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Iverson: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="كينيث إيفرسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينيث إيفرسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennet_Yucin_Ayverson" title="Kennet Yucin Ayverson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kennet Yucin Ayverson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86" title="کنت ای آیورسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کنت ای آیورسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="কেনেথ আইভার্সন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেনেথ আইভার্সন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kenneth E. Iverson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kenneth E. Iverson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kenneth E. Iverson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kenneth E. Iverson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C._%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86" title="کنت ای. آیورسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنت ای. آیورسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A8" title="케네스 아이버슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케네스 아이버슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="കെന്നത്ത് ഇ ഐവർസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെന്നത്ത് ഇ ഐവർസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="كينيث ايفرسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينيث ايفرسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Eugene_Iverson" title="Kenneth Eugene Iverson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kenneth Eugene Iverson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ケネス・アイバーソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケネス・アイバーソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kenneth E. Iverson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Айверсон, Кеннет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айверсон, Кеннет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%88._%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кенет Ј. Ајверсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кенет Ј. Ајверсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kenneth E. Iverson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Iverson" title="Kenneth Iverson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kenneth Iverson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kenneth E. Iverson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кеннет Айверсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кеннет Айверсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%A3%AE" title="肯尼斯·艾佛森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肯尼斯·艾佛森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q92629#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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Iverson">Revision as of 01:23, 6 August 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Iverson&action=edit&oldid=1238853961" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">edit</a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:David_Eppstein" class="mw-userlink" title="User:David Eppstein" data-mw-revid="1238853961"><bdi>David Eppstein</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:David_Eppstein" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:David Eppstein">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/David_Eppstein" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/David Eppstein">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">224,863 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> Was CS1 in 2013; standardize on that. Clean up conference-proceedings-in-journal-special-issue reference.</div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Iverson&diff=prev&oldid=1238853961" title="Kenneth E. Iverson" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Iverson&oldid=1239895881" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Revision as of 07:49, 12 August 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Iverson&action=edit&oldid=1239895881" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">edit</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Iverson&action=edit&undoafter=1238853961&undo=1239895881" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Citation bot" data-mw-revid="1239895881"><bdi>Citation bot</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Citation bot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Citation_bot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Citation bot">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">5,344,560 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> Alter: title, template type. Added chapter. | <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UCB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UCB">Use this bot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DBUG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DBUG">Report bugs</a>. | Suggested by Headbomb | Linked from Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Journals_cited_by_Wikipedia/Sandbox | #UCB_webform_linked 325/748</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Iverson&diff=next&oldid=1239895881" title="Kenneth E. Iverson" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 164:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 164:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''APL87''<ref name=APL87>{{citation|last=Iverson|first=Kenneth E.|title=APL87|journal=APL 87 Conference Proceedings|date=May 1987|url=https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APL87.htm|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* ''APL87''<ref name=APL87>{{citation|last=Iverson|first=Kenneth E.|title=APL87|journal=APL 87 Conference Proceedings|date=May 1987|url=https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APL87.htm|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''A Dictionary of APL''<ref name=APLDict>{{citation|last=Iverson|first=Kenneth E.|title=A Dictionary of APL|journal=APL Quote Quad|volume=18|number=1|date=September 1987|pages=5–40|doi=10.1145/36983.36984|s2cid=18301178|url=https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLDictionary.htm|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* ''A Dictionary of APL''<ref name=APLDict>{{citation|last=Iverson|first=Kenneth E.|title=A Dictionary of APL|journal=APL Quote Quad|volume=18|number=1|date=September 1987|pages=5–40|doi=10.1145/36983.36984|s2cid=18301178|url=https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLDictionary.htm|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''Processing Natural Language: Syntactic and Semantic Mechanisms''<ref name=NatLang>{{cite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal</del>|last1=Hagamen|first1=W.D.|last2=Berry|first2=P.C.|last3=Iverson|first3=K.E.|last4=Weber|first4=J.C.|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">title</del>=Processing natural language syntactic and semantic mechanisms |department=Conference Proceedings on APL as a Tool of Thought, APL 1989, New York City, NY, USA, August 7–10, 1989 |journal=APL Quote Quad|volume=19|number=4|date=August 1989|pages=184–189|doi=10.1145/75144.75170|isbn=0897913272|s2cid=14004227}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* ''Processing Natural Language: Syntactic and Semantic Mechanisms''<ref name=NatLang>{{cite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">book</ins>|last1=Hagamen|first1=W.D.|last2=Berry|first2=P.C.|last3=Iverson|first3=K.E.|last4=Weber|first4=J.C.