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Activation detector sets consisting of aluminum, niobium, indium, and bismuth, were placed at 30 cm from the target at angles of 15° to 160° with respect to the beam axis. The nuclides generated in these detectors due to irradiation by secondary particles were analyzed by γ -ray spectrometry, and the angular distributions of the production rates were obtained. The results of Monte Carlo calculations using FLUKA code was compared with the experimental results. The calculated results well agreed with the measured data at all angles. The influence of competitive reactions on the measured data were also evaluated by FLUKA. The following nuclear reactions, with low affectivity by competitive reactions, were identified as promising tools for characterizing mixed radiation fields: the $^{115}$In($n,n′$) $^{115m}$ In reaction for detecting neutrons emitted by the evaporation process, the $^{93}$Nb($γ, n$) $^{92m}$Nb reaction for verifying the photon distribution generated by neutral-pion decay ($π^0→2γ$), and the $^{209}$Bi($p, 4n$) $^{206}$Po reaction, which detects secondary protons. Oyama, Takahiro; Sanami, Toshiya; Yashima, Hiroshi; Hagiwara, Masayuki; Nakao, Noriaki; Infantino, Angelo; Iliopoulou, Elpida; Froeschl, Robert; Roesler, Stefan; Kajimoto, Tsuyoshi; Lee, Eunji; Nagaguro, Seiji; Matsumoto, Tetsuro; Masuda, Akihiko; Uwamino, Yoshitomo" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Activation detectors, CHARM, Mixed field, 24 GeV/c proton, FLUKA" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$']], processEscapes: true}, showProcessingMessages: false, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script src="/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML" type="text/javascript"> </script>  <meta content="Elsevier : Measurements of secondary-particle emissions from copper target bombarded with 24-GeV/c protons" name="citation_title" /> <meta content="Oyama, Takahiro" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Uwamino, Yoshitomo" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Matsumoto, Tetsuro" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Sanami, Toshiya" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Iliopoulou, Elpida" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Lee, Eunji" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Hagiwara, Masayuki" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Nagaguro, Seiji" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Roesler, Stefan" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Masuda, Akihiko" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Kajimoto, Tsuyoshi" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Froeschl, Robert" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Nakao, Noriaki" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Yashima, Hiroshi" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Infantino, Angelo" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="10.1016/j.nima.2020.164977" name="citation_doi" /> <meta content="Nucl. 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Activation detector sets consisting of aluminum, niobium, indium, and bismuth, were placed at 30 cm from the target at angles of 15° to 160° with respect to the beam axis. The nuclides generated in these detectors due to irradiation by secondary particles were analyzed by γ -ray spectrometry, and the angular distributions of the production rates were obtained. The results of Monte Carlo calculations using FLUKA code was compared with the experimental results. The calculated results well agreed with the measured data at all angles. The influence of competitive reactions on the measured data were also evaluated by FLUKA. The following nuclear reactions, with low affectivity by competitive reactions, were identified as promising tools for characterizing mixed radiation fields: the $^{115}$In($n,n′$) $^{115m}$ In reaction for detecting neutrons emitted by the evaporation process, the $^{93}$Nb($γ, n$) $^{92m}$Nb reaction for verifying the photon distribution generated by neutral-pion decay ($π^0→2γ$), and the $^{209}$Bi($p, 4n$) $^{206}$Po reaction, which detects secondary protons." property="og:description" />  <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="CERN32Document32Server search" lang="en">  <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=en&referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2751447%3Fln%3Den" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div>   <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=en">Search</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=en">Submit</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=en">Help</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=en">Personalize</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=en">Your alerts</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=en">Your baskets</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=en">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=en">Your searches</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=en" class="navtrail">Home</a> > Measurements of secondary-particle emissions from copper target bombarded with 24-GeV/c protons </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <div class="detailedrecordbox"> <div class="detailedrecordtabs"> <div> <ul class="detailedrecordtabs"><li class="on first"><a href="/record/2751447/?ln=en">Information </a></li><li class=""><a href="/record/2751447/files?ln=en">Files </a></li></ul> <div id="tabsSpacer" style="clear:both;height:0px"> </div></div> </div> <div class="detailedrecordboxcontent"> <div class="top-left-folded"></div> <div class="top-right-folded"></div> <div class="inside">  <abbr class="unapi-id" title="2751447"></abbr> <style type="text/css">  </style> <table class="formatRecordTableFullWidth" > <tr> <td class="formatRecordHeader" style="background-image: url('https://cds.cern.ch/img/journals.jpg');" colspan="2">  <a style="color:#fff;text-decoration:none" href="https://cds.cern.ch/collection/Published%20Articles">Published Articles</a> </td> </tr> <script type="text/javascript"> $( document ).ready(function() { $('.showAuthor').on('click', function() { var author = '<p>' + $(this).data('name') + '</p>'; var affiliation = $(this).data('affiliation') + '</br>'; var contribution = $(this).data('contribution') + '</br>'; $.magnificPopup.open({ items: { src: '<div id="ovelary-mathjax" class="overlay-white oc-content overlay-white-500">' + author + affiliation + contribution + '</div>', type: 'inline' }, callbacks: { open: function() { var div = document.getElementById("overlay-mathjax") MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub, div]); }, } }) }) }); </script> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Title </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><b>Measurements of secondary-particle emissions from copper target bombarded with 24-GeV/c protons</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> Author(s) </span> </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"> <script type="text/javascript"> function toggle_authors_visibility(){ var more = document.getElementById('more'); var link = document.getElementById('link'); var extension = document.getElementById('extension'); if (more.style.display=='none'){ more.style.display = ''; extension.style.display = 'none'; link.innerHTML = "Hide" } else { more.style.display = 'none'; extension.style.display = ''; link.innerHTML = "Show all 15 authors" } link.style.color = "rgb(204,0,0);" } function set_up(){ var extension = document.getElementById('extension'); extension.innerHTML = ""; toggle_authors_visibility(); } </script> <a name="show_hide" /><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Oyama%2C%20Takahiro&ln=en">Oyama, Takahiro</a> (KEK, Tsukuba) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Sanami%2C%20Toshiya&ln=en">Sanami, Toshiya</a> (KEK, Tsukuba) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Yashima%2C%20Hiroshi&ln=en">Yashima, Hiroshi</a> (Kyoto U., KURRI) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Hagiwara%2C%20Masayuki&ln=en">Hagiwara, Masayuki</a> (KEK, Tsukuba) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Nakao%2C%20Noriaki&ln=en">Nakao, Noriaki</a> (Shimizu, Tokyo) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Infantino%2C%20Angelo&ln=en">Infantino, Angelo</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Iliopoulou%2C%20Elpida&ln=en">Iliopoulou, Elpida</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Froeschl%2C%20Robert&ln=en">Froeschl, Robert</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Roesler%2C%20Stefan&ln=en">Roesler, Stefan</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Kajimoto%2C%20Tsuyoshi&ln=en">Kajimoto, Tsuyoshi</a> (Hiroshima U.)<span id="more" style=""> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Lee%2C%20Eunji&ln=en">Lee, Eunji</a> (Kyushu U.) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Nagaguro%2C%20Seiji&ln=en">Nagaguro, Seiji</a> (KEK, Tsukuba) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Matsumoto%2C%20Tetsuro&ln=en">Matsumoto, Tetsuro</a> (AIST, Tsukuba) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Masuda%2C%20Akihiko&ln=en">Masuda, Akihiko</a> (AIST, Tsukuba) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Uwamino%2C%20Yoshitomo&ln=en">Uwamino, Yoshitomo</a> (Shimizu, Tokyo)</span> <span id="extension"></span> <small><i><a id="link" href="#" onclick="toggle_authors_visibility()" style="color:rgb(204,0,0);"></a></i></small><script type="text/javascript">set_up()</script></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Publication </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">2021</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Number of pages </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">10</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> In: </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164977"><i>Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A</i> 990 (2021) 164977</a> </a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> DOI </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164977" title="DOI" target="_blank">10.1016/j.nima.2020.164977</a> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Subject category </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Detectors and Experimental Techniques</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Accelerator/Facility, Experiment </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=CERN%20CHARM&f=693__a">CERN CHARM</a><br/><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=FLUKA&f=693__a">FLUKA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Abstract </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">To devise an activation technique for characterizing mixed radiation fields, secondary particles from a copper target irradiated by 24 GeV/c protons were measured at the CERN High-energy AcceleRator Mixed field facility (CHARM). Activation detector sets consisting of aluminum, niobium, indium, and bismuth, were placed at 30 cm from the target at angles of 15° to 160° with respect to the beam axis. The nuclides generated in these detectors due to irradiation by secondary particles were analyzed by γ -ray spectrometry, and the angular distributions of the production rates were obtained. The results of Monte Carlo calculations using FLUKA code was compared with the experimental results. The calculated results well agreed with the measured data at all angles. The influence of competitive reactions on the measured data were also evaluated by FLUKA. The following nuclear reactions, with low affectivity by competitive reactions, were identified as promising tools for characterizing mixed radiation fields: the $^{115}$In($n,n′$) $^{115m}$ In reaction for detecting neutrons emitted by the evaporation process, the $^{93}$Nb($γ, n$) $^{92m}$Nb reaction for verifying the photon distribution generated by neutral-pion decay ($π^0→2γ$), and the $^{209}$Bi($p, 4n$) $^{206}$Po reaction, which detects secondary protons.