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Galaxia - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.
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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Galaxia" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Galaxia" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Galaxia" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Galaxia" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenklatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenklatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nomenklatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenklatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaketaren_historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaketaren_historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behaketaren historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaketaren_historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Behaketaren historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaketaren_historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Esne_Bidea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esne_Bidea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Esne Bidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esne_Bidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nebulak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nebulak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nebulak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nebulak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaur_egungo_ikerketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaur_egungo_ikerketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gaur egungo ikerketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaur_egungo_ikerketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailkapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailkapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sailkapena</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sailkapena-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sailkapena azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sailkapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eliptikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eliptikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Eliptikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eliptikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oskol_formako_galaxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oskol_formako_galaxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Oskol formako galaxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oskol_formako_galaxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiribilak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiribilak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kiribilak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiribilak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galaxia_kiribil_barratuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galaxia_kiribil_barratuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Galaxia kiribil barratuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galaxia_kiribil_barratuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiribil_super-argitsuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiribil_super-argitsuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Kiribil super-argitsuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiribil_super-argitsuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bestelako_morfologiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bestelako_morfologiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bestelako morfologiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bestelako_morfologiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galaxia_nanoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galaxia_nanoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Galaxia nanoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galaxia_nanoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beste_mota_batzuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_mota_batzuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beste mota batzuk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beste_mota_batzuk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Beste mota batzuk azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beste_mota_batzuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elkarrekintza_duten_galaxiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elkarrekintza_duten_galaxiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Elkarrekintza duten galaxiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elkarrekintza_duten_galaxiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izar_sorkuntza_handiko_galaxiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izar_sorkuntza_handiko_galaxiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Izar sorkuntza handiko galaxiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izar_sorkuntza_handiko_galaxiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galaxia_aktiboak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galaxia_aktiboak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Galaxia aktiboak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galaxia_aktiboak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blazarrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blazarrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Blazarrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blazarrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LINERrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LINERrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>LINERrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LINERrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seyfert_galaxiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seyfert_galaxiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Seyfert galaxiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seyfert_galaxiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quasarrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quasarrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Quasarrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quasarrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argi_infragorriko_galaxiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argi_infragorriko_galaxiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Argi infragorriko galaxiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argi_infragorriko_galaxiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ezaugarriak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eremu_magnetikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eremu_magnetikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Eremu magnetikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eremu_magnetikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galaxia_kumuluak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galaxia_kumuluak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Galaxia kumuluak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galaxia_kumuluak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sorrera eta eboluzioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sorrera eta eboluzioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sorrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Sorrera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unibertsoaren_hasierako_galaxien_formazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unibertsoaren_hasierako_galaxien_formazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Unibertsoaren hasierako galaxien formazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unibertsoaren_hasierako_galaxien_formazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eboluzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eboluzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Eboluzioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eboluzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etorkizuneko_joerak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etorkizuneko_joerak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Etorkizuneko joerak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etorkizuneko_joerak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaketak_uhin-luzera_ugarirekin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaketak_uhin-luzera_ugarirekin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Behaketak uhin-luzera ugarirekin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaketak_uhin-luzera_ugarirekin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Galaxia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 177 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-177" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">177 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterrestelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%8C%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ረጨት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረጨት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="मंदाकिनी – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मंदाकिनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مجرة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مجرة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مجرة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مجره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="তাৰকাৰাজ্য – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাৰকাৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxa" title="Galaxa – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Galaxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Галаксия – avarera" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Галаксия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaktika" title="Qalaktika – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qalaktika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قالاکسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قالاکسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakt%C4%97ka" title="Galaktėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Galaktėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактыка – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галактыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галяктыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галяктыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jula-juli" title="Jula-juli – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jula-juli" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="गैलेक्सी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गैलेक्सी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="ছায়াপথ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছায়াপথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="སྐར་མའི་མ་ལག་ – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐར་མའི་མ་ལག་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksienn" title="Galaksienn – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Galaksienn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A0xia" title="Galàxia – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galàxia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%8F_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%AC" title="ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᎷᎬ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᎷᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="گەلەستێرە – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەلەستێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaeth" title="Galaeth – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Galaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiye" title="Galaksiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Galaksiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γαλαξίες – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλαξίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A2sia" title="Galâsia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Galâsia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksio" title="Galaksio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Galaksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کهکشان – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهکشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirgurada_(t%C3%A4hetiid%C3%BCs)" title="Tsirgurada (tähetiidüs) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsirgurada (tähetiidüs)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoso_kalokalo" title="Isoso kalokalo – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Isoso kalokalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rnubreyt" title="Stjørnubreyt – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørnubreyt" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksii" title="Galaksii – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Galaksii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassie" title="Galassie – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Galassie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerrestelsel_(molkewei)" title="Stjerrestelsel (molkewei) – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stjerrestelsel (molkewei)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9altra" title="Réaltra – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réaltra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul-chrios" title="Reul-chrios – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul-chrios" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapyvore" title="Arapyvore – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arapyvore" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-rollageys" title="Co-rollageys – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-rollageys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAn-hi" title="Sên-hi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sên-hi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="גלקסיה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלקסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="मन्दाकिनी – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मन्दाकिनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_ke_samundar" title="Tara ke samundar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tara ke samundar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxis" title="Galaxis – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Galaxis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գալակտիկաներ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալակտիկաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxe" title="Galaxe – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Galaxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A4y%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%8D_kpakpando" title="Ụyọkọ kpakpando – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ụyọkọ kpakpando" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariwanas" title="Ariwanas – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ariwanas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxio" title="Galaxio – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Galaxio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B6rnu%C3%BEoka" title="Stjörnuþoka – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjörnuþoka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" title="銀河 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銀河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gialaxi" title="Gialaxi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gialaxi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/barda_tarci_bo_girzu" title="barda tarci bo girzu – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="barda tarci bo girzu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გალაქტიკა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალაქტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazellaw" title="Amazellaw – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amazellaw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naal%C9%A9m_maya%C9%A3" title="Naalɩm mayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Naalɩm mayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1" title="ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="은하 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Мырыт – karachayera-balkarera" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Мырыт" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachayera-balkarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%82_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%96%D8%B1" title="جادۂ شيٖر – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جادۂ شيٖر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaks%C3%AE" title="Galaksî – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Galaksî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxias" title="Galaxias – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Galaxias" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galasia" title="Galasia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Galasia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starest%C3%A8lsel" title="Starestèlsel – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Starestèlsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Галактикась – mokxera" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Галактикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondron-kintana" title="Vondron-kintana – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vondron-kintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Галаксија – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галаксија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%82" title="താരാപഥം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താരാപഥം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Галактик – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галактик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दीर्घिका – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दीर्घिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia" title="Galáxia – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Galáxia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="ဂယ်လက်ဆီ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂယ်လက်ဆီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="کهکشون – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کهکشون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalpopocac" title="Citlalpopocac – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalpopocac" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="तारापुञ्ज – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तारापुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrenstelsel" title="Sterrenstelsel – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterrenstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruda" title="Ruda – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ruda" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A5" title="ଛାୟାପଥ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଛାୟାପଥ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਕਾਸ਼ਗੰਗਾ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਕਾਸ਼ਗੰਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galacsie" title="Galacsie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Galacsie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktyka" title="Galaktyka – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galaktyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="تارا سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کهکشان – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کهکشان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia" title="Galáxia – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galáxia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1u_warani" title="Ñuñu warani – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñuñu warani" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – erretorromaniera" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="erretorromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodor" title="Samodor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Samodor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґалаксія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґалаксія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="आकाशगङ्गा – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आकाशगङ्गा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галаактика – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Галаактика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%87%DA%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪهڪشان – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪهڪشان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_n_ignwan" title="Asif n ignwan – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Asif n ignwan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92" title="මන්දාකිණි – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මන්දාකිණි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzvcazi" title="Muzvcazi – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muzvcazi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yllplimja" title="Yllplimja – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yllplimja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Галаксија – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галаксија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galax" title="Galax – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Galax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majarra" title="Majarra – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majarra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="விண்மீன் பேரடை – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்மீன் பேரடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80" title="గేలక్సీ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గేలక్సీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ดาราจักร – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาราจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Каптагай – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Каптагай" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – udmurtera" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%81%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کہکشاں – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کہکشاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C5%82asia" title="Gałasia – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gałasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktik" title="Galaktik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Galaktik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_h%C3%A0" title="Thiên hà – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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Informazio gehiago nahi baduzu, egin klik hemen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/220px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/330px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/440px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6637" data-file-height="3787" /></a><figcaption>NGC 1300 Galaxia Hubble teleskopio bereziaz behatua</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/220px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/330px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/440px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6200" data-file-height="6200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_galaxia" title="Andromeda galaxia">Andromeda Galaxia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Galaxia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera">grezierazko</a> <i>galakt-</i> errotik, <i>"esne"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidea</a> dela-eta) <a href="/wiki/Izar" title="Izar">izarrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">gasez, hautsezko lainoz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Materia_ilun" title="Materia ilun">materia ilunez</a> osaturiko <a href="/wiki/Grabitazio" title="Grabitazio">grabitate</a>-multzoa da<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Galaxia hitza <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_greziera" title="Antzinako greziera">antzinako grezieratik</a> dator, <i>galaxias</i> hitzetik, literalki <i>esnetsua</i>, gure galaxia den <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bideari</a> erreferentzia eginda. Izarren kopurua 10<sup>8</sup> eta 10<sup>14</sup> bitartean da<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hainbat galaxia motatan osagai garrantzitsuena materia iluna da, zuzenki aztertua izan ez den materia, bai ordea bere efektu grabitatorioak. Galaxia baten barruan aurki daitezkeen azpi-egiturak honako hauek dira: <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">nebulosak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izar_kumulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Izar kumulu">izar kumuluak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Izar-sistema" title="Izar-sistema">izar sistemak</a>. </p><p>Galaxiak euren itxurazko morfologiaren arabera sailkatzen dira, <a href="/wiki/Galaxia_kiribil" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxia kiribil">galaxia kiribil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxia_eliptiko" title="Galaxia eliptiko">galaxia eliptiko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Galaxia_irregular" title="Galaxia irregular">galaxia irregularren</a> artean<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Galaxia askoren zentroan <a href="/wiki/Zulo_beltz" title="Zulo beltz">zulo beltz</a> supermasiboak daudela uste da. Esne Bidearen erdiko zulo beltzak, <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a> bezala ezaguna denak, <a href="/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia">Eguzkiak</a> baino lau milioi aldiz masa gehiago du<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 2016ko martxoan <a href="/wiki/GN-z11" class="mw-redirect" title="GN-z11">GN-z11</a> galaxia aurkitu zen, inoiz aurkitutako galaxiarik urrun eta zaharrena, gugandik 32.000 milioi <a href="/wiki/Argi-urte" title="Argi-urte">argi-urtera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Banga</a> baino 400 milioi beranduago sortua<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxien_sorrera_eta_bilakaera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxien sorrera eta bilakaera (sortu gabe)">Galaxien sorrera eta bilakaeraren</a> teoriaren arabera, materia iluna da aurrenik pilatzen dena, materia normala erakarriz, izarrak sortuz eta hala galaxiak ikusgai bihurtuz. </p><p>Galaxiak urrundu egiten dira elkarrengandik, eta hedapen abiadura haien arteko distantziarekiko proportzionala da. Gertaera honek <a href="/wiki/Hubbleren_legea" title="Hubbleren legea">Hubbleren legearen</a> izena hartzen du, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> izan baitzen gertaera honetaz konturatu zena. <a href="/wiki/Unibertso" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibertso">Unibertsoan</a> galaxiak milioika daudelako froga besterik ez da. </p><p>Galaxien tartean, hutsune ikaragarriak daude, eta gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Teleskopio" title="Teleskopio">teleskopioak</a> 10 mila milioi <a href="/wiki/Argi-urte" title="Argi-urte">argi urtera</a> dauden galaxiak bereizteko gai dira. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galaxia hitza Esne Biderako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erdi_Aroko_latin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erdi Aroko latin (sortu gabe)">Erdi Aroko latineko</a> hitzaren bidez maileguan hartu zen, <i>γαλαξίας</i> (<i>κύκλος</i>) «esne zirkulu» greziar esamoldetik, zeruan argi-banda esnetsu gisa duen itxuragatik. <a href="/wiki/Greziar_mitologia" title="Greziar mitologia">Greziar mitologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeusek</a> emakume hilkor batengandik jaiotako bere semea, <a href="/wiki/Herakles" title="Herakles">Herakles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Heraren</a> bularrean jartzen du, Herak lo egiten duen bitartean, haurtxoak bere esne jainkotiarra edan dezan eta horrela hilezkor bihur dadin. Hera bularra ematen duen bitartean esnatzen da, eta orduan konturatzen da haur ezezagun bati bularra ematen ari zaiola: bularra ematen dio haurrari, esnearen zati bat isuri egiten da eta Esne Bidea izeneko argi-banda sortzen du<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Literatura astronomikoan, letra larriz idatzitako "Galaxia" hitza sarritan erabiltzen da gure <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidea</a> galaxia izendatzeko, gure unibertsoko gainerako galaxietatik bereizteko. </p><p>Galaxiak teleskopioarekin aurkitu ziren hasieran, eta <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">nebulosa</a> kiribil gisa ezagutu ziren. XVIII. eta XIX. mendeetako astronomo gehienek argitu gabeko izar-kumulutzat edo nebulosatzat hartzen zituzten, eta Esne Bidearen zatitzat baino ez zituzten hartzen, baina haien benetako osaera eta izaera misterioa ziren oraindik. <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andromeda Galaxia">Andromeda Galaxia</a> bezalako gertuko galaxia distiratsuetako teleskopio handienekin egindako behaketak izar konglomeratu erraldoi gisa ebazten hasi ziren, baina itxurazko ahulezian eta izar kopuru handian oinarrituta, objektu horien benetako distantziek Esne Bidea baino askoz haratago jartzen zituzten. Horregatik, jendeak uharte unibertsalak deitu zien, baina termino hori berehala desagertu zen, <a href="/wiki/Unibertso" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibertso">unibertso</a> hitzak existentzia osoa zekarrelako. Horren ordez, galaxia gisa ezagutzen hasi ziren<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nomenklatura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Nomenklatura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milaka galaxia katalogatu dira, baina gutxi batzuek baino ez dituzte ongi ezarritako izenak, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_galaxia" title="Andromeda galaxia">Andromeda galaxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magallaesen_Hodeiak" title="Magallaesen Hodeiak">Magallaesen Hodeiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirimolaren_galaxia" title="Zirimolaren galaxia">Zirimolaren galaxia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sombrero_galaxia" title="Sombrero galaxia">Sombrero galaxia</a>. Astronomoek katalogo jakin batzuen zenbakiekin lan egiten dute, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Messier_sistema" title="Messier sistema">Messier</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_sistema" title="NGC sistema">NGC</a> (Katalogo Orokor Berria), IC (Indizeen Katalogoa), <a href="/w/index.php?title=CGCG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGCG (sortu gabe)">CGCG</a> (Galaxien eta Galaxien Kumuluen Katalogoa), <a href="/w/index.php?title=MCG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCG (sortu gabe)">MCG</a> (Galaxien Katalogo Morfologikoa), <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_General_Catalogue" title="Uppsala General Catalogue">UGC</a> (Uppsalaren Galaxien Katalogo Orokorra) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=EDCG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EDCG (sortu gabe)">EDCG</a> (Galaxien Katalogo Nagusia). Ezagutzen diren galaxia guztiak katalogo horietako batean edo batzuetan agertzen dira, baina aldi bakoitzean zenbaki desberdin batekin. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Messier_109" title="Messier 109">Messier 109</a> (edo "M109") galaxia kiribil bat da, Messierren katalogoan 109 zenbakia duena. KBN 3992, KBN 6937, GKN 269-023, GKM +09-20-044 eta KBP 37617 (edo LEDA 37617) izenak ere baditu. Milioika galaxia ahulago ezagutzen dira <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey (sortu gabe)">Sloan Digital Sky Survey</a> bezalako zeru-azterketetan identifikatzaileengatik, non M109 SDSS J115735.97+532228.9 bezala katalogatuta dagoen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaketaren_historia">Behaketaren historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Behaketaren historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Behaketaren historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidea</a> beste galaxia askoren arteko bat baino ez dela ikustea <a href="/wiki/Unibertsoa" title="Unibertsoa">unibertsoari</a> buruzko aurkikuntza garrantzitsuenetako bat izan da, XX. mendean garatutako pentsamendua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esne_Bidea">Esne Bidea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Esne Bidea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Esne Bidea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidea</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Demokrito" title="Demokrito">Demokrito</a> <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_greziar_filosofia" title="Antzinako greziar filosofia">filosofo greziarrak</a> (K.a. 450–370) proposatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidea</a> deritzon gaueko zeruko banda distiratsua urrutiko izarrak izan zitezkeela. <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristotelesek</a> (K.a. 384–322), ordea, uste zuen Esne Bidea "handiak, ugariak eta hurbilekoak ziren izar batzuen kanporatze sutsuak" eragiten zuela, eta "ignizioa <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferaren</a> goiko aldean gertatzen dela, Munduko eskualdean, zeruko mugimenduekin jarraitzen baitu". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olinpiodoro_Gaztea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olinpiodoro Gaztea (sortu gabe)">Olinpiodoro Gaztea</a> (495–570) filosofo <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonismo" title="Neoplatonismo">neoplatonistak</a> iritzi hori kritikatu zuen, eta argudiatu zuen ezen, Esne Bidea sublunarioa bazen (Lurraren eta Ilargiaren artean), desberdin agertu beharko lukeela Lurreko une eta leku desberdinetan, eta <a href="/wiki/Paralaxi" title="Paralaxi">paralajea</a> izan beharko lukeela, baina ez zuen halakorik egin. Haren iritziz, Esne Bidea zerutiarra zen.<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mohani Mohamed-en arabera, <a href="/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen">Alhazen</a> astronomo arabiarrak (965–1037) Esne Bidearen paralajea behatu eta neurtzeko lehen saiakera egin zuen, eta, hala, "Esne Bideak paralajerik ez zuenez, Lurretik urrun egon behar duela erabaki zuen, ez atmosferakoa"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Persiar" title="Persiar">Persiar</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Bīrūnī</a>-ren astronomoak (973–1048) Esne Bidea galaxia zela proposatu zuen, "izar nebulosen moduko zati kontaezinen bilduma". <a href="/wiki/Avenpaze" title="Avenpaze">Ibn Bâjah</a> ("Avempace", 1138. or.) astronomo andaluziarrak proposatu zuen izar askoz osatua zegoela, ia elkar ukitzen zutenak, eta irudi jarraitua zirudien, material sublunarioaren errefrakzioaren eraginez. Jupiterren eta Marteren <a href="/wiki/Lerrokatze_(astronomia)" title="Lerrokatze (astronomia)">konjuntzioa</a> aipatu zuen, bi objektu hurbil zeudenean gertatzen den seinale gisa.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XIV. mendean, Ibn Qayyim siriarrak Esne Bidea galaxia "izar finkoen esferan elkarrekin paketatutako izar txikien multzo handia" zela proposatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Herschel-Galaxy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/220px-Herschel-Galaxy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/330px-Herschel-Galaxy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/440px-Herschel-Galaxy.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Esne Bidearen forma, <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschelek</a> 1785ean egindako izarren zenbaketatik kalkulatua; Eguzki Sistema zentrotik hurbil zegoela uste zen.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> astronomo italiarrak teleskopio bat erabili zuenean iritsi zen 1610ean izar askok osatutako Esne Bidearen proba erreala<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1750ean, Thomas Wright astronomo ingelesak <i>An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe</i> lanean ondo espekulatu zuen ezen grabitazio-indarrek elkartutako izar-kopuru handi baten gorputz birakaria izan zitekeela, Eguzki Sistemaren antzekoak baina askoz eskala handiagoan, eta izarren ondoriozko diskoa zeruko banda gisa ikus zitekeela haren barruan, gure ikuspegitik<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1755ean idatzitako tratatuan, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kantek</a> sakondu zuen Esne Bidearen inguruan Wrightek zuen ideian<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Esne Bidearen forma eta Eguzkiaren kokapena deskribatzeko lehen proiektua <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschelek</a> egin zuen 1785ean, zeruko hainbat eskualdetako izar-kopurua kontatuz. Galaxiaren formaren diagrama bat egin zuen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktozentrismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktozentrismo (sortu gabe)">Eguzki Sistema kokatuz galaxiaren erdigunetik</a> gertu.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ikuspegi fina erabiliz, Kapteyn 1920an galaxia elipsoide txiki baten irudira iritsi zen (15 kiloparsecs inguruko diametroa), Eguzkia erdigunetik gertu zuela. <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley-</a>ren beste metodo bat, kluster globularren katalogazioan oinarritua, irudi guztiz desberdina ekarri zuen: 70 kiloparsec inguruko diametroa duen disko laua eta Eguzkia erdigunetik urrun<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bi analisiek ez zuten kontuan hartu plano galaktikoan dagoen <a href="/wiki/Izarren_arteko_hautsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Izarren arteko hautsa">izarren arteko hautsak</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argiaren_xurgapen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argiaren xurgapen (sortu gabe)">argia xurgatzen</a> zuela; baina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Julius_Thropler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Julius Thropler (sortu gabe)">Robert Julius Throplerrek</a> efektu hori 1930ean kluster irekien bidez kuantifikatu ondoren, gure galaxia anfitrioiaren egungo irudia sortu zen<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nebulak">Nebulak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nebulak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Nebulak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galaxiak <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">nebulosa</a> arrunt gisa katalogatu ziren <a href="/wiki/XIX._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX. mende">XIX. mendera</a> arte, Huggingsek <a href="/wiki/M31" class="mw-redirect" title="M31">M31ren</a> espektro ikusgaia eskuratu zuen arte, hain zuzen ere. Galaxia batean bizi garela, eta beste galaxia batzuk daudela ikustea XX. mendearen zientzia garapenetako bat izan zen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pic_iroberts1.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pic_iroberts1.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pic_iroberts1.jpg/220px-Pic_iroberts1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pic_iroberts1.jpg/330px-Pic_iroberts1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pic_iroberts1.jpg/440px-Pic_iroberts1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Roberts (sortu gabe)">Isaac Robertsen</a> "Andromedako Nebulosa Handiaren" argazkia, 1899, geroago Andromeda Galaxia bezala identifikatua.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beste hainbeste nebulosaren espektroek ez bezala, horrenak ez zuen inolako igorpen-lerrorik erakusten: espektroak laua zirudien, eta, horrenbestez, nebulosa zuri izendatu zuten. 1885an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Parson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Parson (sortu gabe)">William Parsonek</a> jakinarazi zuen nebulosa berezi horietako batzuek egitura kiribilak zituztela. Bere teleskopioarekin, beste batzuen artean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M33 (sortu gabe)">M33</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M51 (sortu gabe)">M51</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=M101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M101 (sortu gabe)">M101</a> nebulosak aztertu zituen, eta aintzat hartu zuen horien barneko iturri batzuek izar-itxura zutela. Aurkikuntza horrek baieztatu egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kanten</a> <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII. mende">XVIII. mendeko</a> susmoa, nebulosak izarrez osatutako sistema independenteak diren susmoa. <a href="/wiki/XIX._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX. mende">XIX. mendearen</a> bukaeran, egitura horiek guztiak askoz argiago agertzea ekarri zuen <a href="/wiki/Argazkigintza" title="Argazkigintza">argazkigintzaren</a> asmakuntzak<sup id="cite_ref-zth_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1912an, <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher" title="Vesto Melvin Slipher">Vesto Slipherrek</a> nebulosa espiral distiratsuenen azterketa espektrografikoak egin zituen haien konposizioa zehazteko. Slipherrek aurkitu zuen nebulosa kiribilek <a href="/wiki/Doppler_desplazamendu" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler desplazamendu">Doppler desplazamendu</a> altuak dituztela, eta horrek adierazten du neurtutako izarren abiadura baino azkarrago mugitzen direla. Ohartu zen nebulosa horietako gehienak gugandik urruntzen direla<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1917an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heber_Curtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heber Curtis (sortu gabe)">Heber Curtis</a> ohartu zen artxiboko M31ren plaka fotografikoetan ikusitako noba izarrak Esne Bidekoak baino 10 aldiz ahulagoak zirela. Hortik ondorioztatu zuen noba horien argitasun intrintsekoa berdina bazen sistema guztietan, 150.000 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parseceko</a> distantziara zegoela M31<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> —gaur egun, jotzen da 778 ± 17 mila parsecera dagoela M31 (<a href="/wiki/Andromeda_galaxia" title="Andromeda galaxia">Andromeda galaxia</a>)—. 