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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tasks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Salary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Salary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Salary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany_and_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_and_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Germany and Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_and_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_wages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_wages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Table of wages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_wages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_professor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_professor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research professor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_professor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-academic_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-academic_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Non-academic usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-academic_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Professor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="أستاذ جامعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أستاذ جامعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatichiri" title="Yatichiri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yatichiri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95" title="অধ্যাপক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অধ্যাপক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-si%C5%AB" title="Kàu-siū – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-siū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Прафесар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прафесар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Прафэсар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прафэсар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Професор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Професор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Профессор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Профессор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athro_cadeiriol" title="Athro cadeiriol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athro cadeiriol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedr%C3%A1tico_de_universidad" title="Catedrático de universidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catedrático de universidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesoro" title="Profesoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Profesoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedradun" title="Katedradun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katedradun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="استاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professeur_(titre)" title="Professeur (titre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Professeur (titre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heechlearaar" title="Heechlearaar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heechlearaar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollamh" title="Ollamh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollamh" title="Ollamh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ollamh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-su" title="Kau-su – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-su" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98" title="교수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farfesa" title="Farfesa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Farfesa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Պրոֆեսոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոֆեսոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रोफ़ेसर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोफ़ेसर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3fessor" title="Prófessor – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prófessor" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professore" title="Professore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Professore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8" title="פרופסור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרופסור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prof%C3%A9sor" title="Profésor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Profésor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95" title="ಪ್ರಾಧ್ಯಾಪಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಧ್ಯಾಪಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პროფესორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროფესორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Профессор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Профессор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesa" title="Profesa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Profesa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Профессор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Профессор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesors" title="Profesors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Profesors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesorius" title="Profesorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Profesorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Професор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Професор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC" title="പ്രൊഫസ്സർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രൊഫസ്സർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بروفسور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروفسور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Профессор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Профессор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81" title="ပါမောက္ခ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါမောက္ခ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88" title="教授 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教授" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Профессор – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Профессор" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="پروفیسر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروفیسر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99" title="សាស្ត្រាចារ្យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាស្ត្រាចារ្យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Професор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Професор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Профессор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Профессор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesori" title="Profesori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Profesori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="පුවසුරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුවසුරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="پروفيسر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروفيسر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor_(vedecko-pedagogick%C3%A1_hodnos%C5%A5)" title="Profesor (vedecko-pedagogická hodnosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Profesor (vedecko-pedagogická hodnosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfasoor" title="Barfasoor – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Barfasoor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Професор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Професор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professori" title="Professori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Professori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Professor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Профессор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Профессор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ศาสตราจารย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสตราจารย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Профессор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Профессор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profes%C3%B6r" title="Profesör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Profesör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Професор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Професор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0" title="استاذ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استاذ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A7%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پروڧېسسور – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پروڧېسسور" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_s%C6%B0" title="Giáo sư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo sư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88" title="教授 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="教授" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phurofesa" title="Phurofesa – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Phurofesa" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8" title="פראפעסאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראפעסאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88" title="教授 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="教授" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Profesor" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88" title="教授 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="教授" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Professor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Professor (disambiguation)">Professor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Professor</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/220px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/330px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/440px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="3313" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> as a professor</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Professor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teaching</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">Academics</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Academic knowledge, research, writing journal articles or book chapters, teaching</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degree">doctoral degree</a> (e.g., PhD), <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degree</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">terminal degree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">Academics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">Teacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">researcher</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Professor</b> (commonly abbreviated as <b>Prof.</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academic</a> rank at <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">post-secondary education</a> and research institutions in most countries. Literally, <i>professor</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as a 'person who professes'. Professors are usually <a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">experts</a> in their field and teachers of the highest rank.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most systems of <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">academic ranks</a>, "professor" as an unqualified title refers only to the most senior academic position, sometimes informally known as "<b>full professor</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-macleans.ca_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macleans.ca-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries and institutions, the word <i>professor</i> is also used in titles of lower ranks such as <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a>; this is particularly the case in the United States, where the unqualified word is also used colloquially to refer to associate and assistant professors as well, and often to instructors or lecturers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professors often conduct <a href="/wiki/Original_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Original research">original research</a> and commonly teach <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">professional</a> courses in their fields of expertise. In universities with <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate schools</a>, professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis or dissertation</a>. In many universities, full professors take on senior managerial roles such as leading departments, research teams and institutes, and filling roles such as <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">president</a>, principal or <a href="/wiki/Vice-chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-chancellor">vice-chancellor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prom_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prom-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of professor may be more public-facing than that of more junior staff, and professors are expected to be national or international leaders in their field of expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-prom_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prom-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/150px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/225px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/300px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> was one of the earliest recorded professors<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>professor</i> was first used in the late 14th century to mean 'one who teaches a branch of knowledge'.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word comes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1263642342">.mw-parser-output .inline-quote{quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-marks{quotes:"\"""\""}</style><q class="inline-quote inline-quote-marks">...from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">professeur</i></span> (14c.) and directly from [the] <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">professor</i></span>[, for] 'person who professes to be an expert in some art or science; teacher of highest rank'</q>; the Latin term came from the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263642342"><q class="inline-quote inline-quote-marks">...<a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">agent noun</a> from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/profiteri" class="extiw" title="wikt:profiteri">profiteri</a></i></span> 'lay claim to, declare openly'</q>. As a title that is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263642342"><q class="inline-quote inline-quote-marks">prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706</q>. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263642342"><q class="inline-quote inline-quote-marks">[s]hort form prof is recorded from 1838</q>. The term <i>professor</i> is also used with a different meaning: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263642342"><q class="inline-quote inline-quote-marks">[o]ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan period">Elizabethan period</a>, but is obsolete in England.</q><sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nations, as well as northern Europe, the title <i>professor</i> is the highest academic rank at a university. In the <a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States" title="Professors in the United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Canada#Professorship" title="Academic ranks in Canada">Canada</a>, the title of <i>professor</i> applies to most post-doctoral academics, so a larger percentage are thus designated. In these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees (typically <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degrees) or equivalent qualifications who teach in colleges and <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a> professor is a title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term professor is also used in the titles <i><a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are not considered professor-level positions in all European countries. In Australia, the title <i>associate professor</i> is used in place of the term <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)"><i>reader</i></a> as used in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries; ranking above senior lecturer and below full professor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond holding the proper academic