</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Copyright/License </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">© 2020-2024 The Author(s) (License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a>)</td></tr> </table> <br/>Corresponding record in: <a href="http://inspirehep.net/record/1839784">Inspire</a> <small> </small> <br/> <br/><br/><div align="right"><div style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:30px;"><span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"> <a href="" class="moreinfo">Back to search</a> </span></div></div> <div class="bottom-left-folded"><div class="recordlastmodifiedbox" style="position:relative;margin-left:1px"> Record created 2021-02-09, last modified 2021-10-11</div></div> <div class="bottom-right-folded" style="text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px;"> <span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"><a href="/search?ln=en&p=recid%3A2751447&rm=wrd" class="moreinfo">Similar records</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <br /> <div class="detailedrecordminipanel"> <div class="top-left"></div><div class="top-right"></div> <div class="inside"> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelfile" style="width:33%;float:left;text-align:center;margin-top:0"> <div><small class="detailedRecordActions">Fulltext:</small> <br /><a href="/record/2751447/files/1-s2.0-S0168900220313747-main.pdf"><img style="border:none" src="/img/file-icon-text-34x48.gif" alt="Download fulltext" /><br />PDF</a><br /></div> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelreview" style="width:30%;float:left;text-align:center"> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelactions" style="width:36%;float:right;text-align:right;"> <ul class="detailedrecordactions"> <li><a href="/yourbaskets/add?ln=en&recid=2751447">Add to personal basket</a></li> <li>Export as <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2751447/export/hx?ln=en">BibTeX</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2751447/export/hm?ln=en">MARC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2751447/export/xm?ln=en">MARCXML</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2751447/export/xd?ln=en">DC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2751447/export/xe?ln=en">EndNote</a>,  <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2751447/export/xn?ln=en">NLM</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2751447/export/xw?ln=en">RefWorks</a> </li> </ul> <div style='padding-left: 13px;'>  <div id="bookmark"></div> <div id="bookmark_sciencewise"></div> <style type="text/css"> #bookmark_sciencewise, #bookmark {float: left;} #bookmark_sciencewise li {padding: 2px; width: 25px;} #bookmark_sciencewise ul, #bookmark ul {list-style-image: none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.bookmark.min.js"></script> <style type="text/css">@import "/css/jquery.bookmark.css";</style> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ $.bookmark.addSite('sciencewise', 'ScienceWise.info', 'https://cds.cern.ch/img/sciencewise.png', 'en', 'bookmark', 'http://sciencewise.info/bookmarks/cds:2751447/add'); $('#bookmark_sciencewise').bookmark({sites: ['sciencewise']}); $('#bookmark').bookmark({ sites: ['facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google_plusone'], icons: '/img/bookmarks.png', url: 'https://cds.cern.ch/record/2751447', addEmail: true, title: "Measurements of secondary-particle emissions from copper target bombarded with 24-GeV/c protons", description: "To devise an activation technique for characterizing mixed radiation fields, secondary particles from a copper target irradiated by 24 GeV/c protons were measured at the CERN High-energy AcceleRator Mixed field facility (CHARM). Activation detector sets consisting of aluminum, niobium, indium, and bismuth, were placed at 30\u00a0cm from the target at angles of 15\u00b0 to 160\u00b0 with respect to the beam axis. The nuclides generated in these detectors due to irradiation by secondary particles were analyzed by \u03b3 -ray spectrometry, and the angular distributions of the production rates were obtained. The results of Monte Carlo calculations using FLUKA code was compared with the experimental results. The calculated results well agreed with the measured data at all angles. The influence of competitive reactions on the measured data were also evaluated by FLUKA. The following nuclear reactions, with low affectivity by competitive reactions, were identified as promising tools for characterizing mixed radiation fields: the $^{115}$In($n,n\u2032$) $^{115m}$ In reaction for detecting neutrons emitted by the evaporation process, the $^{93}$Nb($\u03b3, n$) $^{92m}$Nb reaction for verifying the photon distribution generated by neutral-pion decay ($\u03c0^0\u21922\u03b3$), and the $^{209}$Bi($p, 4n$) $^{206}$Po reaction, which detects secondary protons." }); // ]]> </script>  </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0;"></div> </div> <div class="bottom-left"></div><div class="bottom-right"></div> </div> </div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix">  <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=en">Search</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=en">Submit</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=en">Personalize</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=en">Help</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a> <br /> Powered by <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> Maintained by <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? 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