D1143/D1143M Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundation Elements Under Static Axial Compressive Load

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class='asset-id'> D1143_D1143M-20</strong></div> <br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>D = Miscellaneous Materials</div> <br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>1143 = assigned sequential number</div> <br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>M = SI units</div> <br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>20 = year of original adoption (or, In the case of revision, the last year of last revision)</div> </div>"> </i> </span> </span> </div> <div class="mt-1"> <h1 class="astm-type-heading--h3 mb-0 mt-0"><b class="name">Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundation Elements Under Static Axial Compressive Load</b></h1> </div> <div itemtype="http://schema.org/Product" itemscope="itemscope" class="no-display"> <span itemprop="name">Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundation Elements Under Static Axial Compressive Load</span> <span itemprop="sku">D1143_D1143M-20</span> <span itemprop="productID">ASTM|D1143_D1143M-20|en-US</span> <span itemprop="Description">Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundation Elements Under Static Axial Compressive Load</span> <span itemprop="category">Standard</span> <span itemprop="url" href="https://www.astm.org/d1143_d1143m-20.html" >D1143/D1143M Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundation Elements Under Static Axial Compressive Load></span> <span itemprop="itemCondition">new</span> <span itemprop="isRelatedTo">BOS Vol. 04.08 Committee D18</span> <img itemprop="logo" src="https://www.astm.org/media/logo/logo.svg" alt="" /> <div itemprop="offers" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Offer"> <span itemprop="priceCurrency" content="USD">$</span> <span itemprop="price" content="91.00">91.00</span> <link itemprop="availability" href="https://schema.org/InStock"/>In stock </div> <div itemprop="brand" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Brand"> <span itemprop="name" content="ASTM International">ASTM International</span> </div> </div> <div id="pdp-description"> <div class="astm-type-body--lead border-top mt-3 pt-2 adv-description"><p class="astm-type-heading--h6 astm-type-heading--h6-bold mb-3 desc-significance-n-use-label">Significance and Use</p><div class="mb-2 desc-significance-n-use"><div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">5.1</span> Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the element, the amount of end bearing developed at the element toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. The engineer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying appropriate factors, the element or group of elements has a static capacity, load response and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support the foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-element test program, the engineer may also use the results to assess the viability of different sizes and types of foundation elements and the variability of the test site.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">5.2</span> If feasible, and without exceeding the safe structural load on the element or element cap (hereinafter unless otherwise indicated, “element” and “element group” are interchangeable as appropriate), the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the engineer may determine the axial static compressive load capacity of the element. Tests that achieve a failure load may help the engineer improve the efficiency of the foundation design by reducing the foundation element length, quantity, or size.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">5.3</span> If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined element, the engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical element to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined element. Or, the engineer may elect to use a bi-directional axial test on an inclined element (Test Methods <span class="Body-link1 cdone">D8169</span>).</p><div style="text-align:left;" class="NoteLevel1"> <p><span class="note cdone" style="text-transform: uppercase;">Note 1:</span> <span class="note cdone">The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice <span class="Note-link1 cdone">D3740</span> are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/and the like. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice <span class="Note-link1 cdone">D3740</span> does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice <span class="Note-link1 cdone">D3740</span> provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.</span></p></div></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">5.4</span> Different loading test procedures may result in different load-displacement curves. The Quick Test (<span class="Body-link1 cdone">10.1.2</span>) and Constant Rate of Penetration Test (<span class="Body-link1 cdone">10.1.4</span>) typically can be completed in a few hours. Both are simple in concept, loading the element relatively quickly as load is increased. The Maintained Test (<span class="Body-link1 cdone">10.1.3</span>) loads the element in larger increments and for longer intervals which could cause the test duration to be significantly longer. Because of the larger load increments the determination of the failure load can be less precise, but the Maintained Test is thought to give more information on creep settlements (settlement due to consolidation is beyond the capability of the test procedures described in this standard). Although control of the Constant Rate of Penetration Test is somewhat more complicated (and uncommon for large diameter or capacity elements), the test may produce the smoothest curve and thus the best possible definition of capacity. The engineer must weigh the complexity of the procedure and other limitations against any perceived benefit of a smoother curve.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">5.5</span> The scope of this standard does not include analysis for foundation capacity, but in order to analyze the test data appropriately it is important that information on factors that affect the derived mobilized axial static capacity are properly documented. These factors may include, but are not limited to the following:</p> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.1</span> Potential residual loads in the element which could influence the interpreted distribution of load at the element tip and along the element shaft.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.2</span> Possible interaction of friction loads from test element with upward friction transferred to the soil from anchor elements obtaining part or all of their support in soil at levels above the tip level of the test element.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.3</span> Changes in pore water pressure in the soil caused by element driving, construction fill, and other construction operations which may influence the test results for frictional support in relatively impervious soils such as clay and silt.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.4</span> Differences between conditions at time of testing and after final construction such as changes in grade or groundwater level.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.5</span> Potential loss of soil supporting the test element from such activities as excavation and scour.