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(PDF) Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="kZuhoovNmYn-LxUAeQzLuiTgdrs0uX7jWdp4OW-DqdRhLPxoTjWzada6xscf6WJVGAMIDb19B2ZvKHUnCJx96w" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2016/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rodrigo Gravina Junqueira" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Danilo Urzedo" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/36488500/Tropical_forest_seeds_in_the_household_economy_effects_of_market_participation_among_three_sociocultural_groups_in_the_Upper_Xingu_region_of_the_Brazilian_Amazon" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="SUMMARY Government regulations have created new markets for non-timber forest products such as tropical forest seeds for ecological restoration and agroforestry in Brazil. This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/59635020/15564435/16153870/s200_danilo.ignacio_de_urzedo.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/36488500/Tropical_forest_seeds_in_the_household_economy_effects_of_market_participation_among_three_sociocultural_groups_in_the_Upper_Xingu_region_of_the_Brazilian_Amazon" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="SUMMARY Government regulations have created new markets for non-timber forest products such as tropical forest seeds for ecological restoration and agroforestry in Brazil. This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://cambridge.academia.edu/DaniloIgnaciodeUrzedo" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/RodrigoJunqueira2" /> <meta name="description" content="SUMMARY Government regulations have created new markets for non-timber forest products such as tropical forest seeds for ecological restoration and agroforestry in Brazil. This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has" /> <title>(PDF) Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/36488500/Tropical_forest_seeds_in_the_household_economy_effects_of_market_participation_among_three_sociocultural_groups_in_the_Upper_Xingu_region_of_the_Brazilian_Amazon" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '65688b5f01769e4981f5a2be5e5aa7813b2e8d05'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740598836000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740598836000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"SUMMARY Government regulations have created new markets for non-timber forest products such as tropical forest seeds for ecological restoration and agroforestry in Brazil. This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has affected assets that will shape households\u0026amp;#39; ability to pursue new livelihood opportunities. These impacts may vary across different dimensions of capital and among sociocultural groups. Impacts were characterized through semi-structured interviews following the sustainable livelihoods approach; 40 producers in the Xingu Seed Network, from settler farmer, urban and indigenous groups, were interviewed. The groups differed in perceptions of impacts on their natural, social and human capital, which could be related to the sociocultural background and vulnerability context of each group. Communities that were already organized were most likely to strengthen their social capital through participation. Cash income earned from sale of seeds was correlated with household-reported gains in financial capital, but not correlated with changes in other dimensions of capital. Contrary to expectations, sociocultural groups less integrated with the market achieved better livelihood outcomes through participation in the seed market.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Danilo Urzedo","url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/DaniloIgnaciodeUrzedo"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Rodrigo Gravina Junqueira","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RodrigoJunqueira2"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Rodrigo Gravina Junqueira","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RodrigoJunqueira2"}],"dateCreated":"2018-04-24","dateModified":"2019-11-06","datePublished":"2016-01-01","headline":"Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36488500%2FTropical_forest_seeds_in_the_household_economy_effects_of_market_participation_among_three_sociocultural_groups_in_the_Upper_Xingu_region_of_the_Brazilian_Amazon%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":57202564,"identifier":"Attachment_57202564","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":36488500,"created_at":"2018-04-24T07:17:11.637-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-17T12:53:30.052-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1017/S0376892915000247","abstract":"SUMMARY Government regulations have created new markets for non-timber forest products such as tropical forest seeds for ecological restoration and agroforestry in Brazil. This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has affected assets that will shape households' ability to pursue new livelihood opportunities. These impacts may vary across different dimensions of capital and among sociocultural groups. Impacts were characterized through semi-structured interviews following the sustainable livelihoods approach; 40 producers in the Xingu Seed Network, from settler farmer, urban and indigenous groups, were interviewed. The groups differed in perceptions of impacts on their natural, social and human capital, which could be related to the sociocultural background and vulnerability context of each group. Communities that were already organized were most likely to strengthen their social capital through participation. Cash income earned