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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Start of significant contact with the outside world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_significant_contact_with_the_outside_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asmat people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="أسمات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسمات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Asmat" title="Wong Asmat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wong Asmat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Асмат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асмат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat" title="Asmat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asmat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmatov%C3%A9" title="Asmatové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Asmatové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat" title="Asmat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asmat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat" title="Asmat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asmat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmatoj" title="Asmatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Asmatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat" title="Asmat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asmat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat" title="Asmat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asmat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_asmat" title="Pobo asmat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo asmat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Asmat" title="Suku Asmat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Asmat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat" title="Asmat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asmat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Asmat" title="Wong Asmat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Asmat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اسمات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسمات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Asmat" title="Urang Asmat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Asmat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_(volk)" title="Asmat (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asmat (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%97%8F" title="アスマット族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスマット族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat" title="Asmat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Asmat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat" title="Asmat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asmat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Асмат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Асмат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmati" title="Asmati – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asmati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9l%C3%A9r_Asmat" title="Sélér Asmat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sélér Asmat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Асмат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Асмат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Asmat" title="Người Asmat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Asmat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%A6%AC%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="阿斯馬特人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿斯馬特人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Asmat" title="Orang Asmat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Asmat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q643103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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.ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Asmat people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orang_Asmat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Orang_Asmat.jpg/250px-Orang_Asmat.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Orang_Asmat.jpg/375px-Orang_Asmat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Orang_Asmat.jpg/500px-Orang_Asmat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An Asmat <a href="/wiki/Woodcarver" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodcarver">woodcarver</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">110,105 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asmat_Regency" title="Asmat Regency">Asmat Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Asmat_languages" title="Asmat languages">Asmat languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Protestanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestanism">Protestanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Widharyanto_2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widharyanto_2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous beliefs</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Papuan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan peoples">Papuan peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Asmat</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, residing in the province of <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The Asmat inhabit a region on the island's southwestern coast bordering the <a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a>, with lands totaling approximately 18,000 km<sup>2</sup> (7,336 mi<sup>2</sup>) and consisting of mangrove, tidal swamp, freshwater swamp, and lowland <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>. </p><p>The land of Asmat is located both within and adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_National_Park" title="Lorentz National Park">Lorentz National Park</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, the largest protected area in the Asia-Pacific region. The total Asmat population is estimated to be around 110,000 as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-met_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Asmat" is used to refer both to the people and the region they inhabit. </p><p>The Asmat have one of the most well-known <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">woodcarving</a> traditions in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>, and their art is sought by collectors worldwide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_subsistence">Culture