1 </p><p>1920an <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heber_Curtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heber Curtis (sortu gabe)">Heber Curtisen</a> arteko eztabaida izan zen (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida_Handia_(astronomia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eztabaida Handia (astronomia) (sortu gabe)">Eztabaida Handia</a>), Esne Bidearen izaerari, nebulosa kiribilei eta unibertsoaren dimentsioei buruz. Andromeda Nebulosa Handia kanpoko galaxia bat dela baieztatzeko, Curtisek Esne Bideko hauts-hodeien antza duten errei ilunak agertu zirela ikusi zuen, baita Doppler desplazamendu esanguratsua ere<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1922an, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik">Ernst Öpik</a> astronomo estoniarrak Andromedaren nebulosa benetan objektu extragalaktikoa dela dioen teoriaren oinarri zen distantzia zehaztu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubblek</a> distantziak neurtzeko askoz erabilgarriagoak diren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zefeida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zefeida (sortu gabe)">Zefeida</a> <a href="/wiki/Izar_aldakor" title="Izar aldakor">izar aldakorrak</a> ikusi zituen M31, M33 eta IC1613 galaxietan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_mendia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson mendia (sortu gabe)">Wilson mendian</a> zegoen teknologia berriko 100 hazbeteko teleskopioa erabiliz. Ateratako distantziak horren handiak zirenez, ondorioztatu zuen —ondo ondorioztatu ere— nebulosa horiek ez zeudela Esne Bidearen barnean, eta hala adierazi zuen 1925 eta 1929 bitartean argitaratutako artikulu-sortan<sup id="cite_ref-zth_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaur_egungo_ikerketa">Gaur egungo ikerketa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaur egungo ikerketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Gaur egungo ikerketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:GOODS_South_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GOODS_South_field.jpg/220px-GOODS_South_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GOODS_South_field.jpg/330px-GOODS_South_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GOODS_South_field.jpg/440px-GOODS_South_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="31813" data-file-height="19425" /></a><figcaption>Zientzialariek galaxia ikusgarriak erabili zituzten GOODS zundaketan galaxia kopuru osoa birkalkulatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>1944an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_van_de_Hulste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik van de Hulste (sortu gabe)">Hendrik van de Hulstek</a> iragarri zuen 21 cm-ko uhin-luzera duen <a href="/wiki/Mikrouhin" title="Mikrouhin">mikrouhin</a>-erradiazioa izarrarteko <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogeno</a> atomikoaren gasetik detekta zitekeela<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; eta 1951n ikusi zen. Hautsa xurgatzeak ez dio eragiten erradiazio horri, eta, beraz, gure galaxiako gasaren mugimendua kartografiatzeko erabil daiteke <a href="/wiki/Doppler_efektua" title="Doppler efektua">Doppler desplazamendua</a>. Behaketa horiek gure galaxiaren erdian barra birakariko egitura baten hipotesia ekarri zuten<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Irrati-teleskopio" title="Irrati-teleskopio">Irrati-teleskopioen</a> hobekuntzari esker, hidrogeno-gasa beste galaxia batzuetan ere arakatu ahal izan zen. 1970eko hamarkadan, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubinek</a> desadostasun bat aurkitu zuen behatutako errotazio galaktikoaren abiaduraren eta izar eta gasaren masa ikusgaiak aurrez ikusitakoaren artean. Gaur egun, uste da ikusten ez den <a href="/wiki/Materia_ilun" title="Materia ilun">materia ilunaren</a> kantitate handiak azaltzen duela galaxien errotazioaren arazoa<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1990eko_hamarkada" title="1990eko hamarkada">1990eko hamarkadatik</a> aurrera, <a href="/wiki/Hubble_teleskopio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble teleskopio">Hubble teleskopio</a> espazialak behaketak hobetzea ahalbidetu zuen. Besteak beste, haren datuek lagundu zuten esaten gure galaxian falta zen materia iluna ezin zela izan izar berez ahul eta txikietan bakarrik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubbleren_Eremu_Sakona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubbleren Eremu Sakona (sortu gabe)">Hubbleren Eremu Sakonak</a>, zeruaren zati huts samar baten esposizio izugarri luzeak, unibertso behagarrian 125.000 milioi (1,25 × 10<sup>11</sup>) galaxia daudela erakusten duten frogak eman zituen<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gizakiarentzat ikusezinak diren espektroak (irrati-teleskopioak, <a href="/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri">infragorri</a>-kamerak eta <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpien</a> teleskopioak) hautemateko teknologia hobetzeak Hubblek detektatu ez dituen beste galaxia batzuk detektatzea ahalbidetzen du. Bereziki, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebasio_Eremua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebasio Eremua (sortu gabe)">Ebasio Eremuko</a> behaketek (Esne Bidetik ikus daitekeen argi-uhinaren luzeretan blokeatutako zeruaren eskualdea) galaxia berri batzuk erakutsi dituzte<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>2016ko <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Astrophysical_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Astrophysical Journal (sortu gabe)">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i> aldizkarian argitaratutako ikerketa batek, Nottinghameko Unibertsitateko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Conselice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Conselice (sortu gabe)">Christopher Conselicek</a> zuzendua, Hubbleren 20 urteko irudiak erabili zituen unibertso behagarriak galaxien gutxienez bi bilioi (2 × 10<sup>12</sup>) zituela balioesteko<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> zunda espazialarekin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zodiakoko_argi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zodiakoko argi (sortu gabe)">zodiakoko argitik</a> kanpo egindako behaketek 200.000 milioira murriztu zuten zifra hori (2 × 10<sup>11</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sailkapena">Sailkapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sailkapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sailkapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hubble_sequence_photo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hubble_sequence_photo.png/360px-Hubble_sequence_photo.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hubble_sequence_photo.png/540px-Hubble_sequence_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hubble_sequence_photo.png/720px-Hubble_sequence_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Galaxia motak Hubble sailkapenaren arabera:<br /><i>E</i> - eliptikoa<br /><i>S</i> - kiribila</figcaption></figure> <p>Galaxia bat gas, hauts eta izar multzo nahasia da, 100.000 <a href="/wiki/Argi-urte" title="Argi-urte">argi urteko</a> diametrokoa batez beste, ehun mila milioi inguru izar dituena, eta gas kontzentrazioak masa guztiaren % 0-tik 30-era hartzen duena. Behaketa optikoz eta irrati-astronomikoz analizatu ahal izan da galaxien edukia: kolore desberdineko izarrak, nebulosa distiratsuak edo izar beroenetatik hurbil dauden <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioi-hidrogeno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioi-hidrogeno (sortu gabe)">ioi-hidrogenozko</a> eskualdeak, izar bero haietatik urrun dauden gas hotzeko eskualdeak eta argi ikusgaia xurgatzen duen hauts askoko alde ilunak. Osagai horien kopurua ez da berdina galaxia guztietan, galaxien tankeraren araberakoa izaten da: morfologikoki eliptikoak, espiralak ala irregularrak baitira galaxiak. </p><p>Estatu Batuetako <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Behatoki_astronomikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Wilson Behatoki astronomikoa">Wilson Mendiko teleskopio</a> ahaltsuen bidez egindako ikerketetan oinarriturik, sailkapen bat proposatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Hubble" class="mw-disambig" title="Hubble">Hubblek</a> 1928an, gaur ere onartzen dena eta galaxiak hiru multzo handitan banatzen dituena: <a href="/wiki/Galaxia_eliptiko" title="Galaxia eliptiko">eliptikoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxia_kiribil" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxia kiribil">kiribila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galaxia_lentikular" title="Galaxia lentikular">lentikularra</a> barne) eta irregularra). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eliptikoak">Eliptikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eliptikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Eliptikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Galaxia_eliptiko" title="Galaxia eliptiko">Galaxia eliptiko</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Abell_S740,_cropped_to_ESO_325-G004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Abell_S740%2C_cropped_to_ESO_325-G004.jpg/220px-Abell_S740%2C_cropped_to_ESO_325-G004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Abell_S740%2C_cropped_to_ESO_325-G004.jpg/330px-Abell_S740%2C_cropped_to_ESO_325-G004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Abell_S740%2C_cropped_to_ESO_325-G004.jpg/440px-Abell_S740%2C_cropped_to_ESO_325-G004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESO_325-G004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESO 325-G004 (sortu gabe)">ESO 325-G004</a> galaxia eliptiko erraldoia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hubbleren sailkapen-sistemak bere <a href="/wiki/Elipse" title="Elipse">eliptikotasunaren</a> arabera sailkatzen ditu <a href="/wiki/Galaxia_eliptiko" title="Galaxia eliptiko">galaxia eliptikoak</a>. Eliptikotasun hori ia esferikoa den E0tik E7ra doa, oso luzea dena. Galaxia horiek profil elipsoidala dute, eta horrek itxura eliptikoa ematen die, ikusangelua edozein dela ere. Bere itxurak egitura txikia du eta izarrarteko materia gutxi izaten dute. Ondorioz, galaxia hauek ere <a href="/wiki/Kumulu_ireki" title="Kumulu ireki">kumulu irekien</a> zati txikia eta izar berrien eraketa-tasa txikia dute. Aldiz, oro har zaharragoak eta eboluzionatuagoak diren izarrak nagusi dira, <a href="/wiki/Grabitate-zentro" title="Grabitate-zentro">grabitate-zentro</a> komunaren inguruan orbitatzen dutenak ausazko norabideetan. Izarrek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementu_astun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementu astun (sortu gabe)">elementu astunen</a> ugaritasun txikia dute, hasierako eztandaren ondoren izar eraketa amaitu egiten delako. Alde horretatik, nahiko antzekoak dira <a href="/wiki/Kumulu_globular" title="Kumulu globular">kumulu globularrekin</a>, askoz txikiagoak direnak<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Galaxia handienak eliptiko erraldoiak dira. Galaxia eliptiko asko galaxien elkarreraginaren ondorioz sortzen direla uste da, eta horrek talka eta fusioa eragiten ditu. Tamaina izugarriak har ditzakete (galaxia kiribilen aldean, adibidez), eta galaxia eliptiko erraldoiak galaxia kumulu handien nukleotik gertu egon ohi dira<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oskol_formako_galaxia">Oskol formako galaxia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oskol formako galaxia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Oskol formako galaxia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NGC_3923_Elliptical_Shell_Galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NGC_3923_Elliptical_Shell_Galaxy.jpg/220px-NGC_3923_Elliptical_Shell_Galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NGC_3923_Elliptical_Shell_Galaxy.jpg/330px-NGC_3923_Elliptical_Shell_Galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NGC_3923_Elliptical_Shell_Galaxy.jpg/440px-NGC_3923_Elliptical_Shell_Galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4010" data-file-height="4040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_3923" title="NGC 3923">NGC 3923</a> oskol formako galaxia eliptikoa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oskol formako galaxiak galaxia eliptiko mota bat dira, non bere haloko izarrak oskol zentrokideetan kokatuta dauden. Galaxia eliptikoen hamarren batek, gutxi gorabehera, oskol formako egitura du, eta hori ez da inoiz ikusi galaxia kiribiletan. Uste da egitura horiek galaxia handiago batek galaxia txikiago bat xurgatzen duenean garatzen direla: bi galaxien erdiguneak hurbildu ahala, erdiko puntu baten inguruan kulunkatzen hasten dira, eta oszilazioak <a href="/wiki/Grabitazio-uhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitazio-uhin">grabitazio-uhinak</a> sortzen ditu, izar-oskolak edo geruzak eratzen dituztenak, uraren gainean zabaltzen diren uhinen antzekoak, edo <a href="/wiki/Tipula" title="Tipula">tipula</a> baten geruzak bezala. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3923" title="NGC 3923">NGC 3923</a> galaxiak 20 oskol-geruza baino gehiago ditu<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiribilak">Kiribilak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kiribilak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kiribilak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Galaxia_kiribil" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxia kiribil">Galaxia kiribil</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Galaxia_kiribil" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxia kiribil">Galaxia kiribilek</a> errotak dirudite. Mota honetako galaxia batean dauden izar eta beste material ikusgarri gehienak plano batean dauden arren, galaxia kiribilen masa gehiena <a href="/wiki/Materia_ilun" title="Materia ilun">materia iluneko</a> halo esferiko batean dago, ikus daitekeen osagaitik haratago hedatzen dena, errotazio unibertsaleko kurbaren kontzeptuak erakusten duen bezala<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Galaxia kiribilak izar eta izarrarteko erdiko disko birakari batez osatuta daude, orokorrean zaharragoak diren izarren erdiko protuberantziarekin batera. Erraboilaren ondotik, beso distiratsu samarrak zabaltzen dira. Hubbleren sailkapen-eskeman, galaxia kiribilak <i>S</i> motakoak dira, eta ondoren letra bat (<i>a</i>, <i>b</i> edo <i>c</i>), beso kiribilen estutasun maila eta erdiko erraboilaren tamaina adierazten duena<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <i>Sa</i> galaxia batek besoak estu eta zehaztugabe ditu eta erdialdeko eskualde handi samarra du. Beste muturrean, <i>Sc</i> galaxia batek beso irekiak eta ongi definituak ditu, eta erdialdeko eskualde txiki bat. Besoak gutxi zehaztuta dituen galaxia bati batzuetan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia_espiral_malutatzaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxia espiral malutatzaile (sortu gabe)">galaxia espiral malutatzailea</a> esaten zaio; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diseinu_handiko_galaxia_kiribil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diseinu handiko galaxia kiribil (sortu gabe)">diseinu handiko galaxia kiribilarekin</a> kontrastean, beso espiral nabarmenak eta ongi definituak baititu<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Galaxia baten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errotazio-abiadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errotazio-abiadura (sortu gabe)">errotazio-abiadura</a> diskoaren lautasunarekin lotuta dagoela uste da; izan ere, galaxia kiribil batzuek protuberantzia lodiak dituzte, eta beste batzuek, berriz, finak eta trinkoak<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Galaxia kiribiletan, beso kiribilek espiral <a href="/wiki/Logaritmo" title="Logaritmo">logaritmikoen</a> gutxi gorabeherako forma dute, eta patroi hori teorikoki froga daiteke uniformeki biratzen den izar masa baten perturbazio baten emaitza dela. Izarrek bezala, beso kiribilak erdigunearen inguruan biratzen dira, baina abiadura angeluar konstante batekin. Beso kiribilak dentsitate handiko materia-eremuak edo "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentsitate-uhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dentsitate-uhin (sortu gabe)">dentsitate-uhinak</a>" direla uste da<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Izarrek beso bat zeharkatzen dutenean, izar sistema bakoitzaren abiadura espaziala dentsitate handienaren grabitate indarrak aldatzen du. (Abiadura normala da berriro izarrak besoaren beste aldera joan ondoren). Eragin hori autoez betetako autobide batetik mugitzen den dezelerazio-olatuaren antzekoa da. Besoak ikusgarriak dira, dentsitate altuak izarren eraketa errazten duelako eta, beraz, izar distiratsu eta gazte asko dituztelako<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:M101_hires_STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Errotaren galaxia, NGC 5457."