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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ellen and William Craft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ellen_and_William_Craft.png/330px-Ellen_and_William_Craft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ellen_and_William_Craft.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Ellen and William Craft, fugitive slaves and abolitionists</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ellen Craft</b> (1826–1891) and <b>William Craft</b> (September 25, 1824 – January 29, 1900) were American abolitionists who were born into slavery in <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a>. They escaped to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a> in December 1848 by traveling by train and steamboat, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on Christmas Day. Ellen crossed the boundaries of race, class, and gender by <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passing</a> as a white <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter</a> with William posing as her servant. Their escape was widely publicized, making them among the most famous <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slaves in the United States</a>. Abolitionists featured them in public lectures to gain support in the struggle to end the institution. </p><p>As prominent fugitives, they were threatened by <a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">slave catchers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a>, so the Crafts emigrated to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. They lived there for nearly two decades and raised five children. The Crafts lectured publicly about their escape and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In 1860, they published a written account of their escape titled <i>Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; Or, The Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery</i>. One of the most compelling of the many <a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">slave narratives</a> published before the Civil War, their book reached wide audiences in the United Kingdom and the United States. After their return to the U.S. in 1868, the Crafts opened an agricultural school in Georgia for freedmen's children. They worked at the school and its farm until 1890. Their account was reprinted in the United States in 1999, with both the Crafts credited as authors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ellen Craft was born in 1826 in <a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Georgia" title="Jones County, Georgia">Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, to Maria, a <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">mixed-race</a> enslaved woman, and her wealthy <a href="/wiki/Planter_(American_South)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planter (American South)">planter</a> owner, Major James Smith. At least three-quarters European by ancestry, Ellen was <a href="/wiki/High_yellow" title="High yellow">very fair-skinned</a> and resembled her white half-siblings, who were her enslaver's legitimate children. Smith's wife gave the 11-year-old Ellen as a wedding gift to her daughter, Eliza Cromwell Smith, to get the girl out of the household and remove the evidence of her husband's infidelity.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Eliza Smith married Dr. Robert Collins, she took Ellen with her to live in the city of <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon</a> where they made their home.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MagnussonP231_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagnussonP231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ellen grew up as a house servant to Eliza, which gave her privileged access to information about the area. </p><p>William was born in Macon, where he met his future wife at the age of 16 when his first enslaver sold him to settle gambling debts. Before he was sold, William witnessed his 14-year-old sister and his parents being separated by sales to different owners. William's new enslaver apprenticed him as a carpenter and allowed him to work for fees, taking most of his earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At age 20, Ellen married William Craft, in whom her enslaver Collins held a half interest. Craft saved money from being hired out in town as a carpenter.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not wanting to have a family in slavery, during the Christmas season of 1848, the couple planned an escape.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, they had five children born and raised during their nearly two decades living in England. The Crafts went there after the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> was passed because they were in danger of being captured in Boston by bounty hunters. Their children were Charles Estlin Phillips (1852–1938), William Ivens (1855–1926), Brougham H. (1857–1920), Ellen A. Craft (1863–1917) and Alfred G. (1871–1939). Three of their children came with them when the Crafts returned to the United States after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellen_Craft_escaped_slave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ellen_Craft_escaped_slave.jpg/220px-Ellen_Craft_escaped_slave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ellen_Craft_escaped_slave.jpg/330px-Ellen_Craft_escaped_slave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ellen_Craft_escaped_slave.jpg/440px-Ellen_Craft_escaped_slave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Ellen Craft dressed as a man to escape from slavery.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape">Escape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Escape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ellen planned to take advantage of her appearance to <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">pass</a> as white while the pair traveled by train and boat to the North; she dressed as a man since, at the time, it was not customary for a white woman to travel alone with an enslaved man.