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This block began on 15:12, 27 August 2023 and has been set to finish on: <b>15:12, 27 August 2028</b>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><big> </big><p><big><b>You are not blocked from reading pages, only from changing or creating them.</b></big><br /> If you have just clicked a <span style="color:#BA0000; text-decoration:underline;">red link</span>, you were blocked from creating a new page as no article on that topic is there yet. </p> </div> If you think you were not blocked fairly, you may make unblock requests or file appeals at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="meta:Steward requests/Global">meta:Steward requests/Global</a>.</div></div><hr /> <p>You can view and copy the source of this page. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1"> {{Slavery}} [[File:Punishing Slaves in Cuba.tif|thumb|[[Black people|Black]] slaves in [[Cuba]] being [[torture]]d during the [[19th century]].]] '''Slavery''' is when a person is treated as the [[property]] of another person. This person is usually called a slave and the owner is called a slavemaster. It often means that slaves are forced to work, or else they will be punished by the [[law]] (if slavery is legal in that place) or by their master. There is [[evidence]] that even before there was [[writing]], there was slavery.<ref>''Tribe and Polity in Late Prehistoric Europe'', eds. D. Blair Gibson; M.N. Geselowitz (New York: Plenum Press, 1988), p. 179</ref> Almost all [[culture]]s and [[continent]]s have a history of slavery.<ref name="Slavery">[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Historical survey > Slave-owning societies]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.''</ref> Some societies had laws about slavery or had an [[economy]] that was built on it. [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome]] had many slaves. [[File:Entraves esclave.jpg|thumb|Chains such as these were used to stop slaves from escaping]] In the [[20th century]], almost all [[countries]] made laws making slavery illegal. The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] says that slavery is wrong. Slavery is now banned by [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/SlaveryConvention.aspx |title=Slavery Convention |author= |website= |publisher=The United Nations |accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> Despite this, there are still different forms of slavery in some countries.<ref name="BBC Millions 'forced into slavery'">{{Cite news|date=2002-05-27|title=Millions 'forced into slavery'|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2010401.stm|access-date=2024-06-02}}</ref> The [[Islamic Republic of Mauritania]] was the last country in the world to officially ban slavery.<ref name="NYER-2014">{{cite magazine|last1=Okeowo|first1=Alexis|date=September 8, 2014|title=Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist's crusade|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106081042/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter|archive-date=January 6, 2018|access-date=October 16, 2014}}</ref> In 2007, "under international pressure", its government passed a law allowing slaveholders to be prosecuted.<ref name="a">{{cite web|last=Corrigan|first=Terence|date=September 6, 2007|title=Mauritania: Country Made Slavery Illegal Last Month|url=http://www.saiia.org.za/governance-and-aprm-opinion/mauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804032958/http://www.saiia.org.za/governance-and-aprm-opinion/mauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month.html|archive-date=August 4, 2011|access-date=January 21, 2008|publisher=The East African Standard}}</ref> However, in 2019, approximately 40 million people, were still enslaved throughout the world despite slavery being illegal. About 26% of these were children. In the modern world, more than half of the people who are slaves provide [[forced labour]], usually in the factories and [[sweatshop]]s of the private sector of a country's economy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hodal|first1=Kate|date=May 31, 2016|title=One in 200 people is a slave. Why?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/25/modern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430012324/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/25/modern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200|archive-date=April 30, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In [[Industrialized|industrialised]] countries, [[human trafficking]] is a modern form of the slave trade. In non-industrialised countries, enslavement by [[debt bondage]] is a common form of enslaving a person.<ref name="newint">{{cite web|title=Slavery in the 21st century|url=http://www.newint.org/issue337/facts.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527095857/http://www.newint.org/issue337/facts.htm|archive-date=May 27, 2010|access-date=August 29, 2010|publisher=Newint.org}}</ref> There are many types of modern slavery. Some of these include captured [[Domestic worker|domestic servants]], people in [[Forced marriage|forced marriages]], and [[Military use of children|child soldiers]].<ref name="modernslavery">{{cite web|date=January 30, 2007|title=Religion & Ethics – Modern slavery: Modern forms of slavery|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml#section_2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106012011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml#section_2|archive-date=January 6, 2014|access-date=June 16, 2009|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> ==Origin of the word== The English word ''slave'' comes from the [[Middle English]] word {{lang|enm|sclave}}. {{lang|enm|Sclave}} came from the [[Old French]] word ''{{lang|fro|esclave}}''. The French word came from [[Late Latin]] ''sclavus''.