><img alt="Errotaren galaxia, NGC 5457." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M101_hires_STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg/307px-M101_hires_STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M101_hires_STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg/461px-M101_hires_STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M101_hires_STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg/614px-M101_hires_STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15852" data-file-height="12392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Errotaren_galaxia" title="Errotaren galaxia">Errotaren galaxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_5457" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 5457">NGC 5457</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 1300, galaxia kiribil barratuaren adibide bat."><img alt="NGC 1300, galaxia kiribil barratuaren adibide bat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/421px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg" decoding="async" width="281" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/631px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg/842px-Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6637" data-file-height="3787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_1300" title="NGC 1300">NGC 1300</a>, galaxia kiribil barratuaren adibide bat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NGC_1589.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 1589 galaxia kiribila, alboz ikusten dena."><img alt="NGC 1589 galaxia kiribila, alboz ikusten dena." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NGC_1589.jpg/267px-NGC_1589.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NGC_1589.jpg/400px-NGC_1589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NGC_1589.jpg/534px-NGC_1589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_1589" title="NGC 1589">NGC 1589</a> galaxia kiribila, alboz ikusten dena.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:A_spiral_home_to_exploding_stars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 1984, bost supernoba erakusten dituen galaxia kiribila."><img alt="NGC 1984, bost supernoba erakusten dituen galaxia kiribila." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/A_spiral_home_to_exploding_stars.jpg/262px-A_spiral_home_to_exploding_stars.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/A_spiral_home_to_exploding_stars.jpg/393px-A_spiral_home_to_exploding_stars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/A_spiral_home_to_exploding_stars.jpg/525px-A_spiral_home_to_exploding_stars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="1953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_1984" title="NGC 1984">NGC 1984</a>, bost <a href="/wiki/Supernoba" title="Supernoba">supernoba</a> erakusten dituen galaxia kiribila.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galaxia_kiribil_barratuak">Galaxia kiribil barratuak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Galaxia kiribil barratuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Galaxia kiribil barratuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galaxia kiribil gehienek, gure Esne Bidea barne, barra-formako izar-zerrenda lineal bat dute, nukleoaren bi aldeetan kanporantz zabaltzen dena eta, ondoren, beso espiralen egituran urtzen dena<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hubbleren sailkapen-eskeman, <i>SB</i> batez izendatzen dira, eta ondoren letra xehe batez (<i>a</i>, <i>b</i> edo <i>c</i>), beso kiribilen forma adierazten duena (galaxia kiribil normalen kategorizazioa bezalaxe). Uste da barrak aldi baterako egiturak direla, nukleotik kanporantz irradiatzen duen dentsitate-uhin baten ondorioz sor daitezkeenak, edo marea-interakzio baten ondorioz beste galaxia batekin<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Barradun galaxia espiral asko aktiboak dira, ziurrenik besoetan zehar gasa nukleorantz kanalizatzearen ondorioz<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gure galaxia, Esne Bidea, galaxia kiribil handi bat da<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 30 <a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kiloparsec</a> inguruko diametroa eta kiloparsec bateko lodiera duena. Berrehun mila milioi (2 × 10<sup>11</sup>) izar inguru ditu, eta guztira seiehun mila milioi (6 × 10<sup>11</sup>) eguzkiaren masa halako masa du<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kiribil_super-argitsuak">Kiribil super-argitsuak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kiribil super-argitsuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Kiribil super-argitsuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duela gutxi, ikertzaileek kiribil super-argitsuak izeneko galaxiak deskribatu dituzte. Oso handiak dira, eta 437.000 argi-urteko diametroa dute gutxienez (Esne Bidearen 100.000 argi-urteko diametroarekin alderatuta). 340.000 milioi eguzki masako masarekin, argi ultramore eta infragorri kantitate handia sortzen dute. Uste da Esne Bidean baino 30 aldiz handiagoa dela izar-formazioaren erritmoa<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bestelako_morfologiak">Bestelako morfologiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bestelako morfologiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Bestelako morfologiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hoag%27s_object.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoag%27s_object.jpg/220px-Hoag%27s_object.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoag%27s_object.jpg/330px-Hoag%27s_object.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoag%27s_object.jpg/440px-Hoag%27s_object.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoagen_objektua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoagen objektua (sortu gabe)">Hoagen objektua</a>, eraztun galaxia baten adibidea.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia_berezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxia berezi (sortu gabe)">Galaxia bereziak</a> ezohiko propietateak garatzen dituzten formazio galaktikoak dira, mareak beste galaxia batzuekin dituen interakzioen ondorioz. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eraztun_galaxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eraztun galaxia (sortu gabe)">Eraztun galaxia</a> batek izar eta izarrarteko erdiko egitura anular bat du, nukleo biluzi bat inguratzen duena. Eraztun galaxia bat galaxia txiki batek galaxia kiribil baten nukleoa zeharkatzen duenean sortzen dela uste da<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrelako gertaera batek Andromedako galaxian eragina izan dezake, erradiazio infragorrian ikusten denean egitura anizkoitza erakusten baitu<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxia_lentikular" title="Galaxia lentikular">Galaxia lentikularra</a> bitarteko forma bat da, galaxia eliptikoen eta espiralen propietateak dituena. Hubbleren <i>S0</i> motakotzat sailkatzen dira, eta izarren halo eliptiko batekin gaizki definitutako beso kiribilak dituzte (galaxia lentikular barratuek Hubbleren <i>SB0</i> sailkapena jasotzen dute)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxia_irregular" title="Galaxia irregular">Galaxia irregularrak</a> morfologia eliptiko edo espiral batean erraz sailka ezin daitezkeenak. <ul><li>Irr-I galaxia batek egitura pixka bat du, baina ez da Hubbleren sailkapen-eskemarekin modu garbian lerrokatzen.</li> <li>Irr-II galaxiek ez dute Hubbleren sailkapen baten antzeko egiturarik, eta baliteke nahastuak izatea<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Galaxia irregularren (nanoak) gertuko adibide batzuk <a href="/wiki/Magallaesen_Hodeiak" title="Magallaesen Hodeiak">Magallanesen Hodeiak</a> dira.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia_ultra_lauso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxia ultra lauso (sortu gabe)">Galaxia ultra lauso</a> bat oso dentsitate baxuko galaxia bat da. Esne-Bidearen tamaina bera izan dezake, baina ikus daitezkeen izarren kopurua Esne Bidearen % 1 baino ez da. Bere argitasunik eza izarrak sortzen dituen gasik ez egoteagatik gertatzen da, eta horrek izar populazio zaharrak sorrarazten ditu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galaxia_nanoak">Galaxia nanoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Galaxia nanoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Galaxia nanoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Galaxia_nano" title="Galaxia nano">Galaxia nano</a>»</div> <p>Galaxia eliptiko eta espiral handiak protagonista diren arren, galaxia gehienak <a href="/wiki/Galaxia_nano" title="Galaxia nano">nanoak</a> dira. Beste formazio galaktiko batzuekin alderatuta, nahiko txikiak dira, Esne Bidearen tamainaren ehunen bat baitute, milaka milioi izar gutxi batzuekin. Duela gutxi, 100 parsec-eko diametroa duten galaxia nano ultrakonpaktuak aurkitu dira<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Galaxia nano askok galaxia handiago baten inguruan orbitatu dezakete; Esne Bideak gutxienez horrelako dozena bat satelite ditu, eta oraindik 300 eta 500 artean aurkitzeko daudela kalkulatzen da<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Galaxia nanoak ere eliptiko, espiral edo irregular gisa sailka daitezke. Eliptiko nano txikiek eliptiko handien antz txikia dutenez, askotan galaxia esferoidal nano deitzen zaie. </p><p>Esne Bideko 27 bizilagunen gainean egindako ikerketa baten arabera, galaxia nano guztietan masa zentrala 10 milioi eguzki masakoa da gutxi gorabehera, milaka edo milioika izar dituen kontuan hartu gabe. Horrek iradokitzen du galaxiak, neurri handi batean, materia ilunez osatuta daudela, eta gutxieneko tamainak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materia_ilun_bero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materia ilun bero (sortu gabe)">materia ilun beroaren</a> forma adieraz dezakeela, eskala txikiagoan grabitazio-koaleszentzia izateko gai ez dena<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hubble-Space-Telescope-Galaxy-Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hubble-Space-Telescope-Galaxy-Collection.jpg/900px-Hubble-Space-Telescope-Galaxy-Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hubble-Space-Telescope-Galaxy-Collection.jpg/1350px-Hubble-Space-Telescope-Galaxy-Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hubble-Space-Telescope-Galaxy-Collection.jpg/1800px-Hubble-Space-Telescope-Galaxy-Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Galaxiak, goitik ezkerretik behe eskumara: <a href="/wiki/NGC_7537" title="NGC 7537"> NGC 7541</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3021" title="NGC 3021">NGC 3021</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_5643" title="NGC 5643">NGC 5643</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3254" title="NGC 3254">NGC 3254</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3147" title="NGC 3147">NGC 3147</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_105" title="NGC 105">NGC 105</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_2608" title="NGC 2608">NGC 2608</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3583" title="NGC 3583">NGC 3583</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3147" title="NGC 3147">NGC 3147</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MRK_1337&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRK 1337 (sortu gabe)">MRK 1337</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_5861" title="NGC 5861">NGC 5861</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_2525" title="NGC 2525">NGC 2525</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_1015" title="NGC 1015">NGC 1015</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=UGC_9391&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UGC 9391 (sortu gabe)">UGC 9391</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_691" title="NGC 691">NGC 691</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_7678" title="NGC 7678">NGC 7678</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_2442&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 2442 (sortu gabe)">NGC 2442</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_5468" title="NGC 5468">NGC 5468</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_5917" title="NGC 5917">NGC 5917</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_4639" title="NGC 4639">NGC 4639</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3972" title="NGC 3972">NGC 3972</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antenen_galaxiak" title="Antenen galaxiak">Antenen galaxiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_5584" title="NGC 5584">NGC 5584</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messier_106" title="Messier 106">M106</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_7250" title="NGC 7250">NGC 7250</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3370" title="NGC 3370">NGC 3370</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_5728" title="NGC 5728">NGC 5728</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_4424" title="NGC 4424">NGC 4424</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_1559" title="NGC 1559">NGC 1559</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_3982" title="NGC 3982">NGC 3982</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_1448&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 1448 (sortu gabe)">NGC 1448</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_4680" title="NGC 4680">NGC 4680</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messier_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Messier 101">M101</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_1365" title="NGC 1365">NGC 1365</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_7329" title="NGC 7329">NGC 7329</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interacting_galaxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interacting galaxy (sortu gabe)">NGC 3447</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beste_mota_batzuk">Beste mota batzuk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste mota batzuk»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Beste mota batzuk"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elkarrekintza_duten_galaxiak">Elkarrekintza duten galaxiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elkarrekintza duten galaxiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Elkarrekintza duten galaxiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg/220px-Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg/330px-Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg/440px-Antennae_galaxies_xl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="3885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antenen_galaxiak" title="Antenen galaxiak">Antenen galaxiak</a> talka prozesua bizi dute, eta uneren batean elkartuko dira.