|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chapter</ins>=Processing natural language syntactic and semantic mechanisms<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |title=Conference proceedings on APL as a tool of thought - APL '89</ins> |department=Conference Proceedings on APL as a Tool of Thought, APL 1989, New York City, NY, USA, August 7–10, 1989 |journal=APL Quote Quad|volume=19|number=4|date=August 1989|pages=184–189|doi=10.1145/75144.75170|isbn=0897913272|s2cid=14004227}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{col-float-end}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{col-float-end}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 07:49, 12 August 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian computer scientist (1920–2004)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kenneth E. Iverson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kei_younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Kei_younger.jpg/220px-Kei_younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Kei_younger.jpg/330px-Kei_younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Kei_younger.jpg/440px-Kei_younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="4139" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1920-12-17)17 December 1920 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Camrose,_Alberta" title="Camrose, Alberta">Camrose, Alberta</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 2004(2004-10-19) (aged 83) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>, <a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">IBM Fellow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Award" title="Harry H. Goode Memorial Award">Harry H. Goode Memorial Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Pioneer_Award" title="Computer Pioneer Award">Computer Pioneer Award</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Mathematics</li><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines">IBM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a></li><li>Jsoftware Inc.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990038550170203941/catalog">Machine Solutions of Linear Differential Equations – Applications to a Dynamic Economic Model</a> (1954)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Aiken" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Aiken">Howard Aiken</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kenneth Eugene Iverson (17 December 1920 – 19 October 2004) was a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> noted for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>. He was honored with the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> in 1979 "for his pioneering effort in programming languages and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">mathematical notation</a> resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL; for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice".<a href="#cite_note-TOT-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> Ken Iverson was born on 17 December 1920 near <a href="/wiki/Camrose,_Alberta" title="Camrose, Alberta">Camrose</a>, a town in central <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> His parents were farmers who came to Alberta from <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>; his ancestors came from <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KEIQA-3">[3]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he served first in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> and then in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KEIQA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a> He received a B.A. degree from <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. In his career, he worked for <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a>, and Jsoftware Inc. (née Iverson Software Inc.). Iverson suffered a stroke while working at the computer on a new <a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a> lab on 16 October 2004,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and died in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> on 19 October 2004 at age 83.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> Iverson began school on 1 April 1926 in a <a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">one-room school</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a> initially in Grade 1, promoted to Grade 2 after 3 months and to Grade 4 by the end of June 1927. He left school after Grade 9 because it was the depths of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and there was work to do on the <a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">family farm</a>, and because he thought further schooling only led to becoming a schoolteacher and he had no desire to become one. At age 17, while still out of school, he enrolled in a correspondence course on radios with <a href="/wiki/DeVry_University#Early_history_(1931–1970)" title="DeVry University">De Forest Training</a> in Chicago, and learned calculus by self-study from a textbook.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, while serving in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>, he took correspondence courses toward a high school diploma. After the war, Iverson enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, taking advantage of government support for ex-servicemen and under threat from an Air Force buddy who said he would "beat his brains out if he did not grasp the opportunity".<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a> He graduated in 1950 as the top student with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KEIQA-3">[3]</a> Continuing his education at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, he began in the Department of Mathematics and received a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a> in 1951. He then switched to the Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, working with <a href="/wiki/Howard_Aiken" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Aiken">Howard Aiken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Kenneth Iverson has recalled graduate study under Aiken as "like an apprenticeship" in which the student "learned the tools of the scholarship trade". Every topic was "used more as a focus for the development of skills such as clarity of thought and expression than as an end in itself". Once admitted to the program, a graduate student underwent a rite of "adoption into the fold". He was given a desk (or a share of a desk) among a group of other graduate students, the permanent staff, or visiting scholars, "most of whom were engaged in some aspect of the design and building of computers". A student was thus "made to feel part of a scholarly enterprise" and was provided, "often for the first time, with easy and intimate access to others more experienced in his chosen field".<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/I._Bernard_Cohen" title="I. Bernard Cohen">I. Bernard Cohen</a>, Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer, MIT Press, 1999, page 215.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When interviewing Aiken, I had asked him whether Tropp and I might see his lecture notes; Aiken replied that he had always destroyed his lecture notes at the end of each year, so that he would not be tempted to repeat his lectures.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/I._Bernard_Cohen" title="I. Bernard Cohen">I. Bernard Cohen</a> and Gregory W. Welch, editors, Makin' Numbers, MIT Press, 1999, page xvi.<a href="#cite_note-CohenII-8">[8]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Howard Aiken had developed the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>, one of the first large-scale digital computers, while <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> was an economist who was developing the <a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">input–output model</a> of economic analysis, work for which he would later receive the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a>. Leontief's model required large matrices and Iverson worked on programs that could evaluate these matrices on the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_IV" title="Harvard Mark IV">Harvard Mark IV</a> computer. Iverson received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> in 1954 with a dissertation based on this work.