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id="toc-By_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seventh_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Seventh Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_Towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_Towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Cities and Towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_Towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microhistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microhistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Microhistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microhistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1249 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1249 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B4%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۴۹ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲۴۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AF" title="১২৪৯ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৪৯" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_n%C3%AE" title="1249 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1249 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249." title="1249. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1249." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B4%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۴۹ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۲۴۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249%E5%B9%B4" title="1249年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1249年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249%EB%85%84" title="1249년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1249년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF" title="१२४९ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२४९" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249." title="1249. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1249." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AF" title="মারি ১২৪৯ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১২৪৯" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1249-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1249-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1249 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1249 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1249 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1249 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_%D0%B8" title="1249 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1249 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249._gads" title="1249. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1249. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1249 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1249 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_m." title="1249 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1249 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF" title="इ.स. १२४९ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १२४९" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B4%DB%B9" title="۱۲۴۹ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۲۴۹" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1249 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1249 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E1%81%84%E1%81%89" title="၁၂၄၉ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂၄၉" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF" title="सन् १२४९ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १२४९" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249%E5%B9%B4" title="1249年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1249年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%AA%E0%AD%AF" title="୧୨୪୯ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୨୪୯" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF" title="१२४९ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१२४९" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1249 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1249 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AF" title="१२४९ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१२४९" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249%D8%B9" title="1249ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1249ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A4%D9%A9" title="١٢٤٩ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٢٤٩" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249." title="1249. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1249." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1249 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1249 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1792" title="พ.ศ. 1792 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1792" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1249" title="Соли 1249 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1249" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249%D8%A1" title="1249ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1249ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249%E5%B9%B4" title="1249年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1249年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249%E5%B9%B4" title="1249年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1249年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249%E5%B9%B4" title="1249年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1249年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" title="1249 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1249" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1220s" title="1220s">1220s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1230s" title="1230s">1230s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1240s" title="1240s">1240s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1250s" title="1250s">1250s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1246" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1246">1246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1247" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1247">1247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1248" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1248">1248</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1249" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1249">1249</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1250" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1250">1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1251" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1251">1251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1252" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1252">1252</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1249" title="Category:1249">1249 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1249&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1249 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1249" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1249">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_13th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 13th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1249_births" title="Category:1249 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1249_deaths" title="Category:1249 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1249_establishments" title="Category:1249 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1249_disestablishments" title="Category:1249 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1249_in_poetry" title="1249 