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galaxien arteko elkarrekintzak nahiko ohikoak dira eta garrantzi handia izan dezakete <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboluzio_galaktiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eboluzio galaktiko (sortu gabe)">eboluzio galaktikoan</a>. Galaxien arteko hurbileko talkek deformazio-distortsioak eragiten dituzte marearen interakzioen ondorioz, eta gas- eta hauts-trukea eragin dezakete. Talkak gertatzen dira bi galaxia bata bestetik zuzenean pasatzen direnean eta fusiorik ez egiteko momentu erlatibo nahikoa dutenean. Elkarreragiten duten galaxietako izarrek ez dute talka egiten, baina gasak eta hautsak bi formen barruan elkarri eragiten diote, eta horrek, batzuetan, izarren eraketa eragiten du. Talka batek galaxien forma larriki desitxuratu dezake, buztan itxurako barrak, eraztunak edo egiturak eratuz<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Interakzioen muturrean fusio galaktikoak daude, non galaxien momentu erlatiboak ez diren nahikoak elkar zeharkatzen uzteko. Horren ordez, pixkanaka fusionatzen dira galaxia handiago bat sortzeko. Fusioek aldaketa nabarmenak eragin ditzakete galaxien jatorrizko morfologian. Galaxietako bat bestea baino askoz masiboagoa bada, emaitza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanibalismo_galaktiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanibalismo galaktiko (sortu gabe)">kanibalismo galaktiko</a> bezala ezagutzen da, non galaxia masiboena erlatiboki aldatu gabe dagoen eta txikiena urratu egiten den. Esne Bidea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagitarioko_galaxia_eliptiko_nanoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagitarioko galaxia eliptiko nanoa (sortu gabe)">Sagitarioko galaxia eliptiko nanoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canis_Majorreko_galaxia_nanoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canis Majorreko galaxia nanoa (sortu gabe)">Canis Majorreko galaxia nanoa</a> kanibalizatzeko prozesuan dago gaur egun<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izar_sorkuntza_handiko_galaxiak">Izar sorkuntza handiko galaxiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izar sorkuntza handiko galaxiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Izar sorkuntza handiko galaxiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg/220px-M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg/330px-M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg/440px-M82_HST_ACS_2006-14-a-large_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9500" data-file-height="7400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=M82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M82 (sortu gabe)">M82</a> galaxian galaxia normal batean baino hamar aldiz izar gehiago sortzen dira.</figcaption></figure> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Izar-sorkuntza_handiko_galaxia" title="Izar-sorkuntza handiko galaxia">Izar-sorkuntza handiko galaxia</a>»</div> <p>Izarrak galaxien barruan sortzen dira <a href="/wiki/Hodei_molekular" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodei molekular">hodei molekular</a> erraldoiak sortzen dituen gas hotzeko erreserba batetik abiatuta. Ikusi da galaxia batzuek aparteko erritmoan eratzen dituztela izarrak, <i>starburst</i> esaten zaiona. Horrela jarraituz gero, galaxiaren bizitza baino denbora laburragoan kontsumituko lukete beren gas-erreserba. Horregatik, <i>starburst</i> jarduerak hamar milioi urte besterik ez du irauten, galaxia baten historian nahiko epe laburra. <i>Starburst</i>ak zituzten galaxiak ohikoagoak izan ziren unibertsoaren historia goiztiarrean<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baina oraindik ere % 15eko ekarpena egiten dute izarren guztizko ekoizpenean<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><i>Starburstak</i> dituzten galaxien ezaugarriak hauts-kontzentrazioak eta izar sortu berrien agerpena dira, <a href="/wiki/H_II_eskualde" title="H II eskualde">H II eskualdeak</a> sortzeko inguruko hodeiak ionizatzen dituzten izar masiboak barne<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Izar horiek <a href="/wiki/Supernoba" title="Supernoba">supernoba</a>-leherketak eragiten dituzte, eta hedatzen ari diren gerakinak sortzen dituzte, inguruko gasarekin eragin handia dutenak. Leherketa horiek izarrak sortzeko kate-erreakzio bat eragiten dute, gas-eskualde osoan hedatzen dena. Erabilgarri dagoen gasa ia kontsumituta edo sakabanatuta dagoenean bakarrik amaitzen da jarduera<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-2_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Izarren eztandak bat egiten duten edo elkarri eragiten dioten galaxiekin lotuta egoten dira. <i>Starburstak</i> sortzeko interakzio mota horren eredua <a href="/w/index.php?title=M82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M82 (sortu gabe)">M82</a> da, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M81 (sortu gabe)">M81</a> handienarekin hurbileko topaketa izan zuena<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galaxia_aktiboak">Galaxia aktiboak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Galaxia aktiboak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Galaxia aktiboak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Galaxia_aktibo" title="Galaxia aktibo">Galaxia aktibo</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:M87_jet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/220px-M87_jet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/330px-M87_jet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/440px-M87_jet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=M87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M87 (sortu gabe)">M87</a> galaxiaren zurrusta erraldoia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galaxia behagarri batzuk "<a href="/wiki/Galaxia_aktibo" title="Galaxia aktibo">galaxia aktibo</a>" gisa sailkatzen dira nukleo galaktiko aktibo bat badute (AGN). Galaxiaren energia guztiaren zati garrantzitsu bat nukleo aktiboak igortzen du, izarrek, hautsak eta izarrarteko inguruneak igorri beharrean. AGNen sailkapen- eta izendapen-eskema ugari daude, baina argitasun maila baxuenetan daudenei <a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxia" title="Seyfert galaxia">Seyfert galaxia</a> esaten zaie; galaxia anfitrioiak baino argitasun handiagoa dutenei, berriz, objektu kuasi-estelarrak edo <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> esaten zaie. AGNek erradiazioa igortzen dute espektro elektromagnetiko osoan, irrati-uhinaren luzeretatik X izpietaraino, nahiz eta erradiazioaren zati bat AGNari berari edo galaxia anfitrioiari lotutako hautsak edo gasak xurgatu dezakeen. </p><p>Nukleo galaktiko aktibo baten eredu estandarra <a href="/wiki/Zulo_beltz_supermasibo" title="Zulo beltz supermasibo">zulo beltz supermasibo</a> (SMBH) baten inguruan sortzen den <a href="/wiki/Akrezio-disko" title="Akrezio-disko">akrezio-disko</a> batean oinarritzen da, galaxiaren nukleoaren eskualdean. Nukleo galaktiko aktibo baten erradiazioa materiaren grabitate-energiaren emaitza da, diskotik zulo beltzera erortzen denean<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. AGNren argitasuna SMBHren masaren eta materia horren gainera erortzen den abiaduraren araberakoa da. Galaxia horien % 10 ingurutan, diametralki kontrajarriak diren bi zurrusta energetikok galaxiaren nukleotik partikulak kanporatzen dituzte argiaren abiaduratik hurbil. Zurrusta horiek sortzeko mekanismoa ez da ondo ezagutzen<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blazarrak">Blazarrak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Blazarrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Blazarrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a>»</div> <p>Uste da <a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">blazarrak</a> galaxia aktiboak direla, Lurrerantz apuntatzen duen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurrusta_erlatibista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurrusta erlatibista (sortu gabe)">zurrusta erlatibista</a> batekin. Irrati-galaxia batek irrati-frekuentziak igortzen ditu zurrusta erlatibistetatik abiatuta. Galaxia aktibo mota horien eredu bateratu batek behatzailearen posizioaren araberako desberdintasunak azaltzen ditu<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-3_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNoY-3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LINERrak">LINERrak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «LINERrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: LINERrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziur aski, nukleo galaktiko aktiboekin lotuta daude (baita <i>starbust</i> eskualdeekin ere) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizazio_txikiko_emisio_nuklearreko_lerroen_eskualde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionizazio txikiko emisio nuklearreko lerroen eskualde (sortu gabe)">ionizazio txikiko emisio nuklearreko lerroen eskualdeak</a> (LINER). LINER motako galaxien igorpena ionizazio ahuleko elementuek menderatzen dute. Lerro ionizatuen kitzikatze-iturriek AGB osteko izarrak, AGN eta talkak dira. Hurbileko galaxien heren bat, gutxi gorabehera, LINER nukleo gisa sailkatzen da<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seyfert_galaxiak">Seyfert galaxiak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Seyfert galaxiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Seyfert galaxiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxia" title="Seyfert galaxia">Seyfert galaxia</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg/220px-Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg/330px-Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg/440px-Circinus.galaxy.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circinus_galaxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circinus galaxia (sortu gabe)">Circinus galaxia</a>, Seyfert galaxien adibide bat.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxia" title="Seyfert galaxia">Seyfert galaxiak</a> galaxia aktiboen bi talde handienetako bat dira, quasarrekin batera. Quasarren antzeko nukleoak dituzte (erradiazio elektromagnetikoko iturri oso argitsuak, urrunak eta distiratsuak), gainazaleko distira oso altuekin; baina, quasarrak ez bezala, haien galaxia anfitrioiak argi detekta daitezke<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Seyfert galaxiak galaxia guztien % 10 dira, gutxi gorabehera. Argi ikusgaian, gehienek galaxia espiral normalak dirudite; baina beste uhin-luzera batzuetan aztertzen direnean, nukleoen argitasuna Esne Bidearen tamainako galaxia osoen parekoa da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quasarrak">Quasarrak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Quasarrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Quasarrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a>»</div> <p>Nukleo galaktiko aktiboen gorputz-adarrik energetikoenak eta urrunenak <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasarrak</a> dira. Oso argitsuak, lehen aldiz identifikatu ziren energia elektromagnetikoaren iturri gisa, gori-gori, irrati-uhinak eta argi ikusgaia barne, izarren antzekoagoak ziruditenak galaxien antzeko iturri hedatuen aldean. Esne Bidea baino 100 aldiz argiagoak izan daitezke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argi_infragorriko_galaxiak">Argi infragorriko galaxiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Argi infragorriko galaxiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Argi infragorriko galaxiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi_infragorriko_galaxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argi infragorriko galaxia (sortu gabe)">Argi infragorriko galaxiak</a> (LIRG) 10<sup>11</sup> L☉ (Eguzki-argitasuna) gorako argitasuna duten galaxiak dira. Kasu gehienetan, energia gehiena inguruko hautsa berotzen duten izar gazte askok sortzen dute, eta hauts horrek energia <a href="/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri">infragorrian</a> irradiatzen du. LIRG bat izateko bezain altua den argitasunak gutxienez 18 M☉ urteko izar eraketa tasa eskatzen du. Infragorri-galaxiek energia gehiago igortzen dute infragorrian, konbinatutako gainerako uhin-luzera guztietan baino, 60 eta 100 mikra arteko uhin-luzeretan igorpen-gailur tipiko batekin. LIRGak ez dira oso ohikoak tokiko unibertsoan, baina askoz ohikoagoak ziren unibertsoa gazteagoa zenean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarriak">Ezaugarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eremu_magnetikoak">Eremu magnetikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eremu magnetikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Eremu magnetikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galaxiek berezko <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">eremu magnetikoak</a> dituzte. Dinamikoki garrantzitsuak izateko bezain sendoak dira, izan ere<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>Masa galaxien erdiguneetara bultzatzen du</li> <li>Espiral besoen eraketa aldatzen dute.</li> <li>Gas-errotazioari eragin diezaioke galaxien kanpoko eremuetan</li> <li>Gas-hodeiak kolapsatzeko behar den momentu angeluarra garraiatzea eta, beraz, izar berriak sortzea.