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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preservative_claim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservative_claim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Preservative claim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservative_claim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification and types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification and types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary_herbs_and_spices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_herbs_and_spices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Culinary herbs and spices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_herbs_and_spices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botanical_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botanical_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Botanical basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botanical_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_spice_mixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_spice_mixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Common spice mixtures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_spice_mixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Handling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Handling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Handling subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salmonella_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salmonella_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Salmonella contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salmonella_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesery" title="Spesery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spesery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بهار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بهار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especia" title="Especia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Especia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Համեմունքներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Համեմունքներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie_(sustancia)" title="Especie (sustancia) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Especie (sustancia)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manq%27a_sumachiri" title="Manq'a sumachiri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Manq'a sumachiri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fdviyyat" title="Ədviyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədviyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ادویات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادویات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="মসলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মসলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Спэцыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Спэцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekado" title="Rekado – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rekado" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Подправка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Подправка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiaz" title="Gwiaz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gwiaz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%8Din" title="Začin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Začin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spis_(temz)" title="Spis (temz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spis (temz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia" title="Espècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%99en%C3%AD" title="Koření – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koření" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbeis" title="Sbeis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbeis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krydderi" title="Krydderi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krydderi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1istagat" title="Máistagat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Máistagat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrz" title="Gewürz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewürz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BCrtsid" title="Vürtsid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vürtsid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Μπαχαρικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαχαρικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especia" title="Especia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Especia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spico" title="Spico – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spico" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espezia" title="Espezia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espezia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ادویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pice" title="Épice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%ADosra" title="Spíosra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spíosra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%ACosradh" title="Spìosradh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Spìosradh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especia" title="Especia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Especia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3" title="КӀоанолг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="КӀоанолг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%A5%EC%8B%A0%EB%A3%8C" title="향신료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="향신료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Համեմունքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համեմունքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मसाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मसाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%8Din" title="Začin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Začin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spico" title="Spico – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spico" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rempah-rempah" title="Rempah-rempah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rempah-rempah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie_(aroma)" title="Specie (aroma) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Specie (aroma)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinongi" title="Isinongi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isinongi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krydd" title="Krydd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krydd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezie" title="Spezie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spezie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="תבלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תבלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbon_crak%C3%A8n" title="Bumbon crakèn – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bumbon crakèn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5" title="ಸಂಬಾರ ಪದಾರ್ಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಬಾರ ಪದಾರ್ಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дәмдеуіштер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дәмдеуіштер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiungo_(chakula)" title="Kiungo (chakula) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiungo (chakula)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zepis" title="Zepis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zepis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9pis" title="Zépis – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zépis" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharat" title="Biharat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biharat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Татымал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Татымал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma" title="Aroma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aroma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C5%A1viela" title="Garšviela – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Garšviela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewierzer" title="Gewierzer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gewierzer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prieskoniai" title="Prieskoniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prieskoniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjpecerie" title="Sjpecerie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjpecerie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%B1szer" title="Fűszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fűszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Зачин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зачин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zava-manitra" title="Zava-manitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zava-manitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സുഗന്ധവ്യഞ്ജനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുഗന്ധവ്യഞ്ജനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मसाला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मसाला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ليستة