title, universities in many countries also give notable artists, athletes and foreign dignitaries the title <i><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">honorary</a> professor</i>, even if these persons do not have the academic qualifications typically necessary for professorship and they do not take up professorial duties. However, such "professors" usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution. In general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tasks">Tasks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tasks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg/220px-Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg/330px-Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg/440px-Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>, Emeritus Professor at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Professors are qualified experts in their field who generally perform some or all the following tasks:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Managing <a href="/wiki/Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a>, research, and publications in their departments (in countries where a professor is head of a department);</li> <li>Presenting <a href="/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">lectures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminar" title="Seminar">seminars</a> in their specialties (i.e., they "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/profess" class="extiw" title="wikt:profess">profess</a>");</li> <li>Performing, leading and publishing advanced <a href="/wiki/Original_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Original research">original research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed journal">journals</a> in their fields;</li> <li>Providing <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">community service</a>, including consulting functions (such as advising government and nonprofit organizations) or providing expert commentary on TV or radio news or public affairs programs;</li> <li>Mentoring <a href="/wiki/Graduate_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate students">graduate students</a> in their academic training;</li> <li>Mentoring more junior academic staff;</li> <li>Conducting administrative or managerial functions, usually at a high level (e.g. deans, heads of departments, research centers, etc.); and</li> <li>Assessing students in their fields of expertise (e.g., through grading <a href="/wiki/Test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Test (assessment)">examinations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thesis#Thesis_examinations" title="Thesis">viva voce</a> defenses).</li></ul> <p>Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place (country), and time. For example, professors at research-oriented universities in North America and, generally, at European universities, are promoted primarily on the basis of research achievements and external grant-raising success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">List of academic ranks</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">Academic ranks worldwide</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Argentina" title="Academic ranks in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" title="Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Portugal_and_Brazil)" title="Academic ranks (Portugal and Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Canada" title="Academic ranks in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_China" title="Academic ranks in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Colombia" title="Academic ranks in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_in_Slovakia" title="Academic ranks in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Denmark" title="Academic ranks in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Egypt" title="Academic ranks in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Finland" title="Academic ranks in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_France" title="Academic ranks in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Germany" title="Academic ranks in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Hungary" title="Academic ranks in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_India" title="Academic ranks in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Israel" title="Academic ranks in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Italy" title="Academic ranks in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Jordan" title="Academic ranks in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Kenya" title="Academic ranks in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Malaysia" title="Academic ranks in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Academic ranks in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" title="Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Norway" title="Academic ranks in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Portugal_and_Brazil)" title="Academic ranks (Portugal and Brazil)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Russia" title="Academic ranks in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Serbia" title="Academic ranks in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_in_Slovakia" title="Academic ranks in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_South_Africa" title="Academic ranks in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Spain" title="Academic ranks in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Sweden" title="Academic ranks in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Thailand" title="Academic ranks in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Academic ranks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States" title="Academic ranks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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worldwide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_ranks_worldwide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic ranks worldwide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges">colleges</a> and <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and other institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher learning</a> throughout the world follow a similar hierarchical ranking structure amongst <a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">scholars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>; the list above provides details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salary">Salary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Salary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_salaries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Professor_salaries.svg/220px-Professor_salaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Professor_salaries.svg/330px-Professor_salaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Professor_salaries.svg/440px-Professor_salaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Salary of professors, as reported in the 2005 report the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Hochschulverband&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutscher Hochschulverband (page does not exist)">Deutscher Hochschulverband</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Hochschulverband" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Hochschulverband">de</a>]</span> DHV. Bars are for assistant professor, associate professor and full professor, respectively.</figcaption></figure> <p>A professor typically earns a base salary and a range of <a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">employee benefits</a>. