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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Sui generis</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%87" title="نوع بنفسه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوع بنفسه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_g%C3%A9neris" title="Sui géneris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sui géneris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Суи генерис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суи генерис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Sui generis" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%90%E4%B8%80%E9%A1%9E" title="自成一類 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自成一類" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin phrase meaning in its own class</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sui_Generis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sui Generis (disambiguation)">Sui Generis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sui_generis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sui generis">sui generis</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sui_generis" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sui generis">Sui generis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sui generis</i></span></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SOO</span>-ee <span style="font-size:90%">JEN</span>-ər-iss</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈsʊ.iː<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡɛnɛrɪs]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique".<sup id="cite_ref-Berlitz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlitz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities. These include: </p> <ul><li>Biology, for <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> that do not fit into a genus that includes other species<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (its own <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>)</li> <li>Creative arts, for artistic works that go beyond conventional genre boundaries (its own <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>)</li> <li>Law, when a special and unique interpretation of a case or authority is necessary (its own <a href="/wiki/Special_case" title="Special case">special case</a>) <ul><li>Intellectual property rights, for types of works not falling under general copyright law but protected through separate statutes</li></ul></li> <li>Philosophy, to indicate an idea, an entity, or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower concept or included in a higher concept (its own <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">category</a>)</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sui_generis" title="Special:EditPage/Sui generis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomical</a> structure "<a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>", a species is described as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> if its genus was created to classify it (i.e., its uniqueness at the time of classification merited the creation of a new genus, the sole member of which was initially the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> species). A species that is the sole <i>extant</i> member of its genus (e.g., the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo (genus)">Homo</a></i>) is not necessarily <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span>; extinctions may have eliminated other congeneric species. A <i>sui generis</i> genus may also be called a <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic genus">monotypic genus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creative_arts">Creative arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creative arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A book, movie, television series, or other artistic creation is called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> when it does not fit into standard genre boundaries. Movie critic Richard Schickel identifies<i> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Versus_the_Volcano" title="Joe Versus the Volcano">Joe Versus the Volcano</a></i> as a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> movie.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film critic Michael Brooke used the term to describe <i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Planet" title="Fantastic Planet">Fantastic Planet</a></i>, a 1973 Franco-Czech sci-fi animated film directed by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Laloux" title="René Laloux">René Laloux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, it is a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Term of art">term of art</a> used to identify a legal classification that exists independently of other categorizations, either because of its singularity or due to the specific creation of an entitlement or obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a court's contempt powers arise<i> sui generis</i> and not from statute or rule.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> has used the term in describing cooperative apartment corporations, mostly because this form of housing is considered <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> for some purposes and <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> for other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When citing cases and other authorities, lawyers and judges may refer to "a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> case", or "a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> authority", meaning it is a special one confined to <i>its own</i> facts and, therefore, may not be of broader application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_law">Intellectual property law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intellectual property law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking, protection for <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> extends to intellectual creations to incentivize innovation and depends upon the nature of the work and its <i>characteristics</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The main types of intellectual property law are: <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, which protects creative works; <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>, which protects invention; <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a>, which protects information not generally known or readily ascertainable that is valuable to the secret holder; and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>, which protects branding and other exclusive properties of products and services. Any matter that meets these criteria can be protected. </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sui generis</i></span> statutes exist in many countries that extend intellectual property protection to matter that does not meet characteristic definitions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">integrated circuit layouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull (ship)">ship hull designs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion designs</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Database_right" title="Database right">databases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plant_variety_(law)" title="Plant variety (law)">plant