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also faked illness to limit conversation, as she was prevented from learning to read and write with the threat of death because she was enslaved. William was to act as a personal servant. During that time, enslaved people frequently accompanied their enslavers during travel, so the Crafts did not expect to be questioned. To their surprise, they were detained, but only temporarily. An officer had demanded proof that William was indeed Ellen's property.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were finally let on the train due to sympathy from passengers and the conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their escape is known as the most ingenious plot in fugitive slave history, even more ingenious than that of "<a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their escape, they traveled on first-class trains, stayed in the best hotels, and Ellen dined one evening with a steamboat captain. Ellen dyed her hair and bought appropriate clothes to pass as a young man, traveling in a jacket and trousers. William used his earnings as a cabinet-maker to buy clothes for Ellen to appear as a free white man. William cut her hair to add to her manly appearance. Ellen also practiced the correct gestures and behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wore her right arm in a sling to hide the fact that she could not write. They traveled to nearby Macon for a train to <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>. Although the Crafts had several close calls, they successfully avoided detection. On December 21, they boarded a <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> for Philadelphia, in the free state of Pennsylvania, where they arrived early on the morning of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MagnussonP233_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagnussonP233-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their innovation was in escaping as a pair, though Ellen's bravery and genius made their escape successful. Historians have noted other enslaved women who posed as men to escape, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarissa_Davis_(free_woman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarissa Davis (free woman) (page does not exist)">Clarissa Davis</a> of Virginia, who dressed as a man and took a New England-bound ship to freedom; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Millburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Millburn (page does not exist)">Mary Millburn</a>, who also sailed as a male passenger; and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Weems" title="Anna Maria Weems">Maria Weems</a> from the District of Columbia, who as a young woman of fifteen, dressed as a man and escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the Crafts arrived in the North, abolitionists such as <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a> encouraged them to recount their escape in public lectures to abolitionist circles in New England. They moved to the well-established <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free black</a> community on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they were married in a Christian ceremony. Ellen Craft posed in her escape clothes for a photograph. Abolitionists widely distributed it as part of their campaign against slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198881_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198881-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the next two years, the Crafts made numerous public appearances to recount their escape and speak against slavery. Because society generally disapproved of women speaking to public audiences of mixed gender at the time, Ellen typically stood on the stage while William told their story. An article of April 27, 1849, in the abolitionist paper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>, however, reported her speaking to an audience of 800–900 people in <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audiences were intensely curious about the young woman who had been bold in the escape. In 1850, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a>, which increased penalties for aiding fugitive slaves and required residents and law enforcement of free states to cooperate in capturing and returning formerly enslaved people to their owners. The act provided a reward to officers and simplified the process by which people might be certified as enslaved people, requiring little documentation from slave catchers. Commissioners appointed to hear such cases were paid more for ruling that a person was enslaved than not. </p><p>A month after the new law took effect, Collins sent two <a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">bounty hunters</a> to Boston to capture the Crafts. Willis H. Hughes and John Knight traveled north from Macon intending to capture William and Ellen Craft; upon arriving in Boston, they were met with resistance on the part of both white and black Bostonians. Abolitionists in Boston had formed the biracial <a href="/wiki/Boston_Vigilance_Committee" title="Boston Vigilance Committee">Boston Vigilance Committee</a> to resist the new Slave Bill; its members protected the Crafts by moving them around various "safe houses", such as the Tappan-Philbrick house in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tappan-Philbrick_House_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tappan-Philbrick_House-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until they could leave the country. The two bounty hunters arrived in Boston on October 25, 1850, and, after resistance from the locals, fled south after being warned on October 30 that their safety in Boston could not be assured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198882_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198882-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collins even appealed to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, asking him to intervene so he could regain his "property". Fillmore agreed that the Crafts should be returned to their enslavers in the South and authorized the use of military force if necessary to take them.