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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">aħbi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Bidu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimoloġija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimoloġija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimoloġija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimoloġija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenzi_letterarji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenzi_letterarji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referenzi letterarji</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenzi_letterarji-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Referenzi letterarji</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenzi_letterarji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testi_Bibbliċi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testi_Bibbliċi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><b>Testi Bibbliċi</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testi_Bibbliċi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testi_reliġjużi_oħra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testi_reliġjużi_oħra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><b>Testi reliġjużi oħra</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testi_reliġjużi_oħra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storja_tal-iskavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storja_tal-iskavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Storja tal-iskavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storja_tal-iskavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Storja</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storja-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Storja</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insedjament_bikri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insedjament_bikri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><b>Insedjament bikri</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insedjament_bikri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa_I_(4200-3800_Q.K.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa_I_(4200-3800_Q.K.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><b>Susa I (4200-3800 Q.K.)</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susa_I_(4200-3800_Q.K.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa_II_u_l-influwenza_ta'_Uruk_(3800-3100_Q.K.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa_II_u_l-influwenza_ta'_Uruk_(3800-3100_Q.K.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><b>Susa II u l-influwenza ta' Uruk (3800-3100 Q.K.)</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susa_II_u_l-influwenza_ta'_Uruk_(3800-3100_Q.K.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa_III_jew_il-perjodu_"Proto-Elamit"_(3100-2700_Q.K.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa_III_jew_il-perjodu_"Proto-Elamit"_(3100-2700_Q.K.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><b>Susa III jew il-perjodu "Proto-Elamit" (3100-2700 Q.K.)</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susa_III_jew_il-perjodu_"Proto-Elamit"_(3100-2700_Q.K.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elamiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elamiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span><b>Elamiti</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elamiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perjodu_tal-Qedem_tal-Elamiti_(għall-ħabta_tal-2700-1500_Q.K.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjodu_tal-Qedem_tal-Elamiti_(għall-ħabta_tal-2700-1500_Q.K.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span><b>Perjodu tal-Qedem tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-2700-1500 Q.K.)</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perjodu_tal-Qedem_tal-Elamiti_(għall-ħabta_tal-2700-1500_Q.K.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kutik-Inshushinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kutik-Inshushinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span><b>Kutik-Inshushinak</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kutik-Inshushinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relazzjonijiet_bejn_il-Wied_tal-Indus_u_Susa_(2600-1700_Q.K.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relazzjonijiet_bejn_il-Wied_tal-Indus_u_Susa_(2600-1700_Q.K.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span><b>Relazzjonijiet bejn il-Wied tal-Indus u Susa (2600-1700 Q.K.)</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relazzjonijiet_bejn_il-Wied_tal-Indus_u_Susa_(2600-1700_Q.K.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perjodu_Nofsani_tal-Elamiti_(għall-ħabta_tal-1500-1100_Q.K.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjodu_Nofsani_tal-Elamiti_(għall-ħabta_tal-1500-1100_Q.K.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span><b>Perjodu Nofsani tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-1500-1100 Q.K.)</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perjodu_Nofsani_tal-Elamiti_(għall-ħabta_tal-1500-1100_Q.K.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perjodu_Neo-Elamit_(għall-ħabta_tal-1100-540_Q.K.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjodu_Neo-Elamit_(għall-ħabta_tal-1100-540_Q.K.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span><b>Perjodu Neo-Elamit (għall-ħabta tal-1100-540 Q.K.)</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perjodu_Neo-Elamit_(għall-ħabta_tal-1100-540_Q.K.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Assirjani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Assirjani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span><b>Neo-Assirjani</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Assirjani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa_wara_l-ħakma_tal-Akemenidi_Persjani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa_wara_l-ħakma_tal-Akemenidi_Persjani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span><b>Susa wara l-ħakma tal-Akemenidi Persjani</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susa_wara_l-ħakma_tal-Akemenidi_Persjani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selewċidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selewċidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span><b>Selewċidi</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selewċidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partiċi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partiċi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span><b>Partiċi</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partiċi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sassanidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sassanidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span><b>Sassanidi</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sassanidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perjodu_Iżlamiku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjodu_Iżlamiku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span><b>Perjodu Iżlamiku</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perjodu_Iżlamiku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preżent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preżent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span><b>Preżent</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preżent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sit_ta'_Wirt_Dinji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sit_ta'_Wirt_Dinji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sit ta' Wirt Dinji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sit_ta'_Wirt_Dinji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallerija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallerija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallerija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallerija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referenzi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kontenut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Werrej" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aħbi jew uri l-werrej" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aħbi jew uri l-werrej</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Susa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Żur artiklu f'lingwa differenti. Disponibbli fi 75 lingwi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 lingwi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%88%B3" title="ሱሳ – Amhariku" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhariku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شوشان – Għarbi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شوشان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Għarbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شوشان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شوشان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="شوش (تاریخی شهر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوش (تاریخی شهر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Сузы – Belarussu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сузы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Bulgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Bożnijaku" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bożnijaku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%86%D8%B4" title="شاری کۆنینەی شۆش – Kurd Ċentrali" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شاری کۆنینەی شۆش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurd Ċentrali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAsy" title="Súsy – Ċek" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Súsy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ċek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Daniż" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Persien)" title="Susa (Persien) – Ġermaniż" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Susa (Persien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Ġermaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa,_%C4%B0ran" title="Susa, İran – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Susa, İran" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σούσα – Grieg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Ingliż" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ingliż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzo" title="Suzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Spanjol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanjol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Estonjan" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(hiria)" title="Susa (hiria) – Bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Susa (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="شوش (شهر باستانی) – Persjan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوش (شهر باستانی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Finlandiż" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suse_(Iran)" title="Suse (Iran) – Franċiż" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suse (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Franċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Galiċjan" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiċjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="שושן (עיר) – Ebrajk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושן (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ebrajk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सूसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza_(Iran)" title="Suza (Iran) – Kroat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suza (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BAza" title="Szúza – Ungeriż" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szúza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungeriż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%B7_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Շոշ (քաղաք) – Armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոշ (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_(kota)" title="Susan (kota) – Indoneżjan" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susan (kota)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneżjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Susa (città antica) – Taljan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Susa (città antica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Taljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5" title="スーサ – Ġappuniż" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Ġappuniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="სუზა – Ġorġjan" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Ġorġjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%AC_(%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C)" title="수사 (엘람) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수사 (엘람)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%BBsa" title="Soûsa – Kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soûsa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Irania)" title="Susa (Irania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Susa (Irania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Lussemburgiż" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lussemburgiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABzai" title="Sūzai – Litwan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sūzai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABsa_(Ir%C4%81na)" title="Sūsa (Irāna) – Latvjan" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sūsa (Irāna)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosa" title="Sosa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sosa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Maċedonjan" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Maċedonjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8" title="സൂസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شوش باستانی شهر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوش باستانی شهر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Olandiż" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Olandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Ninorsk Norveġiż" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Ninorsk Norveġiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Bokmal Norveġiż" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norveġiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Oċċitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oċċitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza" title="Suza – Pollakk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Suza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pollakk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%C3%A3" title="Susã – Portugiż" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Susã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Сузы – Russu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сузы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Serbo-Kroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAsy" title="Súsy – Slovakk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súsy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza,_Perzija" title="Suza, Perzija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suza, Perzija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Суза (град) – Serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суза (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Żvediż" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Żvediż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shushani" title="Shushani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shushani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="சூசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ซูซา – Tajlandiż" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(antik_kent)" title="Susa (antik kent) – Tork" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Susa (antik kent)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tork" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Сузи – Ukren" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сузи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukren" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="سوسن (شہر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوسن (شہر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza" title="Suza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Vjetnamiż" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vjetnamiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%92%92" title="苏撒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏撒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="სუზა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუზა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%96%A9" title="蘇薩 – Ċiniż" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇薩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Ċiniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%96%A9" title="蘇薩 – Kantoniż" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇薩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantoniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180773#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Immodifika l-ħoloq interlingwi" class="wbc-editpage">Immodifika l-ħoloq</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spazji tal-isem"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Uri l-paġna ta' kontenut [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Paġna</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussjoni:Susa&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussjoni dwar il-paġna ta' kontenut (il-paġna ma teżistix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussjoni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Biddel il-varjant tal-lingwa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Malti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=history" title="Verżjonijiet preċedenti ta' din il-paġna [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ara l-kronoloġija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Għodda tal-paġna"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Għodda" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Għodda</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Għodda</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mexxi għall-ġenb</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">aħbi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azzjonijiet </div> <div 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id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:XiJwassalHawn/Susa" title="Lista tal-paġni tal-wiki kollha li jwasslu hawn [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Li jwasslu 'l hawn</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:TibdilRelatat/Susa" rel="nofollow" title="Modifiki riċenti f'paġni b'ħolqa minn din il-paġna [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Tibdil relatat</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=mt" title="Tella' fajls [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Tella' fajl</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&oldid=315122" title="Ħolqa permanenti għal din il-verżjoni tal-paġna"><span>Ħolqa permanenti</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=info" title="Aktar informazzjoni fuq din il-paġna"><span>Informazzjoni fuq il-paġna</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spe%C4%8Bjali:I%C4%8B%C4%8Bita&page=Susa&id=315122&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazzjoni fuq kif tiċċita din il-paġna"><span>Iċċita dan l-artiklu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spe%C4%8Bjali:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSusa"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spe%C4%8Bjali:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSusa"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ipprintja/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spe%C4%8Bjali:Ktieb&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Susa"><span>Oħloq ktieb</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spe%C4%8Bjali:DownloadAsPdf&page=Susa&action=show-download-screen"><span>Niżżel bħala PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&printable=yes" title="Verżjoni tal-ipprintjar ta' din il-paġna [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verżjoni għall-ipprintjar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Fi proġetti oħra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Susa" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180773" title="Ħolqa għall-element konness tal-arkivju tad-dejta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element ta' Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Għodda tal-paġna"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Dehra"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Dehra</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mexxi għall-ġenb</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">aħbi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Minn Wikipedija, l-enċiklopedija l-ħielsa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mt" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:History_of_Egypt,_Chaldea,_Syria,_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1903)_(14584070300).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/220px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/330px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/440px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Il-Palazz ta' Darius I f'Susa.