varieties</a> require <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> statutes because of their unique characteristics. The United States, Japan, Australia, and many EU countries protect the topography of semiconductor chips and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated circuits">integrated circuits</a> under <i>sui generis</i> laws, which borrow some aspects from patent or copyright law. In the U.S., this <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> law is known as the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_Chip_Protection_Act_of_1984" title="Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984">Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statutory_law">Statutory law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statutory law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sui_generis" title="Special:EditPage/Sui generis">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Statutory_interpretation" title="Statutory interpretation">statutory interpretation</a>, <i>sui generis</i> refers to the problem of giving meaning to groups of words where one of the words is ambiguous or inherently unclear. </p><p>In road traffic law, a statute may require consideration of large vehicles separately from other vehicles. The word "large" is ambiguous <i>per se</i> but may be considered "heavy". The relevant legislation (in Australian law) contain sections called "Terms used" or "Definitions" that itemise all words deemed ambiguous and confers specific interpretations consistent with natural language. One indicates "heavy vehicle" means a vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tons, and GVM means "gross vehicle mass", the maximum loaded mass of the vehicle. Further explanations cover various contingencies. Thus, "large" is equivalent to "heavy" and is (for this unique case) clearly defined <i>sui generis</i>. </p><p>In U.S. attorney admissions, an applicant for admission to the practice of law may be referred to the state committee on character and fitness, where proceedings are "neither civil nor criminal, but are sui generis".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_planning_law">Town planning law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Town planning law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">town and country planning in the United Kingdom</a>, in particular, relating to the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_(Use_Classes)_Order_1987" title="Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987">Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987</a>, many common types of land use are categorised into specific "use classes". Change of use of land within a use class does not require planning permission; changing between use classes might require planning permission, and approval is always needed if the new use is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span>. </p><p>Examples of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> uses include <a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">embassies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">amusement arcades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laundrette" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundrette">laundrettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_hire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle hire">vehicle hire</a> businesses, <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">petrol filling stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrapyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrapyard">scrapyards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">motor car showrooms</a>, retail warehouses, clubs and <a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">hostels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1 September 2020 following the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the following uses were added as sui generis:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>public houses, wine bars, or drinking establishments (<i>previously Class A4</i>)</li> <li>drinking establishments with expanded food provision (<i>previously Class A4</i>)</li> <li>hot food takeaways (<i>previously Class A5</i>)</li> <li>venues for live music performance</li> <li>cinemas (<i>previously Class D2(a)</i>)</li> <li>concert halls (<i>previously D2(b)</i>)</li> <li>bingo halls (<i>previously D2(c)</i>)</li> <li>dance halls (<i>previously D2(d)</i>)</li></ul> <p>The grant of private hire vehicle (taxicab) operators licences by local authorities frequently has a condition that the appropriate <i>sui generis</i> change of use planning permission is granted to those premises to ensure those businesses cannot trade lawfully without the relevant planning consent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When applied to international law, "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span>" refers to situations which are distinct and thus not easily categorized under existing legal frameworks or conventions. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sui generis</i></span> in international law may suggest novel legal frameworks to address unprecedented issues using a new set of legal principles. For example, the legal status of the internet or space law. <i>Sui generis</i> systems can be crucial in international law because they allow the international community to develop adaptive legal responses to emerging global challenges and contexts that are not adequately addressed by traditional international law. They often also serve as precursors to the evolution of wider customary international law or the development of new treaties and conventions. The uniqueness of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> legal regimes can sometimes make them challenging to interpret, enforce, or harmonize with existing legal frameworks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a> often uses the expression to indicate an idea, an <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">entity</a>, or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> or included in a higher concept. <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a>, for example, refuted reductive <a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">ethical naturalism</a> in moral theories like <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> by arguing that moral properties (like good or bad) could not be reduced to or equated with non-moral properties (like pleasure) because moral properties are sui generis. This can be seen in Moore's <a href="/wiki/Open-question_argument" title="Open-question argument">open-question argument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uslegal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslegal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_society">Politics and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, the unparalleled development of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> as compared with other <a href="/wiki/International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organizations">international organizations</a> has led to its designation as a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical">geopolitical</a> entity. The legal nature of the EU is widely debated because its mixture of <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> elements causes it to share characteristics with both <a href="/wiki/Confederal" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederal">confederal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> entities. It is generally considered more than a confederation but less than a federation,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus being appropriately classified as an instance of neither political form. Compared to other international organizations, the EU is often considered "sui generis" because its legal system comprehensively rejects any use of retaliatory sanctions by one member state against another.