from sale of seeds was correlated with household-reported gains in financial capital, but not correlated with changes in other dimensions of capital. Contrary to expectations, sociocultural groups less integrated with the market achieved better livelihood outcomes through participation in the seed market.","publication_date":"2016,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [81069890,59635020]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":57202564,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57202564/mini_magick20190110-13027-1hv1f94.png?1547193288" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="81069890" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RodrigoJunqueira2"><img alt="Profile image of Rodrigo Gravina Junqueira" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Rodrigo Gravina Junqueira</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59635020" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/DaniloIgnaciodeUrzedo"><img alt="Profile image of Danilo Urzedo" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/59635020/15564435/16153870/s65_danilo.ignacio_de_urzedo.jpg" />Danilo Urzedo</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2016</p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000247" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000247</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">11 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 36488500; 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This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has affected assets that will shape households' ability to pursue new livelihood opportunities. These impacts may vary across different dimensions of capital and among sociocultural groups. Impacts were characterized through semi-structured interviews following the sustainable livelihoods approach; 40 producers in the Xingu Seed Network, from settler farmer, urban and indigenous groups, were interviewed. The groups differed in perceptions of impacts on their natural, social and human capital, which could be related to the sociocultural background and vulnerability context of each group. Communities that were already organized were most likely to strengthen their social capital through participation. Cash income earned from sale of seeds was correlated with household-reported gains in financial capital, but not correlated with changes in other dimensions of capital. Contrary to expectations, sociocultural groups less integrated with the market achieved better livelihood outcomes through participation in the seed market.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":57202564,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/36488500/Tropical_forest_seeds_in_the_household_economy_effects_of_market_participation_among_three_sociocultural_groups_in_the_Upper_Xingu_region_of_the_Brazilian_Amazon"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":57202564,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/36488500/Tropical_forest_seeds_in_the_household_economy_effects_of_market_participation_among_three_sociocultural_groups_in_the_Upper_Xingu_region_of_the_Brazilian_Amazon"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="36488500" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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With a restoration market providing demand for participation in supplying products and services, such as native seed, Indigenous communities have experienced new opportunities for cash income and livelihood improvements. This chapter explores the ways different Indigenous populations in Brazil have engaged in the native seed trade for restoring degraded lands, and the outcomes of their participation. We cover a case study based on one decade’s experience of the Xingu Seeds Network, focusing on challenges faced by 232 Indigenous people, mostly women, from 13 villages of Ikpeng, Kawaiwete, Matipu, Panara, Wauja, Xavante and Yudja ethnicity in the southeastern Amazon. Indigenous communities have engaged in the activity mainly to secure current and future access to natural resources. Although communities have shown a large fluctuation in their seed pr...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Indigenous Participation in the Native Seed Market: Adapting Ethnic Institutions for Ecological Restoration in the Southeastern Amazon","attachmentId":76553349,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64583609/Indigenous_Participation_in_the_Native_Seed_Market_Adapting_Ethnic_Institutions_for_Ecological_Restoration_in_the_Southeastern_Amazon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64583609/Indigenous_Participation_in_the_Native_Seed_Market_Adapting_Ethnic_Institutions_for_Ecological_Restoration_in_the_Southeastern_Amazon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="7064406" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7064406/The_effects_of_markets_on_the_use_of_forest_for_the_livelihood_of_indigenous_households_in_the_Colombian_Amazon">The effects of markets on the use of forest for the livelihood of indigenous households in the Colombian Amazon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12090495" href="https://uniquindio.academia.edu/CatalinaOsorio">Catalina Osorio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We analyze the use of forest products and services for income generation among indigenous households in the Colombian Amazon. We find that families rely on a wide portfolio of market and subsistence activities. These activities change when households have increased access to markets, and as household income levels rise. Market integration decreases the dependency on environment (as a share of household income), but increases the extraction of forest products in absolute terms. Increases in total household income are thus associated with both more market income and more income from forest extraction. As markets open and household incomes increase, pressures on environmental resources and from agroforestry activities will likely also increase.