التوابل والبهارات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليستة التوابل والبهارات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rempah" title="Rempah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rempah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkok-langkok" title="Langkok-langkok – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Langkok-langkok" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဟင်းခတ်အမွှေးအကြိုင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟင်းခတ်အမွှေးအကြိုင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipaisi" title="Sipaisi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sipaisi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specerij" title="Specerij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Specerij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मसला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मसला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="छुसा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="छुसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%BE%9B%E6%96%99" title="香辛料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="香辛料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krydder" title="Krydder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krydder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krydder" title="Krydder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krydder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Apice" title="Êpice – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êpice" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(cosina)" title="Espècia (cosina) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espècia (cosina)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziravorlar" title="Ziravorlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ziravorlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مسالا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسالا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="مساله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مساله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przyprawa" title="Przyprawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przyprawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especiaria" title="Especiaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Especiaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirodenie" title="Mirodenie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mirodenie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27apachana" title="Q'apachana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'apachana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пряности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пряности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тума – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тума" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF" title="गन्धद्रव्याणि – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गन्धद्रव्याणि" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%ABzat" title="Erëzat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Erëzat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94" title="කුළුබඩු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුළුබඩු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice" title="Spice – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spice" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%90%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%BB" title="تِکاڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تِکاڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korenie" title="Korenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Korenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%8Dimba" title="Začimba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Začimba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xawaash" title="Xawaash – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xawaash" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بەھارات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەھارات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Зачин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зачин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%8Din" title="Začin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Začin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauste" title="Mauste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mauste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krydda" title="Krydda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krydda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesya" title="Espesya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espesya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மசாலாப் பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மசாலாப் பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సుగంధ ద్రవ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సుగంధ ద్రవ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="เครื่องเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baharat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Спеції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спеції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%81" title="مصالحہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصالحہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Gia vị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gia vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="香料" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panakot" title="Panakot – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panakot" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%BE%9B%E6%96%99" title="香辛料 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="香辛料" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="געווירץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געווירץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="香料" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%BE%9B%E6%96%99" title="香辛料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="香辛料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42527#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Spice" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Food flavoring</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spice (disambiguation)">Spice (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Spices</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spices1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spices1.jpg/220px-Spices1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spices1.jpg/330px-Spices1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spices1.jpg/440px-Spices1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spices at a central market in <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a>, Morocco</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indianspicesherbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indianspicesherbs.jpg/220px-Indianspicesherbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indianspicesherbs.jpg/330px-Indianspicesherbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indianspicesherbs.jpg/440px-Indianspicesherbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A group of <a href="/wiki/Indian_spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian spices">Indian herbs and spices</a> in bowls</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spices_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Spices_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/220px-Spices_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Spices_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/330px-Spices_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Spices_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/440px-Spices_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5130" data-file-height="2930" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spices of Saúde flea market, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Culinary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary art">culinary arts</a>, a <b>spice</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> substance in a form primarily used for <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a> or <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">coloring</a> food. Spices are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnish (food)">garnish</a>. Spices are sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred rite">religious rituals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a> production. They are usually classified into spices, spice seeds, and herbal categories.