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Susa</b> (pronunzjata: /ˈsuːsə/ <i>SOO-sə</i>; bl-Elamit Nofsani: 𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗, b'ittri Rumani: <i>Šušen</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bin-Neo-Elamit u Nofsani: 𒋢𒋢𒌦, b'ittri Rumani: <i>Šušun</i>; bin-Neo-Elamit u bl-Elamit Akemenid: 𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭, b'ittri Rumani: <i>Šušan</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bl-Elamit Akemenid: 𒀸𒋗𒐼, b'ittri Rumani: <i>Šuša</i>; bil-Persjan: شوش <i>Šuš</i> [ʃuʃ]; bl-Ebrajk: שׁוּשָׁן <i>Šūšān</i>; bil-Grieg: Σοῦσα <i>Soûsa</i>; bis-Sirjan: ܫܘܫ <i>Šuš</i>; bil-<a href="/wiki/Lingwa_Persjana" title="Lingwa Persjana">Persjan</a> Nofsani: 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 <i>Sūš</i> or 𐭱𐭥𐭮 <i>Šūs</i>; bil-Persjan Antik: 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠 <i>Çūšā</i>) kienet belt tal-qedem fin-naħa t'isfel tal-Muntanji Zagros madwar 250 kilometru (160 mil) fil-Lvant tax-xmara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigris (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tigris</a>, bejn ix-xmajjar Karkheh u Dez fl-<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> modern. Susa kienet waħda mill-iżjed bliet importanti tal-Lvant Qarib tal-qedem u kienet il-<a href="/wiki/Belt_kapitali" title="Belt kapitali">belt kapitali</a> ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elam (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Elam</a> u l-belt kapitali tax-xitwa tal-Imperu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akemenidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akemenidi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Akemenid</a>, filwaqt li baqgħet ċentru strateġiku matul żmien il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Parti%C4%8Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partiċi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Partiċi</a> u s-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sassanidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sassanidi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sassanidi</a>. </p><p>Attwalment is-sit jikkonsisti minn tliet tumbati <a href="/wiki/Arkeolo%C4%A1ija" title="Arkeoloġija">arkeoloġiċi</a>, li jkopru erja ta' madwar kilometru kwadru.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ir-raħal Iranjan modern ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shush (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Shush</a> jinsab fuq is-sit ta' Susa tal-qedem. Susa tiġi identifikata wkoll bħala Shushan, imsemmi fil-Ktieb ta' Esther u kotba <a href="/wiki/Bibbja" title="Bibbja">Bibbliċi</a> oħra. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimoloġija"><span id="Etimolo.C4.A1ija"></span><a href="/wiki/Etimolo%C4%A1ija" title="Etimoloġija">Etimoloġija</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Etimoloġija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimoloġija"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L-isem <i>Susa</i> oriġina mill-Grieg Antik <i>Sousa</i> (Σουσα), li x'aktarx li oriġina minn isem Elamit oriġinali, miktub bħala <i>Šušen</i> (𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗) fil-forma bl-Elamit Nofsani, <i>Šušun</i> (𒋢𒋢𒌦) fil-forom bl-Elamit Nofsani u bin-Neo-Elamit, <i>Šušan</i> (𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭) fil-forom bin-Neo-Elamit u bl-Akemenid, u <i>Šuša</i> (𒀸𒋗𒐼) fil-formai bl-Elamit Akemenid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenzi_letterarji">Referenzi letterarji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Referenzi letterarji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Referenzi letterarji"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elam_Map-en.svg"><img resource="/wiki/Stampa:Elam_Map-en.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/300px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/450px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/600px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Mappa li turi r-Renju Elamit (bl-oranġjo) u ż-żoni ġirien. Tidher ukoll l-estensjoni tal-Golf Persjan fi Żmien il-Bronż.</figcaption></figure> <p>Susa kienet waħda mill-iżjed bliet importanti tal-Lvant Qarib tal-qedem. Fil-letteratura storika, Susa tissemma fl-iżjed rekords <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumeri (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sumeri</a> bikrin: pereżempju, ġiet deskritta bħala wieħed mill-postijiet li jobdu lil Inanna, id-divinità patruna ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Uruk</a>, f'<i>Enmerkar u l-Mulej ta' Aratta</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testi_Bibbliċi"><span id="Testi_Bibbli.C4.8Bi"></span><b>Testi Bibbliċi</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Testi Bibbliċi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Testi Bibbliċi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa tissemma fil-Ketuvim tal-Bibbja bl-Ebrajk bl-isem ta' Shushan, l-iktar fil-Ktieb ta' Esther, iżda wkoll darba f'kull wieħed mill-kotba ta' Ezra (Ezra 4:9), Neħemija (Neħemija 1:1) u <a href="/wiki/Danjel" title="Danjel">Danjel</a> (Danjel 8:2). Skont dawn it-testi, Neħemija għex f'Susa matul il-ħakma <a href="/wiki/Babilonja" title="Babilonja">Babiloniża</a> tas-seklu 6 <a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum_natum" title="Ante Christum natum">Q.K</a>. DanJel isemmiha f'viżjoni profetika, filwaqt li Esther saret reġina hemmhekk, iżżewġet lir-Re Ahasuerus, u salvat lil-<a href="/wiki/%C4%A0udai%C5%BCmu" title="Ġudaiżmu">Lhud</a> mill-ġenoċidju. Fl-inħawi hemm dak li hu maħsub bħala l-qabar ta' Danjel, magħruf bħala <i>Shush-Danjel</i>. Madankollu, parti kbira mill-istruttura attwali effettivament inbniet ferm wara għall-ħabta tal-aħħar tas-seklu 19, fl-1871.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testi_reliġjużi_oħra"><span id="Testi_reli.C4.A1ju.C5.BCi_o.C4.A7ra"></span><b>Testi reliġjużi oħra</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Testi reliġjużi oħra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Testi reliġjużi oħra"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa tissemma wkoll fil-Ktieb tal-Ġubilej (8:21 u 9:2) bħala wieħed mill-postijiet tal-wirt ta' Shem u ibnu l-kbir Elam; u f'8:1, "Susan" tissejjaħ ukoll bħala iben (jew bint f'xi <a href="/wiki/Traduzzjoni" title="Traduzzjoni">traduzzjonijiet</a>) Elam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storja_tal-iskavi">Storja tal-iskavi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Storja tal-iskavi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Storja tal-iskavi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_map.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Stampa:Susa_map.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/220px-Susa_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/330px-Susa_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/440px-Susa_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Mappa tas-sit arkeoloġiku ta' Susa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Is-sit ġie eżaminat fl-1836 minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Rawlinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Rawlinson (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Henry Rawlinson</a> u mbagħad minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._H._Layard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. H. Layard (il-paġna ma teżistix)">A. H. Layard</a>. </p><p>Fl-1851, saru ftit skavi minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Loftus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Loftus (il-paġna ma teżistix)">William Loftus</a>, akkumpanjat minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenwick_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenwick Williams (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Fenwick Williams</a>, li identifikawha bħala Susa. Fost is-sejbiet ta' Loftus kien hemm ġarra b'madwar 110 muniti, u l-iżjed waħda bikrija fosthom kienet tmur lura għas-697-698 <a href="/wiki/WK" title="WK">W.K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fl-1885 u fl-1886, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel-Auguste_Dieulafoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Dieulafoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Dieulafoy (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Jane Dieulafoy</a> bdew l-ewwel skavi <a href="/wiki/Franza" title="Franza">Franċiżi</a>, u skoprew brikks igglejżjati, bażijiet tal-kolonni, u kapitelli mill-palazz tar-rejiet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akemenidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akemenidi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Akemenidi</a>. Madankollu, ma rnexxilhomx jidentifikaw il-ħitan tal-brikks tat-tajn, li mbagħad inqerdu matul l-iskavi. Kważi l-iskavi kollha f'Susa ta' wara l-1885 ġew organizzati u awtorizzati mill-gvern Franċiż.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Stampa:S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/220px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/330px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/440px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><i>Il-fdalijiet ta' Susa</i>, l-Arkivji tal-Mużew ta' Brooklyn, il-Kollezzjoni tal-Arkivji ta' Goodyear.</figcaption></figure> <p>F'żewġ trattati fl-1894 u fl-1899, il-Franċiżi kisbu monopolju fl-iskavi arkeoloġiċi kollha fl-Iran b'mod indefinit. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques de Morgan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Jacques de Morgan</a>, wara li żar is-sit fl-1891, wettaq skavi kbar mill-1897 sal-1911. Mill-iskavi li saru f'Susa ttieħdu bosta artefatti <a href="/wiki/Arti" title="Arti">artistiċi</a> u <a href="/wiki/Storja" title="Storja">storiċi</a> lejn Franza. Dawn l-artefatti mlew diversi swali fil-<a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%BCew" title="Mużew">mużew</a> tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Louvre</a> matul l-aħħar tas-snin 90 tas-seklu 19 u l-bidu tas-seklu 20. L-iżjed xogħol importanti ta' De Morgan kienu l-iskavi tal-Grande Tranchée fit-tumbata tal-Akropoli, fejn sab l-istele ta' Naram-Sin, ġabra ta' <i>kudurru</i> Babiloniżi (ħaġar tal-konfini), l-istele bil-Kodiċi ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammurabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammurabi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Hammurabi</a>, mejda tal-bronż imżejna bis-<a href="/wiki/Serp" title="Serp">sriep</a>, l-<a href="/wiki/Statwa" title="Statwa">istatwa</a> tal-bronż tar-Reġina Napir-Asu, u eluf ta' brikks bil-kitbiet imnaqqxa. Is-sejbiet tiegħu wrew li Susa kienet l-iżjed ċentru importanti taċ-ċivilizzazzjoni Elamita, li effettivament ġiet skoperta permezz tal-missjoni Franċiża f'Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L-isforzi tal-iskavi komplew taħt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_De_Mecquenem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland De Mecquenem (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Roland De Mecquenem</a> sal-1914, fil-bidu ta<a href="/wiki/L-Ewwel_Gwerra_Dinjija" title="L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija">l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija</a>. Ix-xogħol tal-Franċiżi f'Susa kompla wara l-gwerra, immexxi minn De Mecquenem, u baqa' għaddej sat-<a href="/wiki/It-Tieni_Gwerra_Dinjija" title="It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija">Tieni Gwerra Dinjija</a> fl-1940. Sabiex jissupplimentaw il-pubblikazzjonijiet oriġinali ta' De Mecquenem, l-arkivji tal-iskavi tiegħu issa ttellgħu online bis-saħħa ta' għotja finanzjarja mill-Programm Shelby White Levy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Ghirshman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Ghirshman (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Roman Ghirshman</a> ħa f'idejh it-tmexxija tal-isforzi Franċiżi fl-1946, wara tmiem il-gwerra. Flimkien ma' martu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tania_Ghirshman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tania Ghirshman (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tania Ghirshman</a>, huwa baqa' jaħdem hemmhekk sal-1967. Il-familja Ghirshman ikkonċentrat fuq l-iskavi ta' parti waħda tas-sit, l-ettaru tal-Ville Royale, u baqgħu neżlin sas-sisien. Il-bċejjeċ tal-fuħħar li nstabu fid-diversi saffi ppermettew li ssir stratigrafija ta' Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill-1969 sal-1979 l-iskavi twettqu taħt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Perrot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Perrot (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Jean Perrot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fl-2019 il-proġett biex il-fdalijiet ta' Susa jiġu salvati tnieda biex jikkontrasta l-kostruzzjoni ta' mina tat-trasport qrib is-sit.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storja">Storja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Storja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Storja"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insedjament_bikri"><b>Insedjament bikri</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Insedjament bikri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Insedjament bikri"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fl-istorja urbana, Susa hija waħda mill-iżjed insedjamenti bikrin magħrufa fir-reġjun. Abbażi tad-datazzjoni kkalibrata bir-radjokarbonju 14, l-istabbiliment ta' insedjament fis-sit seħħ hemmhekk diġà fl-4395 Q.K. Fir-reġjun madwar Susa kien hemm għadd ta' rħula (bil-pjattaformi tagħhom stess) u villaġġi li kellhom relazzjoni kummerċjali mal-belt, speċjalment dawk tul il-fruntiera ta' Zagros.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L-istabbiliment ta' Susa kien jikkorrispondi mal-abbandun tal-villaġġi fil-qrib. Potts jissuġġerixxi li l-insedjament x'aktarx li ġie stabbilit bħala tentattiv biex jiġi stabbilit mill-ġdid l-insedjament ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chogha_Mish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chogha Mish (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chogha Mish</a> li kien inqered, madwar 25 kilometru fil-Punent. Qabel, Chogha Mish kien insedjament kbir ħafna, u kellu pjattaforma enormi simili għal dik li iktar 'il quddiem inbniet f'Susa. </p><p>Insedjament importanti ieħor fl-inħawi huwa dak ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chogha_Bonut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chogha Bonut (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chogha Bonut</a>, li ġie skopert fl-1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_I_(4200-3800_Q.K.)"><span id="Susa_I_.284200-3800_Q.K..29"></span><b>Susa I (4200-3800 Q.K.)</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Susa I (4200-3800 Q.K.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Susa I (4200-3800 Q.K.)"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_%C3%A9poque_d'Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Stampa:Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/320px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/480px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/640px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>Kalċi u tazza, l-Iran, bl-istil ta' Susa I, ir-raba' millenju Q.K. – il-perjodu Ubaid; Sèvres – Cité de la céramique, <a href="/wiki/Franza" title="Franza">Franza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ftit wara li Susa ġiet insedjata għall-ewwel darba iktar minn 6,000 sena ilu, l-abitanti tagħha bnew pjattaforma <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monumentali</a> li kienet tispikka qalb il-pajsaġġ ċatt tal-madwar. In-natura eċċezzjonali tas-sit għadha tingħaraf sal-lum fl-artistrija tar-reċipjenti taċ-ċeramika li ngħataw bħala offerti f'iktar minn elf qabar qrib il-bażi tal-pjattaforma tat-tempju. </p><p>L-iżjed insedjament bikri ta' Susa huwa magħruf bħala l-perjodu ta' <i>Susa I</i> (għall-ħabta tal-4200-3900 Q.K.). Żewġ insedjamenti msemmija mill-arkeologi bħala l-<i>Akropoli</i> (7 ettari) u l-<i>Palazz ta'</i> <i>Apadana</i> (6.3 ettari), iktar 'il quddiem ingħaqdu sabiex jiffurmaw l-belt ta' Susa (18-il ettaru). Il-<i>Palazz ta'</i> <i>Apadana</i> kien imdawwar b'ħitan ħoxnin sitt <a href="/wiki/Metru" title="Metru">metri</a> bit-tajn ikkumpattjat (dan il-post partikolari jissejjaħ il-Palazz ta' Apadana għaliex fih ukoll struttura tal-perjodu aħħari tal-Akemenidi ta' dan it-tip).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miċ-ċimiterju ġew irkuprati kważi elfejn reċipjent, li l-biċċa l-kbira minnhom issa jinsabu fil-mużew tal-Louvre. Ir-reċipjenti li nstabu huma xhieda ċara tal-kisbiet artistiċi u tekniċi tal-produtturi tagħhom, u fihom ħjiel dwar l-organizzazzjoni tas-soċjetà li kkummissjonathom. L-ewwel still bikri ta' reċipjenti mpittra taċ-ċeramika ta' Susa, huma verżjoni reġjonali aħħarija tat-tradizzjoni taċ-ċeramika ta' Ubaid tal-Mesopotamja li nfirxet fil-Lvant Qarib kollu matul il-ħames millenju Q.K. L-istil ta' Susa I kien tassew prodott tal-imgħoddi u tal-influwenzi mill-industriji kontemporanji taċ-ċeramika fil-muntanji tal-Punent tal-Iran. Ir-rikorrenza b'assoċjazzjoni mill-qrib ta' tliet tipi ta' reċipjenti — kalċi tax-xorb, gabarrè, u ġarra żgħira — timplika l-konsum ta' tliet tipi ta' ikel, li milli jidher kien maħsub li kienu meħtieġa għall-ħajja ta' wara l-<a href="/wiki/Mewt" title="Mewt">mewt</a>. Iċ-ċeramika b'dawn l-għamliet, li kienet tiġi mpittra, tikkostitwixxi proporzjon kbir tar-reċipjenti miċ-ċimiterju. Reċipjenti oħra huma ġarer u skutelli tat-tisjir inqas elaborati u b'borduri sempliċi fuqhom. X'aktarx kienu oġġetti funebri ta' ċittadini iktar umli kif ukoll ta' adolexxenti, u x'aktarx ta' tfal. Il-bċejjeċ tal-fuħħar huma magħmula bl-idejn bir-reqqa kollha. Għalkemm jaf intuża torn li kien idur bil-mod, l-asimetrija tar-reċipjenti u l-irregolarità tat-tpittir tal-linji u tal-borduri mad-dawra tagħhom jindikaw li l-biċċa l-kbira tax-xogħol sar bl-idejn biss. </p><p> Matul dan il-perjodu ġiet attesta wkoll il-metallurġija tar-ram, li kienet kontemporanja max-xogħol bil-metall f'xi siti Iranjani fl-artijiet għoljin bħal dak ta' Tepe Sialk.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/120px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/180px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/240px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="4518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l'Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique,_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/200px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/300px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/400px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Master_of_animals,_Susa_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/198px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/297px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/396px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Sun_and_deities,_Susa_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/164px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/245px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/327px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_II_u_l-influwenza_ta'_Uruk_(3800-3100_Q.K.)"><span id="Susa_II_u_l-influwenza_ta.27_Uruk_.283800-3100_Q.K..29"></span><b>Susa II u l-influwenza ta' Uruk (3800-3100 Q.K.)</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Susa II u l-influwenza ta' Uruk (3800-3100 Q.K.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Susa II u l-influwenza ta' Uruk (3800-3100 Q.K.)"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa ġiet f'kuntatt mal-isfera <a href="/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura">kulturali</a> ta' Uruk matul il-perjodu ta' Uruk. Imitazzjoni ta' apparat statali sħiħ ta' Uruk, proto-kitba, siġilli ċilindriċi b'motivi Sumeri, u arkitettura monumentali nstabu f'Susa. Skont xi studjużi, Susa jaf kienet kolonja ta' Uruk. </p><p>Hemm dibattitu dwar il-perjodizzazzjoni komparattiva ta' Susa u ta' Uruk f'dan iż-żmien, kif ukoll dwar il-livell ta' influwenza li kellha Uruk fuq Susa. Riċerka reċenti tindika li l-Perjodu Bikri ta' Uruk jikkorrispondi mal-perjodu ta' Susa II. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_T._Potts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel T. Potts (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Daniel T. Potts</a> isostni li l-influwenza miż-żona ta' Khuzestan fl-artijiet għoljin Iranjani f'Susa kienet iktar sinifikanti fil-perjodu bikri, u kompliet iktar 'il quddiem. B'hekk, Susa għaqdet flimkien l-influwenza ta' żewġ kulturi, miż-żona tal-artijiet għoljin u mill-pjanuri tal-għargħar tax-xmajjar. Potts jisħaq ukoll dwar il-fatt li s-sistemi tal-kitba u tan-numri ta' Uruk ma ġewx sempliċement misselfa għalkollox f'Susa. Minflok, x'aktarx li seħħ self parzjali u selettiv biss, li ġie adattat għall-ħtiġijiet ta' Susa. Minkejja l-fatt li Uruk kienet ferm ikbar minn Susa f'dak iż-żmien, Susa ma kinitx il-kolonja tagħha, iżda skont Potts kellha indipendenza għal żmien twil.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ġiet issuġġerita wkoll rabta arkitettonika bejn Susa, Tal-i Malyan u Godin Tepe lejn dan iż-żmien, b'appoġġ għall-idea tal-iżvilupp parallel tal-kitbiet protokunejformi u Proto-Elamiti.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Xi studjużi jemmnu li Susa kienet parti mill-kultura ikbar ta' Uruk. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holly_Pittman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holly Pittman (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Holly Pittman</a>, storiku tal-arti fl-Università ta' Pennsylvania f'Philadelphia jsostni li "ċ-ċittadini ta' Susa pparteċipaw għalkollox fl-istil ta' għajxien ta' Uruk. Iż-żewġ entitajiet mhumiex kulturalment distinti; il-kultura materjali ta' Susa hija varjazzjoni reġjonali ta' dik tal-pjanura tal-Mesopotamja". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Stein (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Gilbert Stein</a>, id-direttur tal-Istitut Orjentali tal-Università ta' <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> jsostni li "Tkabbir li xi darba kien maħsub li dam inqas minn 200 sena issa milli jidher nafu li dam 700 sena. Diffiċli taħseb li sistema kolonjali damet għal daqshekk. It-tifrix ta' materjal ta' Uruk mhuwiex evidenza tad-dominanza ta' Uruk; tista' tkun għażla lokali biss".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies,_with_horned_temple_(composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/172px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/258px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/344px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="4357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/110px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/165px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/220px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Susa_II,_work_in_the_granaries_(composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/200px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/300px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/400px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/154px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/231px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/308px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Susa_II,_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/189px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/283px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/378px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/200px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/300px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/400px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_III_jew_il-perjodu_"Proto-Elamit"_(3100-2700_Q.K.)"><span id="Susa_III_jew_il-perjodu_.22Proto-Elamit.22_.283100-2700_Q.K..29"></span><b>Susa III jew il-perjodu "Proto-Elamit" (3100-2700 Q.K.)</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Susa III jew il-perjodu "Proto-Elamit" (3100-2700 Q.K.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Susa III jew il-perjodu "Proto-Elamit" (3100-2700 Q.K.)"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-perjodu ta' Susa III (3100-2700 Q.K.) huwa magħruf ukoll bħala l-perjodu Proto-Elamit. F'dan il-perjodu huwa predominanti l-fuħħar taż-żmien Banesh. F'dan il-perjodu wkoll feġġew għall-ewwel darba t-tavli Proto-Elamiti. Sussegwentement, Susa saret iċ-ċentru taċ-ċivilizzazzjoni ta' Elam. </p><p> Referenza ambigwa għal Elam (bil-kitba kunejformi: 𒉏 NIM) tidher ukoll f'dan il-perjodu fir-rekords Sumeri. Susa daħlet fl-istorja rreġistrata fil-perjodu dinastiku bikri tas-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sumerja</a>. Battalja bejn Kish u Susa ġiet irreġistrata fl-2700 Q.K., meta En-me-barage-si jingħad li "ġiegħel l-art ta' Elam tissottometti ruħha".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/200px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/300px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/400px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg/139px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg/209px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg/279px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/200px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/300px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/400px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg/145px-P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg/217px-P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg/290px-P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elamiti"><b>Elamiti</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Elamiti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Elamiti"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22,_Louvre_Museum.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Stampa:Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22,_Louvre_Museum.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/220px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/330px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/440px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption><i>Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki</i>, "il-Gvernatur ta' Susa", fit-"Tavla tal-Iljun", tal-2100 Q.K., il-Mużew tal-Louvre.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudell:Cuneiform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudell:Cuneiform (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mudell:Cuneiform</a>), "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" class="extiw" title="en:Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensi_(Sumerian)" class="extiw" title="en:Ensi (Sumerian)">Ensi</a> (Governor) of Susa", in the "Table au Lion", dated 2100 BC, Louvre Museum. </p><p>Fil-perjodu tas-Sumeri, Susa kienet il-belt kapitali ta' stat imsejjaħ Susiana (Šušan), li kien jokkupa bejn wieħed u ieħor l-istess territorju tal-provinċja moderna ta' Khūzestān iċċentrata max-xmara Karun. Il-kontroll ta' Susiana għadda minn id għall-oħra bejn Elam, is-Sumerja, u l-Akkadja. </p><p>Matul il-monarkija Elamita, bosta rikkezzi u materjali nġabu lejn Susa mis-serq minn bliet oħra. Dan seħħ l-iktar minħabba l-pożizzjoni ta' Susa fir-reġjun tax-Xlokk tal-Iran, li kienet eqreb tal-belt tal-<a href="/wiki/Babilonja" title="Babilonja">Babilonja</a> u tal-bliet fil-Mesopotamja. </p><p>L-użu tal-lingwa Elamita bħala lingwa amministrattiva ġie attestat għall-ewwel darba fit-testi ta' Ansan tal-qedem, Tall-e Mal-yan, li jmorru lura għall-1000 Q.K. Qabel dan il-perjodu tal-Elamiti, kien jintuża l-Akkadjan għall-biċċa l-kbira tat-testi fid-dokumenti tal-qedem. Susiana ġiet inkorporata minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sargon_il-Kbir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sargon il-Kbir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sargon il-Kbir</a> fl-Imperu Akkadjan tiegħu għall-ħabta tal-2330 Q.K.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Id-divinità prinċipali tal-belt kienet Nanaya, li kellha tempju sinifikanti f'Susa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perjodu_tal-Qedem_tal-Elamiti_(għall-ħabta_tal-2700-1500_Q.K.)"><span id="Perjodu_tal-Qedem_tal-Elamiti_.28g.C4.A7all-.C4.A7abta_tal-2700-1500_Q.K..29"></span><b>Perjodu tal-Qedem tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-2700-1500 Q.K.)</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Perjodu tal-Qedem tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-2700-1500 Q.K.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Perjodu tal-Qedem tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-2700-1500 Q.K.)"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elam_cool.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Stampa:Elam_cool.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/220px-Elam_cool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/330px-Elam_cool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Kalċi tal-fidda minn Marvdasht, l-Iran, b'tinqix lineari Elamit ta' żmien Kutik-Inshushinak. Il-Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Iran.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-Perjodu tal-Qedem tal-Elamiti beda għall-ħabta tal-2700 Q.K. Ir-rekords storiċi jsemmu l-ħakma ta' Elam minn Enmebaragesi, ir-re Sumer ta' Kish fil-Mesopotamja. Matul dan il-perjodu rrenjaw tliet dinastiji. Tnax-il re ta' kull waħda mill-ewwel żewġ dinastiji, dawk ta' Awan (jew <i>Avan</i>; għall-ħabta tal-2400-2100 Q.K.) u ta' Simashki (għall-ħabta tal-2100–1970 Q.K.), huma magħrufa minn lista ta' Susa li tmur lura għall-perjodu Babiloniż tal-qedem. Żewġ dinastiji Elamiti jingħad li kellhom kontroll għal żmien qasir fuq partijiet mis-Sumerja fi żmien bikri ħafna, u dawn kienu dawk ta' Awan u ta' Hamazi; u bl-istess mod, bosta mill-mexxejja Sumeri iktar b'saħħithom, bħal Eannatum ta' Lagash u Lugal-anne-mundu ta' Adab, ġew irreġistrati li ddominaw lil Elam temporanjament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kutik-Inshushinak"><b>Kutik-Inshushinak</b></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Kutik-Inshushinak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kutik-Inshushinak"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa kienet il-belt kapitali ta' provinċja Akkadjana sal-ħabta tal-2100 Q.K., meta l-gvernatur tagħha, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutik-Inshushinak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutik-Inshushinak (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kutik-Inshushinak</a>, irribella u għamilha stat indipendenti u ċentru letterarju. Barra minn hekk, huwa kien l-aħħar fost id-dinastija Awan skont il-lista tar-rejiet ta' Susa. Huwa wassal għall-unifikazzjoni tat-territorji tal-madwar u sar ir-re ta' Elam. Huwa ħeġġeġ l-użu tal-kitba lineari Elamita, li għadha ma ġietx iddeċifrata. </p><p>Sussegwentement, il-belt inħakmet mit-tielet dinastija Neo-Sumera ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ur</a> sakemm il-belt ta' Ur finalment spiċċat f'idejn l-Elamiti taħt Kindattu għall-ħabta tal-2004 Q.K. Matul dan iż-żmien, Susa kienet immexxija mill-ġdid minn Elam u saret il-belt kapitali tagħha taħt id-dinastija Shimashki. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relazzjonijiet_bejn_il-Wied_tal-Indus_u_Susa_(2600-1700_Q.K.)"><span id="Relazzjonijiet_bejn_il-Wied_tal-Indus_u_Susa_.282600-1700_Q.K..29"></span><b>Relazzjonijiet bejn il-Wied tal-Indus u Susa (2600-1700 Q.K.)</b></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Relazzjonijiet bejn il-Wied tal-Indus u Susa (2600-1700 Q.K.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Relazzjonijiet bejn il-Wied tal-Indus u Susa (2600-1700 Q.K.)"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r256439/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/122px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/183px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/244px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_(transcription).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/112px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/168px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/224px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="3372" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent">Lista dinastika ta' tnax-il re tad-dinastija Awan u ta' tnax-il re tad-dinastija Shimashki, 1800-1600 Q.K., Susa, il-Mużew tal-Louvre.</div></div></div></div><p>Instabu bosta artefatti ta' oriġini taċ-ċivilizzazzjoni tal-Wied tal-Indus f'Susa minn dan il-perjodu, speċjalment siġilli u żibeġ inċiżi tal-kornalina, li jindikaw li matul dan il-perjodu kien hemm relazzjonijiet bejn il-Wied tal-Indus u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesopotamja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mesopotamja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perjodu_Nofsani_tal-Elamiti_(għall-ħabta_tal-1500-1100_Q.K.)"