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The effects of markets on the use of forest for the livelihood of indigenous households in the Colombian Amazon","attachmentId":33715572,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7064406/The_effects_of_markets_on_the_use_of_forest_for_the_livelihood_of_indigenous_households_in_the_Colombian_Amazon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7064406/The_effects_of_markets_on_the_use_of_forest_for_the_livelihood_of_indigenous_households_in_the_Colombian_Amazon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="80533661" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80533661/Social_capital_and_access_to_natural_resources_and_markets_along_the_Brazil_nut_Bertholletia_excelsa_value_chain_in_the_Lower_Amazon_basin_Par%C3%A1">Social capital and access to (natural) resources and markets along the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) value chain in the Lower Amazon basin, Pará</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15649106" href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/marcelocunha">marcelo cunha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aim of this study is to understand the relationships between social capital and access to (natural) resources and markets in the case of Brazil nut value chain actors in the meso-region of the Lower Amazon, with a focus on quilombola communities from Oriximiná and the environs of the market in Óbidos, Pará. The analytical framework combines conceptual analysis with empirical observations to improve understanding of the relationships among the variables in question and provides scientific input for co-development of the value chain. Socioeconomic and environmental data were collected through interviews with agroextrativistas and group interviews at community level. Results highlight the existence of ‘bonding social capital’ which unites individuals from the same community and ‘linking’ and ‘bridging social capital’ that connect them to downstream chain actors, potentially facilitating access to (natural) resources and markets. Mainly due to trust, trade relationships along the Br...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social capital and access to (natural) resources and markets along the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) value chain in the Lower Amazon basin, Pará","attachmentId":86883398,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80533661/Social_capital_and_access_to_natural_resources_and_markets_along_the_Brazil_nut_Bertholletia_excelsa_value_chain_in_the_Lower_Amazon_basin_Par%C3%A1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80533661/Social_capital_and_access_to_natural_resources_and_markets_along_the_Brazil_nut_Bertholletia_excelsa_value_chain_in_the_Lower_Amazon_basin_Par%C3%A1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="4122025" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4122025/Livelihood_strategies_and_forest_dependency_New_insights_from_Bolivian_forest_communities_M_Zenteno_P_Zuidema_W_de_Jong_R_Boot">Livelihood strategies and forest dependency: New insights from Bolivian forest communities. M. Zenteno, P. Zuidema, W. de Jong, R. Boot.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="293964" href="https://kyoto-u.academia.edu/WildeJong">Wil de Jong</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs"> Forest Policy and Economics 26, 12–21. DOI 10.1016/j.forpol.2012.09.011.</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">"Total income and income fromforest resources among rural dwellers in tropical forest regions are influenced not only by market access, prices, but also organizational, institutional, and social factors. These factors influence the diversity of resources to which the poor have access and result in specializations in livelihood strategies. We analyzed the relation between forest dependence and livelihood strategies in the Bolivian Amazon, applying the SLF. We tested for the differences across strategies with respect to financial, human, physical, social, and natural livelihood assets. Results show that forest income is highly related to cash income from Brazil nut, while income from agriculture and timber exploitation is associated with higher levels of education. Brazil nuts serve as a safety net and start-up capital for certain livelihood strategies in our study region. Livelihood strategies that are based on the commercialization of multiple products from forests and agriculture and services inside and outside communities depend less on forests. Livelihoods can be supported by investing in sustainable livelihood asset endowments. Our results demonstrate that activities that aim to support community forest management and to enhance household income should explicitly consider a differentiated support for different strategies. This will result in a more effective outcome of development efforts from which the poorest people would benefit most."