in poetry">1249 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1249 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1249<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCXLIX</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2002</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>698<br />ԹՎ ՈՂԸ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>5999</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1170–1171</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>655–656</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2199</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>33 <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Hen. 3</a> – 34 <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Hen. 3</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1793</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>611</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6757–6758</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">戊申</a>年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a>)<br />3946 or 3739<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />己酉年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a>)<br />3947 or 3740</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>965–966</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2415</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1241–1242</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5009–5010</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1305–1306</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1170–1171</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4349–4350</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11249</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>249–250</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>627–628</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>646–647</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dji_(era)" title="Hōji (era)">Hōji</a> 3 / <a href="/wiki/Kench%C5%8D" title="Kenchō">Kenchō</a> 1<br />(建長元年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1158–1159</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1249<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCXLIX</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3582</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>663 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前663年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−219</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1791–1792</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳土猴年<br />(male Earth-<a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a>)<br />1375 or 994 or 222<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴土鸡年<br />(female Earth-<a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a>)<br />1376 or 995 or 223</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Marie_Oscar_Gu%C3%A9_-_Louis_IX_re%C3%A7oit_le_patriarche_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jean-Marie_Oscar_Gu%C3%A9_-_Louis_IX_re%C3%A7oit_le_patriarche_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/330px-Jean-Marie_Oscar_Gu%C3%A9_-_Louis_IX_re%C3%A7oit_le_patriarche_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jean-Marie_Oscar_Gu%C3%A9_-_Louis_IX_re%C3%A7oit_le_patriarche_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/500px-Jean-Marie_Oscar_Gu%C3%A9_-_Louis_IX_re%C3%A7oit_le_patriarche_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jean-Marie_Oscar_Gu%C3%A9_-_Louis_IX_re%C3%A7oit_le_patriarche_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/600px-Jean-Marie_Oscar_Gu%C3%A9_-_Louis_IX_re%C3%A7oit_le_patriarche_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a> receives Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Nantes" title="Robert of Nantes">Robert of Nantes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> (1847)</figcaption></figure> <p>Year <b>1249</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCCXLIX</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Friday" title="Common year starting on Friday">common year starting on Friday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_place">By place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_Crusade">Seventh Crusade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seventh Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> ("the Saint") assembles a Crusader fleet of 120 transports and embarks an army (some 15,000 men) at <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>. Unfortunately, a storm scatters the ships a few days later. On <a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a>, Louis sets sail to <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> – only a quarter of his forces sails with him, the others make their way independently to the Egyptian coast. Finally, the royal squadron arrives off <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> on <a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> aboard Louis' flagship the <a href="/wiki/Montjoie_Saint_Denis!" title="Montjoie Saint Denis!"><i>Montjoie</i></a>. The king's advisers urges a delay until the rest of his transports arrive before attempting to disembark, but Louis refuses.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1249)" title="Siege of Damietta (1249)">Siege of Damietta</a>: Louis IX lands with a Crusader force and captures <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, after a fierce battle at the edge of the sea. The onslaught of the knights of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> and those of <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Outremer</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ibelin_(jurist)" title="John of Ibelin (jurist)">John of Ibelin</a>, force the Ayyubids back with heavy losses. At nightfall, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_ad-Din_ibn_as-Shaikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh">Fakhr ad-Din</a> withdraws his army over a bridge of boats to Damietta. Finding the population there in panic and the garrison wavering, Fakhr ad-Din decides to evacuate the city. On <a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a>, Louis marches triumphantly over the bridge into Damietta and builds a camp to attack <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – Louis IX sets out (against the advice of his nobles) with a Crusader force from Damietta, along the southern road to <a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt" title="Mansoura, Egypt">Mansourah</a>. A garrison is left to guard the city – where Queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a> and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Nantes" title="Robert of Nantes">Robert of Nantes</a> remain. The Crusaders make slow progress along the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, carrying a number of supplies and equipment. After 32 days, Louis orders to make camp opposite the Ayyubid camp near Mansourah, protected by a branch of the river and fortifications. Both camps use their catapults to bombard each other.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December – Louis IX consolidates his forces at Mansourah. After the death of Sultan <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">As-Salih Ayyub</a>, Fakhr ad-Din effectively becomes the ruler of Egypt. He takes command of the city's defense and his cavalry harasses the Crusaders but none of these skirmishes is successful in holding up the Crusader's advance. Meanwhile, Louis orders the construction of a dyke at Mansourah, although the Crusaders build covered galleries to protect the workmen, the Egyptian bombardment (particularly <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>), is so formidable that the work is halted.