><span id="Perjodu_Nofsani_tal-Elamiti_.28g.C4.A7all-.C4.A7abta_tal-1500-1100_Q.K..29"></span><b>Perjodu Nofsani tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-1500-1100 Q.K.)</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Perjodu Nofsani tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-1500-1100 Q.K.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Perjodu Nofsani tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-1500-1100 Q.K.)"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Għall-ħabta tal-1500 Q.K., il-Perjodu Nofsani tal-Elamiti beda permezz tat-tlugħ fil-poter tad-dinastiji Anxaniti. It-tmexxija tagħhom kienet ikkaratterizzata minn "Elamizzazzjoni" ta' Susa, u r-rejiet ħadu t-titlu ta' "re ta' Anxan u ta' Susa". Filwaqt li preċedentement il-lingwa Akkadjana kienet tintuża spiss fil-kitbiet imnaqqxa, ir-rejiet il-ġodda, bħal dawk tad-dinastija Igihalkid tal-ħabta tal-1400 Q.K., ippruvaw jużaw l-Elamit. B'hekk, il-lingwa u l-kultura Elamita kibru fl-importanza tagħhom f'Susiana. </p><p>Dan kien ukoll perjodu meta l-panteon Elamit kien qed jiġi impost f'Susiana. Din il-politika laħqet il-qofol tagħha bil-kostruzzjoni tal-kumpless <a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">politiku</a> u <a href="/wiki/Reli%C4%A1jon" title="Reliġjon">reliġjuż</a> f'<a href="/wiki/Tchogha_Zanbil" title="Tchogha Zanbil">Tchogha Zanbil</a>, 30 kilometru (19-il mil) fix-Xlokk ta' Susa. </p><p> Għall-ħabta tal-1175 Q.K., l-Elamiti taħt Shutruk-Nahhunte serqu l-istele oriġinali bil-Kodiċi ta' Hammurabi u ħaduha lejn Susa. L-arkeologi sabuha fl-1901. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebuchadnezzar I (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> tal-imperu Babiloniż seraq ir-rikkezza ta' Susa madwar ħamsin sena wara.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg/132px-Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg/199px-Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg/265px-Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/188px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/281px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/375px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/173px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/260px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/346px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/93px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/139px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/185px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1293" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg/73px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg/109px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg/146px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus,_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE,_SB_13099.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg/110px-Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg/165px-Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg/219px-Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perjodu_Neo-Elamit_(għall-ħabta_tal-1100-540_Q.K.)"><span id="Perjodu_Neo-Elamit_.28g.C4.A7all-.C4.A7abta_tal-1100-540_Q.K..29"></span><b>Perjodu Neo-Elamit (għall-ħabta tal-1100-540 Q.K.)</b></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Perjodu Neo-Elamit (għall-ħabta tal-1100-540 Q.K.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Perjodu Neo-Elamit (għall-ħabta tal-1100-540 Q.K.)"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Assirjani"><b>Neo-Assirjani</b></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Neo-Assirjani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Neo-Assirjani"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Stampa:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/220px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/330px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/440px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Bassoriljevi Elamit Nofsani tad-divinitajiet ġellieda, Susa, l-1600-1100 Q.K.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fis-647 Q.K., ir-re Neo-Assirjan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashurbanipal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashurbanipal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ashurbanipal</a> qered il-belt matul gwerra li fiha l-poplu ta' Susa pparteċipa man-naħa l-oħra. Tavla li nstabet fl-1854 minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austen_Henry_Layard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austen Henry Layard (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Austen Henry Layard</a> f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nineveh (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Nineveh</a> tiżvela lil Ashurbanipal bħala "vendikattiv", li ried tpattija għall-umiljazzjonijiet li l-Elamiti kienu wettqu kontra ċ-ċittadini tal-Mesopotamja matul is-sekli: </p><p>"Jien ħkimt lil Susa, il-belt sagra kbira, ir-residenza tal-allat tagħhom, is-sede tal-misteri tagħhom. Dħalt fil-palazzi tagħha, ftaħt it-teżori tagħhom fejn kien hemm massa ta' oġġetti lussużi tal-fidda u tad-deheb... Qridt iż-żiggurat ta' Susa. Kissirt il-qrun tar-ram ileqq tagħha. Ġibt it-tempji ta' Elam fix-xejn; ġibt lid-divinitajiet maskili u femminili tagħhom trab u sparpaljajtu mal-irjieħ. L-oqbra tar-rejiet reċenti u tal-qedem iddevastajthom, esponejthom għax-<a href="/wiki/Xemx" title="Xemx">xemx</a>, u ġarrejt l-għadam tagħhom lejn l-art ta' Ashur. Iddevastajt il-provinċji ta' Elam u qridt l-artijiet tagħhom bil-melħ".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p><p> It-tmexxija Assirjana ta' Susa bdiet fis-647 Q.K. u dament sal-ħakma Medjana ta' Susa fis-617 Q.K.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/200px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/300px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/400px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/200px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/300px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/400px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10057" data-file-height="2581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual,_circa_1150_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/200px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/300px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/400px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_wara_l-ħakma_tal-Akemenidi_Persjani"><span id="Susa_wara_l-.C4.A7akma_tal-Akemenidi_Persjani"></span><b>Susa wara l-ħakma tal-Akemenidi Persjani</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Susa wara l-ħakma tal-Akemenidi Persjani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Susa wara l-ħakma tal-Akemenidi Persjani"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Stampa:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/220px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/330px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/440px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="4098" /></a><figcaption>Il-freġju tal-<a href="/wiki/Ar%C4%8Berija" title="Arċerija">arċiera</a> mill-Palazz ta' Darius f'Susa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Susa għaddiet minn tranżizzjoni politika u etnokulturali kbira meta saret parti mill-Imperu Akemenid Persjan bejn il-540 u l-539 Q.K., meta nħakmet minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_il-Kbir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrus il-Kbir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cyrus il-Kbir</a> matul il-konkwista tiegħu ta' Elam (Susiana), li Susa kienet il-belt kapitali tagħha. Il-Kronaka ta' Nabonidus issemmi li qabel il-battalja/battalji, Nabonidus kien ordna li l-istatwi tal-qima mill-bliet Babiloniżi tal-madwar jittieħdu lejn il-belt kapitali, u dan jissuġġerixxi li l-kunflitt rigward Susa kien beda x'aktarx fix-xitwa tal-540 Q.K.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>X'aktarx li Cyrus innegozja mal-ġenerali Babiloniżi biex jikseb kompromess min-naħa tagħhom u b'hekk jiġi evitat konfront armat. Nabonidus kien qed joqgħod fil-belt matul dak iż-żmien u ftit wara ħarab lejn il-belt kapitali, il-Babilonja, li kienu ilu snin ma jżur. Il-ħakma ta' Susa u tal-bqija tal-Babilonja min-naħa ta' Cyrus tat bidu għal bidla fundamentali, li wasslet biex għall-ewwel darba Susa tkun taħt il-kontroll Persjan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strabo (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Strabo</a> stqarr li Susa saret belt kapitali imperjali taħt Cyrus, għalkemm ma saret l-ebda kostruzzjoni ġdida f'dak il-perjodu u għalhekk ma hemmx qbil fost l-istudjużi jekk dan kienx tassew il-każ.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taħt iben Cyrus, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambyses II (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cambyses II</a>, Susa saret ċentru tal-poter politiku bħala waħda mill-erba' bliet kapitali tal-Imperu Akemenid Persjan, filwaqt li naqqset l-importanza ta' <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> bħala l-belt kapitali ta' Persis. Wara t-tmexxija qasira ta' Cambyses, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_il-Kbir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darius il-Kbir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Darius il-Kbir</a> beda programm kbir ta' kostruzzjoni f'Susa u f'<a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, li kienet tinkludi l-kostruzzjoni ta' palazz kbir. Matul dan iż-żmien huwa jiddeskrivi l-belt kapitali l-ġdida tiegħu f'kitba mnaqqxa: </p><p>"It-tiżjin tal-palazz li bnejt f'Susa, ġibtu mill-bogħod. Ħaffirt l-art 'l isfel sal-blat. Meta sar it-tħaffir, ir-radam ġie ppakkjat 'l isfel, f'fond ta' xi 40 kubitu, u parti oħra f'fond ta' xi 20 kubitu. Fuq dak ir-radam bnejt palazz".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fil-belt ġiet ambjentata traġedja ta' Ateni, <i>Il-Persjani</i> (472 Q.K.), tad-drammaturgu <a href="/wiki/Gre%C4%8Bja" title="Greċja">Grieg</a> tal-qedem Aeschylus, li hija l-eqdem waħda eżistenti fl-istorja tat-teatru. </p><p>L-avvenimenti msemmija fil-Ktieb ta' Esther tat-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testment_l-Antik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Testment l-Antik (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Testment l-Antik</a> jingħad li seħħew f'Susa matul il-perjodu tal-Akemenidi. Ir-re Ahasuerus imsemmi f'dak il-ktieb jaf jirreferi għal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xerxes I (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Xerxes I</a> (486-465 Q.K.