories</option> </select> </span> </div> </form> <p class="advanced"> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/do/search/advanced/?fq=virtual_ancestor_link:%22https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses%22" > Advanced Search </a> </p>   <ul id="side-notify"> <li class="notify"> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/announcements.html" title="Email or RSS Notifications" > Notify me via email or <acronym title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</acronym> </a> </li> </ul>    <div id="sb-custom-middle"> <h2 class="sb-custom-title">Links</h2> <ul class="sb-custom-ul"> <li class="sb-custom-li"> <a href="http://guides.lib.uconn.edu/opencommons/usingandciting" > Using and Citing </a> </li> <li class="sb-custom-li"> <a href="http://guides.lib.uconn.edu/opencommons/contacts" > Contacts </a> </li> <li class="sb-custom-li"> <a href="http://www.lib.uconn.edu/" > UConn Library </a> </li> <li class="sb-custom-li"> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/libr_oa" > Open Access Author Fund </a> </li> </ul> </div> <h2>Browse</h2> <ul id="side-browse"> <li class="collections"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/communities.html" title="Browse by Collections" >Collections</a></li> <li class="discipline-browser"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/do/discipline_browser/disciplines" title="Browse by Disciplines" >Disciplines</a></li> <li class="author"><a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/authors.html" title="Browse by Author" >Authors</a></li> </ul>  <h2>Author Corner</h2> <ul id="side-author"> <li class="faq"> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/faq.html" title="Author FAQ" > Author FAQ </a> </li> </ul>   <h2>Homepage</h2> <ul id="homepage-links"> <li class="sb-homepage"> <a href="http://www.grad.uconn.edu/" title="gs Home Page" > Grad School Website </a> </li> </ul>            <div class="verticalalign"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="bepress"> <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/digital-commons" title="Elsevier - Digital Commons" > <em>Elsevier - Digital Commons</em> </a> </div>  <p> <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu" title="Home page" accesskey="1" >Home</a> | <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/about.html" title="About" >About</a> | <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/faq.html" title="FAQ" >FAQ</a> | <a href="/cgi/myaccount.cgi?context=gs_theses" title="My Account Page" accesskey="3" >My Account</a> | <a href="https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/accessibility.html" title="Accessibility Statement" accesskey="0" >Accessibility Statement</a> </p> <p> <a class="secondary-link" href="https://www.bepress.com/privacy" title="Privacy Policy" >Privacy</a> <a class="secondary-link" href="https://www.bepress.com/copyright" title="Copyright Policy" >Copyright</a> </p> </div>  </div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-5499681-15', 'auto'); ga('create', 'UA-7666332-1', 'auto', {'name': 'newTracker'}); // Admin tracker. ga('send', 'pageview'); ga('newTracker.send', 'pageview'); // Send page view for admin tracker. </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='/assets/scripts/bpbootstrap-20160726.pack.js'></script><script type='text/javascript'>BPBootstrap.init({appendCookie:''})</script></body></html>