<a href="#cite_note-PhD-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> At Harvard, Iverson met Eoin Whitney, a 2-time <a href="/wiki/William_Lowell_Putnam_Mathematical_Competition#Putnam_Fellows" title="William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition">Putnam Fellow</a> and fellow graduate student from Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cantrill-12">[12]</a> This had future ramifications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard_(1955–1960)">Harvard (1955–1960)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DFSPsimplex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DFSPsimplex.png/220px-DFSPsimplex.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DFSPsimplex.png/330px-DFSPsimplex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/DFSPsimplex.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simplex_algorithm" title="Simplex algorithm">Simplex algorithm</a> in Iverson notation<a href="#cite_note-DFSP-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montalbano-14">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> Iverson stayed on at Harvard as an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a> to implement the world's first graduate program in "automatic data processing".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-APVA-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Many people think that Aiken was interested only in scientific computers. This was simply not so. During one coffee hour, Aiken turned to Ken Iverson, who had just finished his Ph.D., and said: "These machines are going to be immensely important for business, and I want you to prepare and teach a course in business data processing next fall." There had never been such a course anywhere in the world. Ken was qualified only because he was a mathematician. I was so excited by the prospect that I immediately volunteered to be Ken's graduate teaching assistant.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Frederick Brooks Jr.</a>, Aiken and the Harvard "Comp Lab", in I. Bernard Cohen and Gregory W. Welch, editors, Makin' Numbers, MIT Press, 1999, page 141.<a href="#cite_note-CohenII-8">[8]</a></cite></div></blockquote> It was in this period that Iverson developed notation for describing and analyzing various topics in data processing, for teaching classes, and for writing (with Brooks) Automatic Data Processing.<a href="#cite_note-ADP-18">[18]</a> He was "appalled" to find that conventional mathematical notation failed to fill his needs, and began work on extensions to the notation that were more suitable. In particular, he adopted the matrix algebra used in his thesis work, the systematic use of matrices and higher-dimensional arrays in <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensor</a> analysis, and operators in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a> in his treatment of <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a> on function argument(s) with a function result.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a> The notation was also field-tested in the business world in 1957 during a 6-month sabbatical spent at <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-APLEvol-19">[19]</a> The first published paper using the notation was The Description of Finite Sequential Processes, initially Report Number 23 to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> and later revised and presented at the Fourth London Symposium on Information Theory in August 1960.<a href="#cite_note-DFSP-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-JKT-20">[20]</a> Iverson stayed at Harvard for five years but failed to get tenure, because "[he hadn't] published anything but the one little book".<a href="#cite_note-KEIQA-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBM_(1960–1980)">IBM (1960–1980)</h3></div> Iverson joined <a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">IBM Research</a> in 1960 (and doubled his salary).<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a> He was preceded to IBM by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a>, who advised him to "stick to whatever [he] really wanted to do, because management was so starved for ideas that anything not clearly crazy would find support." In particular, he was allowed to finish and publish A Programming Language<a href="#cite_note-JKT-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-APL-21">[21]</a> and (with Brooks) Automatic Data Processing,<a href="#cite_note-ADP-18">[18]</a> two books that described and used the notation developed at Harvard. (Automatic Data Processing and A Programming Language began as one book "but the material grew in both magnitude and level until a separation proved wise".<a href="#cite_note-ADP-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-APL-21">[21]</a>) At IBM, Iverson soon met <a href="/wiki/Adin_Falkoff" title="Adin Falkoff">Adin Falkoff</a>, and they worked together for the next twenty years. Chapter 2 of A Programming Language used Iverson's notation to describe the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7090</a> computer.<a href="#cite_note-JKT-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-APL-21">[21]</a> In early 1963 Falkoff, later joined by Iverson and <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Sussenguth" title="Edward H. Sussenguth">Ed Sussenguth</a>, proceeded to use the notation to produce a formal description of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> computer then under design.<a href="#cite_note-APLDesign-22">[22]</a> The result was published in 1964 in a double issue of the IBM Systems Journal,<a href="#cite_note-desc360-23">[23]</a> thereafter known as the "grey book" or "grey manual". The book was used in a course on computer systems design at the IBM Systems Research Institute.<a href="#cite_note-desc360-23">[23]</a> A consequence of the formal description was that it attracted the interest of bright young minds.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-APLQA-24">[24]</a> One hotbed of interest was at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> which included <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Larry Breed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Abrams" title="Philip S. Abrams">Phil Abrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Roger Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenner_(mathematician)" title="Charles Brenner (mathematician)">Charles Brenner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IBM1130-25">[25]</a> and Mike Jenkins,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> all of whom later made contributions to APL. Donald McIntyre, head of geology at <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a> which had the first general customer installation of a 360 system, used the formal description to become more expert than the IBM systems engineer assigned to Pomona.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-DBM-28">[28]</a> With the completion of the formal description Falkoff and Iverson turned their attention to implementation. This work was brought to rapid fruition in 1965 when <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Larry Breed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Abrams" title="Philip S. Abrams">Phil Abrams</a> joined the project. They produced a FORTRAN-based implementation on the 7090 called IVSYS (for Iverson system) by autumn 1965, first in batch mode and later, in early 1966, in time-shared interactive mode.