<ref name="OED">{{Cite dictionary|title=slave|date=2022|encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|doi=10.1093/OED/4545849469}}</ref> There are many theories for where the word ''sclavus'' came from. A common theory is that the word came from [[Slavic peoples]] in [[Central Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe]] who were often put into slavery.<ref>{{citation |title=slave |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=slave |accessdate=26 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Merriam-Webster's |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slave |accessdate=18 August 2009}}</ref> Another theory is that ''sclavus'' came from [[Byzantine Greek]] {{lang|grc-x-byzant|σκυλάειν}}. The Greek word means to steal from an enemy that was killed in war. <ref name="OED"/> ==History of slavery== {{main|History of slavery}} === Early civilizations === Slavery has existed in various forms since antiquity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001337/133738e.pdf#page=9 |title=Struggles against slavery |author= |date=2004 |website= |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=4 February 2016}}, p. 44</ref> The earliest records of slavery can be traced to Babylon 18th Century BC, in texts such as the ''[[Code of Hammurabi]]'' (c. 1760&nbsp;BC), which codifies slavery as law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033802/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM |archivedate=14 May 2011 |title= Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi|quote=e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves" Code of Laws No. 307, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".}}</ref> In the Ancient [[Near East]], slaves were often prisoners of war, which was determined as lawful by the book of [[Deuteronomy]]. There were many distinctions made to categorize those by factors such as class, gender, age and race. For example, [[Israelites]] were not allowed to enslave other Israelites. The Deuteronomic Code calls for the [[death penalty]] for the [[crime]] of [[kidnapping]] Israelites to enslave them. In [[Ancient Egypt]], slaves were mainly [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]. Many times, slaves inherited the status of their slave parents. Others became slaves over unpaid [[debt]]s. Some slaves were poor [[peasant]]s who offered themselves into servitude in exchange for [[food]] and [[shelter]]. The lives of slaves were normally better than that of peasants.<ref name="touregypt1">{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/slaves.htm |title=Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Touregypt.net |date=2011-10-24 |accessdate=2015-10-18}}</ref> Young slaves could not be put to hard work, and had to be brought up by the mistress of the [[household]]. Not all slaves went to houses. Some sold themselves to [[temple]]s, or were assigned to temples by the [[king]]. In many places, [[citizen]]s were partly or fully protected from being enslaved, so most slaves were foreigners. ===Ancient Rome === [[File:Adamo Ghisi - Alegorija ropstva, 1573.jpg|thumb|Adamo Ghisi: [[Allegory]] of Slavery, etching, 1573.]][[File:Jean-Léon Gérôme 004.jpg|thumb|''[[Slave Market in Ancient Rome]]'', a painting by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]]]] Slaves were important in [[society]] and the economy of ancient Rome. They did simple manual labor and [[Domestic worker|domestic services]], but also could have complex jobs and [[profession]]s. [[Teacher]]s, [[accountant]]s, and [[physician]]s were often slaves. [[Greece|Greek]] slaves were often well [[education|educated]]. Most slaves, such as those who were made slaves as [[punishment]], worked on [[farm]]s, in [[Mining|mines]], and at [[mill (grinding)|mills]]. Their living conditions were very bad, and they did not live for very long.{{cn}} Slaves were considered property under [[Roman law]] and were not legally people. Unlike Roman [[Citizenship|citizens]], they could suffer [[corporal punishment]], [[Sexual abuse|sexual exploitation]] ([[sex work]]ers were often slaves), [[torture]], and [[Execution|summary execution]]. A slave's [[testimony]] could not be accepted in a [[court of law]] unless the slave was tortured. This was because they thought that slaves would be too loyal to their masters to reveal damaging evidence unless [[coercion|coerced]]. Over time, however, slaves gained some legal protection, including the right to file complaints against their masters. Attitudes changed in part because of the influence among the educated elite of the [[Stoicism|Stoics]], whose [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] views of humanity extended to slaves, and also because of slave [[rebellion]]s. Better treatment meant fewer rebellions.{{cn}} Roman slaves could hold [[property]] which, even though it belonged to their [[wikt:master|master]]s, they were allowed to use as if it were their own. Upper class slaves were allowed to earn their own [[money]]. With enough money they could buy their freedom.<ref>Kehoe, Dennis P. 2011. ''The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World''. Oxford University Press, pp. 147–148</ref> After the Roman Empire broke up, slavery gradually changed into [[serfdom]]. Serfdom was similar to slavery but the worker received a set amount of wages and had certain civil rights and could leave the employment of the master.