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.6</span> Possible differences in the performance of an element in a group or of an element group from that of a single isolated element.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.7</span> Effect on long-term element performance of factors such as creep, environmental effects on element material, negative friction loads not previously accounted for, and strength losses.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.8</span> Type of structure to be supported, including sensitivity of structure to settlements and relation between live and dead loads.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.9</span> Special testing procedures which may be required for the application of certain acceptance criteria or methods of interpretation.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">5.5.10</span> Requirement that non-tested element(s) have essentially identical conditions to those for tested element(s) including, but not limited to, subsurface conditions, element type, length, size and stiffness, and element installation methods and equipment so that application or extrapolation of the test results to such other elements is valid.</p></div></div></div><p class="astm-type-heading--h6 astm-type-heading--h6-bold mb-3 desc-scope-label">Scope</p><div class="mb-2 desc-scope"><div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.1</span> The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation element or group of elements when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all types of deep foundations, or deep foundation systems as they are practical to test. The individual components of which are referred to herein as <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;" class="overriddenformat">elements</span> that function as, or in a manner similar to, drilled shafts, cast-in-place piles (augered cast-in-place piles, barrettes, and slurry walls), driven piles, such as pre-cast concrete piles, timber piles or steel sections (steel pipes or wide flange beams) or any number of other element types, regardless of their method of installation. Although the test methods may be used for testing single elements or element groups, the test results may not represent the long-term performance of the entire deep foundation system.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.2</span> This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundation elements under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in charge of the foundation design referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard. (Exception: the test load applied to the testing apparatus shall not exceed the rated capacity established by the engineer who designed the testing apparatus).</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.3</span> Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.4</span> A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of elements used in the constructed foundation.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.5</span> A qualified engineer (qualified to perform such work) shall design and approve all loading apparatus, loaded members, and support frames. The geotechnical engineer shall design or specify the test procedures. The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. This standard also includes illustrations and appendices intended only for explanatory or advisory use.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.6</span> <span class="Head3Title cdone">Units—</span>The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.7</span> The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound [lbf] represents a unit of force [weight], while the unit for mass is slug. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic [F=ma] calculations are involved.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.8</span> All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice <span class="Body-link1 cdone">D6026</span>.</p> <div class="SectionLevel3"> <p class="subsec2 cdone2"><span class="Head4 cdone">1.8.1</span> The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.</p></div></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.9</span> The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.10</span> The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.</p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="subsec1 cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.11</span> <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;" class="overriddenformat">This standard offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.</span></p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="caveat cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.12</span> <i>This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.</i></p></div> <div class="SectionLevel2"> <p class="WTOcaveat cdone2"><span class="Head3 cdone">1.13</span> <i>This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.</i></p></div></div></div></div> </div><div class="col-md-4"><div class="card astm-card astm-card--flat bg-light card-body mb-3 p-3"><div class=""> <form data-product-sku="D1143_D1143M-20" action="https://www.astm.org/checkout/cart/add/uenc/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYXN0bS5vcmcvZDExNDNfZDExNDNtLTIwLmh0bWw~/product/1066562/" method="post" id="product_addtocart_form_1066562" 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Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the element, the amount of end bearing developed at the element toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. The engineer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying appropriate factors, the element or group of elements has a static capacity, load response and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support the foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-element test program, the engineer may also use the results to assess the viability of different sizes and types of foundation elements and the variability of the test site.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.2<\/span>\u00a0If feasible, and without exceeding the safe structural load on the element or element cap (hereinafter unless otherwise indicated, \u201celement\u201d and \u201celement group\u201d are interchangeable as appropriate), the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the engineer may determine the axial static compressive load capacity of the element. Tests that achieve a failure load may help the engineer improve the efficiency of the foundation design by reducing the foundation element length, quantity, or size.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.3<\/span>\u00a0If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined element, the engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical element to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined element. Or, the engineer may elect to use a bi-directional axial test on an inclined element (Test Methods <span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">D8169<\/span>).<\/p><div style=\"text-align:left;\" class=\"NoteLevel1\"> <p><span class=\"note cdone\" style=\"text-transform: uppercase;\">Note 1:<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"note cdone\">The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice <span class=\"Note-link1 cdone\">D3740<\/span> are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing\/sampling\/ inspection\/and the like. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice <span class=\"Note-link1 cdone\">D3740<\/span> does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice <span class=\"Note-link1 cdone\">D3740<\/span> provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.4<\/span>\u00a0Different loading test procedures may result in different load-displacement curves. The Quick Test (<span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">10.1.2<\/span>) and Constant Rate of Penetration Test (<span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">10.1.4<\/span>) typically can be completed in a few hours. Both are simple in concept, loading the element relatively quickly as load is increased. The Maintained Test (<span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">10.1.3<\/span>) loads the element in larger increments and for longer intervals which could cause the test duration to be significantly longer. Because of the larger load increments the determination of the failure load can be less precise, but the Maintained Test is thought to give more information on creep settlements (settlement due to consolidation is beyond the capability of the test procedures described in this standard). Although control of the Constant Rate of Penetration Test is somewhat more complicated (and uncommon for large diameter or capacity elements), the test may produce the smoothest curve and thus the best possible definition of capacity. The engineer must weigh the complexity of the procedure and other limitations against any perceived benefit of a smoother curve.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.5<\/span>\u00a0The scope of this standard does not include analysis for foundation capacity, but in order to analyze the test data appropriately it is important that information on factors that affect the derived mobilized axial static capacity are properly documented. These factors may include, but are not limited to the following:<\/p> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.1<\/span>\u00a0Potential residual loads in the element which could influence the interpreted distribution of load at the element tip and along the element shaft.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.2<\/span>\u00a0Possible interaction of friction loads from test element with upward friction transferred to the soil from anchor elements obtaining part or all of their support in soil at levels above the tip level of the test element.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.3<\/span>\u00a0Changes in pore water pressure in the soil caused by element driving, construction fill, and other construction operations which may influence the test results for frictional support in relatively impervious soils such as clay and silt.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.4<\/span>\u00a0Differences between conditions at time of testing and after final construction such as changes in grade or groundwater level.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.5<\/span>\u00a0Potential loss of soil supporting the test element from such activities as excavation and scour.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.6<\/span>\u00a0Possible differences in the performance of an element in a group or of an element group from that of a single isolated element.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.7<\/span>\u00a0Effect on long-term element performance of factors such as creep, environmental effects on element material, negative friction loads not previously accounted for, and strength losses.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.8<\/span>\u00a0Type of structure to be supported, including sensitivity of structure to settlements and relation between live and dead loads.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.9<\/span>\u00a0Special testing procedures which may be required for the application of certain acceptance criteria or methods of interpretation.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.10<\/span>\u00a0Requirement that non-tested element(s) have essentially identical conditions to those for tested element(s) including, but not limited to, subsurface conditions, element type, length, size and stiffness, and element installation methods and equipment so that application or extrapolation of the test results to such other elements is valid.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"astm-type-heading--h6 astm-type-heading--h6-bold mb-3 desc-scope-label\">Scope<\/p><div class=\"mb-2 desc-scope\"><div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.1<\/span>\u00a0The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation element or group of elements when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all types of deep foundations, or deep foundation systems as they are practical to test. The individual components of which are referred to herein as <span style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;\" class=\"overriddenformat\">elements<\/span> that function as, or in a manner similar to, drilled shafts, cast-in-place piles (augered cast-in-place piles, barrettes, and slurry walls), driven piles, such as pre-cast concrete piles, timber piles or steel sections (steel pipes or wide flange beams) or any number of other element types, regardless of their method of installation. Although the test methods may be used for testing single elements or element groups, the test results may not represent the long-term performance of the entire deep foundation system.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.2<\/span>\u00a0This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundation elements under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and\/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in charge of the foundation design referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard. (Exception: the test load applied to the testing apparatus shall not exceed the rated capacity established by the engineer who designed the testing apparatus).<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.3<\/span>\u00a0Apparatus and procedures herein designated \u201coptional\u201d may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word \u201cshall\u201d indicates a mandatory provision, and the word \u201cshould\u201d indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.4<\/span>\u00a0A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of elements used in the constructed foundation.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.5<\/span>\u00a0A qualified engineer (qualified to perform such work) shall design and approve all loading apparatus, loaded members, and support frames. The geotechnical engineer shall design or specify the test procedures. The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. This standard also includes illustrations and appendices intended only for explanatory or advisory use.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.6<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"Head3Title cdone\">Units\u2014<\/span>The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.7<\/span>\u00a0The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound [lbf] represents a unit of force [weight], while the unit for mass is slug. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic [F=ma] calculations are involved.