</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Livelihood strategies and forest dependency: New insights from Bolivian forest communities. M. Zenteno, P. Zuidema, W. de Jong, R. Boot.","attachmentId":31674893,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4122025/Livelihood_strategies_and_forest_dependency_New_insights_from_Bolivian_forest_communities_M_Zenteno_P_Zuidema_W_de_Jong_R_Boot","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4122025/Livelihood_strategies_and_forest_dependency_New_insights_from_Bolivian_forest_communities_M_Zenteno_P_Zuidema_W_de_Jong_R_Boot"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="6133486" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6133486/Tropical_forest_management_and_silvicultural_practices_by_small_farmers_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_recent_farm_level_evidence_from_Rond%C3%B4nia">Tropical forest management and silvicultural practices by small farmers in the Brazilian Amazon: recent farm-level evidence from Rondônia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9302013" href="https://uenf.academia.edu/MarcosPedlowski">Marcos Pedlowski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Forest Ecology and Management, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper examines forest management and silvicultural practices of small colonist landholders in the western Brazilian Amazon state of Rondônia. Although recent colonists in the Amazon are widely acknowledged as key agents of tropical forest conversion, relatively little is known of their uses of primary and secondary forest patches and the degree to which these farmers plant trees as part of their land use strategies. Based on longitudinal survey data drawn from three different colonist settlements in 1992 and 2002, this paper explores the range of small farmer's uses of forests and fallows that may indicate future trends in forest management. We also examine the links between forest extraction and tree planting and the factors that may influence these practices. We found that nearly 40% of the farmers surveyed regularly extract useful products from their forests. We examine the types and quantities of timber and non-timber forest products extracted by small farmers over this 10-year study period, and reasons given by them for managing or not managing their forest patches. Forest extractor households were characterized as having a smaller percentage of their land deforested and smaller cattle herds. In addition, we found that roughly 30% of the small farmers surveyed planted trees on their farms during this 10-year study period. Results of statistical analysis (ANOVA and chi square contingency tests) to identify factors that correlate with tree planting behavior indicate that tree planters own larger plots, reside longer on those plots, have a larger number of working age household members, and secure land titles. They were also more likely to participate in social organizations. We conclude that despite ongoing deforestation processes in the region, natural forest use is an important subsistence activity for many small farmers and that many farmers are planting and managing tree species for both short-term products and as long-term investments. # 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tropical forest management and silvicultural practices by small farmers in the Brazilian Amazon: recent farm-level evidence from Rondônia","attachmentId":36215078,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6133486/Tropical_forest_management_and_silvicultural_practices_by_small_farmers_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_recent_farm_level_evidence_from_Rond%C3%B4nia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6133486/Tropical_forest_management_and_silvicultural_practices_by_small_farmers_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_recent_farm_level_evidence_from_Rond%C3%B4nia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="24058026" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24058026/Livelihood_strategies_and_forest_dependence_New_insights_from_Bolivian_forest_communities">Livelihood strategies and forest dependence: New insights from Bolivian forest communities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="293964" href="https://kyoto-u.academia.edu/WildeJong">Wil de Jong</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Forest Policy and Economics, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Total income and income from forest resources among rural dwellers in tropical forest regions are influenced not only by market access, prices, but also organizational, institutional, and social factors. These factors influence the diversity of resources to which the poor have access and result in specializations in livelihood strategies. We analyzed the relation between forest dependence and livelihood strategies in the Bolivian Amazon, applying the SLF. We tested for the differences across strategies with respect to financial, human, physical, social, and natural livelihood assets. Results show that forest income is highly related to cash income from Brazil nut, while income from agriculture and timber exploitation is associated with higher levels of education. Brazil nuts serve as a safety net and start-up capital for certain livelihood strategies in our study region. Livelihood strategies that are based on the commercialization of multiple products from forests and agriculture and services inside and outside communities depend less on forests. Livelihoods can be supported by investing in sustainable livelihood asset endowments. Our results demonstrate that activities that aim to support community forest management and to enhance household income should explicitly consider a differentiated support for different strategies. This will result in a more effective outcome of development efforts from which the poorest people would benefit most.