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in their institution (e.g., department chair, dean, head of graduate studies, etc.) sometimes earns additional income. Some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consulting</a>, publishing academic or popular press books, giving speeches, or coaching executives. Some fields (e.g., business and computer science) give professors more opportunities for outside work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_and_Switzerland">Germany and Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany and Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A report from 2005 by the "Deutscher Hochschulverband DHV",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lobby group for German professors, the salary of professors, the annual salary of a German professor is <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>46,680 in group "W2" (mid-level) and €56,683 in group "W3" (the highest level), without performance-related bonuses. The anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The anticipated average earnings of a professor working in Switzerland vary for example between 158,953 <a href="/wiki/CHF_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="CHF (currency)">CHF</a> (€102,729) to 232,073 CHF (€149,985) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> and 187,937 CHF (€121,461) to 247,280 CHF (€159,774) at the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>; the regulations are different depending on the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons of Switzerland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, in the Italian universities there are about 18 thousand Assistant Professors, 23 thousand Associate Professors, and 14 thousand Full Professors. The role of "professore a contratto" (the equivalent of an "adjunct professor"), a non-tenured position which does not require a PhD nor any habilitation, is paid at the end of the academic year nearly €3000 for the entire academic year,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without salary during the academic year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 28 thousand "Professori a contratto" in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associate Professors have a gross salary in between 52.937,59 and 96.186,12 euros per year, Full Professors have a gross salary in between 75.431,76 and 131.674 Euros per year, and adjunct professors of around 3,000 euros per year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i>World Salaries 2023</i>, the salary of a professor in any public university is 447,300 SAR, or 119,217.18 USD<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Spain" title="Academic ranks in Spain">Academic ranks in Spain</a></div> <p>The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed on a nationwide basis, but there are some bonuses related to performance and seniority and a number of bonuses granted by the Autonomous Regional governments. These bonuses include three-year premiums (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">trienios</i>, according to seniority), five-year premiums (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">quinquenios</i></span>, according to compliance with teaching criteria set by the university) and six-year premiums (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sexenios</i></span>, according to compliance with research criteria laid down by the national government). These salary bonuses are relatively small. Nevertheless, the total number of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sexenios</i></span> is a prerequisite for being a member of different committees. </p><p>The importance of these <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sexenios</i></span> as a <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">prestige</a> factor in the university was enhanced by legislation in 2001 (LOU). Some indicative numbers can be interesting, in spite of the variance in the data. We report net monthly payments (after taxes and social security fees), without bonuses: Ayudante, €1,200; Ayudante Doctor, €1,400; Contratado Doctor; €1,800; Profesor Titular, €2,000; Catedrático, €2,400. There are a total of 14 payments per year, including 2 extra payments in July and December (but for less than a normal monthly payment). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States#Salary" title="Professors in the United States">Professors in the United States § Salary</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States" title="Professors in the United States">Professors in the United States</a> commonly occupy any of several positions in <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>. In the U.S., the word "professor" informally refers collectively to the <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States" title="Academic ranks in the United States">academic ranks</a> of <b>assistant professor</b>, <b>associate professor</b>, or professor. This usage differs from the predominant usage of the word "professor" internationally, where the unqualified word "professor" only refers to full professors. The majority of university lecturers and instructors in the United States, as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, do not occupy these <a href="/wiki/Tenure-track" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure-track">tenure-track</a> ranks, but are part-time adjuncts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_wages">Table of wages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Table of wages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 the Dutch social fund for the academic sector SoFoKleS<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commissioned a comparative study of the wage structure of academic professions in the Netherlands in relation to that of other countries. Among the countries reviewed are the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden and the Netherlands. To improve comparability, adjustments have been made to correct for <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> and taxes. Because of differences between institutions in the US and UK these countries have two listings of which one denotes the salary in top-tier institutions (based on the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai ranking">Shanghai-ranking</a>). </p><p>The table below shows the final reference wages (per year) expressed in net amounts of Dutch euros in 2014 (i.e., converted into Dutch <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>NL comparison, 2014, net salaries, in NL purchasing power </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Assistant professor </th> <th>Associate professor </th> <th>Full professor </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>€46,475 </td> <td>€52,367 </td> <td>€77,061 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States – top universities </td> <td>€59,310 </td> <td>€68,429 </td> <td>€103,666 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>€36,436 </td> <td>€44,952 </td> <td>€60,478 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom – top universities </td> <td>€39,855 </td> <td>€45,235 </td> <td>€84,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>€33,182 </td> <td>€42,124 </td> <td>€47,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>€24,686 </td> <td>€30,088 </td> <td>€38,247 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>€34,671 </td> <td>€42,062 </td> <td>€50,847 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland </td> <td>€78,396 </td> <td>€89,951 </td> <td>€101,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td>€32,540 </td> <td>€37,429 </td> <td>€42,535 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden </td> <td>€30,005 </td> <td>€35,783 </td> <td>€42,357 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway </td> <td>€34,947 </td> <td>€37,500 </td> <td>€45,113 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_professor">Research professor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Research professor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a number of countries, the title "research professor" refers to a professor who is exclusively or mainly engaged in research, and who has few or no teaching obligations. For example, the title is used in this sense in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (where it is known as a research professor at some universities and professorial research fellow at some other institutions) and in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>. A research professor is usually the most senior rank of a research-focused career pathway in those countries and is regarded as equal to the ordinary full professor rank. Most often they are permanent employees, and the position is often held by particularly distinguished scholars; thus the position is often seen as more prestigious than an ordinary full professorship. The title is used in a somewhat similar sense in the <a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States#Research_professor" title="Professors in the United States">United States</a>, with the exception that research professors in the United States are often not permanent employees and often must fund their salary from external sources,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is usually not the case elsewhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_professors" title="List of fictional professors">List of fictional professors</a>.