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> is commonly used as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">fragrance</a> manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant-based <a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">sweeteners</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> are not considered spices. </p><p>Spices may be used fresh and whole, after drying, grating, chopping, crushing, or grinding, or by extraction into a <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tincture</a>. Such processing may happen before a spice is offered for sale, while preparing a dish in a kitchen, or after a dish has been presented for consumption (such as peppercorns ground at the table as a <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiment</a>). Some spices such as <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> are seldom available either fresh or whole and so must be purchased in ground form. Small seeds such as fennel or mustard may be used either whole or in powdered form. </p><p>A whole dried spice has the longest shelf life, so it can be purchased and stored in larger amounts, making it cheaper on a per-serving basis. A fresh spice, such as <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, is usually more flavorful than its dried form, but fresh spices are more expensive and have a much shorter shelf life. </p><p>There is not enough <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">clinical evidence</a> to indicate that consuming spices affects human health.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> contributes to 75% of global spice production.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reflected culturally through its <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">cuisine</a>. Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> developed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Europe's demand for spices was among the economic and cultural factors that encouraged exploration in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>spice</i> originated in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> words <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">espece</i></span><i>, <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">espis(c)e</i></span>,</i> and <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">espis(c)e</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Dictionary" title="Middle English Dictionary">Middle English Dictionary</a></i>, the Old French words came from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-French</a> <i>spece</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam Webster</a>, the Old-French words came from Anglo-French <i>espece,</i> and <i>espis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both publications agree that the Anglo-French words are derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">species</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">spice</i></span> had its first known use as a noun in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spice_use_in_antiquity" title="Spice use in antiquity">Spice use in antiquity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> developed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sidebotham2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidebotham2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> by 2000 BCE with <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> with herbs and pepper. The Egyptians used herbs for <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">mummification</a>. Their demand for exotic spices and herbs helped stimulate world trade. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Cloves</a> were used in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> by 1700 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest written records of spices come from ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian cultures. The <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a> from early Egypt dating from 1550 BCE describes some eight hundred different <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicinal</a> remedies and numerous medicinal procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1000 BCE, medical systems based upon herbs could be found in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Early uses were associated with magic, medicine, religion, tradition, and preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCp14_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCp14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesian merchants traveled around China, India, the Middle East, and the east coast of Africa. <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> merchants facilitated the routes through the Middle East and India. This resulted in the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Alexandria">port city of Alexandria</a> being the main trading center for spices. The most important discovery prior to the European spice trade was the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds (40 CE). Sailing from Eastern spice cultivators to Western European consumers gradually replaced the land-locked spice routes once facilitated by the Middle East Arab caravans.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCp14_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCp14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spices were prominent enough in the ancient world that they are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(Old_Testament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis (Old Testament)">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (Hebrew Bible)">Joseph</a> was sold into slavery by his brothers to spice merchants. In <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a> is described as being similar to coriander in appearance. In the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Solomon">Song of Solomon</a>, the male narrator compares his beloved to many saffron, cinnamon, and other spices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ancient Indian <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> mentions cloves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historians believe that <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, which originates from the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, was introduced to Europe in the 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> had cloves in the 1st century CE, as <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> wrote about them.<sup id="cite_ref-Duke_2002_p._7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duke_2002_p._7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/220px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/330px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/440px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>"The Mullus" harvesting pepper. Illustration from a French edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spices were among the most demanded and expensive products available in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> the most common being <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> (and the cheaper alternative <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_aromaticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum aromaticum">cassia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, ginger, and <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>. Given medieval medicine's main theory of <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humorism</a>, spices and herbs were indispensable to balance "humors" in food,<sup><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> on a daily basis for good health at a time of recurrent <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a>. In addition to being desired by those using <a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">medieval medicine</a>, the European elite also craved spices in the Middle Ages, believing spices to be from and a connection to "paradise".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the European aristocracy's demand for spice comes from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aragon">King of Aragon</a>, who invested substantial resources into importing spices to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the 12th century. He was specifically looking for spices to put in <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and was not alone among <a href="/wiki/European_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monarchs">European monarchs</a> at the time to have such a desire for spice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spices were all imported from plantations in Asia and Africa, which made them expensive. From the 8th until the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> held a monopoly on spice trade with the Middle East, using this position to dominate the neighboring Italian <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> and city-states. The trade made the region rich. It has been estimated that around 1,000 tons of pepper and 1,000 tons of other common spices were imported into Western Europe each year during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. The value of these goods was the equivalent of a yearly supply of grain for 1.5 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most exclusive was <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, used as much for its vivid yellow-red color as for its flavor. Spices that have now fallen into obscurity in European cuisine include <a href="/wiki/Aframomum_melegueta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aframomum melegueta">grains of paradise</a>, a relative of <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> which mostly replaced pepper in late medieval north French cooking, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">mace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spikenard" title="Spikenard">spikenard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cubeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubeb">cubeb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voyagers from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> were interested in seeking new routes to trade in spices and other valuable products from Asia. The control of trade routes and the spice-producing regions were the main reasons that <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> sailed to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1499.