and subsistence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Culture and subsistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The natural environment has been a major factor affecting the Asmat, as their <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and way of life are heavily dependent on the rich natural resources found in their forests, rivers, and seas. The Asmat mainly subsist on starch from the <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago palm</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Metroxylon sagu</a></i>), supplemented by grubs of the sago beetle (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus_bilineatus" title="Rhynchophorus bilineatus">Rhynchophorus bilineatus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, fish, forest game, and other items gathered from their forests and waters. </p><p>Materials for canoes, dwellings, and woodcarvings are also all gathered locally, and thus their culture and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> are intertwined. Due to the daily flooding which occurs in many parts of their land, Asmat dwellings, <a href="/wiki/Jew_(house)" title="Jew (house)"><i>jew</i></a>, have typically been built two or more meters above the ground, raised on wooden posts. In some inland regions, the Asmat have lived in <a href="/wiki/Tree_house" title="Tree house">tree houses</a>, sometimes as high as 25 meters from the ground. The Asmat have traditionally placed great emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">veneration of ancestors</a>, particularly those who were accomplished warriors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmat_Shields_(UBC).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Asmat_Shields_%28UBC%29.JPG/170px-Asmat_Shields_%28UBC%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Asmat_Shields_%28UBC%29.JPG/255px-Asmat_Shields_%28UBC%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Asmat_Shields_%28UBC%29.JPG/340px-Asmat_Shields_%28UBC%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Asmat shields</figcaption></figure> <p>Asmat art consists of elaborate stylized <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">wood carvings</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Bisj_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisj pole">bisj pole</a> and is designed to honour ancestors. Many Asmat artifacts have been collected by the world's museums, among the most notable of which are those found in the <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Rockefeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael C. Rockefeller">Michael C. Rockefeller</a> Collection at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City and the <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> in Amsterdam. Asmat art is widely collected in major Western museums despite the difficulty in visiting the remote region to collect work;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "exceptionally expressive" art "caused a sensation in art-collecting circles" which led to large-scale collecting expeditions in the post-<a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a> era, according to art scholar and ethnologist Dirk A.M. Smidt.<sup id="cite_ref-Smidt2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smidt2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most comprehensive collections of Asmat Art can be found in the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Asmat_Art" title="American Museum of Asmat Art">American Museum of Asmat Art</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)" title="University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)">University of St. Thomas</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, many Asmat men practiced <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> by marrying more than one woman. In many cases, men were expected to <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">marry a male relative's wife</a> when that relative dies, lest the widow and orphans be left without a source of protection or economic support. Schneebaum reported<sup id="cite_ref-SCHN_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that many Asmat men had long-term ritual sexual/friendship relationships (<i>mbai</i>) with other men, although the prevalence of this practice has been disputed by others. In the <i>mbai</i> system, male partners were also known to share their wives in a practice called <i>papitsj</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHN_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probable that missionary influence in the last several decades has reduced the occurrence of both <i>mbai</i> and <i>papitsj</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What evidence is there that this is an effect of missionaries rather than other types of external influence? (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a> raids were an important element of Asmat culture until missionaries suppressed the practice, which, according to some accounts, persisted into the 1990s. The death of an adult, even by disease, was believed to be caused by an enemy, and relatives sought to take a head in an endless cycle of revenge and propitiation of ancestors. Heads were thought necessary for the rituals in which boys were initiated into manhood. <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a> was a subsidiary feature of the rituals that followed the taking of heads.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agbo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agbo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_ethnic_sub-groups">Language and ethnic sub-groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language and ethnic sub-groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Asmat_people" title="Special:EditPage/Asmat people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Linguistic classification of the native language(s) of the Asmat people is somewhat problematic, but is generally characterized as being a group of closely related languages or dialects (most mutually intelligible to some degree), known as the Asmat family, which is a sub-family of the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea language</a> phylum. However, some ethnic groups who speak languages in the Asmat language family, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a> peoples who live adjacent to the Asmat, are ethnically distinct from Asmat. </p><p>Asmat may be thought of as an umbrella term for twelve different ethnic sub-groups with shared linguistic and cultural affinities and sense of shared identity. These twelve Asmat groups include Joirat, Emari Ducur, Bismam, Becembub, Simai, Kenekap, Unir Siran, Unir Epmak, Safan, Aramatak, Bras, and Yupmakcain. Further complicating the issue, these groups speak approximately five dialects (Casuarina Coast Asmat, Yaosakor Asmat, Central Asmat, North Asmat, Citak). However, at some important level these groups share a sense of identity and would likely refer to themselves as "Asmat". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Asmat on the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_River" title="Lorentz River">Lorentz River</a>, photographed during the third South New Guinea expedition in 1912–13.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Asmat's first encounter with European people was with the Dutch, in 1623. However, until the 1950s, their remote and harsh location almost entirely isolated the Asmat from other ethnic groups. It was not until the mid-20th century that they came into regular contact with outsiders. The Asmat were documented <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>, and as a consequence were left largely undisturbed until then. </p><p>The first apparent sighting of the Asmat people by European explorers was from the deck of a ship led by a Dutch trader, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Carstensz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Carstensz">Jan Carstensz</a> in the year 1623. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain James Cook</a> and his crew were the first to land in Asmat on September 3, 1770 (near what is now the village of Pirimapun). According to the journals of Captain Cook, a small party from the <i> <a href="/wiki/HM_Bark_Endeavour" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Bark Endeavour">HM Bark Endeavour</a></i> encountered a group of Asmat warriors; sensing a threat, the explorers quickly retreated. </p><p>In 1826, another Dutch explorer, Kolff, anchored in approximately the same area as that visited by Cook. When Asmat warriors approached the visitors with loud noises and bursts of white powder, Kolff's crew rapidly withdrew. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>, who had gained sovereignty over the western half of the island in 1793, did not begin exploring the region until the early 1900s. At that time they established a government post in <a href="/wiki/Merauke" title="Merauke">Merauke</a> in the southeast corner of the territory. </p><p>From there, several exploratory excursions with the goal of reaching the central mountain range passed through the Asmat area and gathered small numbers of zoological specimens and artifacts. These artifacts were taken to Europe where they generated much interest, and probably influenced modernist Western artists such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_significant_contact_with_the_outside_world">Start of significant contact with the outside world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Start of significant contact with the outside world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmat_Carving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Asmat_Carving.jpg/250px-Asmat_Carving.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Asmat_Carving.jpg/375px-Asmat_Carving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Asmat_Carving.jpg/500px-Asmat_Carving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Asmat carving</figcaption></figure> <p>The first colonial post was established in the Asmat area in Agats in 1938. This small outpost was closed in 1942 due to the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the war, Father G. Zegwaard, a Dutch Missionary, began patrols into Asmat from the <a href="/wiki/Mimika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimika">Mimika</a> area to the west. In 1953, Zegwaard re-established the post in Agats, which was to become the government headquarters and the base for Roman Catholic missionaries. </p><p>It was not until <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> established the post in 1953 that significant interaction with the Asmat people began. Catholic missionaries, many with degrees in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, were partially successful in persuading some of the Asmat to stop cannibalism and headhunting, while encouraging the continuation of other important cultural cycles and festivals such as shield and <a href="/wiki/Bisj_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisj pole">bisj</a> ceremonies, which were incorporated into an adapted Catholic liturgy. </p><p>Asmat was the launching point for an arduous joint French-Dutch expedition from the south to north coast of New Guinea in 1958 and 1959, which was documented by the team and resulted in a book and documentary film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sky_Above,_The_Mud_Below" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sky Above, The Mud Below">The Sky Above, The Mud Below</a></i>, which won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> in <a href="/wiki/34th_Academy_Awards" title="34th Academy Awards">1962</a>. </p><p>In November 1961, the 23-year-old <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rockefeller" title="Michael Rockefeller">Michael Rockefeller</a>, son of the then-<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> and member of one of the wealthiest families in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, disappeared in Asmat when his boat overturned while on an art collecting expedition. His disappearance, followed by an intensive and ultimately unsuccessful search by the Dutch authorities, was the source of much speculation as to Mr. Rockefeller's fate. Recently, author Carl Hoffman in his book "Savage Harvest," presented evidence that Rockefeller was killed and eaten by people from <a href="/wiki/Otsjanep" title="Otsjanep">Otsjanep</a> village.