</div> <p>Traditional fictional portrayals of professors, in accordance with a <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a>, are shy, <a href="/wiki/Absent-minded_professor" title="Absent-minded professor">absent-minded</a> individuals often lost in thought. In many cases, fictional professors are socially or physically awkward. Examples include the 1961 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Absent-Minded_Professor" title="The Absent-Minded Professor">The Absent-Minded Professor</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Professor_Calculus" title="Professor Calculus">Professor Calculus</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i> stories. Professors have also been portrayed as being misguided into an evil pathway, such as Professor Metz, who helped <a href="/wiki/Bond_villain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond villain">Bond villain</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stavro_Blofeld" title="Ernst Stavro Blofeld">Blofeld</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Diamonds_Are_Forever_(film)" title="Diamonds Are Forever (film)">Diamonds Are Forever</a></i>; or simply evil, like <a href="/wiki/Professor_Moriarty" title="Professor Moriarty">Professor Moriarty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">archenemy</a> of British detective <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>. The modern animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> has <a href="/wiki/Professor_Hubert_Farnsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Hubert Farnsworth">Professor Hubert Farnsworth</a>, a typical absent-minded but genius-level professor. A related stereotype is the <a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">mad scientist</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, author and professor of <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>, frequently used professors as the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonists</a> in his novels. Professor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Higgins_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Higgins (character)">Henry Higgins</a> is a main character in <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a></i>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series, set at the wizard school <a href="/wiki/Hogwarts" title="Hogwarts">Hogwarts</a>, the teachers are known as professors, many of whom play important roles, notably Professors <a href="/wiki/Dumbledore" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbledore">Dumbledore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerva_McGonagall" title="Minerva McGonagall">McGonagall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severus_Snape" title="Severus Snape">Snape</a>. In the board game <i><a href="/wiki/Cluedo" title="Cluedo">Cluedo</a></i>, Professor Plum has been depicted as an absent-minded academic. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd" title="Christopher Lloyd">Christopher Lloyd</a> played Plum's <a href="/wiki/Clue_(film)" title="Clue (film)">film</a> counterpart, a <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> who had an affair with one of his patients. </p><p>Since the 1980s and 1990s, various stereotypes were re-evaluated, including professors. Writers began to depict professors as just normal human beings and might be quite well-rounded in abilities, excelling both in intelligence and in physical skills. An example of a fictional professor not depicted as shy or absent-minded is <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">Indiana Jones</a>, a professor as well as an <a href="/wiki/Archeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeologist">archeologist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Adventurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventurer">adventurer</a>, who is skilled at both scholarship and fighting. The popularity of the <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a></i> movie franchise had a significant impact on the previous stereotype, and created a new archetype which is both deeply knowledgeable and physically capable.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character generally referred to simply as <a href="/wiki/The_Professor_(Gilligan%27s_Island)" title="The Professor (Gilligan's Island)">the Professor</a> on the television <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcom</a> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island" title="Gilligan's Island">Gilligan's Island</a></i>, although described alternatively as a high-school science teacher or research scientist, is depicted as a sensible advisor, a clever inventor, and a helpful friend to his fellow <a href="/wiki/Castaway" title="Castaway">castaways</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a>'s portrayal of law school professor Charles W. Kingsfield, Jr., in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_(film)" title="The Paper Chase (film)">The Paper Chase</a></i> (1973) remains the <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitome</a> of the strict, authoritarian professor who demands perfection from students. <a href="/wiki/Annalise_Keating" title="Annalise Keating">Annalise Keating</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> (ABC) <a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">legal drama</a> <a href="/wiki/Mystery_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery (fiction)">mystery</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder" title="How to Get Away with Murder">How to Get Away with Murder</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> professor at the fictional Middleton University.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the series, Annalise is a self-sufficient and confident woman, respected for being a great law professor and a great lawyer, feared and admired by her students,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose image breaks down as the series progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandra Oh stars as an English professor, Ji-Yoon Kim, recently promoted to the role of department chair in the 2021 Netflix series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chair_(2021_TV_series)" title="The Chair (2021 TV series)">The Chair</a>.</i> The series includes her character's negotiation of liberal arts campus politics, in particular issues of racism, sexism, and social mores.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mysterious, older men with magical powers (and unclear academic standing) are sometimes given the title of "Professor" in literature and theater. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Professor_X" title="Professor X">Professor X</a> in the <a href="/wiki/X-Men" title="X-Men">X-Men</a> franchise, Professor Marvel in <i>The Wizard of Oz</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Professor Drosselmeyer (as he is sometimes known) from the ballet <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a></i>. Also, the magician played by Christian Bale in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prestige_(film)" title="The Prestige (film)">The Prestige</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopts 'The Professor' as his <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage name</a>. A variation of this type of non-academic professor is the "crackpot inventor", as portrayed by Professor Potts in the film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang" title="Chitty Chitty Bang Bang">Chitty Chitty Bang Bang</a></i> or the Jerry Lewis-inspired <i><a href="/wiki/Professor_Frink" title="Professor Frink">Professor Frink</a></i> character on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>. Other professors of this type are the thoughtful and kind Professor Digory Kirke of <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Narnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicles of Narnia">Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-academic_usage">Non-academic usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-academic usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title has been used by <a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">comedians</a>, such as "Professor" <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Corey" title="Irwin Corey">Irwin Corey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soupy_Sales" title="Soupy Sales">Soupy Sales</a> in his role as "The Big Professor". In the past, <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">saloons</a> and other rough environments have been called "professor".