<sup><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> When da Gama discovered the pepper market in India, he was able to secure peppers for a much cheaper price than the ones demanded by <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> returned from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. He described to <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investors</a> the new spices available there.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another source of competition in the spice trade during the 15th and 16th centuries was the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusans</a> from the maritime republic of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> in southern Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military prowess of <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> (1453–1515) allowed the Portuguese to take control of the sea routes to India. In 1506, he took the island of <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> in the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and, in 1507, <a href="/wiki/Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormuz">Ormuz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. Since becoming the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a>, he took <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> in India in 1510, and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> in 1511. The Portuguese could now trade directly with <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>. </p><p>With the discovery of the New World came new spices, including <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>. This development kept the spice trade, with the Americas as a latecomer with their new seasonings, profitable well into the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Indian_spices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chili powder, mustard seeds, turmeric powder, cumin seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Common_Indian_spices.jpg/220px-Common_Indian_spices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Common_Indian_spices.jpg/330px-Common_Indian_spices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Common_Indian_spices.jpg/440px-Common_Indian_spices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Turmeric powder, mustard seeds, chilli powder, cumin seeds</figcaption></figure> <p>Spices are primarily used as food <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a> or to create variety.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also used to perfume <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>. At various periods, many spices were used in <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>. Finally, since they can be expensive, rare and exotic commodities, their <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a> has often been a symbol of wealth and social class.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservative_claim">Preservative claim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preservative claim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The most popular explanation for the love of spices in the Middle Ages is that they were used to preserve meat from spoiling, or to cover up the taste of meat that had already gone off. This compelling but false idea constitutes something of an urban legend, a story so instinctively attractive that mere fact seems unable to wipe it out... Anyone who could afford spices could easily find meat fresher than what city dwellers today buy in their local supermarket.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>It is often claimed that spices were used either as <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservatives</a> or to mask the taste of <a href="/wiki/Meat_spoilage" title="Meat spoilage">spoiled meat</a>, especially in the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThomasDaoust2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomasDaoust2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is false.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freedman_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, spices are rather ineffective as preservatives as compared to <a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">salting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">drying</a>, and are ineffective in covering the taste of spoiled meat.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, spices have always been comparatively expensive: in 15th century Oxford, a whole pig cost about the same as a pound of the cheapest spice, pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also no evidence of such use from contemporary cookbooks: "Old cookbooks make it clear that spices weren't used as a preservative. They typically suggest adding spices toward the end of the cooking process, where they could have no preservative effect whatsoever."<sup id="cite_ref-krondl_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krondl-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_di_Messisbugo" title="Cristoforo di Messisbugo">Cristoforo di Messisbugo</a> suggested in the 16th century that pepper may speed up spoilage.<sup id="cite_ref-krondl_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krondl-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though some spices have <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> properties in vitro,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pepper—by far the most common spice—is relatively ineffective, and in any case, salt, which is far cheaper, is also far more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-krondl_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krondl-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_types">Classification and types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification and types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_herbs_and_spices" title="Outline of herbs and spices">Outline of herbs and spices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_spices_with_labels_(garam_masala_components)_(49684333301).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Indian_spices_with_labels_%28garam_masala_components%29_%2849684333301%29.jpg/220px-Indian_spices_with_labels_%28garam_masala_components%29_%2849684333301%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Indian_spices_with_labels_%28garam_masala_components%29_%2849684333301%29.jpg/330px-Indian_spices_with_labels_%28garam_masala_components%29_%2849684333301%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Indian_spices_with_labels_%28garam_masala_components%29_%2849684333301%29.jpg/440px-Indian_spices_with_labels_%28garam_masala_components%29_%2849684333301%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A plate of <a href="/wiki/Indian_spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian spices">Indian herbs and spices</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices">Culinary herbs and spices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culinary herbs and spices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">List of culinary herbs and spices</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botanical_basis">Botanical basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Botanical basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustard seeds">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chimayo_pepper" title="Chimayo pepper">Chimayo pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">Arils</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mace_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (spice)">mace</a> (part of nutmeg plant fruit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Barks</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_zeylanicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum zeylanicum">True Cinnamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_aromaticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum aromaticum">cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_bud" class="mw-redirect" title="Flower bud">Flower buds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigmas</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">asafoetida</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_spice_mixtures">Common spice mixtures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Common spice mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Spice mix</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in general)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumbu_(seasoning)" title="Bumbu (seasoning)">Bumbu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine#Blended" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">powder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">crushed red pepper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">other cultivars</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a> (Indian subcontinent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_jerk_spice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican jerk spice">Jerk spice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, former U.S.S.R.