<sup id="cite_ref-MagnussonPP241-242_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagnussonPP241-242-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight_and_life_in_the_United_Kingdom">Flight and life in the United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flight and life in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ELLEN_CRAFT_c.1826%E2%80%93c.1891_WILLIAM_CRAFT_c.1824%E2%80%931900_Refugees_from_slavery_and_campaigners_for_its_abolition_lived_here.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ELLEN_CRAFT_c.1826%E2%80%93c.1891_WILLIAM_CRAFT_c.1824%E2%80%931900_Refugees_from_slavery_and_campaigners_for_its_abolition_lived_here.jpg/220px-ELLEN_CRAFT_c.1826%E2%80%93c.1891_WILLIAM_CRAFT_c.1824%E2%80%931900_Refugees_from_slavery_and_campaigners_for_its_abolition_lived_here.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ELLEN_CRAFT_c.1826%E2%80%93c.1891_WILLIAM_CRAFT_c.1824%E2%80%931900_Refugees_from_slavery_and_campaigners_for_its_abolition_lived_here.jpg/330px-ELLEN_CRAFT_c.1826%E2%80%93c.1891_WILLIAM_CRAFT_c.1824%E2%80%931900_Refugees_from_slavery_and_campaigners_for_its_abolition_lived_here.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ELLEN_CRAFT_c.1826%E2%80%93c.1891_WILLIAM_CRAFT_c.1824%E2%80%931900_Refugees_from_slavery_and_campaigners_for_its_abolition_lived_here.jpg/440px-ELLEN_CRAFT_c.1826%E2%80%93c.1891_WILLIAM_CRAFT_c.1824%E2%80%931900_Refugees_from_slavery_and_campaigners_for_its_abolition_lived_here.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at 26 Cambridge Grove, Hammersmith, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Aided by their supporters, the Crafts decided to escape to England. They traveled from <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a> to <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, where they boarded the <i>Cambria</i>, bound for <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. The abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Neal_Dennett" title="Lydia Neal Dennett">Lydia Neal Dennett</a> arranged their passage on a <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> to England.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As William later recounted in their memoir, "It was not until we stepped ashore at Liverpool that we were free from every slavish fear." They were aided in England by a group of prominent abolitionists, including <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Armistead" title="Wilson Armistead">Wilson Armistead</a>, with whom they were residing in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> when the census was taken in 1851 and who recorded his guests as "fugitive slaves,"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a> who arranged for their intensive schooling at the village school in <a href="/wiki/Ockham,_Surrey" title="Ockham, Surrey">Ockham</a>, Surrey.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having learned to read and write, Ellen Craft published the following, widely circulated in the abolitionist press in both the United Kingdom and the United States in 1852. The <a href="/wiki/Proslavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Proslavery">proslavery</a> press in the U.S. had suggested the Crafts regretted their flight to England. She said: </p> <blockquote><p>So I write these few lines merely to say that the statement is entirely unfounded, for I have never had the slightest inclination whatever of returning to bondage; and God forbid that I should ever be so false to liberty as to prefer slavery in its stead. In fact, since my escape from slavery, I have gotten much better in every respect than I could have possibly anticipated. Though, had it been to the contrary, my feelings in regard to this would have been just the same, for I had much rather starve in England, a free woman, than be a slave for the best man that ever breathed upon the American continent. </p><dl><dd>— <i>Anti-Slavery Advocate</i>, December 1852<sup id="cite_ref-Brusky_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusky-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>The Crafts spent 19 years together in England, where they had five children. Ellen participated in reform organizations such as the London Emancipation Committee, the Women's Suffrage Organization, and the British and Foreign Freedmen's Society.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They earned speaking fees by public lectures about slavery in the U.S. and their escape. William Craft set up a business again, but they still struggled financially. For most of their time in England, the Craft family lived in <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith" title="Hammersmith">Hammersmith</a><sup id="cite_ref-MagnussonPP242-244_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagnussonPP242-244-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they did lecture elsewhere, such as Swansea possibly via an introduction from <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Donaldson" title="Jessie Donaldson">Jessie Donaldson</a>, an anti-slavery abolitionist. Ellen turned their home into a hub of Black activism: she invited fellow Black abolitionists to stay (including <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Parker_Remond" title="Sarah Parker Remond">Sarah Parker Remond</a>) and supported other abolitionists such as <a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">John Sella Martin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One eyewitness said her "sophisticated grasp of the power of political improvisation" was acute; an instance of this "grasp" was displayed during a dinner conversation she had with the former <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Jamaica" title="List of governors of Jamaica">Governor of Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Eyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Eyre">Edward