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian government</a> took over administration of western New Guinea. After a short period under the new Indonesian administration from 1964 to 1968 in which Asmat cultural ceremonies were officially discouraged, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Augustus_Sowada" title="Alphonsus Augustus Sowada">Alphonse Sowada</a> was instrumental in facilitating the revitalization of woodcarving and other festivals, which remain strong today. The Catholic church, along with <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Schneebaum" title="Tobias Schneebaum">Tobias Schneebaum</a> and Ursula Konrad, established the <a href="/wiki/Asmat_Museum_of_Culture_and_Progress" title="Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress">Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress</a> (AMCP) in the local town of <a href="/wiki/Agats" title="Agats">Agats</a> in 1973, to maintain local pride in Asmat cultural traditions. In 1981, Sowada founded an annual woodcarving competition and auction to recognize outstanding carvers held in early October in Agats. After his retirement and return to America, he founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Asmat_Art" title="American Museum of Asmat Art">American Museum of Asmat Art</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>, one of the largest collections of Asmat art in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeAndTide2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeAndTide2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmat_Longhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Asmat_Longhouse.jpg/220px-Asmat_Longhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Asmat_Longhouse.jpg/330px-Asmat_Longhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Asmat_Longhouse.jpg/440px-Asmat_Longhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Asmat men inside their longhouse during a bisj pole completion ceremony, 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>Even today, the Asmat are relatively isolated and their most important cultural traditions are still strong, though their interaction with the outside world has been increasing over the last decades. Many Asmat have received higher education in other parts of Indonesia and some in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The Asmat seek to find ways to incorporate new technology and beneficial services such as health, communications, and education, while preserving their cultural traditions. </p><p>The biodiversity of their area has been under some pressure from outside logging and fishing, although this has faced significant and not unsuccessful resistance. In the year 2000, the Asmat formed <a href="/wiki/Lembaga_Musyawarah_Adat_Asmat" title="Lembaga Musyawarah Adat Asmat">Lembaga Musyawarah Adat Asmat</a> (LMAA), a civil society organization that represents and articulates their interests and aspirations. </p><p>LMAA has been working with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_Conservation_Alliance" title="Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance">Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance</a> since 1999, and has established separate traditional sub-councils, or Forum Adat Rumpun (FAR) to implement joint activities. In 2004, the Asmat region became a separate governmental administrative unit or <a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">Kabupaten</a>, and elected Mr. Yufen Biakai, former director of the AMCP and current Chairman of LMAA, as its Bupati (head of local government). </p><p>In 2022, following the formation of <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a> province which includes <a href="/wiki/Asmat_Regency" title="Asmat Regency">Asmat Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apolo_Safanpo" title="Apolo Safanpo">Apolo Safanpo</a>, a native Asmat, was appointed as the first governor of South Papua.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/48px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/64px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Indigenous people of New Guinea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnanta2020" class="citation book cs1">Ananta, Aris (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/indonesia/admin/papua/9415__asmat/"><i>Badan Pusat Statistik, Republik Indonesia </i></a>. Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M. Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. SG: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4519-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4519-88-5"><bdi>978-981-4519-88-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1011165696">1011165696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Badan+Pusat+Statistik%2C+Republik+Indonesia+.&rft.place=SG&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1011165696&rft.isbn=978-981-4519-88-5&rft.aulast=Ananta&rft.aufirst=Aris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Findonesia%2Fadmin%2Fpapua%2F9415__asmat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/gallery/2017/feb/03/asmat-tribe-indonesia-in-pictures">"Between two worlds: struggles of the Asmat people"</a>. <i>www.theguardian.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Between+two+worlds%3A+struggles+of+the+Asmat+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development-professionals-network%2Fgallery%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F03%2Fasmat-tribe-indonesia-in-pictures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Widharyanto_2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Widharyanto_2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidharyarto" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Widharyarto, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.usd.ac.id/9747/1/400_Kondisi%2BPapua%2BTerkini.pdf">"Kondisi Papua Terkini: Berangkat dari Kasus Asmat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kondisi+Papua+Terkini%3A+Berangkat+dari+Kasus+Asmat&rft.aulast=Widharyarto&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.usd.ac.id%2F9747%2F1%2F400_Kondisi%252BPapua%252BTerkini.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-met_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/indonesia/admin/papua/9415__asmat/">"The Asmat"</a>. <i>Citypopulation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citypopulation&rft.atitle=The+Asmat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Findonesia%2Fadmin%2Fpapua%2F9415__asmat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, Nick (2011). "Buyers, Connoisseurs and Others: Collecting Asmat Art". <i>The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 348–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14442213.2011.586356">10.1080/14442213.2011.586356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162331035">162331035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia+Pacific+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Buyers%2C+Connoisseurs+and+Others%3A+Collecting+Asmat+Art&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=348-362&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14442213.2011.586356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162331035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smidt2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smidt2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_A.M._Smidt2012" class="citation book cs1">Dirk A.M. Smidt (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEPRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT24"><i>Asmat Art: Woodcarvings of Southwest New Guinea</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 24–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0964-3"><bdi>978-1-4629-0964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asmat+Art%3A+Woodcarvings+of+Southwest+New+Guinea&rft.pages=24-&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0964-3&rft.au=Dirk+A.M.+Smidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEPRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717033427/http://art.stthomas.edu/asmat/about-the-museum">"About the Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.stthomas.edu/asmat/about-the-museum">the original</a> on 17 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.stthomas.edu%2Fasmat%2Fabout-the-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHN-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCHN_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCHN_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneebaum1988" class="citation book cs1">Schneebaum, Tobias (1988). <i>Where the Spirits Dwell</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-0019-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-0019-8"><bdi>0-8021-0019-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Spirits+Dwell&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8021-0019-8&rft.aulast=Schneebaum&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZegwaard1959" class="citation journal cs1">Zegwaard, Gerard (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/11970/1/1959Zegwaard.pdf">"Headhunting practices of the Asmat of Netherlands New Guinea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>61</b> (6): 1020–1042. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1959.61.6.02a00080">10.1525/aa.1959.61.6.02a00080</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F11970">10524/11970</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Headhunting+practices+of+the+Asmat+of+Netherlands+New+Guinea&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1020-1042&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10524%2F11970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1959.61.6.02a00080&rft.aulast=Zegwaard&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10524%2F11970%2F1%2F1959Zegwaard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agbo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agbo_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Njideka Agbo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guardian.ng/life/asmat-the-tribe-where-cannibalism-makes-you-a-real-man/">Asmat: The Tribe Where Cannibalism Makes You A Real Man</a> 22 February 2018 Guardian Newspapers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hoffman" title="Carl Hoffman">Carl Hoffman</a> <i>Savage Harvest: A Tale of Cannibals, Colonialism, and Michael Rockefeller's Tragic Quest for Primitive Art</i> 336 pages Publisher: William Morrow; March 18, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0062116150" title="Special:BookSources/0062116150">0062116150</a>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062116154" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062116154">978-0062116154</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeAndTide2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimeAndTide2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolly_Hennen_Huber2009" class="citation book cs1">Molly Hennen Huber (2009). "A Changing Visual Language". In Molly Hennen Huber (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YO9JwgEACAAJ"><i>Time and Tide: The Changing Art of the Asmat of New Guinea</i></a>. Minneapolis Institute of Arts. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9800484-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9800484-2-1"><bdi>978-0-9800484-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Changing+Visual+Language&rft.btitle=Time+and+Tide%3A+The+Changing+Art+of+the+Asmat+of+New+Guinea&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Institute+of+Arts&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9800484-2-1&rft.au=Molly+Hennen+Huber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYO9JwgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovianto2022" class="citation news cs1">Novianto, Raka Dwi (11 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papua.inews.id/berita/apolo-safanpo-dilantik-jadi-pj-gubernur-papua-selatan-fokus-pembangunan-manusia">"Apolo Safanpo Dilantik Jadi Pj Gubernur Papua Selatan, Fokus Pembangunan Manusia"</a>. <i>iNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iNews&rft.atitle=Apolo+Safanpo+Dilantik+Jadi+Pj+Gubernur+Papua+Selatan%2C+Fokus+Pembangunan+Manusia&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft.aulast=Novianto&rft.aufirst=Raka+Dwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapua.inews.id%2Fberita%2Fapolo-safanpo-dilantik-jadi-pj-gubernur-papua-selatan-fokus-pembangunan-manusia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721125918/http://holmes.anthropology.museum/asmat/bibliography.html">Online Bibliography of Asmat Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/asma/hd_asma.htm">Asmat Art in the Michael C. Rockefeller Collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asmatart.net">Asmat Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsatust.museumssites.com/asmat/amaaust">American Museum of Asmat Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503081312/http://www.indopacific.org/asmat.asp">Asmat Program, Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206002010/http://holmes.anthropology.museum/asmat/index.html">Asmat Art at the Holmes Museum of Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/HolmesMuseumAnthro">Films about the Asmat produced by the Holmes Museum of Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disappearing-world.com/?page_id=572&lang=en">Oleg Aliev's expeditions: the Asmat; photos, documentary films</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmat_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eyde, David Bruener. (1967). Cultural Correlates of Warfare Among the Asmat of South-West New Guinea, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Yale University.