<a href="#cite_note-IBM1130-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBMfamily-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-30">[30]</a> Subsequently, Breed, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell" title="Richard H. Lathwell">Dick Lathwell</a> (ex <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>), and Roger Moore (of <a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a>) produced the System/360 implementation;<a href="#cite_note-APL360-31">[31]</a> the three received the <a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award" title="Grace Murray Hopper Award">Grace Murray Hopper Award</a> in 1973 "for their work in the design and implementation of APL\360, setting new standards in simplicity, efficiency, reliability and response time for interactive systems."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> While the 360 implementation work was underway "Iverson notation"<a href="#cite_note-Abrams-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> was renamed "APL", by Falkoff.<a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-34">[34]</a> The workspace "1 cleanspace" was saved at 1966-11-27 22.53.58 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APLQA-24">[24]</a> APL\360 service began within IBM several weeks before that<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and outside IBM in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-IBMfamily-29">[29]</a> Additional information on the implementation of APL\360 can be found in the Acknowledgements of the APL\360 User's Manual<a href="#cite_note-APL360user-36">[36]</a> and in "Appendix. Chronology of APL development" of The Design of APL.<a href="#cite_note-APLDesign-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APLparen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/APLparen.png/220px-APLparen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/APLparen.png/330px-APLparen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/APLparen.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>APL expression for the depth of parentheses nesting<a href="#cite_note-amuse-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> The formal description and especially the implementation drove the evolution of the language, a process of consolidation and regularization in typography, linearization, syntax, and function definition described in APL\360 History,<a href="#cite_note-APLHist-39">[39]</a> The Design of APL,<a href="#cite_note-APLDesign-22">[22]</a> and The Evolution of APL.<a href="#cite_note-APLEvol-19">[19]</a> Two treatises from this period, Conventions Governing the Order of Evaluation<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and Algebra as a Language,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> are apologias of APL notation. The notation was used by Falkoff and Iverson to teach various topics at various universities and at the IBM Systems Research Institute.<a href="#cite_note-APLDesign-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-APLHist-39">[39]</a> In 1964 Iverson used the notation in a one-semester course for seniors at the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Lane_High_School" title="Fox Lane High School">Fox Lane High School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-fns-42">[42]</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_High_School" title="Swarthmore High School">Swarthmore High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a> After APL became available its first application was to teach formal methods in systems design at <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">NASA Goddard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APLHist-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> It was also used at the <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_School" title="Hotchkiss School">Hotchkiss School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IBM1130-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_College" title="Lower Canada College">Lower Canada College</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scotch_Plains-Fanwood_High_School" title="Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School">Scotch Plains High School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Atlanta public schools,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> among others. In one school the students became so eager that they broke into the school after hours to get more APL computer time;<a href="#cite_note-APLQA-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> in another the APL enthusiasts steered newbies to <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> so as to maximize their own APL time.<a href="#cite_note-IBM1130-25">[25]</a> In 1969, Iverson and the APL group inaugurated the IBM Philadelphia Scientific Center.<a href="#cite_note-IBMfamily-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-APLHist-39">[39]</a> In 1970 he was named <a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">IBM Fellow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goode-49">[49]</a> He used the funding that came with being an IBM Fellow to bring in visiting teachers and professors from various fields, including Donald McIntyre from Pomona<a href="#cite_note-DBM-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Shallit" title="Jeffrey Shallit">Jeff Shallit</a> as a summer student.<a href="#cite_note-APLQA-24">[24]</a> For a period of several months the visitors would start using APL for expositions in their own fields, and the hope was that later they would continue their use of APL at their home institutions.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Iverson's work at this time centered in several disciplines, including collaborative projects in circuit theory, genetics, geology, and calculus.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> When the PSC closed in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-IBMfamily-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-34">[34]</a> some of the group transferred to California while others including Iverson remained in the East, later transferring back to IBM Research. He received the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-TOT-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APL_developers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/APL_developers.jpg/220px-APL_developers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/APL_developers.jpg/330px-APL_developers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/APL_developers.jpg/440px-APL_developers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>(L to R) Dick Lathwell, Ken Iverson, Roger Moore, Adin Falkoff, Phil Abrams, and Larry Breed. On the extreme left in the background: Jon McGrew. Taken in the I.P. Sharp Associates hospitality suite during the 1978 APL Users Meeting in Toronto, Ontario.</figcaption></figure> The following table lists the publications which Iverson authored or co-authored while he was at IBM. They reflect the two main strands of his work. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <dl><dt>Education</dt></dl> <ul><li>Automatic Data Processing<a href="#cite_note-ADP-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Elementary Functions: An Algorithmic Treatment<a href="#cite_note-fns-42">[42]</a></li> <li>The Use of APL in Teaching<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Using the Computer to Compute<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>Algebra: An Algorithmic Treatment<a href="#cite_note-algebra-57">[57]</a></li> <li>APL in Exposition<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>An Introduction to APL for Scientists and Engineers<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Introducing APL to Teachers<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Elementary Analysis<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Programming Style in APL<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <dl><dt>Language design & implementation</dt></dl> <ul><li>A Programming Language<a href="#cite_note-APL-21">[21]</a></li> <li>A Programming Language<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>A Common Language for Hardware, Software, and