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – Louis IX sends <a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Longjumeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew of Longjumeau">Andrew of Longjumeau</a> on a diplomatic mission to meet the "Great Khan" of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. He carries letters from Louis and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, and rich presents, including a chapel-tent lined with scarlet cloth and embroidered with sacred pictures. From <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> he goes to the port of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and travels for a year to the khan's court at <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May – <a href="/wiki/Nicaean%E2%80%93Latin_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaean–Latin wars">Nicaean–Latin Wars</a>: Latin forces led by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William of Villehardouin</a>, arrive on the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> on their way to join the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a>. This causes the Nicaeans to raise the siege of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(city)" title="Rhodes (city)">Rhodes</a>. William concludes an agreement with the Genoese and leaves behind some 100 knights before departing for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fossalta" title="Battle of Fossalta">Battle of Fossalta</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Enzo_of_Sardinia" title="Enzo of Sardinia">Enzo of Sardinia</a>, an illegitimate son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, is captured and imprisoned by Lombard forces, in a clash between the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a>. Enzo is put in golden chains and paraded around <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> on a horse. He becomes a prisoner in a palace, named <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Re_Enzo" title="Palazzo Re Enzo">Palazzo Re Enzo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II of Scotland</a> dies of a fever at the island of <a href="/wiki/Kerrera" title="Kerrera">Kerrera</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a>. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a>, who is crowned as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> on <a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a>. Alexander's minority causes a struggle for control of affairs between <a href="/wiki/Walter_Comyn,_Lord_of_Badenoch" title="Walter Comyn, Lord of Badenoch">Walter Comyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Durward" title="Alan Durward">Alan Durward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_Scotia" title="Justiciar of Scotia">Justiciar of Scotia</a>.</li> <li>Summer – <a href="/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade" title="Second Swedish Crusade">Second Swedish Crusade</a>: A Swedish expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Birger_Jarl" title="Birger Jarl">Birger Jarl</a> subjugates the province of <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Tavastia</a> – securing Swedish power in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_L%C3%B6d%C3%B6se" title="Treaty of Lödöse">Treaty of Lödöse</a> Birger marries off his 11-year-old daughter <a href="/wiki/Rikissa_Birgersdotter" title="Rikissa Birgersdotter">Rikissa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Young" title="Haakon the Young">Haakon the Young</a>, ruler and eldest son of King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III of Portugal</a> ("the Boulonnais") recaptures <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silves,_Portugal" title="Silves, Portugal">Silves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> from the Almohads, thus ending the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>. The Almohads lose possession of <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-picard2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Athenry" title="First Battle of Athenry">First Battle of Athenry</a>: Gaelic forces of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> besiege <a href="/wiki/Athenry_Castle" title="Athenry Castle">Athenry Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Ireland</a>, but are repelled by the Normans under <a href="/wiki/Jordan_de_Exeter" title="Jordan de Exeter">Jordan de Exeter</a>, Sheriff of Connacht.</li> <li>Winter – William of Villehardouin tours the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and selects sites for new fortifications such as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Magne" title="Grand Magne">Grand Magne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leuctra_(Laconia)" title="Leuctra (Laconia)">Leuktron</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>), he builds a fortress and a palace.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>March – The Japanese <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dji_(era)" title="Hōji (era)">Hōji</a> period ends during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fukakusa" title="Emperor Go-Fukakusa">Emperor Go-Fukakusa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kench%C5%8D" title="Kenchō">Kenchō</a> period begins (until <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hikitsuke" title="Hikitsuke">Hikitsuke</a>, a judicial organ of the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, is established.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_topic">By topic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cities_and_Towns">Cities and Towns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cities and Towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> is burned to the ground, by German forces from the rival <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Free City of Lübeck</a>. Later, the town is rebuilt with a massive <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">defensive wall</a> having 11 <a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">city gates</a> and some 30 watchtowers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a>, the first college at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, is founded with money from the estate of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Durham" title="William of Durham">William of Durham</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microhistory">Microhistory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Microhistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jean Mouflet makes an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Saint-Pierre-le-Vif" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif">abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif</a> in the Senonais region in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: in return for an annual payment, the monastery will recognize Jean as a "citizen of Sens". He is a <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a>, with a leather shop that he leases for the rent of 50 shillings a year. The agreement is witnessed by Jean's wife, Douce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent citizen of <a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a>, Felis Charpentier.