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masala (spice)">Masala</a> (a generic name for any mix used in the Indian subcontinent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a> (Indian subcontinent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a> (literally "colorful salt", <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi tōgarashi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculaas" title="Speculaas">Speculaas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)</li> <li>Thuna Paha (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podravka#Consumer_brands" title="Podravka">Vegeta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a> (Middle East)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handling">Handling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spice-shelf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Spice-shelf.jpg/220px-Spice-shelf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Spice-shelf.jpg/330px-Spice-shelf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Spice-shelf.jpg/440px-Spice-shelf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>A shelf of common spices for a home kitchen in Canada or the United States</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ground_spices"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peugeot_pepper_mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peugeot_pepper_mill.jpg/110px-Peugeot_pepper_mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peugeot_pepper_mill.jpg/165px-Peugeot_pepper_mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peugeot_pepper_mill.jpg/220px-Peugeot_pepper_mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="3878" /></a><figcaption>Pepper mill</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a> is the classic set of tools for grinding a whole spice. Less labor-intensive tools are more common now: a <a href="/wiki/Microplane" title="Microplane">microplane</a> or fine <a href="/wiki/Grater" title="Grater">grater</a> can be used to grind small amounts; a <a href="/wiki/Blade_grinder" title="Blade grinder">coffee grinder</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is useful for larger amounts. A frequently used spice such as black pepper may merit storage in its own hand grinder or <a href="/wiki/Burr_mill#Manual_burr_grinders" title="Burr mill">mill</a>. </p><p>The flavor of a spice is derived in part from compounds (volatile oils) that <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidize</a> or evaporate when exposed to air. Grinding a spice greatly increases its surface area and so increases the rates of oxidation and evaporation. Thus, the flavor is maximized by storing a spice whole and grinding when needed. The shelf life of a whole dry spice is roughly two years; of a ground spice roughly six months.<sup id="cite_ref-GE714_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE714-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "flavor life" of a ground spice can be much shorter.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground spices are better stored away from light.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some flavor elements in spices are soluble in water; many are soluble in oil or fat. As a general rule, the flavors from a spice take time to infuse into the food so spices are added early in preparation. This contrasts to <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> which are usually added late in preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-GE714_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE714-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salmonella_contamination">Salmonella contamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Salmonella contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> of shipments of spices to the United States during fiscal years 2007–2009 showed about 7% of the shipments were contaminated by <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> bacteria, some of it antibiotic-resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As most spices are cooked before being served salmonella contamination often has no effect, but some spices, particularly pepper, are often eaten raw and are present at the table for convenient use. Shipments from Mexico and India, a major producer, were the most frequently contaminated.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT82713_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT82713-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a> is said to minimize this risk.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spices_in_an_Indian_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Spices_in_an_Indian_market.jpg/220px-Spices_in_an_Indian_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Spices_in_an_Indian_market.jpg/330px-Spices_in_an_Indian_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Spices_in_an_Indian_market.jpg/440px-Spices_in_an_Indian_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Spices and herbs at a shop in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="float:left"> <caption>Top Spice Producing Countries <br />(in metric tonnes) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>India</td> <td>1,474,900</td> <td>1,525,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Bangladesh</td> <td>128,517</td> <td>139,775 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Turkey</td> <td>107,000</td> <td>113,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>China</td> <td>90,000</td> <td>95,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Pakistan</td> <td>53,647</td> <td>53,620 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Iran</td> <td>18,028</td> <td>21,307 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Nepal</td> <td>20,360</td> <td>20,905 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Colombia</td> <td>16,998</td> <td>19,378 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Ethiopia</td> <td>27,122</td> <td>17,905 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Sri Lanka</td> <td>8,293</td> <td>8,438 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#cccccc"> <td>—</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></i></td> <td>1,995,523</td> <td>2,063,472 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">UN Food & Agriculture Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> addresses spices and <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiments</a>, along with related food additives, as part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_for_Standards" title="International Classification for Standards">International Classification for Standards</a> 67.220 series.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gato_negro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gato Negro café and spice shop (Buenos Aires, Argentina)"><img alt="The Gato Negro café and spice shop (Buenos Aires, Argentina)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gato_negro.jpg/240px-Gato_negro.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gato_negro.jpg/360px-Gato_negro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gato_negro.jpg/480px-Gato_negro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Gato Negro</i> café and spice shop (<a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spice_shop,_Mashad,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A spice shop selling a variety of spices in Iran"><img alt="A spice shop selling a variety of spices in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg/270px-Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg/405px-Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg/540px-Spice_shop%2C_Mashad%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A spice shop selling a variety of spices in Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_Spice_market_in_Casablanca.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Night spice shop in Casablanca, Morocco"><img alt="Night spice shop in Casablanca, Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Night_Spice_market_in_Casablanca.JPG/240px-Night_Spice_market_in_Casablanca.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Night_Spice_market_in_Casablanca.JPG/360px-Night_Spice_market_in_Casablanca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Night_Spice_market_in_Casablanca.JPG/480px-Night_Spice_market_in_Casablanca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Night spice shop in Casablanca, Morocco</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliparamba_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A spice shop in Taliparamba, India"><img alt="A spice shop in Taliparamba, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Taliparamba_Market.jpg/240px-Taliparamba_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Taliparamba_Market.jpg/360px-Taliparamba_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Taliparamba_Market.jpg/480px-Taliparamba_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A spice shop in <a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliparamba_grocery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spices sold in Taliparamba, India"><img alt="Spices sold in Taliparamba, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Taliparamba_grocery.jpg/240px-Taliparamba_grocery.