{{cn}} ===Asian slavery=== Both non-Muslims and Muslims in Southeast Asia during the 18th century bought Japanese girls who came by sea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clarence-Smith |first=William Gervase |author-link= |date=2006 |title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA15|edition=illustrated|location= |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=15 |isbn=0195221516}}</ref> Japanese slave girls were still owned by India-based Portuguese (Lusitanian) families according to [[Francisco De Sousa]], a Jesuit who wrote about that in 1698. This was long after the 1636 [[edict]] by [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokguawa]] Japan had expelled Portuguese people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kowner |first=Rotem |author-link= |date=2014 |volume= 63 of McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Ideas|title=From White to Yellow: The Japanese in European racial thought, 1300-1735 |edition=reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgudBQAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA432 |location= |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|page=431, 432 |isbn=978-0773596849}}</ref> China imported Korean slaves and Indochinese slaves.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Robert E. |author-link= |date= 2017 |title=The Poverty of Slavery: how unfree labor pollutes the economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gYpDgAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA56 |edition=illustrated|location= |publisher=Springer|page=56 |isbn=978-3319489681}}</ref> Japanese children in medieval Japan could be taken as slaves if debts were not repaid by their parents.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Campbell |first1=Gwyn |last2= Stanziani|first2=Alessandro |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Bonded labour and debt in the Indian Ocean world |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RolECgAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA6|location= |publisher= Routledge |page=6 |isbn=978-1317320081|chapter=INTRODUCTION |edition=reprint|volume=1 of Financial History}}</ref> Japanese parents sold their daughters to Portuguese in Kyushu. Japanese children and women from the Bungo domain were sold as slaves to Europeans in Higo after Bungo was attacked in 1586 by the Satsuma domain.<ref>{{cite book |last= Moran |first= J.F. |date=2012 |title= The Japanese and the Jesuits: Alessandro Valignano in sixteenth century Japan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TNwqBgAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA106|location= |publisher=Routledge|page=106 |isbn=978-1134881130}}</ref> === Arab slave trade === {{main|Arab slave trade}} [[File:'Cargo of Newly released Slaves on board H.M.S. London' RMG E9085 (cropped) (cropped).tiff|left|thumb|300x300px|Black slaves, mostly [[children]], after being taken from slavers, 1880.]] Historians estimate that between 650 [[AD]] and the 1960s, 10 to 18 million people were enslaved by Arab slave traders. They were taken from Europe, Asia and Africa across the [[Red Sea]], [[Indian Ocean]], and [[Sahara]] desert. Male slaves were often employed as [[servant]]s, [[soldier]]s, or workers by their owners. Many male slaves were [[Castration|castrated]].<ref name="MooreABS">{{cite web |url=http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/02/10-facts-about-the-arab-enslavement-of-black-people-not-taught-in-schools/ |title=10 facts about the Arab enslavement of black people not taught in schools |author=A. Moore |date=2 June 2014 |website= |publisher=Atlanta Black Star |accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> It has been claimed that as many as six out of every ten boys [[Bleeding|bled]] to death during the process, though the source may not be reliable.<ref name="MooreABS" /> [[Eunuch]]s fetched a higher price: that made castration worthwhile. According to Ronald Segal, author of ''Islam’s Black Slaves: the other black diaspora'' (2002), "The calipha in Baghdad at the beginning of the 10th Century had 7,000 black eunuchs and 4,000 white eunuchs in his palace”.<ref name="MooreABS" /> Women and children taken as slaves were mainly used as servants and [[Concubinage|concubines]]. While the later Atlantic slave trade concentrated on men for labor, the Arab slave trade started with men and boys, but shifted over time to concentrate more on woman and young girls for [[sex]]ual purposes. By the 1900s, Arab slave traders had taken between 10 and 18 million slaves out of Africa.<ref name="MooreABS" /> === The Atlantic slave trade === {{main|Atlantic slave trade|African slave trade|slave trade}} [[File:Slavecontract doc.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Slave contract [[Lima]]/[[Peru]] 13/10/[[1794]]]] For four [[centuries]], beginning in the late [[15th century]], [[million]]s of [[Africa]]ns were taken as slaves by [[Europe]]ans.<ref name="EM">{{cite web |url=https://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa |title=The impact of the slave trade on Africa |author=Elikia M’bokolo |website= |date=April 1998 |publisher=Le Monde diplomatique |accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> Europeans began exporting Africans to the New World as a source of cheap labor on colonial plantations.<ref name="EM" /> Between 1452 and 1455, [[Pope Nicolas V]] issued a series of [[papal bull]]s authorizing the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to take African slaves.