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Galaxia_espiral" title="Galaxia espiral">Espiralean dauden</a> galaxietarako batez besteko ekipartizio-indar tipikoa 10 μG (microgauss) edo 1 nT (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unitatea)" title="Tesla (unitatea)">nanotesla</a>) da. Konparazioan, Lurraren eremu magnetikoak 0,3 G inguruko batez besteko erresistentzia du (Gauss edo 30 μT (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unitatea)" title="Tesla (unitatea)">mikrotesla</a>). <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_galaxia" title="Andromeda galaxia">M 31</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=M_33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M 33 (sortu gabe)">M 33</a> bezalako galaxia erradio-ahulek, gure Esne Bidearen bizilagunek, eremu ahulagoak dituzte (5 μG inguru), eta izarrak eratzeko tasa handiak dituzten gas-galaxia aberatsek, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=M_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M 51 (sortu gabe)">M 51</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M_83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M 83 (sortu gabe)">M 83</a> eta <a href="/wiki/NGC_6946" title="NGC 6946">NGC 6946</a>, batez beste 15 μG dituzte. Beso espiral nabarmenak dituztenetan, eremuaren indarra 25 μG-rainokoa izan daiteke, gas hotza eta hautsa kontzentratzen diren eskualdeetan. Ekipartzio-eremu indartsuenak (50–100 μG) izar-leherketako galaxia aurkitu ziren, adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M_82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M 82 (sortu gabe)">M 82</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenaren_galaxian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenaren galaxian (sortu gabe)">Antenaren galaxian</a>; eta eztanda nuklearreko eskualdeetan, hala nola <a href="/wiki/NGC_1097" title="NGC 1097">NGC 1097</a> eta beste galaxia barreiatu batzuetan<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galaxia_kumuluak">Galaxia kumuluak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Galaxia kumuluak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Galaxia kumuluak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Galaxia_kumulu" title="Galaxia kumulu">Galaxia kumulu</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:ACO_3341.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ACO_3341.jpg/240px-ACO_3341.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ACO_3341.jpg/360px-ACO_3341.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ACO_3341.jpg/480px-ACO_3341.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="2086" /></a><figcaption>ACO 3341 galaxia kumulua</figcaption></figure> <p>Egia esan, galaxia baino «banako» handiagorik ez da ezagutzen; baina, zalantzarik gabe, galaxiek badute taldeka biltzeko joera; gerta daiteke, agian, talde horiek Unibertsoaren egituraren maila berri bat bihurtzea. </p><p>Gugandik hurbil badira beste galaxia espiralak, <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(konstelazioa)" title="Andromeda (konstelazioa)">Andromedak</a> M31 edo <a href="/wiki/Magallanesen_Hodeiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Magallanesen Hodeiak">Magallanesen Hodeiak</a>, esaterako, gure galaxiaren satelite hutsak direnak. Horiek guztiak, 30 gutxienez, ez daude 6 milioi <a href="/wiki/Argi-urte" title="Argi-urte">argi-urte</a> baino urrunago, eta <a href="/wiki/Talde_Lokala" title="Talde Lokala">Talde Lokala</a> esaten zaiona osatzen dute. Galaxietan, ordea, ez da gertatzen izarren arteko beste maila batzuetan gertatu ohi den tamainen eta distantzien arteko orekarik eza. Adibidez, planeten arteko distantzia milaka aldiz handiagoa da beren diametroa baino; izarren arteko distantzia beren diametroa baino milioika aldiz handiagoa da. Galaxien arteko distantzia, aldiz, ez da beren diametroa baino askoz handiagoa: Andromeda galaxia, esaterako, 20ren bat galaxia diametrora dago gure galaxiatik. </p><p>Nolanahi ere, espazio guztia ez dago «taldez» betea. Ezagutzen dira gure galaxiatik hurbil dauden zenbait «talde lokal», maila goragoko den «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgoko_kumulua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgoko kumulua (sortu gabe)">Virgoko kumulua</a>» izeneko taldeko parte direnak. Talde horrek mila galaxia baino gehiago biltzen ditu, eta erraldoi eliptiko ugari dauzkan gune oso ahaltsu batean elkarturik daude horietako gehienak. </p><p>Gugandik 40 eta 60 milioi argi urte arteko distantziara dago <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgoko_kumulua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgoko kumulua (sortu gabe)">Virgoko kumuluaren</a> gune nagusia. Are gehiago, egiaztatu da kumulu hori ez dela kumulu are handiago baten zati bat besterik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koma_superkumulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koma superkumulu (sortu gabe)">Koma superkumuluarena</a> hain zuzen. Horren milaka galaxia 300 bat milioi argi urtera ikus daitezke. </p><p>Horiekin guztiekin, bata bestearen gaineko hiru maila daude <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unibertso_anagalaktiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unibertso anagalaktiko (sortu gabe)">unibertso anagalaktikoan</a>: taldeena, kumuluena eta superkumuluena. </p><p>Gorago esan dugunez, elkarrengandik aski hurbil daude galaxiak. Baina espazioaren zatirik handienean ez dago galaxiarik. </p><p>Kumuluen eta superkumuluen artean berealdiko hutsarteak daude, halako eran non egungo ustearen arabera, <a href="/wiki/Unibertsoa" title="Unibertsoa">Unibertsoaren</a> ehuneko bostetik hamarrera soilik baitago galaxia elkarteez betea. Gainerakoan, hots, espazioaren ehuneko 90 edo 95ean, ez dago inolako galaxiarik, eta ziur aski ezta inolako beste gauzarik ere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa">Sorrera eta eboluzioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sorrera eta eboluzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Sorrera eta eboluzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galaxien eraketa eta eboluzioa <a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">astrofisikako</a> ikerketa-eremu aktiboa da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historia">Historia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sorrera">Sorrera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sorrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Sorrera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Artist%27s_impression_of_a_protocluster_forming_in_the_early_Universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Artist%27s_impression_of_a_protocluster_forming_in_the_early_Universe.jpg/220px-Artist%27s_impression_of_a_protocluster_forming_in_the_early_Universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Artist%27s_impression_of_a_protocluster_forming_in_the_early_Universe.jpg/330px-Artist%27s_impression_of_a_protocluster_forming_in_the_early_Universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Artist%27s_impression_of_a_protocluster_forming_in_the_early_Universe.jpg/440px-Artist%27s_impression_of_a_protocluster_forming_in_the_early_Universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Hasierako Unibertsoan protokluster baten sorreraren irudikapen artistikoa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unibertso primitiboan galaxiak eratzeko gaur egun erabiltzen diren ereduen oinarria <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_modeloa" title="Lambda-CDM modeloa">ΛCDM modeloa</a> da. Big Bangetik 300.000 urte ingurura, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogeno</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">helio</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomoak</a> sortzen hasi ziren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birkonbinazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birkonbinazio (sortu gabe)">birkonbinazioa</a> izeneko gertaera batean. Hidrogeno ia guztia neutroa zen (<a href="/wiki/Ionizazio" title="Ionizazio">ionizatu</a> gabea) eta argia erraz xurgatzen zuen, eta oraindik ez zen izarrik sortu. Horregatik, garai horri "aro iluna" deitu zaio. Garai horretan izandako <a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">dentsitate</a>-gorabeheretatik (edo irregulartasun <a href="/wiki/Anisotropia" title="Anisotropia">anisotropikoetatik</a>) abiatuta, egitura handiagoak agertzen hasi ziren. Ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Materia_barioniko" title="Materia barioniko">materia barionikoko</a> masak kondentsatzen hasi ziren materia iluneko halo hotzetan. Jatorrizko egitura horiek gaur egun ikusten ditugun galaxiak bihurtu ziren azkenean<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unibertsoaren_hasierako_galaxien_formazioa">Unibertsoaren hasierako galaxien formazioa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Unibertsoaren hasierako galaxien formazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Unibertsoaren hasierako galaxien formazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unibertsoa" title="Unibertsoa">Unibertsoaren</a> historian galaxia oso goiztiarren agerpenaren frogak 2006an aurkitu ziren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IOK-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IOK-1 (sortu gabe)">IOK-1</a> galaxiak normalean 6,96ko <a href="/wiki/Gorriranzko_lerrakuntza" title="Gorriranzko lerrakuntza">gorriranzko lerrakuntza</a> altua duela aurkitu zenean, Big Bangaren ondorengo 750 milioi urteei dagokiena eta une horretan ikusitako galaxia urrunena eta formazio goiztiarrena bihurtzen duena<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zientzialari batzuek beste objektu batzuek (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abell_1835_IR1916&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abell 1835 IR1916 (sortu gabe)">Abell 1835 IR1916</a>, adibidez) gorriranzko desplazamendu handiagoa dutela adierazi duten arren (eta, beraz, unibertsoaren eboluzioaren aurreko etapa batean ikusten dira), IOK-1en adina eta konposizioa modu fidagarriagoan ezarri dira. 2012ko abenduan, astronomoek jakinarazi zuten <a href="/w/index.php?title=UDFj-39546284&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UDFj-39546284 (sortu gabe)">UDFj-39546284</a> dela ezagutzen den objekturik urrunena eta gorriranzko desplazamendu-balioa 11,9 dela. Objektua, Big Bang (duela 13.800 milioi urte inguru) baino 380 milioi urte geroago existitu zela kalkulatzen dena<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 13.420 milioi urteko distantziara dago argitan egindako bidaiatik. Big Bangaren ondoren galaxiak egoteak iradokitzen du protogalaxiak "aro iluna" deiturikoan hazi behar zirela. 2015eko maiatzaren 5etik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=EGS-zs8-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EGS-zs8-1 (sortu gabe)">EGS-zs8-1</a> galaxia neurtu den urrunen eta goiztiarrena da, eta 670 milioi urte geroago sortu zen. EGS-zs8-1 argiak 13.000 milioi urte behar izan ditu Lurrera iristeko, eta orain 30.000 milioi argi-urtera dago, unibertsoa 13.000 milioi urtez hedatu delako<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Signatures_of_the_Earliest_Galaxies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Signatures_of_the_Earliest_Galaxies.jpg/220px-Signatures_of_the_Earliest_Galaxies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Signatures_of_the_Earliest_Galaxies.jpg/330px-Signatures_of_the_Earliest_Galaxies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Signatures_of_the_Earliest_Galaxies.jpg/440px-Signatures_of_the_Earliest_Galaxies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Hondoko argiaren hainbat osagai infragorrian, Hubble teleskopio espazialak detektatu dituenak zeru sakoneko azterketetan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lehen galaxiak sortzeko prozesu xehatua gai irekia da astrofisikan. Teoriak bi kategoriatan bana daitezke: goitik behera eta behetik gora. Beheranzko korrelazioetan (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eggen-Lynden-Bell-Sandage_eredua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eggen-Lynden-Bell-Sandage eredua (sortu gabe)">Eggen-Lynden-Bell-Sandage eredua</a> [ELS] kasu), protogalaxiak eskala handiko aldi bereko kolapso batean eratzen dira, ehun milioi urte inguru irauten duena<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Goranzko teorietan (hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Searle-Zinn_modeloa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Searle-Zinn modeloa (sortu gabe)">Searle-Zinn modeloan</a> [SZ]), lehenik egitura txikiak sortzen dira, <a href="/wiki/Kumulu_globular" title="Kumulu globular">kumulu globularrak</a> kasu, eta gero gorputz horietako batzuk metatu egiten dira galaxia handiago bat osatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Protogalaxiak sortzen eta uzkurtzen hasi zirenean, haloaren lehen izarrak agertu ziren barruan (<a href="/w/index.php?title=III._populazioko_izar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="III. populazioko izar (sortu gabe)">III. populazioko izarrak</a>). Hauek ia erabat hidrogenoz eta helioz osatuta zeuden eta gure eguzkiaren masa baino 100 aldiz masiboagoak izan zitezkeen. Hala balitz, izar erraldoi horiek azkar asko kontsumituko zuketen beren erregai-hornidura eta supernoba bihurtuko ziren, izarrarteko ingurunean elementu astunak askatuz<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Izarren lehen belaunaldi horrek inguruko hidrogeno neutroa suspertu zuen, espazio-burbuilak sortuz hedatzen ari zenean, eta horien bidez argiak erraz bidaiatu zezakeen<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>2015eko ekainean, astronomoek jakinarazi zuten III. Populazioko izarrak zeudela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Redshift_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Redshift 7 (sortu gabe)">Cosmos Redshift 7</a> galaxian, 6,60ko gorriranzko lerrakuntzan. Litekeena da izar horiek existitu izana unibertso primitiboan (hau da, gorriranzko desplazamendu handi batean) eta hidrogenoa baino elementu kimiko astunagoak ekoizten hasi izana, planetak eta ezagutzen dugun bizitza eratzeko beharrezkoak direnak<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eboluzioa">Eboluzioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eboluzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Eboluzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galaxiak sortu eta mila milioi urtera, funtsezko egiturak agertzen hasi ziren. <a href="/wiki/Kumulu_globular" title="Kumulu globular">Kumulu globularrak</a> sortzen dira, <a href="/wiki/Zulo_beltz_supermasibo" title="Zulo beltz supermasibo">zulo beltz supermasibo</a> zentrala eta metalean pobreak diren <a href="/w/index.php?title=II._populazioko_izar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="II. populazioko izar (sortu gabe)">II. populazioko izarren</a> protuberantzia galaktikoa. Badirudi zulo beltz supermasibo bat sortzea funtsezkoa dela galaxien hazkundearen erregulazio aktiboan, gehitutako materia gehigarriaren guztizko kopurua mugatzen baitu<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lehen garai honetan, galaxiek izar eraketaren eztanda handia jasan zuten<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Hurrengo bi mila milioi urteetan, pilatutako materia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_galaktiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disko galaktiko (sortu gabe)">disko galaktiko</a> batean egonkortzen da<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Galaxia batek abiadura handiko hodeietatik eta galaxia nanoetatik datorren sarrerako materiala xurgatzen jarraituko du bizitza osoan<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Materia hau batez ere hidrogenoa eta helioa da. Izarren jaiotza eta heriotzaren zikloak elementu astunen ugaritasuna handitzen du poliki-poliki, eta, azkenean, planeten eraketa ahalbidetzen du<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Hubble eXtreme Deep Field ikuseremua (XDF)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:XDF-scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="XDFren ikuseremua Ilargiaren angelu-tamainarekin alderatuta. Milaka galaxia daude ikuspegi txiki honetan, bakoitza milaka milioi izarrez osatua."