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Taliparamba_grocery.jpg/360px-Taliparamba_grocery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Taliparamba_grocery.jpg/480px-Taliparamba_grocery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spices sold in <a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spice_seller,_Kashgar_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spice seller at a market in Kashgar, China"><img alt="Spice seller at a market in Kashgar, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spice_seller%2C_Kashgar_market.jpg/210px-Spice_seller%2C_Kashgar_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spice_seller%2C_Kashgar_market.jpg/315px-Spice_seller%2C_Kashgar_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spice_seller%2C_Kashgar_market.jpg/421px-Spice_seller%2C_Kashgar_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spice seller at a market in <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spice_Market,_Marakech_(2242330035).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spice market, Marrakesh, Morocco"><img alt="Spice market, Marrakesh, Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Spice_Market%2C_Marakech_%282242330035%29.jpg/240px-Spice_Market%2C_Marakech_%282242330035%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Spice_Market%2C_Marakech_%282242330035%29.jpg/360px-Spice_Market%2C_Marakech_%282242330035%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Spice_Market%2C_Marakech_%282242330035%29.jpg/481px-Spice_Market%2C_Marakech_%282242330035%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spice market, <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Tempering (spices)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A team of archaeologists led by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Buccellati" title="Giorgio Buccellati">Giorgio Buccellati</a> excavating the ruins of a burned-down house at the site of <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, found a ceramic pot containing a handful of cloves. The house had burned down around 1720 BC and this was the first evidence of cloves being used in the west before Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other types of coffee grinders, such as a <a href="/wiki/Burr_mill" title="Burr mill">burr mill</a>, can grind spices just as well as coffee beans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a>, in particular, suffers from grinding and the flavor will degrade noticeably in a matter of days.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Light contributes to oxidation processes.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word "ají" is still used in South American Spanish for chili peppers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/spice-food">"Spice and herb | Types, Uses, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. March 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Spice+and+herb+%7C+Types%2C+Uses%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fspice-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadKheraHanifAyub2020" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Hafsa; Khera, Rasheed Ahmad; Hanif, Muhammad Asif; Ayub, Muhammad Adnan; Jilani, Muhammad Idrees (2020). "Vanilla". <i>Medicinal Plants of South Asia</i>. pp. 657–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-102659-5.00048-3">10.1016/B978-0-08-102659-5.00048-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102659-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102659-5"><bdi>978-0-08-102659-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241855294">241855294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanilla&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Plants+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=657-669&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241855294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-102659-5.00048-3&rft.isbn=978-0-08-102659-5&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Hafsa&rft.au=Khera%2C+Rasheed+Ahmad&rft.au=Hanif%2C+Muhammad+Asif&rft.au=Ayub%2C+Muhammad+Adnan&rft.au=Jilani%2C+Muhammad+Idrees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVázquez-FresnoRosanaSajedOnookome-Okome2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vázquez-Fresno, Rosa; Rosana, Albert Remus R.; Sajed, Tanvir; et al. (May 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532192">"Herbs and Spices - Biomarkers of Intake Based on Human Intervention Studies – A Systematic Review"</a>. <i>Genes and Nutrition</i>. <b>14</b> (18): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12263-019-0636-8">10.1186/s12263-019-0636-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532192">6532192</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31143299">31143299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Herbs+and+Spices+-+Biomarkers+of+Intake+Based+on+Human+Intervention+Studies+%E2%80%93+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532192%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31143299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12263-019-0636-8&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1zquez-Fresno&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.au=Rosana%2C+Albert+Remus+R.&rft.au=Sajed%2C+Tanvir&rft.au=Onookome-Okome%2C+Tuviere&rft.au=Wishart%2C+Noah+A.&rft.au=Wishart%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianspices.com/">"Spices Board"</a>. <i>www.indianspices.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indianspices.com&rft.atitle=Spices+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianspices.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spice">"Definition of SPICE"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812175037/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spice">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SPICE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fspice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED42182">"spice - Middle English Compendium"</a>. <i>quod.lib.umich.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812175035/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED42182">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=spice+-+Middle+English+Compendium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmiddle-english-dictionary%2Fdictionary%2FMED42182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidebotham2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sidebotham2019_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_E._Sidebotham2019" class="citation book cs1">Steven E. Sidebotham (May 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw6LDwAAQBAJ"><i>Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30338-6"><bdi>978-0-520-30338-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630115408/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw6LDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berenike+and+the+Ancient+Maritime+Spice+Route&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30338-6&rft.au=Steven+E.+Sidebotham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTw6LDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel T. Potts (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_aFGKPsWwcC&pg=PA269">Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164819/https://books.google.com/books?id=O_aFGKPsWwcC&pg=PA269">Archived</a> March 26, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A&C Black publishers, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buccellati, G., M. Kelly-Buccellati, Terqa: The First Eight Seasons, Les Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes 33(2), 1983, 47-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, John (2016). <i>The Book of Spice: From Anise to Zedoary</i>. Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-152-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-152-6"><bdi>978-1-68177-152-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Spice%3A+From+Anise+to+Zedoary&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-152-6&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2003" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Penny (2003). "Herbs and Spices". In Katz (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Food and Culture</i>. Vol. 2. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 187–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herbs+and+Spices&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Culture&rft.pages=187-195&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Penny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABCp14-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABCp14_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABCp14_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdock2001" class="citation book cs1">Murdock, Linda (2001). <i>A Busy Cook's Guide to Spices: How to Introduce New Flavors to Everyday Meals</i>. Bellwether Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9704285-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9704285-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9704285-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Busy+Cook%27s+Guide+to+Spices%3A+How+to+Introduce+New+Flavors+to+Everyday+Meals&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Bellwether+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9704285-0-9&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkill1966" class="citation book cs1">Burkill, I.H. (1966). <i>A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture and Co-Operatives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Economic+Products+of+the+Malay+Peninsula&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Co-Operatives&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Burkill&rft.aufirst=I.