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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn"><i>Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts,_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/270px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/360px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">September 14, 2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">801 F.3d 1126 (2015)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior actions</th><td class="infobox-data">Cross-motions for summary judgment denied, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9799 (N.D. Cal. 2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent actions</th><td class="infobox-data">Opinion amended, 815 F.3d 1145 (9th Cir. 2016); cert. denied, Lenz v. 137 S.Ct. 2263 (2017)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> holders must consider <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> in good faith before issuing takedown notices for content posted on the internet.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dale_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Dale Smith">Milan Dale Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tallman" title="Richard C. Tallman">Richard Charles Tallman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Helen_Murguia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Helen Murguia">Mary Helen Murguia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Keywords</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</b></i>, 801 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> 1126 (9th Cir. 2015), is a decision by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a>, holding that copyright owners must consider <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> defenses and <a href="/wiki/Good_faith_(law)" title="Good faith (law)">good faith</a> activities by alleged <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringers</a> before issuing <a href="/wiki/Notice_and_take_down" title="Notice and take down">takedown notices</a> for content posted on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenz9th_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenz9th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2007, Stephanie Lenz posted on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> a 29-second clip of her 13-month-old son dancing to the <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Crazy" title="Let's Go Crazy">Let's Go Crazy</a>". The audio was of poor quality, and the song was audible for about 20 of the 29 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-case_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total length of the original song is more than four minutes. In June 2007, Universal Music Corp., the copyright holder for "Let's Go Crazy", sent YouTube a <a href="/wiki/Takedown_notice" class="mw-redirect" title="Takedown notice">takedown notice</a> as enabled by the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA), claiming that the video was a copyright violation built upon an unauthorized copy of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-case_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>YouTube removed the video, and notified Lenz of the removal and the infringement accusation. Lenz in turn sent YouTube a <a href="/wiki/Counter-notification" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-notification">counter-notification</a>, claiming <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> and requesting that the video be reposted. Six weeks later, YouTube reposted the video. In July 2007, Lenz sued Universal for <a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">misrepresentation</a> under the DMCA, and sought a declaration from the court that her use of the copyrighted song was non-infringing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2007, Prince stated in the media that he intended to "reclaim his art on the internet" and to challenge Lenz's suit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2007, Universal released a statement that Prince and Universal intended to remove all <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a> involving Prince and his music from the Internet, as a matter of principle.<sup id="cite_ref-case_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_court_ruling">District court ruling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: District court ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dispute was first heard at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">District Court for the Northern District of California</a> in 2010. Based on Prince's and Universal's statements, Lenz argued that Universal was issuing takedown notices in <a href="/wiki/Bad_faith" title="Bad faith">bad faith</a>, as they vowed to remove all Prince-related content on sight rather than consider whether each posting truly violated copyright. Lenz claimed that her video was non-infringing <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> because it used a minor portion of Prince's song in the background of a video that was intended to highlight her son. Universal claimed that this argument would subject the fair use analysis to subjective interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-case_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The district court held that copyright owners must consider fair use before issuing DMCA takedown notices. Thus, the district court denied Universal's motion to dismiss Lenz's claim. The district court believed that Universal's concerns over the burden of considering fair use were overstated, as mere <a href="/wiki/Good_faith_(law)" title="Good faith (law)">good faith</a> consideration of fair use, not necessarily an in-depth investigation, is a sufficient defense against <a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">misrepresentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-case_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the court also denied Lenz's claim of misrepresentation, because even though Universal should have considered good faith before accusing her of copyright infringement, the company did not have to argue that it had not exercised <a href="/wiki/Bad_faith" title="Bad faith">bad faith</a> under the DMCA. Furthermore, Lenz had not suffered any significant damages from Universal's notice to YouTube to take down the video.<sup id="cite_ref-case_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statute_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statute-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a later proceeding, the district court ruled against both parties in their motions for <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a> against each other, creating a stalemate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties appealed, with Lenz continuing to claim that copyright holders should not abuse the takedown notice process, and Universal continuing its efforts to protect its copyrights for Prince's music against unauthorized duplication on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circuit_court_ruling">Circuit court ruling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Circuit court ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm/220px--13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="4293" data-mwtitle="13-16106,_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:13-16106,_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm/13-16106%2C_13-16107_Stephanie_Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp..webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Recording of oral arguments in the appeal to the Ninth Circuit</figcaption></figure> <p>Both parties appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 14, 2015, the circuit court affirmed the district court, holding that copyright holders have a "duty to consider—in good faith and prior to sending a takedown notification—whether allegedly infringing material constitutes fair use".<sup id="cite_ref-Lenz9th_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenz9th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Importantly, the court viewed <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> not as a valid excuse for otherwise infringing conduct, but rather as consumer behavior that is not infringement in the first place. "Because 17 U.S.C. § 107<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created a type of non-infringing use, fair use is 'authorized by the law' and a copyright holder must consider the existence of fair use before sending a takedown notification under § 512(c)."<sup id="cite_ref-Lenz9th_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenz9th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While this ruling allowed Lenz's video to remain on the Internet with no further penalties or accusations of copyright infringement, Lenz appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> with a request for further clarification on the takedown notice process under the DMCA. Lenz asked: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whether the Ninth Circuit erred in concluding that the affirmation of good faith belief that a given use of material use is not authorized "by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law," required under Section 512(c) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"), may be purely subjective and, therefore, that an unreasonable belief—such as a belief formed without consideration of the statutory fair use factors—will not subject the sender of a takedown notice to liability under Section 512(f) of the DMCA?