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.8<\/span>\u00a0All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice <span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">D6026<\/span>.<\/p> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">1.8.1<\/span>\u00a0The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user\u2019s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.<\/p><\/div><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.9<\/span>\u00a0The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.10<\/span>\u00a0The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.11<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;\" class=\"overriddenformat\">This standard offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project\u2019s many unique aspects. The word \u201cStandard\u201d in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"caveat cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.12<\/span>\u00a0<i>This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.<\/i><\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"WTOcaveat cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.13<\/span>\u00a0<i>This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.<\/i><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>","configProduct":"<div class=\"astm-type-body--lead border-top mt-3 pt-2 adv-description\"><p class=\"astm-type-heading--h6 astm-type-heading--h6-bold mb-3 desc-significance-n-use-label\">Significance and Use<\/p><div class=\"mb-2 desc-significance-n-use\"><div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.1<\/span>\u00a0Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the element, the amount of end bearing developed at the element toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. The engineer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying appropriate factors, the element or group of elements has a static capacity, load response and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support the foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-element test program, the engineer may also use the results to assess the viability of different sizes and types of foundation elements and the variability of the test site.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.2<\/span>\u00a0If feasible, and without exceeding the safe structural load on the element or element cap (hereinafter unless otherwise indicated, \u201celement\u201d and \u201celement group\u201d are interchangeable as appropriate), the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the engineer may determine the axial static compressive load capacity of the element. Tests that achieve a failure load may help the engineer improve the efficiency of the foundation design by reducing the foundation element length, quantity, or size.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.3<\/span>\u00a0If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined element, the engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical element to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined element. Or, the engineer may elect to use a bi-directional axial test on an inclined element (Test Methods <span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">D8169<\/span>).<\/p><div style=\"text-align:left;\" class=\"NoteLevel1\"> <p><span class=\"note cdone\" style=\"text-transform: uppercase;\">Note 1:<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"note cdone\">The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice <span class=\"Note-link1 cdone\">D3740<\/span> are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing\/sampling\/ inspection\/and the like. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice <span class=\"Note-link1 cdone\">D3740<\/span> does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice <span class=\"Note-link1 cdone\">D3740<\/span> provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.4<\/span>\u00a0Different loading test procedures may result in different load-displacement curves. The Quick Test (<span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">10.1.2<\/span>) and Constant Rate of Penetration Test (<span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">10.1.4<\/span>) typically can be completed in a few hours. Both are simple in concept, loading the element relatively quickly as load is increased. The Maintained Test (<span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">10.1.3<\/span>) loads the element in larger increments and for longer intervals which could cause the test duration to be significantly longer. Because of the larger load increments the determination of the failure load can be less precise, but the Maintained Test is thought to give more information on creep settlements (settlement due to consolidation is beyond the capability of the test procedures described in this standard). Although control of the Constant Rate of Penetration Test is somewhat more complicated (and uncommon for large diameter or capacity elements), the test may produce the smoothest curve and thus the best possible definition of capacity. The engineer must weigh the complexity of the procedure and other limitations against any perceived benefit of a smoother curve.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">5.5<\/span>\u00a0The scope of this standard does not include analysis for foundation capacity, but in order to analyze the test data appropriately it is important that information on factors that affect the derived mobilized axial static capacity are properly documented. These factors may include, but are not limited to the following:<\/p> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.1<\/span>\u00a0Potential residual loads in the element which could influence the interpreted distribution of load at the element tip and along the element shaft.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.2<\/span>\u00a0Possible interaction of friction loads from test element with upward friction transferred to the soil from anchor elements obtaining part or all of their support in soil at levels above the tip level of the test element.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.3<\/span>\u00a0Changes in pore water pressure in the soil caused by element driving, construction fill, and other construction operations which may influence the test results for frictional support in relatively impervious soils such as clay and silt.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.4<\/span>\u00a0Differences between conditions at time of testing and after final construction such as changes in grade or groundwater level.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.5<\/span>\u00a0Potential loss of soil supporting the test element from such activities as excavation and scour.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.6<\/span>\u00a0Possible differences in the performance of an element in a group or of an element group from that of a single isolated element.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.7<\/span>\u00a0Effect on long-term element performance of factors such as creep, environmental effects on element material, negative friction loads not previously accounted for, and strength losses.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.8<\/span>\u00a0Type of structure to be supported, including sensitivity of structure to settlements and relation between live and dead loads.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.9<\/span>\u00a0Special testing procedures which may be required for the application of certain acceptance criteria or methods of interpretation.