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar case that led to the use of the label <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> is the relationship of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> relative to France because the legal status of New Caledonia can aptly be said to lie somewhere between a French <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivity</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign nation">sovereign nation</a>. Although other examples of such status for further <a href="/wiki/List_of_dependent_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dependent territories">dependent</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_disputed_or_occupied_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disputed or occupied territories">disputed</a> territories may exist, this arrangement is unique within the French realm. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">legal status of the Holy See</a> is also described as a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> entity possessing an international personality. The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> has likewise been described as a "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> primary subject of public international law".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another entity widely considered to have <i>sui generis</i> international legal personality is the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In local government, a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> entity does not fit with a country's general scheme of local governance. For example, in England, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> are the two <i>sui generis</i> localities, as their forms of local government are both (for historical or geographical reasons) very different from those of elsewhere in the country. In a press conference during which reporters were trying to analyse his political personality, <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> said "say that I am <i>sui generus</i>, and let it go at that".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Council_of_Municipalities" title="Joint Council of Municipalities">Joint Council of Municipalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> is a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> council of municipalities in the east of the country that was formed after the <a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNTAES" class="mw-redirect" title="UNTAES">UNTAES</a> mission aimed at protection of the rights of the ethnic Serb community in the region and is, as such, unique form of local cooperation and minority self-government in Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-ZVO1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZVO1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZVO2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZVO2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZVO3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZVO3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sociology, methodological holists argue that <a href="/wiki/Social_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Social phenomena">social phenomena</a> exist in their own right (sui generis) and are not reducible to the actions of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide rate">suicide rate</a> was a social phenomenon sui generis (existing over and above the actions of individuals)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructionist">social constructionist</a> perspective, "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sui generis</i></span> is what has been externalized, then internalized in the overall public and becomes a part of society that exists in its construct. It is not something that is not thought to have been created because it is embedded in everyone's way of thinking and being. Instances include love, going to school, or clothing belonging to a specific gender. These examples are <i>sui generis</i> for they exist in society and are widely accepted without thoughts of where they come from or how they were created.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc"><i>Ad hoc</i></a> – Latin phrase signifying a solution meant to address one specific problem or task</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a> – Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases" title="List of Latin phrases">List of Latin phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_legal_terms" title="List of Latin legal terms">List of Latin legal terms</a> – List of Latin terms used in legal terminology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">Hapax legomenon</a>, a word or term only found once within a language history or body of work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, a sui generis collectivity of overseas France</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_generis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-sui_generis" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=sui+generis">"sui generis"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sui+generis&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dsui%2Bgeneris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlitz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlitz_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson1975" class="citation book cs1">Mawson, C. O. Sylvester (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffore00maws/page/328">"sui generis"</a></span>. <i>Dictionary of Foreign Terms</i> (2 ed.). New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffore00maws/page/328">328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-690-00171-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-690-00171-1"><bdi>0-690-00171-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sui+generis&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Foreign+Terms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=328&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Crowell+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-690-00171-1&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=C.+O.+Sylvester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoffore00maws%2Fpage%2F328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentham1880" class="citation journal cs1">Bentham, George (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdBOAQAAMAAJ&q=single+species+in+an+entire+genus%2C+Sui+generis&pg=PA225">"Notes on Euphorbiaceæ"</a>. <i>Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany</i>. <b>17</b>: 225 – via Google.