<ref name="LDL">{{cite web |url=http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/pope_nicolas_v_and_the_portugu |title=African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World |author= |website= |publisher=Lowcountry Digital Library |accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> At first slave traders raided coastal areas and carried black people off. But the mines and fields of the colonies needed more and more slaves. In the early 1700s, Spain began to issue [[license]]s and [[contract]]s to supply slaves. By the 1750s, large slaving companies were established. Most of Europe at the time was involved in the slave trade.<ref name="LDL" /> === In the United States === [[File:Woman-slave.jpg|thumb|An enslaved black child with a white slave owner in [[New Orleans]] during the 1850s.]] {{Main|Slavery in the United States}} Many [[Europe]]ans who arrived in [[North America]] during the [[17th century|17th]] and [[18th century|18th centuries]] came under contract as [[indentured servant]]s.<ref>[http://mertsahinoglu.com/research/indentured-servitude-colonial-america/ Indentured Servitude in Colonial America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117075542/http://mertsahinoglu.com/research/indentured-servitude-colonial-america/ |date=2018-01-17 }}. Deanna Barker, ''Frontier Resources''.</ref> The change from indentured servitude to slavery was a gradual process in Virginia. The earliest legal documentation of such a shift was in 1640. This is where an African, [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], was sentenced to lifetime slavery for attempting to run away. This case also marked the disparate treatment of [[Africa]]ns as held by the Virginia County Court, where two [[Caucasian|white]] runaways received far lesser sentences.<ref>{{Cite book |title=In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period |first=A. Leon |last=Higginbotham |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErPg7VegkcMC&dq=%22john+punch%22&pg=PR7 |isbn=9780195027457}}</ref> After 1640, planters started to ignore the expiration of indentured [[contract]]s. They kept their servants as slaves for life. This was demonstrated by the case Johnson v. Parker. The court ruled that [[John Casor]], an indentured servant, be returned to Johnson who claimed that Casor belonged to him for his life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foner|first=Philip S.|year=1980|title=History of Black Americans: From Africa to the emergence of the cotton kingdom|url=http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GR7529&chapterID=GR7529-747&path=books/greenwood|url-status=dead|journal=Greenwood Publishing Group|publisher=Oxford University Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014135617/http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GR7529&chapterID=GR7529-747&path=books%2Fgreenwood|archive-date=2013-10-14|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref><ref>[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1993/1/1993_1_90.shtml Selling Poor Steven] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507112026/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1993/1/1993_1_90.shtml |date=2006-05-07 }}. Philip Burnham, ''American Heritage Magazine. ''</ref> According to the [[1860 United States Census|1860 U. S. census]], 393,975 individuals, representing 8% of all US families, owned 3,950,528 slaves.<ref>[http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html 1860 Census Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604075834/http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html |date=2004-06-04 }}, The Civil War Home Page.</ref> One-third of Southern families owned slaves.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coates|first=Ta-Nehisi|date=2010-08-09|title=Small Truth Papering Over a Big Lie|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2010/08/small-truth-papering-over-a-big-lie/61136/|access-date=2024-06-02|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> Slavery in United States was legally abolished by the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] in 1865.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ashbrook.org/publications/respub-v6n1-boyd/ |title= A look into the constitutional understanding of slavery |author=Susan L. Boyd |date=April 1995 |website= |publisher=Ashbrook Center at Ashland University |accessdate=February 1, 2017}}</ref> That year, [[Gordon Granger]] (a military [[officer]]) and his men, set the last slaves free in [[Galveston, Texas]]. ===In the Middle East=== In the 2010s, [[ISIL]] (or [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]), were taking part in slave trade (of non-Muslim women), on the largest territory that they controlled.