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Livelihood strategies and forest dependence: New insights from Bolivian forest communities","attachmentId":44430891,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24058026/Livelihood_strategies_and_forest_dependence_New_insights_from_Bolivian_forest_communities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24058026/Livelihood_strategies_and_forest_dependence_New_insights_from_Bolivian_forest_communities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="63557163" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63557163/Livelihood_strategies_ethnicity_and_rural_income_The_case_of_migrant_settlers_and_indigenous_populations_in_the_Ecuadorian_Amazon">Livelihood strategies, ethnicity and rural income: The case of migrant settlers and indigenous populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63568085" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BolierTorres">Bolier Torres</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Forest Policy and Economics</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper examines the livelihood strategies (LS) of two ethnic groups and explores their implications for forest conservation. We used data from household and community surveys covering migrant colonists and indigenous (Kichwa) people in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve (SBR) in the central northern Ecuadorian Amazon. Data were collected using the Poverty and Environment Network methodology of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR-PEN). To estimate LS, income proportions of farm portfolios were used in a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) followed by an Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). The results identify four LS based on: forest income, crop production, livestock production and wage labour (off-farm income). The results of a multinomial logit model (MLM) showed that ethnicity has strong influence on their choice of LS, and households with higher physical asset holdings are more likely to engage in more remunerative LS in both ethnicities. Tobit regression show that the ethnic group of Kichwa has US$ 223 higher annual income from Cropbased LS in comparison to colonists. In contrast, colonists earn, on average, US$ 472 per year more from livestock than indigenous households in livestock-based LS and 182 dollars annually more in wage-based LS. Households with greater human capital are more engaged in Wage labour-based LS. Interestingly, residing within the buffer zone of the SBR reduces forest income by US$ 268 in Forest-based LS. The relative remaining forest land is not significantly related to LS. Potential implications of the different activities and composition of household assets in each LS are discussed in order to draw conclusions for equitable development and forest conservation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Livelihood strategies, ethnicity and rural income: The case of migrant settlers and indigenous populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon","attachmentId":75948268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63557163/Livelihood_strategies_ethnicity_and_rural_income_The_case_of_migrant_settlers_and_indigenous_populations_in_the_Ecuadorian_Amazon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63557163/Livelihood_strategies_ethnicity_and_rural_income_The_case_of_migrant_settlers_and_indigenous_populations_in_the_Ecuadorian_Amazon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="33994846" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33994846/Developing_Non_Timber_Forest_Resources_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_Determinants_of_Household_Participation">Developing Non-Timber Forest Resources in the Brazilian Amazon: Determinants of Household Participation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66201796" href="https://ncsu.academia.edu/ErinSills">Erin Sills</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Managers of multiple-use forest areas in the tropics are often encouraged to assist resident and neighboring populations to market the non-timber benefits of those areas, thus giving them an incentive to conserve the forest. Markets for non-timber forest products (resins, nuts, etc.) are often very thin, however, with fluctuating prices and few households participating. In this situation, one method for predicting whether households would participate in an expanded market is through contingent behavior survey questions. Using household survey data, this study develops and estimates models of the determinants of (a) actual collection and (b) collection or cultivation contingent upon a proposed marketing project for andiroba oil in the Tapajós National Forest of Brazil. The actual and contingent behavior models have different implications for project management.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Developing Non-Timber Forest Resources in the Brazilian Amazon: Determinants of Household Participation","attachmentId":53944403,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33994846/Developing_Non_Timber_Forest_Resources_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_Determinants_of_Household_Participation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33994846/Developing_Non_Timber_Forest_Resources_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_Determinants_of_Household_Participation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="15818243" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15818243/Implications_of_livelihood_dependence_on_non_timber_products_in_Peruvian_Amazonia">Implications of livelihood dependence on non-timber products in Peruvian Amazonia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35005449" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KatrinaBrown6">Katrina Brown</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present