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society%2C+Botany&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Euphorbiace%C3%A6&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=225&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdBOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsingle%2Bspecies%2Bin%2Ban%2Bentire%2Bgenus%252C%2BSui%2Bgeneris%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchickel2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schickel" title="Richard Schickel">Schickel, Richard</a> (12 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312052440/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953151_1954835,00.html">"<i>Joe Versus the Volcano</i>, 1990, John Patrick Shanley, U.S."</a> <i>Guilty Pleasures</i>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953151_1954835,00.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guilty+Pleasures&rft.atitle=Joe+Versus+the+Volcano%2C+1990%2C+John+Patrick+Shanley%2C+U.S.&rft.date=2005-02-12&rft.aulast=Schickel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1953094_1953151_1954835%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke" class="citation web cs1">Brooke, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4112-fantastic-planet-gambous-amalga">"<i>Fantastic Planet</i>: Gambous Amalga"</a>. <i>criterion.com</i>. The Criterion Collection<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=criterion.com&rft.atitle=Fantastic+Planet%3A+Gambous+Amalga&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criterion.com%2Fcurrent%2Fposts%2F4112-fantastic-planet-gambous-amalga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Dunway v. New York</i>,442 U.S. 200 (1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>In re Marriage of Betts</i>, 558 N.E.2d 404, 200 Ill.App.3d 26 (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Matter of State Tax Commn. v. Shor</i>, 43 NY2d 151, 400 N.Y.S.2d 805, 371 N.E.2d 523 (1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govt.westlaw.com/azrules/Document/N2EC12DE03E3E11EDA13DAA05478457BE?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)">"A.R.S. Sup.Ct.Rules, Rule 36, Effective: January 1, 2023"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.R.S.+Sup.Ct.Rules%2C+Rule+36%2C+Effective%3A+January+1%2C+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovt.westlaw.com%2Fazrules%2FDocument%2FN2EC12DE03E3E11EDA13DAA05478457BE%3FviewType%3DFullText%26originationContext%3Ddocumenttoc%26transitionType%3DCategoryPageItem%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planningportal.co.uk/permission/common-projects/change-of-use/use-classes/">"Use Classes - Change of use - Planning Portal"</a>. <i>www.planningportal.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.planningportal.co.uk&rft.atitle=Use+Classes+-+Change+of+use+-+Planning+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planningportal.co.uk%2Fpermission%2Fcommon-projects%2Fchange-of-use%2Fuse-classes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planningportal.co.uk/permission/common-projects/change-of-use/use-classes/">"Use Classes - Change of use - Planning Portal"</a>. <i>www.planningportal.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.planningportal.co.uk&rft.atitle=Use+Classes+-+Change+of+use+-+Planning+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planningportal.co.uk%2Fpermission%2Fcommon-projects%2Fchange-of-use%2Fuse-classes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.restaurant-property.co.uk/blog/sui-generis-use-class-explained/">"Sui Generis Use Class Explained"</a>. <i>Restaurant Property</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Restaurant+Property&rft.atitle=Sui+Generis+Use+Class+Explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.restaurant-property.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fsui-generis-use-class-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher AT. The International Legal Framework. In: <i>The International Law of Human Trafficking</i>. Cambridge University Press; 2010:54-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalta2021" class="citation book cs1">Zalta, Edward N., ed. (26 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/moore-moral/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2021%2Fentries%2Fmoore-moral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uslegal-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uslegal_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://definitions.uslegal.com/s/sui-generis/">"Sui Generis Law and Legal Definition"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sui+Generis+Law+and+Legal+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefinitions.uslegal.com%2Fs%2Fsui-generis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+generis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, David Marquand says it is "less than a federation but more than a confederation". Brigid Laffan and Kimmo Kiljunen both see it residing "between a confederation and a federation". Thomas Hueglin and Alan Fenna locate it "somewhere between federation and confederation" and Kalypso Nicolaidis argues "it is more than a confederation of sovereign states" but "should not become a federal state". Marquand, David (2006) "Federalism and the British: Anatomy of a Neurosis", in Political Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 2, p. 175. Laffan, Brigid (2002) The Future of Europe Debate, Institute of European Affairs, Dublin, p. 10. Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004) The European Constitution in the Making, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, p. 22. Hueglin, Thomas and Fenna, Alan (2006) Comparative Federalism: A Systematic Inquiry, Broadview, Peterborough, p. 13. Nicolaidis, Kalypso (2004) 'We, the Peoples of Europe ...', in Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 6, pp. 101-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Phelan, William (2012). "What Is <i>Sui Generis</i> About the European Union? 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Zalta (ed.), URL = <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/holism-social/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/holism-social/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, E. (1951) Suicide: a study in sociology. Trans. J. A. Spaulding & G. Simpson. London. Routledge. (2nd. ed. 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berger-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berger_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerLuckman1966" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Peter; Luckman, Thomas (1966). <i>The Social Construction Of Reality</i>. 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title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord%E2%80%93tenant_law" title="Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_archaeology" title="Legal archaeology">Legal archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Maritime law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">Legal code</a> / <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">Case law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">Law reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_treatise" title="Legal treatise">Legal treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lawmaking" title="Lawmaking">Law making</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codification</a></li> <li><a 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title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">The bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law 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