<sup id="cite_ref-LenzSupreme_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LenzSupreme-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> declined to grant <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> in this case on June 19, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-LenzSupreme2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LenzSupreme2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</i> attracted a fair amount of media attention, as a dispute in which there was no clear winner,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a powerful entertainment company may have made absurd claims about the damage caused to its copyrights by a YouTube video in which only a short segment of its song was heard in poor audio quality.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the media attention toward the ruling, several legal scholars noted that the ultimate decision did little to clarify how much of a copyrighted work can be copied under <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> for Internet content that causes little financial or reputational harm.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others noted that the DMCA process allowing a copyright holder to request the removal of items from Internet platforms, and the reply process for the creators of allegedly infringing content, both remained unclear after the ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lenz9th-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenz9th_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenz9th_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenz9th_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12567649168680108221&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr"><i>Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</i></a>, 801 F.3d 1126 (2015), (9th Cir. 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-case-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-case_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-case_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-case_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-case_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-case_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-case_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/lenz_v_universal/lenzorder082008.pdf">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp</a></i>, 572 F. Supp. 2d 1150 (N.D. Cal. 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=512&url=/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000512----000-.html">17 U.S.C. § 512</a>, see (f).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuters, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNew/idUSL1364328420070914?feedtype=RSS&feedName_InternetNews&rpc=22&sp=true">Prince to sue YouTube, eBay over music use</a>" (September 13, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statute-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statute_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=512&url=/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000512----000-.html">17 U.S.C. § 512</a>, see (c)(3)(A)(v).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lenz v. Universal</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/cases/lenz-v-universal">Order Denying Motions for Summary Judgment</a>, Jan. 14. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReymond2016" class="citation journal cs1">Reymond, Michel Jose (2016). "Lenz v Universal Music Corp: Much Ado about Nothing". <i>International Journal of Law and Information Technology</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 119–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijlit%2Feav021">10.1093/ijlit/eav021</a> – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law+and+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=Lenz+v+Universal+Music+Corp%3A+Much+Ado+about+Nothing&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-127&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fijlit%2Feav021&rft.aulast=Reymond&rft.aufirst=Michel+Jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALenz+v.+Universal+Music+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullin2015" class="citation news cs1">Mullin, Joe (July 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/07/appeals-judges-hear-about-princes-takedown-of-dancing-baby-youtube-vid/">"Appeals judges hear about Prince's takedown of "Dancing Baby" YouTube vid"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Appeals+judges+hear+about+Prince%27s+takedown+of+%22Dancing+Baby%22+YouTube+vid&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft.aulast=Mullin&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2015%2F07%2Fappeals-judges-hear-about-princes-takedown-of-dancing-baby-youtube-vid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALenz+v.+Universal+Music+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/107">17 U.S.C. § 107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LenzSupreme-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LenzSupreme_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/16-217-petition-for-cert.pdf"><i>Petition 16-217 Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LenzSupreme2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LenzSupreme2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/061917zor_6537.pdf"><i>Certiorari Denied - Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/cases/lenz-v-universal">"Lenz v. Universal"</a>. <i>Electronic Frontier Foundation</i>. July 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Universal: A Call to Reform Section 512(f) of the DMCA and to Strengthen Fair Use". <i>Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 743–782 – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Journal+of+Entertainment+%26+Technology+Law&rft.atitle=Lenz+v.+Universal%3A+A+Call+to+Reform+Section+512%28f%29+of+the+DMCA+and+to+Strengthen+Fair+Use&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=743-782&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Randazza&rft.aufirst=Marc+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALenz+v.+Universal+Music+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/cases/lenz-v-universal">Electronic Frontier Foundation's resources related to <i>Lenz v. Universal</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/universal-music-v-lenz">Citizen Media Law Project's resources related to <i>Lenz v. 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Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a> and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc.</i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i>(2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos" title="Frank v. Gaos">Frank v. Gaos</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. Google LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Google_litigation" title="Category:Google litigation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="YouTube" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:YouTube_navbox" title="Template:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:YouTube_navbox" title="Template talk:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:YouTube_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="YouTube" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> (parent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_YouTube" title="History of YouTube">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Mohan" title="Neal Mohan">Neal Mohan</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyor_Cohen" title="Lyor Cohen">Lyor Cohen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chen" title="Steve Chen">Steve Chen</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Hurley" title="Chad Hurley">Chad Hurley</a> (founder & CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_Kamangar" title="Salar Kamangar">Salar Kamangar</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawed_Karim" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Daniels" title="Susanne Daniels">Susanne Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kyncl" title="Robert Kyncl">Robert Kyncl</a> (CBO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_Manber" title="Udi Manber">Udi Manber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Pan" title="Yu Pan">Yu Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-subscribed YouTube channels">Most-subscribed channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-viewed YouTube channels">Most-viewed channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-channel_network" title="Multi-channel network">Multi-channel network</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multi-channel_networks" title="List of multi-channel networks">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube (channel)">Official channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative" title="YouTube