{{fact|date=September 2023}} Scholars of Islamic law have condemned the revival of the slave trade of non-Muslim women by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]. ISIL had to flee (later in the 2010s), from most of the areas that they once controlled. == Modern-day slavery == {{main|Slavery in the 21st century}} Slavery has officially been abolished, in all countries of the world. Slave-like conditions still exist, but talking aobut 'slavery' has become more difficult, because people no longer agree on the terms. Things like threats, violence, the use of force, abuse of power and trickery are used to get or keep people in a situation where they can easily be exploited. Common forms of modern-day slavery include: * Keeping people on fishing boats. These boats often stay at sea for weeks or months, and the people on the boats can easily be exploited * [[Domestic servant|Domestic servants]] are often treated badly, and receive almost no payment for the work they do * People are [[Forced prostitution|forced into prostitution]]. Things like [[Forced marriage|forced marriages]], or [[Child marriage|marriages of children]] are often used to hide the fact that they are slaves. Sometimes they are used as [[Sexual slavery|sex slaves]]. * People who are [[migrants]] often fall into the hands of people engaged in [[human trafficking]]. Children get victims of [[trafficking of children]]. * Children are [[Child labour|forced to work like adults]], and sometimes get used as [[Child soldier|child soldiers]]. [[Child prostitution]] also happens. * People are [[Fraud factory|forced to defraud others]]. * People who are prisoners are forced to work, as part of their sentence. Usually, they get paid very little for the work they do. Millions of people are still slaves in some parts of the world, mostly in [[South Asia]] and [[Africa]]. It is less common in the [[First World|developed world]] partly because of differences in financing [[law enforcement]], but it still happens there as well.<ref name="BBC Millions 'forced into slavery'" /> The ways in which it is done have changed. Some of the countries where there is still slavery are in [[Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and [[South Asia]].<ref name="antislaverysociety">{{cite web |url=http://www.anti-slaverysociety.org/slavery.htm |title=Does Slavery Still Exist? |accessdate=2008-01-04 |last= |first= |publisher=Anti-Slavery Society |archive-date=2018-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808135831/http://www.anti-slaverysociety.org/slavery.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> While people are still bought at sold, like beforehand, this is less common today. Today, people get trapped in slave-like conditions in other ways.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ|title=Addressing Modern Slavery (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2019)|last1=Nolan|first1=Justine|last2=Boersma|first2=Martijn|date=September 2019|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|isbn=9781742244631|access-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025858/https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ|archive-date=2020-10-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Modern slavery is often linked with [[poverty]]. There are countries and areas, where people are poorly-educated, and where there is little or no [[rule of law]]. This can create a setting where slavery is seen as acceptable. It is commonly seen in impoverished countries, and those where there are vulnerable minorities. Tens of thousands of people work in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories; they produce goods for consumption inside the country or export to more [[wikt:prosperous|prosperous]] nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll|url=https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421211352/https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery/|archive-date=2019-04-21|access-date=2019-05-13|website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier.{{cn}} Modern slavery can be quite profitable.<ref>Siddarth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).</ref> Total annual revenues of traffickers were estimated in 2014 to over $150 billion,<ref>{{cite web|date=December 7, 2017|title=Human Trafficking Numbers|url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507064607/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers|archive-date=May 7, 2019|access-date=May 13, 2019|website=Human Rights First}}</ref> though profits are substantially lower. [[Corruption|Corrupt]] governments [[wikt:tacitly|tacitly]] allow it, even though it is outlawed by international treaties such as [[Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery]] and local laws. Today, slaves may work because of things like a high [[debt]]. Many victims are told that their families will be harmed if they report the slave owners. Many slaves are forced to be domestic servants. In some cases, their families sell their children because of poverty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bina|first=Anna Coren,Jessie Yeung,Abdul Basir|date=2021-11-01|title=She was sold to a stranger so her family could eat as Afghanistan crumbles|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/01/asia/afghanistan-child-marriage-crisis-taliban-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|access-date=2023-10-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rigby|first=Jennifer|date=2020-09-28|title=Children for sale: How the pandemic is forcing poverty-stricken parents to make desperate choices|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/children-sale-pandemic-forcing-poverty-stricken-parents-make/|access-date=2023-10-14|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=CNN witnesses 9-year-old being sold for marriage to 55-year-old man {{!