Applications<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Programming Notation in System Design<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Formalism in Programming Languages<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>A Method of Syntax Specification<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li>A Formal Description of System/360<a href="#cite_note-desc360-23">[23]</a></li> <li>APL\360 User's Manual<a href="#cite_note-APL360user-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Communication in APL Systems<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>The Design of APL<a href="#cite_note-APLDesign-22">[22]</a></li> <li>APL as an Analytic Notation<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>APLSV User's Manual<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>APL Language<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Two Combinatoric Operators<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>The Evolution of APL<a href="#cite_note-APLEvol-19">[19]</a></li> <li>Operators and Functions<a href="#cite_note-opfns-73">[73]</a></li> <li>The Role of Operators in APL<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>The Derivative Operator<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Operators<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Notation as a Tool of Thought<a href="#cite_note-TOT-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I._P._Sharp_Associates_(1980–1987)">I. P. Sharp Associates (1980–1987)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APLrank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/APLrank.png/220px-APLrank.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/APLrank.png/330px-APLrank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/APLrank.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>APL rank operator ⍤ <a href="#cite_note-SAX-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1980, Iverson left IBM for <a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EEMQA-80">[80]</a> an APL <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> company. He was preceded there by his IBM colleagues Paul Berry, Joey Tuttle, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell" title="Richard H. Lathwell">Dick Lathwell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McDonnell" title="Eugene McDonnell">Eugene McDonnell</a>. At IPSA, the APL language and systems group was managed by Eric Iverson (Ken Iverson's son); <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Roger Moore</a>, one of the APL\360 implementers, was a vice president. Iverson worked to develop and extend APL on the lines presented in Operators and Functions.<a href="#cite_note-opfns-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-APL1978-81">[81]</a> The language work gained impetus in 1981 when <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)">Arthur Whitney</a> and Iverson produced a model of APL written in APL<a href="#cite_note-APLmodel-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-APLSyntaxSemantics-83">[83]</a> at the same time they were working on IPSA's <a href="/wiki/OAG_(company)" title="OAG (company)">OAG</a> database.<a href="#cite_note-KEIQA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cantrill-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> (Iverson introduced Arthur Whitney, son of Eoin Whitney, to APL when he was 11-years-old<a href="#cite_note-Cantrill-12">[12]</a> and in 1974 recommended him for a summer student position at IPSA <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APLQA-24">[24]</a>) In the model, the APL syntax was driven by an 11-by-5 table. Whitney also invented the <a href="/wiki/Rank_(J_programming_language)" title="Rank (J programming language)">rank operator</a> in the process.<a href="#cite_note-KEIrem-85">[85]</a> The language design was further simplified and extended in Rationalized APL<a href="#cite_note-RatAPL-86">[86]</a> in January 1983, multiple editions of A Dictionary of the APL Language between 1984 and 1987, and A Dictionary of APL<a href="#cite_note-APLDict-87">[87]</a> in September 1987. Within IPSA, the phrase "dictionary APL" came into use to denote the APL specified by A Dictionary of APL, itself referred to as "the dictionary". In the dictionary, APL syntax is controlled by a 9-by-6 table and the parsing process was precisely and succinctly described in Table 2, and there is a primitive (monadic ⊥, modeled in APL) for word formation (<a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">lexing</a>). In the 1970s and 1980s, the main APL vendors were <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">STSC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/I.P._Sharp_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="I.P. Sharp Associates">IPSA</a>, and all three were active in developing and extending the language. IBM had APL2, based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Brown (computer scientist)">Jim Brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Work on APL2 proceeded intermittently for 15 years,<a href="#cite_note-IBMfamily-29">[29]</a> with actual coding starting in 1971 and APL2 becoming available as an IUP (Installed User Program, an IBM product classification) in 1982. STSC had an experimental APL system called NARS, designed and implemented by Bob Smith.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-NARS-92">[92]</a> NARS and APL2 differed in fundamental respects from dictionary APL,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and differed from each other. I.P. Sharp implemented the new APL ideas in stages: complex numbers,<a href="#cite_note-SATN40-94">[94]</a> enclosed (boxed) arrays, match, and composition operators in 1981,<a href="#cite_note-SATN41-95">[95]</a> the determinant operator in 1982,<a href="#cite_note-SATN42-96">[96]</a> and the rank operator, link, and the left and right identity functions in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-SATN45-97">[97]</a> However, the domains of operators were still restricted to the primitive functions or subsets thereof. In 1986, IPSA developed SAX,<a href="#cite_note-SAX-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> SHARP APL/Unix, written in C and based on an implementation by <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">STSC</a>. The language was as specified in the dictionary with no restrictions on the domains of operators. An alpha version of SAX became available within I.P. Sharp around December 1986 or early 1987. In education, Iverson developed A SHARP APL Minicourse<a href="#cite_note-inductive-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-mini-100">[100]</a> used to teach IPSA clients in the use of APL, and Applied Mathematics for Programmers<a href="#cite_note-AMFP-101">[101]</a> and Mathematics and Programming<a href="#cite_note-MAP-102">[102]</a> which were used in computer science courses at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Twente" title="University of Twente">T.H. Twente</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KEI_with_ATW_NY_Aug_1989.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/KEI_with_ATW_NY_Aug_1989.png/220px-KEI_with_ATW_NY_Aug_1989.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/KEI_with_ATW_NY_Aug_1989.png/330px-KEI_with_ATW_NY_Aug_1989.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/KEI_with_ATW_NY_Aug_1989.png/440px-KEI_with_ATW_NY_Aug_1989.