and future well-being of the world's forest dwelling populations depends on their ability to gain livelihood resources from their immediate environment. Sustainable extraction of non-timber forest products has been promoted by conservationists and development agencies as a feasible strategy for forest dwellers that does not compromise the resource base. Yet surveys of actual resource use suggest that for poorer resourcedependent communities without access to markets, non-timber forest products can only ever represent a safety-net activity and a supplementary income source. Others argue that resource availability, in terms of the diversity and productivity of the forest, is the key parameter in realizing a contribution of forest products to well-being. This paper examines the scope and heterogeneity of forest product use to reveal whether resource availability necessarily provides the context for significant contributions to well-being of forest dwellers. We present data from an area of tropical rainforest, close to Iquitos in Peru, which was previously shown to have high potential value. We find, through a census survey of households within a forest reserve area, that non-timber forest products provide only a relatively small portion of income and that only a small proportion of available products are actually commercialized, despite apparent market availability. We show that the low rates of commercialization can be explained by unequal access capital assets used for extraction, to natural resources themselves, and to product markets. They are also explained by the concentration of capital-poor households on subsistence gathering activities. The value of destructive uses of forests, both logging and agriculture, remain higher than returns from non-timber products. This research demonstrates that although non-timber forest products are an important livelihood source, market integration and commercialization is not everywhere an appropriate or realistic strategy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Implications of livelihood dependence on non-timber products in Peruvian Amazonia","attachmentId":42873178,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15818243/Implications_of_livelihood_dependence_on_non_timber_products_in_Peruvian_Amazonia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15818243/Implications_of_livelihood_dependence_on_non_timber_products_in_Peruvian_Amazonia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="75449991" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75449991/Socio_ecological_costs_of_Amazon_nut_and_timber_production_at_community_household_forests_in_the_Bolivian_Amazon">Socio-ecological costs of Amazon nut and timber production at community household forests in the Bolivian Amazon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14022012" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NatalyAscarrunz">Nataly Ascarrunz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Bolivian Amazon holds a complex configuration of people and forested landscapes in which communities hold secure tenure rights over a rich ecosystem offering a range of livelihood income opportunities. A large share of this income is derived from Amazon nut (Bertholletia excelsa). Many communities also have long-standing experience with community timber management plans. However, livelihood needs and desires for better living conditions may continue to place these resources under considerable stress as income needs and opportunities intensify and diversify. We aim to identify the socioeconomic and biophysical factors determining the income from forests, husbandry, off-farm and two keystone forest products (i.e., Amazon nut and timber) in the Bolivian Amazon region. We used structural equation modelling tools to account for the complex inter-relationships between socioeconomic and biophysical factors in predicting each source of income. The potential exists to increase incomes from existing livelihood activities in ways that reduce dependency upon forest resources. For example, changes in off-farm income sources can act to increase or decrease forest incomes. Market accessibility, social, financial, and natural and physical assets determined the amount of income community households could derive from Amazon nut and timber. Factors related to community households' local ecological knowledge, such as the number of non-timber forest products harvested and the number of management practices applied to enhance Amazon nut production, defined the amount of income these households could derive from Amazon nut and timber, respectively. The (inter) relationships found among socioeconomic and biophysical factors over income shed light on ways to improve forest-dependent livelihoods in the Bolivian Amazon. We believe that our analysis could be applicable to other contexts throughout the tropics as well.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Socio-ecological costs of Amazon nut and timber production at community household forests in the Bolivian Amazon","attachmentId":83213812,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75449991/Socio_ecological_costs_of_Amazon_nut_and_timber_production_at_community_household_forests_in_the_Bolivian_Amazon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75449991/Socio_ecological_costs_of_Amazon_nut_and_timber_production_at_community_household_forests_in_the_Bolivian_Amazon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57202564,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57202564,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_57202564" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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