}} CNN|date=2021-11-01|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/11/01/afghan-girls-for-sale-lead-coren-pkg-vpx.cnn|language=en|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref> Some slaves have been trafficked from one part of the world to another. These people are illegally in their host country, and therefore do not report the abuse. Forced [[prostitution]] is a type of slavery. Another form of slavery still happening today is forced [[child labor]]. Some children have to work in [[Mining|mines]] or in [[plantation]]s, or they have to fight wars as [[child soldier]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rakela|first=Mirjana|date=2008-11-16|title=Child Warriors Around The World -- Manipulation Without End|language=en|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/Child_Warriors_Around_The_World__Manipulation_Without_End/1349622.html|access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref> One study says that there are 27 million people (but others say there could be as many as 200 million) in slavery today.<ref>Kevin Bales, ''Disposable People''</ref> Other terms that describe the recruitment of laborers, and that may have similarities to slavery are [[Blackbirding]], [[Impressment]] and [[Shanghaiing]].{{cn}} On some fishing boats, there are slaves. The boats fish in [[international water]]s. Media has said that officials in some countries have accepted [[bribe]]s, so that officials can use power to keep [[law enforcement]] from stopping slaves from working on fishing boats.{{cn|date=November 2006}} In 1809, American slaves were sold for around the equivalent of [[US$]]40,000 in today's money.<ref name="Economics and Slavery2">{{cite web|date=2013-05-19|title=Slavery Today|url=https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918033125/https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/|archive-date=2018-09-18|access-date=2013-08-18|website=Free The Slaves}}</ref> A slave can be bought for $90–$100 (as of 2017).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Batha|first=Emma|date=2017-11-16|title=How much is a life worth, ask activists fighting slavery?|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4|archive-date=2021-04-22}}</ref>{{Where|date=June 2024}} Bales explains, "This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave people to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bales|first=Kevin|date=March 2010|title=Kevin Bales {{!}} Speaker {{!}} TED|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales|archive-date=2022-04-18|access-date=2019-05-13|website=www.ted.com|language=en}}</ref> ===Africa=== {{main|Slavery in contemporary Africa}} [[Child slavery]] has commonly been used when making [[cash crop]]s and [[mining]]. According to the [[United States Department of State]], more than 109,000 children were working on [[cocoa]] farms alone in [[Côte d'Ivoire]] (Ivory Coast) in 'the worst forms of [[child labour]]' in 2002.<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61565.htm U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices], 2005 Human Rights Report on Côte d'Ivoire</ref> In [[Mauritania]], it is thought that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are{{when}} slaves, and that many of them are used as [[bonded labour]].<ref>[http://www.saiia.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=635:mauritaniamadeslaveryillegallastmonth&catid=62:governance-a-aprm-opinion&Itemid=159 Mauritania made slavery illegal last month]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service {{!}} The Abolition season on BBC World Service|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml|access-date=2024-06-02|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Slavery in Mauritania was made illegal in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm|title=Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law|date=August 9, 2007|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In [[Niger]], there is also much slavery. A Nigerien study has found that more than 800,000 people are slaves, almost 8% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=The Shackles of Slavery in Niger|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=813618&page=1|access-date=2024-06-02|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm|title=Born to be a slave in Niger|date=February 11, 2005|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml|title=BBC World Service &#124; Slavery Today|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===Asia=== In summer 2007, 570 people were found to be slaves for brick makers in [[China]].<ref name="brickkiln">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Convictions in China slave trial |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6902459.stm |work= |publisher=BBC |date=July 17, 2007 |accessdate=2008-01-04 }}</ref> They included 69 children.<ref>{{cite news |first=Zhu |last=Zhe |title=More than 460 rescued from brick kiln slavery |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-06/15/content_894802.htm |newspaper=China Daily |date=June 15, 2007 |accessdate=2008-01-04 }}</ref> The Chinese government made a force of 35,000 police check northern Chinese brick [[kiln]]s for slaves, and sent lots of kiln supervisors and officials to prison and sentenced one kiln foreman to death for killing a worker who was a slave.<ref name="brickkiln"/> In November 2006, the [[International Labour Organization]] said that it would prosecute members of the [[junta]] that rules [[Myanmar]] (also called Burma) at the [[International Court of Justice]] for "Crimes against Humanity". This is because the military makes some [[citizens]] do [[forced labour]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-11-16T163442Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_India-276537-1.xml&archived=False |title=ILO seeks to charge Myanmar junta with atrocities |publisher=Reuters |date=2006-11-16 |accessdate=2006-11-17 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/asiaCrisis/idUSL14863912|title=ILO asks Myanmar to declare forced labour banned}}</ref> The International Labour Organisation says that it thinks that about 800,000 people are forced to work this way.