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Science">Science</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> publishes a major scientific work, including writings of <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)#Types_of_simple_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">convex lens</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectacles">spectacles</a> for treating <a href="/wiki/Long-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-sightedness">long-sightedness</a>, and the first publication of the formula for <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kameyama" title="Emperor Kameyama">Kameyama</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1305" title="1305">1305</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_V,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus V, Count of Savoy">Amadeus V</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_2nd_Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall">Edmund</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Sicily,_Queen_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon">Constance II of Sicily</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1302" title="1302">1302</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Margrave_of_Baden" title="Frederick I, Margrave of Baden">Frederick I</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucher_V_de_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Gaucher V de Châtillon">Gaucher V de Châtillon</a>, French nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1329" title="1329">1329</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_3rd_Earl_of_Hereford" title="Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford">Humphrey VI de Bohun</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1298" title="1298">1298</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1334" title="1334">1334</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a>, Catalan <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Middleton" title="Richard of Middleton">Richard of Middleton</a>, Norman theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1308" title="1308">1308</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert III, Count of Flanders">Robert III</a>, Flemish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a>, Chinese philosopher and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shijie" title="Zhu Shijie">Zhu Shijie</a> (or "Hanqing"), Chinese mathematician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archambaud_IX_of_Bourbon" title="Archambaud IX of Bourbon">Archambaud IX</a>, French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_III_(archbishop_of_Mainz)" title="Siegfried III (archbishop of Mainz)">Siegfried III</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Mainz" title="Elector of Mainz">Mainz</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1194" title="1194">1194</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Contardo_of_Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Contardo of Este">Contardo of Este</a>, Italian nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolf_I,_Count_of_the_Mark" title="Adolf I, Count of the Mark">Adolf I of the Mark</a>, German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Tiepolo" title="Jacopo Tiepolo">Jacopo Tiepolo</a>, doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_D%C3%ADaz_(bishop)" title="Rodrigo Díaz (bishop)">Rodrigo Díaz</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raymond_VII,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse">Raymond VII</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1197" title="1197">1197</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zakariya_Yahya" title="Abu Zakariya Yahya">Abu Zakariya Yahya</a>, Hafsid ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">As-Salih Ayyub</a>, Ayyubid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Liberatione" title="Geoffrey de Liberatione">Geoffrey de Liberatione</a>, Scottish cleric and bishop</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Choe_U" class="mw-redirect" title="Choe U">Choe U</a>, Korean military leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1166" title="1166">1166</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_(bishop_of_Hildesheim)" title="Conrad II (bishop of Hildesheim)">Conrad II of Reifenberg</a>, German bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_D%C5%8Djony%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Prince Dōjonyūdō">Dōjonyūdō</a>, Japanese nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)"><i>waka</i></a> poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1196" title="1196">1196</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_X_of_Lusignan" title="Hugh X of Lusignan">Hugh X of Lusignan</a>, French nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Montfort" title="John I of Montfort">John I of Montfort</a>, Breton nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_della_Vigna" title="Pietro della Vigna">Pietro della Vigna</a>, Italian chancellor and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_(bishop_of_Ross)" title="Robert I (bishop of Ross)">Robert I</a> ("the Chaplain"), Scoto-Norman priest and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ci" title="Song Ci">Song Ci</a>, Chinese physician, judge and scientist (b. <a href="/wiki/1186" title="1186">1186</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Auvergne" title="William of Auvergne">William of Auvergne</a>, French bishop and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhun_Shifan" title="Wuzhun Shifan">Wuzhun Shifan</a>, Chinese monk and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligrapher</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1178" title="1178">1178</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 219–220. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 220. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 221. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 222–223. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Andrew of Longjumeau". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 972–973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macrides, Ruth (2007). <i>George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary</i>, pp. 246–248. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1">978-0-19-921067-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-picard2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-picard2000_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicard2000" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Christophe (2000). <i>Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique</i>. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7068-1398-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7068-1398-9"><bdi>2-7068-1398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Portugal+musulman+%28VIIIe-XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle.+L%27Occident+d%27al-Andalus+sous+domination+islamique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+%26+Larose&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-7068-1398-9&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1249" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100023477">"John XXII"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=John+XXII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100023477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1249" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1249&oldid=1267066757">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1249&oldid=1267066757</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1249" title="Category:1249">1249</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2011">Use mdy dates from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 January 2025, at 12:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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