><img alt="XDFren ikuseremua Ilargiaren angelu-tamainarekin alderatuta. Milaka galaxia daude ikuspegi txiki honetan, bakoitza milaka milioi izarrez osatua." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/XDF-scale.jpg/289px-XDF-scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/XDF-scale.jpg/434px-XDF-scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/XDF-scale.jpg/579px-XDF-scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">XDFren ikuseremua Ilargiaren angelu-tamainarekin alderatuta. Milaka galaxia daude ikuspegi txiki honetan, bakoitza milaka milioi izarrez osatua.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:The_Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="XDF ikuspegia (2012): argi bakoitza galaxia bat da, eta horietako batzuek 13.200 milioi urte arteko antzinatasuna dute; unibertso behagarriak 200.000 eta 2.000 milioi galaxia artean dituela kalkulatzen da."><img alt="XDF ikuspegia (2012): argi bakoitza galaxia bat da, eta horietako batzuek 13.200 milioi urte arteko antzinatasuna dute; unibertso behagarriak 200.000 eta 2.000 milioi galaxia artean dituela kalkulatzen da." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field.jpg/344px-The_Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field.jpg/516px-The_Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field.jpg/688px-The_Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="2078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">XDF ikuspegia (2012): argi bakoitza galaxia bat da, eta horietako batzuek 13.200 milioi urte arteko antzinatasuna dute; unibertso behagarriak 200.000 eta 2.000 milioi galaxia artean dituela kalkulatzen da.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:XDF-separated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="XDF irudiak (ezkerretik) galaxia erabat helduak, galaxia ia helduak (bost-bederatzi mila milioi urte) eta protogalaxiak erakusten ditu, izar gaztez beteak (bederatzi mila milioi urte baino gehiago)."><img alt="XDF irudiak (ezkerretik) galaxia erabat helduak, galaxia ia helduak (bost-bederatzi mila milioi urte) eta protogalaxiak erakusten ditu, izar gaztez beteak (bederatzi mila milioi urte baino gehiago)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/XDF-separated.jpg/429px-XDF-separated.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/XDF-separated.jpg/643px-XDF-separated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/XDF-separated.jpg/857px-XDF-separated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2101" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">XDF irudiak (ezkerretik) galaxia erabat helduak, galaxia ia helduak (bost-bederatzi mila milioi urte) eta protogalaxiak erakusten ditu, izar gaztez beteak (bederatzi mila milioi urte baino gehiago).</div> </li> </ul> <p>Interakzioek eta talkek eragin handia izan dezakete galaxien bilakaeran. Galaxien fusioak ohikoak izan ziren garai goiztiarrean, eta galaxia gehienek morfologia berezia zuten<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Izarren arteko distantziak direla eta, talkan dauden galaxietako izar sistema gehienek ez dute eraginik izango. Hala ere, beso kiribilek eratzen duten gasa eta izarrarteko hautsa grabitatez kentzeak marea-isatsak izenez ezagutzen den izar-tren luzea eragiten du. Formazio horien adibideak ikus daitezke <a href="/wiki/NGC_4676" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 4676">NGC 4676an</a> edo Antenen galaxietan<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Esne Bidea eta gertu dagoen Andromeda Galaxia 130 km/s ingurura hurbiltzen dira, eta -alboko mugimenduen arabera- biek bospasei mila milioi urtetan talka egin dezakete. Esne Bideak ez du inoiz talka egin Andromeda bezalako galaxia handi batekin, baina Esne Bidearen eta galaxia nano txikiagoen arteko iraganeko talken gero eta froga gehiago daude<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Eskala handiko elkarrekintza horiek ez dira oso ohikoak. Denborak aurrera egin ahala, tamaina bereko bi sistemen fusioak ez dira hain ohikoak. Galaxia distiratsu gehienek aldaketarik gabe iraun dute azken milaka milioi urteetan, eta izarren eraketaren tasa garbia duela hamar mila milioi urte ere iritsiko zen goia<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etorkizuneko_joerak">Etorkizuneko joerak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etorkizuneko joerak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Etorkizuneko joerak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Ikus, gainera: «<a href="/wiki/Etorkizun_urruneko_denbora-lerroa" title="Etorkizun urruneko denbora-lerroa">Etorkizun urruneko denbora-lerroa</a>» eta «<a href="/wiki/Unibertsoaren_amaiera" title="Unibertsoaren amaiera">Unibertsoaren amaiera</a>»</div> <p>Galaxia espiralek, Esne Bideak kasu, izar belaunaldi berriak sortzen dituzte, baldin eta izarrarteko hidrogenozko hodei molekular trinkoak badituzte beso kiribiletan. Galaxia eliptikoek ez dute gas hori neurri handi batean, eta, beraz, izar berri gutxi sortzen dituzte<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Izarren eraketarako materialaren hornidura mugatua da; behin izarrek hidrogenoaren hornidura eskuragarri elementu astunago bihurtu dutenean, izar berrien eraketa amaituko da<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gaur egungo izar eraketaren aroak ehun mila milioi urteraino jarraitzea espero da, eta gero "izar aroa" hamar bilioi urtetik ehun bilioi urtera (10<sup>13</sup>-10<sup>14</sup> urte) murriztuko da, gure unibertsoko izar txikienak eta gehien biziko direnak, <a href="/wiki/Nano_gorri" title="Nano gorri">nano gorri</a> ñimiñoak, desagertzen hasten direnean. Izar-aroaren amaieran, galaxiak objektu trinkoz osatuta egongo dira: <a href="/wiki/Nano_marroi" title="Nano marroi">nano marroiak</a>, hozten ari diren <a href="/wiki/Nano_zuri" title="Nano zuri">nano zuriak</a> edo hotzak ("<a href="/wiki/Nano_beltz" title="Nano beltz">nano beltzak</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Neutroi-izar" title="Neutroi-izar">neutroi-izarrak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zulo_beltz" title="Zulo beltz">zulo beltzak</a>. Azkenik, grabitate erlaxazioaren ondorioz, izar guztiak zulo beltz supermasibo zentraletan eroriko dira edo talken ondorioz espazio intergalaktikora jaurtiko dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaketak_uhin-luzera_ugarirekin">Behaketak uhin-luzera ugarirekin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Behaketak uhin-luzera ugarirekin»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Behaketak uhin-luzera ugarirekin"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/220px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/330px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/440px-Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6200" data-file-height="6200" /></a><figcaption>Andromeda galaxia argi ultramorearekin ikusia. Eskualde urdinak izar gazte oso distiratsuen sorrera guneak dira.</figcaption></figure> <p>Izar gehienen puntako erradiazioa <a href="/wiki/Argi_ikusgai" class="mw-redirect" title="Argi ikusgai">espektro ikusgarrian</a> dago; beraz, galaxiak osatzen dituzten izarren behaketa astronomia optikoaren osagai garrantzitsua izan da. H II eskualde ionizatuak behatzeko eta besoetako hauts hodeien banaketa aztertzeko espektroaren alderin egokiena ere bada. </p><p>Izarren arteko ingurunean dagoen <a href="/wiki/Hauts_kosmiko" title="Hauts kosmiko">hautsa</a> ikus-argiarekiko opakoa da. Gardenagoa da infragorri urrunarentzat, eta hodei molekular erraldoien eta nukleo galaktikoen barne-eremuak xehetasun handiz behatzeko erabil daiteke<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Infragorria, halaber, askoz lehenago eratutako galaxia urrunak eta <a href="/wiki/Gorriranzko_lerrakuntza" title="Gorriranzko lerrakuntza">gorrira</a> desplazatuak behatzeko ere erabiltzen da. Ur-lurrunak eta <a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">karbono dioxidoak</a> espektro infragorriaren zenbait zati erabilgarri xurgatzen dituzte; beraz, goi-altitudeetako edo espazioan oinarritutako teleskopioak erabili ohi dira astronomia infragorrirako. </p><p>Galaxien lehen azterketa ez-bisuala, bereziki galaxia aktiboena, irrati-astronokia erabiliz egin zen. Lurraren atmosfera ia gardena da 5 MHz eta 30 GHz bitarteko irrati uhinentzat. (<a href="/wiki/Ionosfera" title="Ionosfera">Ionosferak</a> tarte horretatik beherako seinaleak blokeatzen ditu). Irrati-<a href="/wiki/Interferometria" title="Interferometria">interferometro</a> handiak erabili dira nukleo aktiboek igorritako zorrotada aktiboak kartografiatzeko. <a href="/wiki/Irrati-teleskopio" title="Irrati-teleskopio">Irrati-teleskopioak</a> hidrogeno neutroa (21 cm-ko erradiazioaren bidez) behatzeko ere erabil daitezke, baita unibertso goiztiarrean ionizatu gabeko materia ere, gero galaxiak eratzeko kolapsatu zena<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Teleskopio ultramoreek eta X izpiek energia handiko fenomeno galaktikoak ikus ditzakete. Batzuetan, erupzio ultramoreak ikusten dira, urruneko galaxia bateko izar bat inguruko <a href="/wiki/Zulo_beltz" title="Zulo beltz">zulo beltz</a> bateko marea-indarrek apurtzen dutenean<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gas beroak talde galaktikoetan duen banaketa aztertzeko X izpiak erabil daitezke. Galaxietako nukleoetan zulo beltz supermasiboak zeudela X izpien astronomiaren bidez baieztatu zen<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="boilerplate" style="text-align:left; font-size: 90%"> <ul><li>Artikulu honen edukiaren zati bat <i>Lur hiztegi entziklopediko</i>tik edo <i>Lur entziklopedia tematiko</i>tik hartu da. 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(2015-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.01734">«Evidence for PopIII-like stellar populations in the most luminous Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters at the epoch of re-ionisation: spectroscopic confirmation»</a> <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> 808 (2): 139.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F808%2F2%2F139">10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/139</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1538-4357">1538-4357</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFOverbye2015-06-17">Overbye, Dennis.  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(1999-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9908269">«Galaxy Collisions»</a> <i>Physics Reports</i> 321 (1-3): 1–137.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-1573%2899%2900030-7">10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00030-7</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108183824/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin/000414b.asp">«Astrophysicist maps out Milky Way's final collision»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2007-01-08 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPanterJimenezHeavensCharlot2007-07">Panter, Ben; Jimenez, Raul; Heavens, Alan F.; Charlot, Stephane.  (2007-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608531">«The star formation histories of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey»</a> <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i> 378 (4): 1550–1564.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2007.11909.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11909.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKnapp1998-08-24">Knapp, G. R..  (1998-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9808266">«Cold Gas and Star Formation in Elliptical Galaxies»</a> <i>arXiv:astro-ph/9808266</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFpublished2015-05-13">published, Charles Q. Choi.  (2015-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/29398-galaxy-strangulation-death-mystery.html">«Cosmic 'Murder Mystery' Solved: Galaxies Are 'Strangled to Death'»</a> <i>Space.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230203454/http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/Regions/irregions.html">«Near, Mid and Far-Infrared»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2006-12-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061214135537.htm">«Giant Radio Telescope Imaging Could Make Dark Matter Visible»</a> <i>ScienceDaily</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/galex/galex-20061205.html">«NASA - NASA Telescope Sees Black Hole Munch on a Star»</a> <i>www.nasa.gov</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-xray.ast.cam.ac.uk/xray_introduction/">«Introduction to X-ray Astronomy»</a> <i>www-xray.ast.cam.ac.uk</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Galaxies">Galaxies</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q318%22">Q318</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941212g">11941212g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941212g">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4057375-8">4057375-8</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052763">sh85052763</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562458">00562458</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120460">ph120460</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300386943">300386943</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/galaxy">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D055608">D055608</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q318">Q318</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Galaxies">Galaxies</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q318%22">Q318</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐754bb4dcf‐qf9mk Cached time: 20241114062312 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.900 seconds Real time 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