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duke_2002_p._7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duke_2002_p._7_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke2002" class="citation book cs1">Duke, J.A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPTLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4048-7"><bdi>978-1-4200-4048-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630115408/https://books.google.com/books?id=vPTLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Medicinal+Spices&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4048-7&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPTLBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchivelbusch,_Wolfgang1992" class="citation book cs1">Schivelbusch, Wolfgang (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/24702170"><i>Tastes of paradise : a social history of spices, stimulants, and intoxicants</i></a>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57984-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57984-4"><bdi>0-394-57984-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24702170">24702170</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630115421/https://worldcat.org/title/24702170">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tastes+of+paradise+%3A+a+social+history+of+spices%2C+stimulants%2C+and+intoxicants&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24702170&rft.isbn=0-394-57984-4&rft.au=Schivelbusch%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24702170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Freedman, Paul (June 5, 2015). "Health, wellness and the allure of spices in the Middle Ages". <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i>. Potent Substances: On the Boundaries of Food and Medicine. <b>167</b>: 47–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2014.10.065">10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.065</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25450779">25450779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Health%2C+wellness+and+the+allure+of+spices+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=167&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jep.2014.10.065&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25450779&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson,_Melitta_Weiss2004" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodmedievaltime00adam_218"><i>Food in Medieval Times</i></a></span>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodmedievaltime00adam_218/page/n89">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32147-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32147-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Medieval+Times&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32147-4&rft.au=Adamson%2C+Melitta+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoodmedievaltime00adam_218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedman-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freedman_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedman_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedman_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedman_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedman_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedman_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedman_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Freedman, <i>Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination</i>, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300151350" title="Special:BookSources/9780300151350">9780300151350</a>, p. 2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, 2004, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, p. 453, Gil Marks, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39130-3">978-0-470-39130-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/dec_08/great_exchange.shtml">"Mariners Weather Log Vol. 52, No. 3, December 2008"</a>. <i>www.vos.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vos.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Mariners+Weather+Log+Vol.+52%2C+No.+3%2C+December+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vos.noaa.gov%2FMWL%2Fdec_08%2Fgreat_exchange.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennett2017" class="citation news cs1">Dennett, Carrie (January 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/spices-and-herbs-do-more-than-add-flavor-to-food--they-are-nutritional-powerhouses/2017/01/25/79dbedb4-e24c-11e6-a453-19ec4b3d09ba_story.html">"How a full spice cabinet can keep you healthy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208195529/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/spices-and-herbs-do-more-than-add-flavor-to-food--they-are-nutritional-powerhouses/2017/01/25/79dbedb4-e24c-11e6-a453-19ec4b3d09ba_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+a+full+spice+cabinet+can+keep+you+healthy&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fwellness%2Fspices-and-herbs-do-more-than-add-flavor-to-food--they-are-nutritional-powerhouses%2F2017%2F01%2F25%2F79dbedb4-e24c-11e6-a453-19ec4b3d09ba_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThomasDaoust2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThomasDaoust2012_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasDaoustRaymond2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Frédéric; Daoust, Simon P.; Raymond, Michel (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353360">"Can we understand modern humans without considering pathogens?: Human evolution and parasites"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Applications</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 368–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1752-4571.2011.00231.x">10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00231.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353360">3353360</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568057">25568057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Applications&rft.atitle=Can+we+understand+modern+humans+without+considering+pathogens%3F%3A+Human+evolution+and+parasites&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=368-379&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3353360%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25568057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-4571.2011.00231.x&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Daoust%2C+Simon+P.&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3353360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Freedman, "Food Histories of the Middle Ages", in Kyri W. Claflin, Peter Scholliers, <i>Writing Food History: A Global Perspective</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1847888097" title="Special:BookSources/1847888097">1847888097</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Andrew Dalby</a>, <i>Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices</i>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520236742" title="Special:BookSources/0520236742">0520236742</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Jotischky, <i>A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages</i>, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1441159916" title="Special:BookSources/1441159916">1441159916</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krondl-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krondl_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krondl_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krondl_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Krondl, <i>The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice</i>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345480835" title="Special:BookSources/9780345480835">9780345480835</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelef1984" class="citation journal cs1">Shelef, L.A. (1984). "Antimicrobial Effects of Spices". <i>Journal of Food Safety</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 29–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-4565.1984.tb00477.x">10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00477.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Safety&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+Effects+of+Spices&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-44&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-4565.1984.tb00477.x&rft.aulast=Shelef&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE714-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE714_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE714_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GE714" class="citation episode cs1">Host: <a href="/wiki/Alton_Brown" title="Alton Brown">Alton Brown</a> (January 14, 2004). "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Good_Eats_episodes#Season_7" title="List of Good Eats episodes">Spice Capades</a>". <a href="/wiki/Good_Eats" title="Good Eats"><i>Good Eats</i></a>. Season 7. Episode 14. Food Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Eats&rft.series=Season+7.+Episode+14&rft.date=2004-01-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_DorenaDaria_KleinmeieraThomas_S._HammackAnn_Westerman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Van Dorena, Jane M.; Daria Kleinmeiera; Thomas S. Hammack; Ann Westerman (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1258953">"Prevalence, serotype diversity, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in imported shipments of spice offered for entry to the United States, FY2007–FY2009"</a>. <i>Food Microbiology</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 239–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fm.2012.10.002">10.1016/j.fm.2012.