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selewċidi"><span id="Selew.C4.8Bidi"></span><b>Selewċidi</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Selewċidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Selewċidi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa tilfet ħafna mill-importanza tagħha wara l-invażjoni ta' <a href="/wiki/Alessandru_Manju" title="Alessandru Manju">Alessandru Manju</a> fit-331 Q.K. Fit-324 Q.K. huwa ltaqa' ma' Nearchus hawnhekk, li esplora l-Golf Persjan hu u ġej lura mix-xmara Indus bil-baħar. F'dik l-istess sena, Alessandru Manju ċċelebra f'Susa żwieġ tal-massa bejn il-Persjani u l-Maċedoni.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il-belt baqgħet importanti taħt is-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Selew%C4%8Bidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selewċidi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Selewċidi</a> għal madwar seklu wara Alessandru Manju. Madankollu, Susa tilfet il-pożizzjoni tagħha bħala belt kapitali imperjali u minflokha saret Seleucia max-xmara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigris (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tigris</a>. Minflok saret il-belt kapitali reġjonali tas-satrapija ta' Susiana. Madankollu, Susa żammet l-importanza ekonomika tagħha għall-imperu bis-saħħa tal-għażla kbira ta' merkanti f'Susa, li kienu jużaw lil Charax Spasinou bħala l-port tagħha. </p><p>Il-belt ħadet l-isem ta' <b>Seleucia max-xmara Eulaeus</b> jew <b>Seleucia ad Eulaeum</b>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleucus_I_Nicator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleucus I Nicator (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Seleucus I Nicator</a> izzekka l-muniti hemmhekk b'kwantitajiet sostanzjali. Susa għandha bosta kitbiet imnaqqxa bil-Grieg, li x'aktarx jindika li għadd sinifikanti ta' Griegi kienu jgħixu fil-belt. Speċjalment fil-belt irjali, ġew skavati djar kbar mgħammra sew bil-peristil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partiċi"><span id="Parti.C4.8Bi"></span><b>Partiċi</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Partiċi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Partiċi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Għall-ħabta tal-147 Q.K., Susa u Elymais fil-qrib inqatgħu mill-Imperu tas-Selewċidi. Il-belt kienet immexxija mill-inqas temporanjament mill-mexxejja ta' Elymais, fejn Kamnaskires II Nikephoros izzekka xi muniti. Il-belt jaf reġgħet lura għal xi żmien f'idejn it-tmexxija tas-Selewċidi, iżda minn Phraates II (għall-ħabta tal-138-127 Q.K.) sa Gotarzes II (għall-ħabta tal-40–51 W.K.), il-mexxejja kważi kollha tal-Imperu Partiku zzekkaw il-muniti fil-belt, u dan jindika li l-belt kienet f'idejn il-Partiċi mill-inqas matul dan il-perjodu. Madankollu, il-belt żammet ammont konsiderevoli ta' indipendenza u żammet l-organizzazzjoni ta' belt-stat Griega matul il-perjodu Partiku. Mit-tieni nofs tas-seklu 1, il-belt x'aktarx li kienet iggvernata parzjalment mill-mexxejja ta' Elymais mill-ġdid, iżda reġgħet għaddiet għand il-Partiċi fil-215 W.K.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susa kienet sikwit post ta' refuġju għall-Partiċi, u iktar 'il quddiem tar-rejiet Sassanidi Persjani, peress li r-<a href="/wiki/Imperu_Ruman" title="Imperu Ruman">Rumani</a> serqu r-rikkezzi ta' Ctesiphon ħames darbiet differenti bejn il-116 u l-297 Q.K. Susa nħatfet għal żmien qasir fil-116 W.K. mill-imperatur Ruman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trajanu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trajanu</a> matul il-kampanja militari Partika tiegħu. L-Imperu Ruman qatt ma reġa' avvanza daqshekk lejn il-Lvant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sassanidi"><b>Sassanidi</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sassanidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Sassanidi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suzan inħakmet u nqerdet fil-224 W.K. mis-Sassanidi taħt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir I (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ardashir I</a>, iżda ġiet rikostruwita ftit wara, u x'aktarx temporanjament bħala residenza rjali. Skont tradizzjoni iktar 'il quddiem, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shapur I (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Shapur I</a> jingħad li qatta' l-aħħar snin ta' ħajtu fil-belt, minkejja li din it-tradizzjoni mhix ċerta u jaf tirreferi iktar għal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shapur II (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Shapur II</a>. </p><p>Taħt is-Sassanidi, wara l-istabbiliment ta' Gundeshapur, Susa bil-mod il-mod tilfet l-importanza tagħha. Arkeoloġikament, il-belt tas-Sassanidi kienet inqas densa mqabbla mal-perjodu Partiku, iżda xorta waħda kien hemm binjiet sinifikanti, b'insedjament estiż fuq iktar minn 400 ettaru. Susa kienet għadha wkoll sinifikanti ħafna ekonomikament, u kienet ċentru kummerċjali, speċjalment fil-kummerċ tad-deheb. Il-muniti baqgħu jiġu zzekkati wkoll fil-belt. Il-belt kellha komunità <a href="/wiki/Kristjane%C5%BCmu" title="Kristjaneżmu">Kristjana</a> f'distrett separat b'isqof Nestorjan, u l-aħħar rappreżentant tagħha ġie attestat fl-1265. Arkeoloġikament instab panew tal-istukko bi xbieha ta' qaddis Kristjan. </p><p>Matul ir-renju ta' Shapur II wara li l-Kristjaneżmu sar ir-reliġjon statali tal-Imperu Ruman fit-312 W.K., il-Kristjani ġew identifikati bħala kollaboraturi possibbli mal-Kristjani għedewwwa fl-Imperu tas-Sassanidi u ġew ippersegwitati mit-339 W.K. 'il quddiem. Shapur II impona wkoll taxxa doppja fuq il-Kristjani matul il-kampanja militari tiegħu kontra r-Rumani. Wara ribelljoni tal-Kristjani li kienu jgħixu f'Susa, ir-re qered il-belt fit-339 bl-użu ta' 300 <a href="/wiki/Iljunfant" title="Iljunfant">iljunfant</a>. Iktar 'il quddiem ordna li l-belt terġa' tinbena u ġiet insedjata mill-ġdid bil-priġunieri tal-gwerra u bin-nissieġa. Huwa maħsub li dan seħħ wara r-rebħa tiegħu kontra r-Rumani f'Amida fit-359 W.K. In-nissieġa kienu jipproduċu l-ħarir. Shapur II bidel isem il-belt għal <i>Eran-Khwarrah-Shapur</i> ("il-Glorja tal-Iran mibnija minn Shapur"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perjodu_Iżlamiku"><span id="Perjodu_I.C5.BClamiku"></span><b>Perjodu Iżlamiku</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Perjodu Iżlamiku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Perjodu Iżlamiku"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matul il-ħakma <a href="/wiki/I%C5%BClam" title="Iżlam">Musulmana</a> tal-Persja, armata <a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7arab" title="Għarab">Għarbija</a> invadiet il-provinċja ta' Khuzistan taħt il-kmand ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Musa_al-Ash%27ari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Musa al-Ash'ari (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Abu Musa al-Ash'ari</a>. Wara li ħatfet il-biċċa l-kbira tal-irħula ffortifikati ż-żgħar, l-armata rnexxielha tirbaħ lil Tustar fis-642 W.K. qabel ma assedjat lil Susa. Il-belt kienet post ta' importanza militari u fiha kien hemm ukoll il-qabar tal-profeta Lhudi Danjel. Sorsi Musulmani jagħtu żewġ verżjonijiet differenti tal-kollass tal-belt. Fl-ewwel waħda, patri Persjan ipproklama mill-ħitan li <i>dajjal</i> biss kellu d-destin li jaħtaf il-belt. <i>Dajjal</i> huwa terminu Iżlamiku għal <i>Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</i>, jiġifieri "messija falz", kompatibbli mal-Antikrist fil-Kristjaneżmu. Fl-użu ta' kuljum, it-terminu jfisser ukoll "qarrieqi" jew "impostur". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyah (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Siyah</a>, ġeneral Persjan li kien dar mal-Musulmani, stqarr li meta kkonverta għall-Iżlam hu kien dar kontra ż-<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBoroastrijani%C5%BCmu" title="Żoroastrijaniżmu">Żoroastrijaniżmu</a> u b'hekk kien <i>dajjal</i>. Abu Musa qabel mal-pjan ta' Siyah. Ftit wara tlugħ ix-xemx filgħodu minnhom, l-għassiesa mal-ħitan raw <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%A1el" title="Raġel">raġel</a> b'uniformi ta' uffiċjal Persjan mimli <a href="/wiki/Demm" title="Demm">demm</a> mixħut mal-art quddiem id-daħla prinċipali. Huma ħasbu li kien tħalla hemm mal-lejl wara kunflitt fil-jum ta' qabel, u b'hekk fetħu l-bibien tal-belt u marru biex jiġbruh. Malli resqu lejh, Siyah qam għalihom u qatilhom. Qabel ma l-għassiesa l-oħra kellhom iċ-ċans jirreaġixxu, Siyah u grupp żgħir ta' suldati Musulmani li kienu moħbija fil-qrib daħlu mill-bibien miftuħa. Huma ħallew il-bibien miftuħa biżżejjed sakemm laħqu waslu r-rinforzi Musulmani kollha u daħlu biex jaħtfu l-belt.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fil-verżjoni l-oħra, mill-ġdid il-Musulmani ġew imqarrqa mill-ħitan tal-belt li <i>Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</i> biss seta' jaħtaf il-belt, u ladarba ma kien hemm ħadd fl-armata tal-assedju, setgħu jaqbdu u jarrendu u jmorru d-dar. Wieħed mill-kmandant Musulmani tant irrabja li waqgħu għal dan il-qerq li mar sa wieħed mill-bibien tal-belt u tah daqqa ta' sieq. Dak il-ħin stess, il-ktajjen inqasmu, is-sokra nkisru, u l-bieb infetaħ beraħ. Wara li daħlu fil-belt, il-Musulmani qatlu n-nobbli Persjani kollha. </p><p>Ladarba l-belt inħatfet, peress li Danjel (bl-<a href="/wiki/Lingwa_G%C4%A7arbija" title="Lingwa Għarbija">Għarbi</a>: دانيال, b'ittri Rumani: <i>Danyal</i>) ma jissemmiex fil-<a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a>, u lanqas jitqies bħala profeta fil-Ġudaiżmu, ir-reazzjoni inizjali tal-Musulmani kienet li jeqirdu dan it-twemmin billi jikkonfiskaw it-teżor maħżun fil-qabar minn żmien l-Akemenidi. Imbagħad żgassaw it-tebut tal-fidda u ħadu magħhom il-katavru mmummifikat, u minnu ħadu ċurkett bis-siġill, bix-xbieha ta' raġel bejn żewġ <a href="/wiki/Iljun" title="Iljun">iljuni</a>. Madankollu, malli sema' x'kien ġara, il-kaliff Umar ordna li ċ-ċurkett jiġi rritornat flimkien mal-qabar u jerġa' jindifen taħt qiegħ ix-xmara. Maż-żmien, Danjel sar figura importanti għall-Musulmani u huma wkoll bħall-Kristjani bdew jagħmlu pellegrinaġġi lejn is-sit, minkejja li diversi siti oħra kienu jitqiesu wkoll bħala l-post fejn hemm il-qabar ta' Danjel.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wara li ħatfu lil Susa, il-Musulmani assedjaw lil Gundeshapur.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susa rkuprat wara li kienet inħatfet u baqgħet ċentru reġjonali b'daqs ta' iktar minn 400 ettaru. Inbniet moskea għalkemm ġew attestati wkoll isqfijiet Nestorjani. Barra minn hekk, kien hemm komunità Lhudija bis-sinagoga tagħha stess. Il-belt baqgħet ċentru tal-manifattura tat-tessuti lussużi matul dan il-perjodu. Arkeoloġikament, il-perjodu Iżlamiku huwa kkaratterizzat l-iktar miċ-ċeramika rikka tiegħu. Beth Huzaye (il-Provinċja Ekkleżjastika tal-Lvant tas-<a href="/wiki/Sirja" title="Sirja">Sirja</a>) kellha popolazzjoni Kristjana sinifikanti matul l-ewwel millenju, u kienet djoċesi tal-Knisja tal-Lvant bejn is-sekli 5 u 13 W.K., fil-provinċja metropolitana ta' Beth Huzaye (Elam). </p><p>Fl-1218 il-belt ġiet attakkata mill-invażuri <a href="/wiki/Mongolja" title="Mongolja">Mongoli</a> u qatt ma rnexxielha terġa' tikseb l-importanza li kellha fl-imgħoddi. Il-belt kompliet tmur għall-agħar fis-seklu 15 meta l-maġġoranza tal-popolazzjoni tagħha marret tgħix f'Dezful.