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">5.5.10<\/span>\u00a0Requirement that non-tested element(s) have essentially identical conditions to those for tested element(s) including, but not limited to, subsurface conditions, element type, length, size and stiffness, and element installation methods and equipment so that application or extrapolation of the test results to such other elements is valid.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"astm-type-heading--h6 astm-type-heading--h6-bold mb-3 desc-scope-label\">Scope<\/p><div class=\"mb-2 desc-scope\"><div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.1<\/span>\u00a0The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation element or group of elements when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all types of deep foundations, or deep foundation systems as they are practical to test. The individual components of which are referred to herein as <span style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;\" class=\"overriddenformat\">elements<\/span> that function as, or in a manner similar to, drilled shafts, cast-in-place piles (augered cast-in-place piles, barrettes, and slurry walls), driven piles, such as pre-cast concrete piles, timber piles or steel sections (steel pipes or wide flange beams) or any number of other element types, regardless of their method of installation. Although the test methods may be used for testing single elements or element groups, the test results may not represent the long-term performance of the entire deep foundation system.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.2<\/span>\u00a0This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundation elements under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and\/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in charge of the foundation design referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard. (Exception: the test load applied to the testing apparatus shall not exceed the rated capacity established by the engineer who designed the testing apparatus).<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.3<\/span>\u00a0Apparatus and procedures herein designated \u201coptional\u201d may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word \u201cshall\u201d indicates a mandatory provision, and the word \u201cshould\u201d indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.4<\/span>\u00a0A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of elements used in the constructed foundation.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.5<\/span>\u00a0A qualified engineer (qualified to perform such work) shall design and approve all loading apparatus, loaded members, and support frames. The geotechnical engineer shall design or specify the test procedures. The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. This standard also includes illustrations and appendices intended only for explanatory or advisory use.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.6<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"Head3Title cdone\">Units\u2014<\/span>The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.7<\/span>\u00a0The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound [lbf] represents a unit of force [weight], while the unit for mass is slug. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic [F=ma] calculations are involved.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.8<\/span>\u00a0All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice <span class=\"Body-link1 cdone\">D6026<\/span>.<\/p> <div class=\"SectionLevel3\"> <p class=\"subsec2 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head4 cdone\">1.8.1<\/span>\u00a0The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user\u2019s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.<\/p><\/div><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.9<\/span>\u00a0The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.10<\/span>\u00a0The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.<\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"subsec1 cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.11<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;\" class=\"overriddenformat\">This standard offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project\u2019s many unique aspects. The word \u201cStandard\u201d in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"caveat cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.12<\/span>\u00a0<i>This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.<\/i><\/p><\/div> <div class=\"SectionLevel2\"> <p class=\"WTOcaveat cdone2\"><span class=\"Head3 cdone\">1.13<\/span>\u00a0<i>This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.<\/i><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>"},"isWithdrawns":{"1066589":false,"configProduct":false},"designations":{"1066589":"<div class='tooltip-inner__content bg-white tooltip-withdraw-content'><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>An ASTM designation number identifies a unique version of an ASTM standard.<\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left title-text-bold'><strong class='asset-id'>D1143_D1143M-20<\/strong><\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>D = Miscellaneous Materials<\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>1143 = assigned sequential number<\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>M = SI units<\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>20 = year of original adoption (or, In the case of revision, the last year of last revision)<\/div><\/div>","configProduct":"<div class='tooltip-inner__content bg-white tooltip-withdraw-content'><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>An ASTM designation number identifies a unique version of an ASTM standard.<\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left title-text-bold'><strong class='asset-id'>D1143_D1143M-20<\/strong><\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>D = Miscellaneous Materials<\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>1143 = assigned sequential number<\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>M = SI units<\/div><br><div class='astm-type-body--small text-left'>20 = year of original adoption (or, In the case of revision, the last year of last revision)<\/div><\/div>"},"configOptions":{"5455":"en-US","5446":"ONL","440000":"Online - Standard + Redline Bundle","5449":"POD"},"languageAttributeId":"691","formatAttributeId":"688","subscriptionAttributeData":[],"subscriptionErrorMessage":"Sorry, you can only purchase a quantity of 1 per unique subscription. 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for (index in dataLayerData) { window.dataLayer.push({ecommerce: null}); window.dataLayer.push(dataLayerData[index]); } } } }); var wpPersDlOptions = {'storageExpiryTime': 30 }; var wpGtmOptions = { 'enabled': 0, 'persDataLayer': wpGa4PersDl }; wpGa4PersDl.init(wpPersDlOptions); wpGa4gtm.trackPromotion(wpGtmOptions); } }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-a5e224d467572511e0e","applicationID":"538041230","transactionName":"bgBTNUQFD0ADBRFaDldKcAJCDQ5dTQUERwBVClZORhYOVxcFERwXUABG","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":822,"atts":"QkdQQwwfHE4=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

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