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23541190">23541190</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616194240/https://zenodo.org/record/1258953">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Shipments of imported spices offered for entry to the United States were sampled during the fiscal years 2007–2009. The mean shipment prevalence for Salmonella was 0.066 (95% CI 0.057–0.076)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Prevalence%2C+serotype+diversity%2C+and+antimicrobial+resistance+of+Salmonella+in+imported+shipments+of+spice+offered+for+entry+to+the+United+States%2C+FY2007%E2%80%93FY2009&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-251&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fm.2012.10.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23541190&rft.aulast=Van+Dorena&rft.aufirst=Jane+M.&rft.au=Daria+Kleinmeiera&rft.au=Thomas+S.+Hammack&rft.au=Ann+Westerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1258953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT82713-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT82713_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner_Harris2013" class="citation news cs1">Gardiner Harris (August 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/28/world/asia/farmers-change-over-spices-link-to-food-ills.html">"Salmonella in Spices Prompts Changes in Farming"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829170450/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/28/world/asia/farmers-change-over-spices-link-to-food-ills.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Salmonella+in+Spices+Prompts+Changes+in+Farming&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.au=Gardiner+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F08%2F28%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Ffarmers-change-over-spices-link-to-food-ills.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalucciPinzinoZandomeneghiCapocchi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Calucci, L.; Pinzino, C.; Zandomeneghi, M.; Capocchi, A.; Ghiringhelli, S.; Saviozzi, F.; Tozzi, S.; Galleschi, L. (2003). "Effects of gamma-irradiation on the free radical and antioxidant contents in nine aromatic herbs and spices". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 927–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf020739n">10.1021/jf020739n</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12568551">12568551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Effects+of+gamma-irradiation+on+the+free+radical+and+antioxidant+contents+in+nine+aromatic+herbs+and+spices.&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=927-34&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf020739n&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12568551&rft.aulast=Calucci&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Pinzino%2C+C.&rft.au=Zandomeneghi%2C+M.&rft.au=Capocchi%2C+A.&rft.au=Ghiringhelli%2C+S.&rft.au=Saviozzi%2C+F.&rft.au=Tozzi%2C+S.&rft.au=Galleschi%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccr.ucdavis.edu/food-irradiation/myths-about-food-irradiation">"Myths about Food Irradiation"</a>. <i>Center for Consumer Research</i>. June 28, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730162900/https://ccr.ucdavis.edu/food-irradiation/myths-about-food-irradiation">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=Myths+about+Food+Irradiation&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccr.ucdavis.edu%2Ffood-irradiation%2Fmyths-about-food-irradiation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx">"Production of Spice by countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">UN Food & Agriculture Organization</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx">the original</a> on July 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+of+Spice+by+countries&rft.pub=UN+Food+%26+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaostat.fao.org%2Fsite%2F339%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=67&ICS2=220&development=on">"67.220: Spices and condiments. Food additives"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a></i>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606151414/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=67&ICS2=220&development=on">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.atitle=67.220%3A+Spices+and+condiments.+Food+additives&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_ics_browse.htm%3FICS1%3D67%26ICS2%3D220%26development%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzarra2009" class="citation book cs1">Czarra, Fred (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar"><i>Spices: A Global History</i></a></span>. Reaktion Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-426-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-426-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-426-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spices%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-426-7&rft.aulast=Czarra&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspicesglobalhist0000czar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (2000). <i>Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23674-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Tastes%3A+The+Story+of+Spices&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23674-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freedman" title="Paul Freedman">Freedman, Paul</a> (2008). <i>Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21131-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21131-3"><bdi>978-0-300-21131-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+East%3A+Spices+and+the+Medieval+Imagination&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21131-3&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2006). <i>The Spice Route: A History</i>. John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6199-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6199-3"><bdi>978-0-7195-6199-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spice+Route%3A+A+History&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6199-3&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrondl2008" class="citation book cs1">Krondl, Michael (2008). <i>The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-50982-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-50982-6"><bdi>978-0-345-50982-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taste+of+Conquest%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Three+Great+Cities+of+Spice&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-345-50982-6&rft.aulast=Krondl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1969" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James Innes (1969). <i>The spice trade of the Roman Empire, 29 B.C. to A.D. 641</i>. Oxford: Clarendon P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814264-5"><bdi>978-0-19-814264-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spice+trade+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+29+B.C.+to+A.D.+641&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+P.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814264-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+Innes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2006" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Timothy (2006). <i>The Poetics of Spice: Romantic Consumerism and the Exotic</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02666-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02666-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetics+of+Spice%3A+Romantic+Consumerism+and+the+Exotic&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02666-6&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidemann2005" class="citation book cs1">Seidemann, Johannes (2005). <i>World Spice Plants: Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22279-8"><bdi>978-3-540-22279-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Spice+Plants%3A+Economic+Usage%2C+Botany%2C+Taxonomy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-540-22279-8&rft.aulast=Seidemann&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Turner_(writer)" title="Jack Turner (writer)">Turner, Jack</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spicehistoryofte00turn_0"><i>Spice: The History of a Temptation</i></a></span>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40721-5"><bdi>978-0-375-40721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spice%3A+The+History+of+a+Temptation&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-40721-5&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspicehistoryofte00turn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spice&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spice" class="extiw" title="commons:Spice">Spice</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Spices_and_herbs" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Spices and herbs">Cookbook:Spices and herbs</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42527#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42527#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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