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preżent"><span id="Pre.C5.BCent"></span><b>Preżent</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Preżent" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Preżent"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illum il-ġurnata ċ-ċentru antik ta' Susa mhuwiex okkupat, u l-popolazzjoni tgħix fil-qrib fir-raħal Iranjan modern ta' Shush lejn il-Punent u t-Tramuntana tal-fdalijiet storiċi. Shush hija l-belt kapitali amministrattiva tal-Kontea ta' Shush fil-provinċja ta' Khuzestan, fl-Iran. Fl-2005 kellha popolazzjoni ta' 64,960 ruħ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sit_ta'_Wirt_Dinji"><span id="Sit_ta.27_Wirt_Dinji"></span>Sit ta' Wirt Dinji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sit ta' Wirt Dinji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Sit ta' Wirt Dinji"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa ġiet iddeżinjata bħala <a href="/wiki/Sit_ta%27_Wirt_Dinji" title="Sit ta' Wirt Dinji">Sit ta' Wirt Dinji</a> tal-<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> f'Lulju 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' erba' kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-<b>kriterju (i)</b> "Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-<a href="/wiki/Bniedem" title="Bniedem">bniedem</a>"; il-<b>kriterju (ii)</b> "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; il-<b>kriterju (iii)</b> "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet"; u l-<b>kriterju (iv)</b> "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallerija">Gallerija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Gallerija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Gallerija"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/120px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/180px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/240px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Shush_Castle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/120px-Shush_Castle.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/180px-Shush_Castle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/240px-Shush_Castle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Children_in_Susa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Children_in_Susa.JPG/120px-Children_in_Susa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Children_in_Susa.JPG/180px-Children_in_Susa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Children_in_Susa.JPG/240px-Children_in_Susa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/51px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/77px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/103px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenzi">Referenzi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Referenzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Referenzi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hinz, Walther; Koch, Heidemarie (1987). <i>Elamisches Wörterbuch</i> [<i>Elamite Wordbook</i>] (bil-Ġermaniż). Vol. 2. Berlin, Germany: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 1184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hinz, Walther; Koch, Heidemarie (1987). <i>Elamisches Wörterbuch</i> [<i>Elamite Wordbook</i>] (bil-Ġermaniż). Vol. 2. Berlin, Germany: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 1183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">John Curtis (2013). "Introduction". In Perrot, Jean (ed.). <i>The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. xvi. ISBN <bdi>9781848856219</bdi>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kriwaczek, Paul, <i>Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization</i>, St. Martin's Press, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/9781250054166" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1250054166</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Vaux, W. S. W., "ON COINS DISCOVERED, BY W. K. LOFTUS, Esq., AT SUSA", The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, vol. 20, pp. 25–32, 1857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Peters, John P. (1915). "Excavations in Persia". <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 82–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mousavi, Ali (2013). <i>The History of Archaeological Research in Iran</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107065545/https://omekas.mom.fr/s/mecquenem/page/accueil">"Archives de Suse · Mecquenem · Omekas"</a>. <i>omekas.mom.fr</i>. Arkivjat minn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omekas.mom.fr/s/mecquenem/page/accueil">l-oriġinal</a> fl-2024-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Miġbur <span class="nowrap">2024-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omekas.mom.fr&rft.atitle=Archives+de+Suse+%C2%B7+Mecquenem+%C2%B7+Omekas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomekas.mom.fr%2Fs%2Fmecquenem%2Fpage%2Faccueil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r256707">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Gasche, "Ville Royale de Suse: vol I : La poterie elamite du deuxieme millenaire A.C.", Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires 47, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1973, <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/9789004038264" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-9004038264</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jean Perrot, Les fouilles de Suš en 1975, Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran 4, pp. 224–231, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">SORAGHI, S., & ZEYNIVAND, M., "The Susa salvage project in 2019, southwestern Iran", Historia I Świat, 11, pp. 71–79, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Henry T., "The Zagros Frontiers of Susa during the Late 5th Millennium", Paléorient, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 11–21, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Aruz, Joan (1992). <i>The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre</i>. <a href="/wiki/Belt_ta%27_New_York" title="Belt ta' New York">New York</a>: Abrams. p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Daniel T. Potts, <i>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.</i> Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 1107094690 pp. 58–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">F. Desset, An Architectural Pattern in Late Fourth-Millennium BC Western Iran: A New Link Between Susa, Tal-I Malyan, and Godin Tepe, Iran, vol. 52, iss. 1, pp. 1–18, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Lawler, Andrew. 2003. Uruk: Spreading Fashion or Empire. Science. Volume 302, pp. 977–978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">D. T. Potts, <i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.</i> Volume 94 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2012, ISBN 1405189886, p. 743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">FOSTER, BENJAMIN R, "'International' Trade at Sargonic Susa (Susa in the Sargonic Period III)", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 59-68, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, John (1996). <i>Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927</i>. Asian Educational Services. p. 425. ISBN <bdi>9788120611795</bdi>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">"Persians: Masters of Empire", ISBN 0-8094-9104-4, p. 7-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV — Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean</i>, pp.112–138. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/0521228042" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-22804-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Waters, Matt, "CYRUS AND SUSA", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol.102, pp.115–18, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kent, Roland G., "The Record of Darius's Palace at Susa", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 1933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">van Oppen de Rutter, Branko F., "THE SUSA MARRIAGES — A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL NOTE", Ancient Society, vol. 44, pp. 25–41, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. 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ISBN <bdi>978-1-84884-612-8</bdi>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">M. Streck, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1997). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, San-Sze</i>. Vol. IX. Leiden: Brill. pp. 898–899. ISBN <bdi>9789004104228</bdi>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1455/">"Susa"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i> (bl-Ingliż)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Miġbur <span class="nowrap">2024-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Susa&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707" /></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Miksub minn "<a dir="ltr" href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susa&oldid=315122">https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susa&oldid=315122</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:Kategoriji" title="Speċjali:Kategoriji">Kategoriji</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Siti_ta%27_Wirt_Dinji_Kulturali" title="Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali">Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Siti_arkeolo%C4%A1i%C4%8Bi" title="Kategorija:Siti arkeoloġiċi">Siti arkeoloġiċi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Iran" title="Kategorija:Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Siti_ta%27_Wirt_Dinji_fl-Iran" title="Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran">Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategoriji moħbija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Kategorija:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Sorsi_CS1_bl-Ingli%C5%BC_(en)" title="Kategorija:Sorsi CS1 bl-Ingliż (en)">Sorsi CS1 bl-Ingliż (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pa%C4%A1ni_li_ju%C5%BCaw_%C4%A7oloq_ma%C4%A1i%C4%8Bi_tal-ISBN" title="Kategorija:Paġni li jużaw ħoloq maġiċi tal-ISBN">Paġni li jużaw ħoloq maġiċi tal-ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> L-aħħar bidla fuq il-paġna: 14:43, 6 Ottubru 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">It-test huwa disponibbli taħt il-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Liċenzja Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; jistgħu japplikaw xi kundizzjonijiet oħra. 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