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Ken Iverson and Arthur Whitney, 1989</figcaption></figure> Publications which Iverson authored or co-authored while he was at <a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <dl><dt>Education</dt></dl> <ul><li>The Inductive Method of Introducing APL<a href="#cite_note-inductive-99">[99]</a></li> <li>A SHARP APL Minicourse<a href="#cite_note-mini-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Applied Mathematics for Programmers<a href="#cite_note-AMFP-101">[101]</a></li> <li>Mathematics and Programming<a href="#cite_note-MAP-102">[102]</a></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <dl><dt>Language design & implementation</dt></dl> <ul><li>Operators and Enclosed Arrays<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>Direct Definition<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>Composition and Enclosure<a href="#cite_note-SATN41-95">[95]</a></li> <li>A Function Definition Operator<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>Determinant-Like Functions Produced by the Dot-Operator<a href="#cite_note-SATN42-96">[96]</a></li> <li>Practical Uses of a Model of APL<a href="#cite_note-APLmodel-82">[82]</a></li> <li>Rationalized APL<a href="#cite_note-RatAPL-86">[86]</a></li> <li>APL Syntax and Semantics<a href="#cite_note-APLSyntaxSemantics-83">[83]</a></li> <li>Language Extensions of May 1983<a href="#cite_note-SATN45-97">[97]</a></li> <li>An Operator Calculus<a href="#cite_note-OpCalculus-106">[106]</a></li> <li>APL87<a href="#cite_note-APL87-107">[107]</a></li> <li>A Dictionary of APL<a href="#cite_note-APLDict-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Processing Natural Language: Syntactic and Semantic Mechanisms<a href="#cite_note-NatLang-108">[108]</a></li></ul> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jsoftware_(1990–2004)">Jsoftware (1990–2004)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jbinomial.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Jbinomial.png/220px-Jbinomial.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Jbinomial.png/330px-Jbinomial.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/Jbinomial.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>J <a href="/wiki/Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">tacit verb</a> for binomial coefficients<a href="#cite_note-amuse-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APLbinomial.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/APLbinomial.png/220px-APLbinomial.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/APLbinomial.png/330px-APLbinomial.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/APLbinomial.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Dyalog APL<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> equivalent computation</figcaption></figure> Iverson retired from I. P. Sharp Associates in 1987. He kept busy while "between jobs". Regarding language design, the most significant of his activities in this period was the invention of "fork" in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-fork-111">[111]</a> For years, he had struggled to find a way to write f+g as in calculus, from the "scalar operators" in 1978,<a href="#cite_note-opfns-73">[73]</a> through the "til" operator in 1982,<a href="#cite_note-APLmodel-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-RatAPL-86">[86]</a> the catenation and reshape operators in 1984,<a href="#cite_note-OpCalculus-106">[106]</a> the union and intersection operators in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-APLDict-87">[87]</a> "yoke" in 1988,<a href="#cite_note-APLCommentary-112">[112]</a> and finally forks in 1988. Forks are defined as follows: <table> <tbody><tr> <td>   </td> <td>  (f g h) y</td> <td>  ←→  </td> <td>(f y) g (h y) </td></tr> <tr> <td>   </td> <td>x (f g h) y</td> <td>  ←→  </td> <td>(x f y) g (x h y) </td></tr></tbody></table> Moreover, (f g p q r) ←→ (f g (p q r)). Thus to write f+g as in calculus, one can write f+g in APL. Iverson and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McDonnell" title="Eugene McDonnell">Eugene McDonnell</a> worked out the details on the long plane rides to the APL88 conference in Sydney, Australia, with Iverson coming up with the initial idea on waking up from a nap.<a href="#cite_note-KEIrem-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-APL1978-81">[81]</a>: §1.3, §3.8  Iverson presented the rationale for his work post 1987 as follows:<a href="#cite_note-APVA-16">[16]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When I retired from paid employment, I turned my attention back to this matter [the use of APL for teaching] and soon concluded that the essential tool required was a dialect of APL that: <dl><dd>• Is available as "shareware", and is inexpensive enough to be acquired by students as well as by schools</dd> <dd>• Can be printed on standard printers</dd> <dd>• Runs on a wide variety of computers</dd> <dd>• Provides the simplicity and the generality of the latest thinking in APL</dd></dl> The result has been <a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a>, first reported in [the APL 90 Conference Proceedings].<a href="#cite_note-J1990-114">[114]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hui" title="Roger Hui">Roger Hui</a> described the final impetus that got J started in Appendix A of An Implementation of J:<a href="#cite_note-AIOJ-115">[115]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One summer weekend in 1989, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)">Arthur Whitney</a> visited Ken Iverson at Kiln Farm and produced—on one page and in one afternoon—an interpreter fragment on the <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_UNIX_PC" title="AT&T UNIX PC">AT&T 3B1 computer</a>. I studied this interpreter for about a week for its organization and programming style; and on Sunday, August 27, 1989, at about four o'clock in the afternoon, wrote the first line of code that became the implementation described in this document. Arthur's one-page interpreter fragment is as follows: ...</blockquote> Hui, a classmate of Whitney at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, had studied A Dictionary of the APL Language when he was between jobs,<a href="#cite_note-autobio-4">[4]</a> modelled the parsing process in at least two different ways,<a href="#cite_note-KEIrem-85">[85]</a> and investigated uses of dictionary APL in diverse applications.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> As well, from January 1987 to August 1989 he had access to SAX,<a href="#cite_note-SAX-77">[77]</a> and in the later part of that period used it on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-KEIrem-85">[85]</a> J initially took A Dictionary of APL<a href="#cite_note-APLDict-87">[87]</a> as the specification, and the J interpreter was built around Table 2 of the dictionary. The C data and program structures were designed so that the parse table in C corresponded directly to the parse table in the dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-KEIrem-85">[85]</a> In retrospect, Iverson's APL87 paper APL87,<a href="#cite_note-APL87-107">[107]</a> in five pages, prescribed all the essential steps in writing an APL interpreter, in particular the sections on word formation and parsing. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)">Arthur Whitney</a>, in addition to the "one-page thing", contributed to J development by suggesting that primitives be oriented on the leading axis, that agreement (a generalization of scalar extension) should be prefix instead of suffix,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and that a total array ordering be defined.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> One of the objectives was to implement fork. This turned out to be rather straightforward, by the inclusion of one additional row in the parse table. The choice to implement forks was fortuitous and fortunate. It was realized only later<a href="#cite_note-tacit-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> that forks made <a href="/wiki/Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">tacit expressions</a> (operator expressions) complete in the following sense: any sentence involving one or two arguments that did not use its arguments as an operand, can be written tacitly with fork, compose, the left and right identity functions, and constant functions. Two obvious differences between J and other APL dialects are: (a) its use of terms from natural languages instead of from mathematics or computer science (the practice began with A Dictionary of APL): noun, verb, adverbs, alphabet, word formation, sentence, ... instead of array, function, operator, character set, lexing, expression, ... ; and (b) its use of 7-bit ASCII characters instead of special symbols. Other differences between J and APL are described in J for the APL Programmer<a href="#cite_note-JFA-121">[121]</a> and APL and J.