Original Channel Initiative">Original channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and<br />videos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_video" title="Apology video">Apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_YouTuber" title="Beauty YouTuber">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookTube" title="BookTube">BookTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BreadTube" title="BreadTube">BreadTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards" title="YouTube Creator Awards">Creator Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_My_Life" title="Draw My Life">Draw My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Play" title="Let's Play">Let's Play</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo" title="Me at the zoo">Me at the zoo</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PewDiePie_vs_T-Series" title="PewDiePie vs T-Series">PewDiePie vs T-Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reply_girl" title="Reply girl">Reply girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudyTube" title="StudyTube">StudyTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">Viral video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind">YouTube Rewind</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2018:_Everyone_Controls_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2019:_For_the_Record" title="YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTubers" title="List of YouTubers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed YouTube videos">Most-viewed videos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Arabic_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed Arabic music videos on YouTube">Arabic music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_French_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed French music videos on YouTube">French music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Indian_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Indian YouTube videos">Indian videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Pakistani_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Pakistani YouTube videos">Pakistani videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-liked YouTube videos">Most-liked videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-disliked YouTube videos">Most-disliked videos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_YouTube" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of YouTube">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_YouTube" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship by YouTube">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues" title="YouTube copyright issues">Copyright issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_ID" title="Content ID">Content ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_strike" title="YouTube copyright strike">Copyright strike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_moderation" title="YouTube moderation">Moderation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_suspensions" title="YouTube suspensions">Channel suspensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsagate" title="Elsagate">Elsagate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal" title="Fantastic Adventures scandal">Fantastic Adventures scandal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Kohistan_video_case" title="2012 Kohistan video case">Kohistan video case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy" title="2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy">Korean backdoor advertisement controversy</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy" title="YouTube and privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Reactions to Innocence of Muslims">Reactions to <i>Innocence of Muslims</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident" title="2011 Slovenian YouTube incident">Slovenian government incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_BrandConnect" title="YouTube BrandConnect">BrandConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">Premium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming" title="List of YouTube Premium original programming">original programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Shorts" title="YouTube Shorts">Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Studio" title="YouTube Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_VR" title="YouTube VR">VR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Awards" title="YouTube Awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates" title="CNN/YouTube presidential debates">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Comedy_Week" title="YouTube Comedy Week">Comedy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_Clash" title="Creator Clash">Creator Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSI_vs_Logan_Paul" title="KSI vs Logan Paul">KSI vs Logan Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KSI_vs._Logan_Paul_II" title="KSI vs. Logan Paul II">rematch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Live" title="YouTube Live">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music_Awards" title="YouTube Music Awards">Music Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_YouTube_Music_Awards" title="2013 YouTube Music Awards">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_YouTube_Music_Awards" title="2015 YouTube Music Awards">2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Sauce" title="Open Sauce">Open Sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playlist_Live" title="Playlist Live">Playlist Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_Awesome" title="Project for Awesome">Project for Awesome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_in_the_City" title="Social in the City">Social in the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamy_Awards" title="Streamy Awards">Streamy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab" title="YouTube Space Lab">Space Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra" title="YouTube Symphony Orchestra">Symphony Orchestra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Symphony_No._1" title="Internet Symphony No. 1">Internet Symphony No. 1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothership_(composition)" title="Mothership (composition)"><i>Mothership</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubecon" title="Tubecon">Tubecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VidCon" title="VidCon">VidCon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_YouTube" title="Censorship of YouTube">Censorship of YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany" title="Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Select" title="YouTube Select">YouTube Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_headquarters_shooting" title="YouTube headquarters shooting">Headquarters shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_in_education" title="YouTube in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_YouTube_downloaders" title="Comparison of YouTube downloaders">YouTube downloaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Instant" title="YouTube Instant">YouTube Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space" title="YouTube Space">YouTube Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Theater" title="YouTube Theater">YouTube Theater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:YouTube" title="Category:YouTube">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel" title="Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel">CARP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board" title="Copyright Royalty Board">CRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">CASE Act</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents<br />and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A." title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a></i> (9th Cir. 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a></i> (4th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates" title="Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a></i> (9th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a></i> (7th Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> (3d Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> (9th Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a></i> (3d Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a></i> (5th Cir. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a></i>(9th Cir. 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a></i> (1st Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a></i> (5th Cir. 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i> (7th Cir. 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a></i> (2d Cir. 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a></i> (7th Cir. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a></i> (9th Cir. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a></i> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a></i> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a></i> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. 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