</li> <li>Gerbrands, Adrian A. (1967) <i>Wow-Ipits: Eight Asmat woodcarvers of New Guinea</i>. The Hague and Paris: Mouton and Company.</li> <li>Knauft, Bruce M. (1993). <i>South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Konrad, Gunter, Ursula Konrad, and Tobias Schneebaum. (1981). <i>Asmat: Life with the Ancestors</i>. Glashutten, West Germany: Freidhelm Bruckner Publishers.</li> <li>Konrad, Gunter and Ursula, eds. (1996). <i>ASMAT, Myth and Ritual, The Inspiration of Art</i>. Venice, Italy: Errizo Editrice.</li> <li>Offenberg, Gertrudis A.M. and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pouwer" title="Jan Pouwer">Jan Pouwer</a>, eds. (2002). <i>Amoko - In the Beginning: Myths and Legends of the Asmat and Mimika Papuans</i>. Adelaide: Crawford House Australia Publishing.</li> <li>Petocz, Ronald G. (1989). <i>Conservation and Development in Irian Jaya</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill.</li> <li>Pouwer, Jan. (2010). <i>Gender, Ritual and Social Formation in West Papua: A Configurational Analysis Comparing Kamoro and Asmat</i>. Leiden: KITLV Press.</li> <li>Rockefeller, Michael Clark and Adrian A. Gerbrands. (1967). <i>The Asmat of New Guinea: The Journal of Michael Clark Rockefeller</i>. New York: Museum of Primitive Art.</li> <li>Saulnier, Tony. (1963). <i>Headhunters of Papua</i>. New York: Crown Publishers.</li> <li>Schneebaum, Tobias. (1985). <i>Asmat Images: From the Collection of the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress</i>. Agats, Irian Jaya: Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneebaum1988" class="citation book cs1">Schneebaum, Tobias (1988). <i>Where the Spirits Dwell</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-0019-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-0019-8"><bdi>0-8021-0019-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Spirits+Dwell&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8021-0019-8&rft.aulast=Schneebaum&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmat+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smidt, Dirk A.M., ed. (1993). <i>Asmat Art: Woodcarvings of Southwest New Guinea</i>. With contributions by Adrian A. Gerbrands, <i>et al.</i> Singapore: Periplus Editions, in association with the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden.</li> <li>Trenkenschuh, Frank A., ed. (1970–1981) <i>Asmat Sketchbook: Volume 1-8</i> Agats: Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress.</li> <li>Van der Zee, Pauline, (1996) <i>Etsjopok: avenging the ancestors. The Asmat bisj poles and a proposal for a morphological method</i>. Working Papers in Ethnic Art 8 (University of Ghent, Department of Ethnic Art). Ghent.</li> <li>Van der Zee, Pauline. (2007). <i>Bisj-poles: Sculptures from the Rain Forest</i>. Amsterdam: KIT Publishers.</li> <li>Zegwaard, Gerard. "Headhunting Practices of Netherlands New Guinea", in <i>American Anthropologist</i>, no. 61 (December 1959): 1020–41.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Guinea">Papuan peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mee_(ethnic_group)" title="Mee (ethnic group)">Mee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abelam_people" title="Abelam people">Abelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angu" title="Angu">Angu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baining_people" title="Baining people">Baining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruya_people" title="Baruya people">Baruya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibil_people" title="Bilibil people">Bilibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumo_people" title="Dumo people">Dumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoro_people" title="Etoro people">Etoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_people" title="Fore people">Fore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsup_people" title="Gadsup people">Gadsup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala_people" title="Gogodala people">Gogodala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Haroli people">Haroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewa_people" title="Hewa people">Hewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_people" title="Huli people">Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatmul_people" title="Iatmul people">Iatmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluli_people" title="Kaluli people">Kaluli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwoma_people" title="Kwoma people">Kwoma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koteka_peoples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koteka peoples (page does not exist)">Koteka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisin_people" title="Maisin people">Maisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_people" title="Mian people">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundugumor_people" title="Mundugumor people">Mundugumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogea_people" title="Ogea people">Ogea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokaiva_people" title="Orokaiva people">Orokaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambia_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambia people">Sambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swagap_people" title="Swagap people">Swagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairora_people" title="Tairora people">Tairora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_people" title="Tanga people">Tanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefol_people" title="Telefol people">Telefol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_people" title="Tolai people">Tolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_people" title="Trobriand people">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsembaga_Maring_tribe" title="Tsembaga Maring tribe">Tsembaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapmin_people" title="Urapmin people">Urapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_people" title="Wiru people">Wiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wola_people" title="Wola people">Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wopkaimin_people" title="Wopkaimin people">Wopkaimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Zia people (Papua New Guinea)">Zia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfur people">Alfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643103#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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