J. Eyre</a> (who had recently suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion" title="Morant Bay rebellion">Morant Bay rebellion</a>), whom she was seated beside. Unaware of his background, she discussed the situation in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> with him; when it was pointed out to her by other dinner guests whom she was sitting next to, she subtly criticized his decision to execute Jamaican politician <a href="/wiki/George_William_Gordon" title="George William Gordon">George William Gordon</a> for his supposed involvement in the rebellion: "Do you not yourself, sir, feel now that poor Gordon was unjustly executed?" In another encounter with the American writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Farrar_Browne" title="Charles Farrar Browne">Charles Farrar Browne</a> (also known as Artemius Ward), who was notorious for his racist portrayals of African Americans, Craft, "looking him straight in the eye," challenged him, and stated he should "never again write anything which shall make people believe that you are against the negro."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the American Civil War ended, Ellen located her mother, Maria, in Georgia; she paid for her passage to England, where they were reunited.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_the_United_States">Return to the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1868, after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and passage of constitutional amendments granting <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">emancipation</a>, citizenship, and rights to <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>, the Crafts returned with three of their children to the United States. They raised funds from supporters, and in 1870, they bought 1,800 acres (730 ha) of land in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> near Savannah in <a href="/wiki/Bryan_County,_Georgia" title="Bryan County, Georgia">Bryan County</a>. There, they founded the Woodville Co-operative Farm School in 1873 to educate and employ <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>. In 1876, William Craft was charged with misuse of funds, and he lost a <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> dispute in 1878 in which he tried to clear his name. William lost the case under the Bostonian <a href="/wiki/Black_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black codes">Black codes</a> in exercising his civil and political rights. The school closed soon after. Although the Crafts attempted to keep the farm running, dropping cotton prices and post-<a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> violence contributed to its failure. Whites discriminated against freedmen while working to re-establish <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> in politics and economics. By 1876, white Democrats regained control of the state governments in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, the Crafts moved to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> to live with their daughter Ellen, who was married to a doctor named <a href="/wiki/William_Demosthenes_Crum" title="William Demosthenes Crum">William D. Crum</a>. He was appointed Collector of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Charleston" title="Port of Charleston">Port of Charleston</a> by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. The elder Ellen Craft died in 1891, and her widower William on January 29, 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Running_a_Thousand_Miles_for_Freedom"><i>Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their book provides a unique view of <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> in the 19th century. It offers examples of racial <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a>, and middle-class "performance" in a society in which each of these boundaries was thought to be distinct and stable.<sup id="cite_ref-Brusky_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusky-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While published initially with only William's name as author, twentieth-century and more recent scholarship has re-evaluated Ellen's likely contribution, noting the inclusion of material about <a href="/wiki/Sally_Miller_(American_slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sally Miller (American slave)">Sally Miller</a> and other female fugitives. Reprints since the 1990s have listed both the Crafts as authors.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their escape, particularly Ellen's disguise, which played on many layers of appearance and identity, showed the interlocking nature of race, gender, and class. Ellen had to "perform" in all three arenas simultaneously for the couple to travel undetected. Since only William's narrative voice tells their joint story in the book, critics say it suggests how difficult it was for a black woman to find a public voice, although she was bold in action. Sarah Brusky says that, in the way that she used wrappings to "muffle" herself during the escape to avoid conversation, Ellen is presented in the book through the filter of William's perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Brusky_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusky-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians and readers cannot evaluate how much Ellen contributed to recounting their story, but audiences appreciated seeing the young woman who had been so daring. On one occasion, a newspaper notes, there was "considerable disappointment" when Ellen Craft was absent.