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The J source code is available from Jsoftware under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 3 (GPL3), or a commercial alternative.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Eric Iverson founded Iverson Software Inc., in February 1990 to provide an improved SHARP APL/PC product. It quickly became obvious that there were shared interests and goals, and in May 1990 Iverson and Hui joined Iverson Software Inc.; later joined by Chris Burke. The company soon became J only. The name was changed to Jsoftware Inc., in April 2000.<a href="#cite_note-KEIrem-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KEI%26Hui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/KEI%26Hui.jpg/220px-KEI%26Hui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/KEI%26Hui.jpg/330px-KEI%26Hui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/KEI%26Hui.jpg/440px-KEI%26Hui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Ken Iverson (right) and Roger Hui, 1996</figcaption></figure> Publications which Iverson authored or co-authored while he was at Iverson Software Inc. and Jsoftware Inc.: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <dl><dt>Education</dt></dl> <ul><li>Tangible Math<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Programming in J<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>Arithmetic<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li>Calculus<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>Concrete Math Companion<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>Exploring Math<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>J Phrases<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>ICFP '98 Contest Winners<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Math for the Layman<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <dl><dt>Language design & implementation</dt></dl> <ul><li>A Commentary on APL Development<a href="#cite_note-APLCommentary-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Phrasal Forms<a href="#cite_note-fork-111">[111]</a></li> <li>APL/?<a href="#cite_note-J1990-114">[114]</a></li> <li>Tacit Definition<a href="#cite_note-tacit-119">[119]</a></li> <li>A Personal View of APL<a href="#cite_note-APVA-16">[16]</a></li> <li>J Introduction and Dictionary<a href="#cite_note-Jdict-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Revisiting Rough Spots<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>Computers and Mathematical Notation<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>Mathematical Roots of J<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>APL in the New Millennium<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li></ul> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">IBM Fellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, 1970<a href="#cite_note-TOT-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goode-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Award" title="Harry H. Goode Memorial Award">Harry H. Goode Memorial Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>, 1975<a href="#cite_note-Goode-49">[49]</a></li> <li>Member, <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (USA), 1979<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>, 1979<a href="#cite_note-TOT-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Pioneer_Award" title="Computer Pioneer Award">Computer Pioneer Award</a> (Charter recipient), <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>, 1982<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>Honorary doctorate, <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>, 1998<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>In 2015, a new moth species, Agdistis iversoni, was named after him.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iverson_Award" title="Iverson Award">Iverson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverson_bracket" title="Iverson bracket">Iverson bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions" title="Floor and ceiling functions">Floor and ceiling functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Pioneer+Award+%28Charter+Recipient%29&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fawards%2Fpioneer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Iverson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummond1998" class="citation cs1">Drummond, B. (11 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/yorku.htm">Citation for Dr. Kenneth Iverson</a>. <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>. Retrieved 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citation+for+Dr.+Kenneth+Iverson&rft.pub=York+University&rft.date=1998-06-11&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fpapers%2Fyorku.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Iverson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovtunovichUstjuzhanin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kovtunovich, Vasily N.; Ustjuzhanin, Petr Ya. (2015). "New species of plume moths of the genus Agdistis Hübner, 1825 (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae: Agdistinae) from southern Africa". African Invertebrates. 56 (1): 137–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AfrIn..56..137K">2015AfrIn..56..137K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5733%2Fafin.056.0110">10.5733/afin.056.0110</a>. <q>The species is named after Kenneth Eugene Iverson (1920–2004), a Canadian computer scientist who developed the programming languages APL and J.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Invertebrates&rft.atitle=New+species+of+plume+moths+of+the+genus+Agdistis+H%C3%BCbner%2C+1825+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Pterophoridae%3A+Agdistinae%29+from+southern+Africa&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-139&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5733%2Fafin.056.0110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AfrIn..56..137K&rft.aulast=Kovtunovich&rft.aufirst=Vasily+N.&rft.au=Ustjuzhanin%2C+Petr+Ya.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+E.+Iverson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kenneth_E._Iverson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1233856A">Works by Kenneth E. Iverson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keiapl.org/">A Celebration of the Life of Kenneth Eugene Iverson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keiapl.org/rhui/passage.htm">Collected Eulogies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uofa.ualberta.ca/computing-science/explore/iverson-exam">Iverson Exam</a> programming competition at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> for high school students</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/KEIQA.htm">Ken Iverson Quotations and Anecdotes</a> illustrations of what Iverson was like as a person, what he was like to work with, the milieu in which he studied and worked, his outlook on life, his sense of humor, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705152219/https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLQA.htm">APL Quotations and Anecdotes</a> sketches of Iverson, his colleagues, and his intellectual descendants</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="APL_programming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL programming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APL_syntax_and_symbols" title="APL syntax and symbols">APL syntax and symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_function" title="Direct function">Direct function</a> (dfn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_encoding_of_APL_symbols" title="Digital encoding of APL symbols">Code pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverson_bracket" title="Iverson bracket">Iverson bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_(J_programming_language)" title="Rank (J programming language)">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Variables" title="Shared Variables">Shared Variables</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:APL_(programming_language)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/80px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/120px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/160px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1890" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dyalog APL</li> <li>APL2 → <a href="/wiki/APLX" title="APLX">APLX</a></li> <li>SHARP APL</li> <li>NARS → NARS2000°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)" title="A+ (programming language)">A → A+</a>°</li> <li>APLNext → VisualAPL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELI_(programming_language)" title="ELI (programming language)">ELI</a></li> <li>GNU APL°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kdb%2B" title="Kdb+">kdb+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems)" title="Q (programming language from Kx Systems)">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_Programming_Language" title="Polymorphic Programming Language">Polymorphic Programming Language</a> (PPL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>: SIGAPL</li> <li>British APL Association</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere_WS-1" title="Ampere WS-1">Ampere</a></li> <li>Analogic Corporation</li> <li>APL2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC)</li> <li>DNA Systems</li> <li>Dyalog Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx_Systems" title="Kx Systems">Kx Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCM/70" title="MCM/70">Micro Computer Machines</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">Scientific Time Sharing Corporation</a> (STSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton_Incorporated" title="Soliton Incorporated">Soliton Incorporated</a></li> <li>Telecompute Integrated Systems, Inc.</li> <li>Time Sharing Resources (TSR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> (CMU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Abrams" title="Philip S. Abrams">Phil Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernecky" title="Robert Bernecky">Bob Bernecky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Larry Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenner_(mathematician)" title="Charles Brenner (mathematician)">Charles Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Brown (computer scientist)">Jim Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adin_Falkoff" title="Adin Falkoff">Adin Falkoff</a></li> <li>Patrick E. Hagerty</li> <li>Herbert Hellerman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hui" title="Roger Hui">Roger Hui</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth E. Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell" title="Richard H. Lathwell">Dick Lathwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McDonnell" title="Eugene McDonnell">Eugene McDonnell</a></li> <li>Robert Metzger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Roger Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Scholes" title="John M. Scholes">John Scholes</a></li> <li>J. Henri Schueler</li> <li>Bob Smith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Sussenguth" title="Edward H. Sussenguth">Edward H. Sussenguth</a> Jr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)">Arthur Whitney</a></li> <li>William Yerazunis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodnay_Zaks" title="Rodnay Zaks">Rodnay Zaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iverson_Award" title="Iverson Award">Iverson Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics = discontinued</li> <li>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:APL_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:APL (programming language)">Commons</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:APL_programming_language_family" title="Category:APL programming language family">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="A._M._Turing_Award_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Template:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="A._M._Turing_Award_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">A. M. Turing Award</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Maurice Vincent Wilkes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bachman" title="Charles Bachman">Charles Bachman</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael O. Rabin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Dana Scott</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a> (1978)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth E. Iverson</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Stephen Cook</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Karp" title="Richard M. Karp">Richard Karp</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopcroft" title="John Hopcroft">John Hopcroft</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" title="Robert Tarjan">Robert Tarjan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">William Kahan</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juris_Hartmanis" title="Juris Hartmanis">Juris Hartmanis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Stearns" title="Richard E. Stearns">Richard E. Stearns</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Edward Feigenbaum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raj_Reddy" title="Raj Reddy">Raj Reddy</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Blum" title="Manuel Blum">Manuel Blum</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Pnueli" title="Amir Pnueli">Amir Pnueli</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Gray (computer scientist)">Jim Gray</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yao" title="Andrew Yao">Andrew Yao</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ron Rivest</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman">Leonard Adleman</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Allen" title="Frances Allen">Frances Allen</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_M._Clarke" title="Edmund M. Clarke">Edmund M. Clarke</a>; <a href="/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson" title="E. Allen Emerson">E. Allen Emerson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis" title="Joseph Sifakis">Joseph Sifakis</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Liskov" title="Barbara Liskov">Barbara Liskov</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Valiant" title="Leslie Valiant">Leslie G. Valiant</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea_Pearl" title="Judea Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Shafi Goldwasser</a>; <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Silvio Micali</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker">Michael Stonebraker</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Martin Hellman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Whitfield Diffie</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Ed Catmull</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ullman" title="Jeffrey Ullman">Jeffrey Ullman</a> (2020) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dongarra" title="Jack Dongarra">Jack Dongarra</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Wigderson" title="Avi Wigderson">Avi Wigderson</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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