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC29Ae02.html |title=ILO cracks the whip at Yangon |access-date=2008-07-08 |archive-date=2017-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119044024/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC29Ae02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/world/926083,thailand050108.article |title=Critics: Myanmar biofuel drive uses forced labor |access-date=2008-07-08 |archive-date=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204150428/http://www.suntimes.com/news/world/926083,thailand050108.article |url-status=dead }}</ref> == People in favor of slavery == {{Main|Proslavery thought}} Some people have been in favor of slavery, others were opposed to it. Before and during the [[American Civil War]], some thinkers thought that slavery was good for people, They said that some people were [[natural slave]]s. These people needed supervision, and would not do well if they were free. == Stopping slavery == Starting in the 18th century, there were ideas of stopping or banning slavery.{{fact|date=September 2023}} Many of these were done in territories that were part of the [[British Empire]], or in its sphere of influence. The movement of wanting to stop slavery is called [[abolitionism]]. People such as [[William Wilberforce]], [[John Newton]], and [[Olaudah Equiano]] were well-known in the movement. About 1815, the [[Congress of Vienna]] had a statement that slavery is bad.{{cn|date=June 2024}} In 1833, the British Empire stopped slavery.{{fact|date=September 2023}} Laws in Britain stopped the [[atlantic slave trade]]. The [[American Civil War]] ended [[slavery in the United States]] in 1865.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 19, 2015|title=Soldiers and Sailors Database – The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)|url=http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073725/http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm|archive-date=July 14, 2007|access-date=September 29, 2015|publisher=Itd.nps.gov}}</ref> There was the [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. In 1865, when the North won, all slaves were made free. Still more countries abolished slavery afterwards. [[Pedro II of Brazil]] abolished it in 1888. Forced labor however continued, either against the law or by debt [[peon]]age or other methods which the laws of the various countries did not count as slavery. France abolished slavery in 1794 during the Revolution.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbNNFxiAMeAC|title=The Abolitions of Slavery: From L. F. Sonthonax to Victor Schoelcher, 1793, 1794, 1848|date=2003|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-1-57181-432-6|editor1-last=Dorigny|editor1-first=Marcel|location=Paris|page=vi|access-date=August 16, 2022|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In 1802, it was restored under [[Napoleon]];<ref name="dwyer">{{cite journal|last=Dwyer|first=Philip|year=2008|title=Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars|journal=French Politics, Culture & Society|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|volume=26|issue=3|pages=110–122|doi=10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306|jstor=42843569 |issn = 1537-6370 }}</ref> Slavery has not been allowed in France since April 27, 1848.{{cn|date=July 2024}} [[File:Cicatrices de flagellation sur un esclave.jpg|right|thumb|upright|A slave who was beaten very badly. The person who hit him worked for his owner.]] == Related pages == * [[Crimes against humanity]] * [[Debt bondage]] * [[Unfree labour]] * [[Serfdom]] * [[Slave trade]] * [[Sexual slavery]] * [[Slavery and religion]] ** [[Slavery in 21st-century jihadism]] * [[American Civil War]] == Sources == *Lovejoy P.E. 2012. ''Transformations of slavery: a history of slavery in Africa''. London: Cambridge University Press. *Stillwell, Sean 2013. ''Slavery and slaving in African history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, *Thornton, John. 1998. ''Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800''. Cambridge University Press. *Eden, Jeff 2018. ''Slavery and Empire in Central Asia''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-63732-9. *Gordon, Murray 1989. ''Slavery in the Arab World''. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-941533-30-0 *Drescher, Seymour 2009. ''Abolition: a history of slavery and antislavery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48296-7.'' *Westermann, William Linn 1955. ''The slave systems of Greek and Roman antiquity''. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1 == References == {{reflist}} {{commonscat|Slavery}} [[Category:Slavery| ]] [[Category:Human rights abuses]] [[Category:Employment]] [[Category:Property]] [[Category:Social classes]] [[Category:Labor]] [[Category:Former good articles]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Templates used on this page: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Category_handler" title="Template:Category handler">Template:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Template:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Template:Citation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation&action=edit" title="Template:Citation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">Template:Citation needed</a> (<a 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