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">puppeteer</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Punch_and_Judy" title="Punch and Judy">Punch and Judy</a> show is also traditionally known as "<a href="/wiki/Punch_and_Judy" title="Punch and Judy">Professor</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from such examples in the performing arts, one apparently novel example is known where the title of professor has latterly been applied to a college appointee with an explicitly "non-academic role", which seems to be primarily linked to claims of "strategic importance".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">Academic discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">Adjunct professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Doctor of Sacred Theology"><i>Sacrae Theologiae Professor</i></a> (S.T.P.) – degree now awarded as S.T.D. or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a> (D.D.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">Scholarly method</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=professor">"Professor"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Music%3A+Machines+%26+Musicians&rft.date=1937-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C930955%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2008/aug/23/workandcareers4">"A working life: The Punch and Judy man"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 22 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Union+Theological+College%2C+Belfast&rft.atitle=REINFORCEMENTS%21&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.union.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fnews-events%2Fblog%2F102%2Freinforcements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Professors" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Professors">Professors</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Professor" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Professor">Professor</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/professor" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/professor"><i>professor</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academic_ranks_overview102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_ranks" title="Template:Academic ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_ranks" title="Template talk:Academic ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_ranks_overview102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Academic ranks overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_(academic_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (academic staff)">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">Ranks and titles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Professorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North American system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Tenure track</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">Assistant professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">Associate professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_(full)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor (full)">Professor (full)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States#Endowed" title="Professors in the United States">Endowed Chair</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-tenure track</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professors_in_North_America" title="Adjunct professors in North America">Adjunct professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States#Most_common_hierarchy" title="Academic ranks in the United States">Instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecturer#United_States" title="Lecturer">Lecturer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Research and teaching track</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associate_lecturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate lecturer">Associate lecturer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">Lecturer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_lecturer" title="Senior lecturer">Senior lecturer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">Reader</a> or <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Professor</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Research track</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">Research assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">Research fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_research_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior research fellow">Senior research fellow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Professor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Research_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Research professor">research professor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Junior positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">Research assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_associate" title="Research associate">Research associate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">Research fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">Postdoctoral researcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_professor" title="Distinguished professor">Distinguished professor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation#Higher_education" title="Agrégation">Agrégation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent" title="Docent">Docent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_college" title="Head of college">Head of college</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_of_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor of practice">Professor of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoolmaster" title="Schoolmaster">Schoolmaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_teacher" title="Head teacher">Head teacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-principal" title="Vice-principal">Vice-principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant">Teaching assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_fellow" title="Teaching fellow">Teaching fellow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Levels_of_academic_degree111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_degrees" title="Template talk:Academic degrees"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Levels_of_academic_degree111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Levels of <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">Undergraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> / <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">Postgraduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postdoctoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">Higher doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent#Northern_Europe" title="Docent">Docent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No dominant<br />classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">Academic certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_diploma" title="Artist diploma">Artist diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_degree" title="External degree">External degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurea" title="Laurea">Laurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_degree" title="Magister degree">Magister degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">Graduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">Higher diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_degree" title="Specialist degree">Specialist degree</a>/<a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia#Traditional_model" title="Education in Russia">diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">Terminal degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unearned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree" title="Ad eundem degree"><i>Ad eundem</i> degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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