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since they appeared for ten years, as William recounted their escape, they could respond to audiences' reactions to Ellen in person and to hearing of her actions. It is likely their published account reflects her influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Brusky_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusky-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_the_Healy_Family">Relationship to the Healy Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship to the Healy Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2024, Washington Post writer Bryan Greene established through DNA evidence that Ellen Craft was a blood relative of the <a href="/wiki/Healy_family" title="Healy family">Healy family</a>, which included several siblings once enslaved in <a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Georgia" title="Jones County, Georgia">Jones County, Georgia</a>, who later distinguished themselves as leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and other endeavors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA test results showed a descendant of Martha Healy was a 4th to 8th cousin with three of Craft's descendants. In his article, Greene cited an 1893 account from S.T. Pickard, onetime editor of the Portland Transcript, who said Ellen Craft told him she was the first cousin of <a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Healy" title="James Augustine Healy">James Augustine Healy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Portland">Bishop of Portland</a>, Maine. The 2024 DNA results establish some 131 years later that Craft was, in fact, a relative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1996, Ellen Craft was inducted into Georgia Women of Achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaskill_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaskill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Their life, accomplishments, and history are displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Tubman_African_American_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubman African American Museum">Tubman African American Museum</a> in Macon, Georgia.</li> <li>They are mentioned in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Harriet_Hayden_House" title="Lewis and Harriet Hayden House">Lewis and Harriet Hayden House</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Heritage_Trail" title="Boston Women's Heritage Trail">Boston Women's Heritage Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2018, at the village of <a href="/wiki/Ockham,_Surrey" title="Ockham, Surrey">Ockham, Surrey</a>, where they found refuge, a sign commemorating their escape was unveiled at an event their great-great-grandson Christopher Clark and other descendants attended.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Their residence in Hammersmith, London is commemorated by a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> on the wall of Craft Court, the office of the <a href="/wiki/Shepherds_Bush_Housing_Association" title="Shepherds Bush Housing Association">Shepherds Bush Housing Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MagnussonPP242-244_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagnussonPP242-244-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> announced that Ellen Craft, along with her husband William, was one of six women whom they honored with a blue plaque in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plaque was unveiled in September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">List of African-American abolitionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Weems" title="Anna Maria Weems">Anna Maria Weems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McCaskill1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCaskill, Barbara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqU2PsmlYpMC&pg=PA85">"Ellen Craft: The Fugitive Who Fled as a Planter"</a>, <i>Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times</i>, ed. Anne Short Chirhart, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Wood" title="Betty Wood">Betty Wood</a>, University of Georgia Press, 2009, p. 85. Retrieved March 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagnussonP231-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MagnussonP231_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Magnusson" title="Magnus Magnusson">Magnusson, Magnus</a> (2006), <i>Fakers, Forgers & Phoneys</i>, Mainstream Publishing, p. 231, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-190-9"><bdi>978-1-84596-190-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fakers%2C+Forgers+%26+Phoneys&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84596-190-9&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2010" class="citation web cs1">Holmes, Marian (June 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-escape-from-slavery-of-ellen-and-william-craft-497960/?no-ist">"The Great Escape From Slavery of Ellen and William Craft"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Great+Escape+From+Slavery+of+Ellen+and+William+Craft&rft.date=2010-06-16&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-great-escape-from-slavery-of-ellen-and-william-craft-497960%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCaskill-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCaskill_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCaskill, Barbara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/william-and-ellen-craft-1824-1900-1826-1891">"William and Ellen Craft"</a>, <i>New Georgia Encyclopedia</i>, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraft1860" class="citation book cs1">Craft, William (1860). <i>Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom</i>. London: W. Tweedie. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+a+Thousand+Miles+for+Freedom&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=W.+Tweedie&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Craft&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraft1860" class="citation book cs1">Craft, William (1860). <i>Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom</i>. London: W. Tweedie. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+a+Thousand+Miles+for+Freedom&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=W.+Tweedie&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Craft&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraft1860" class="citation book cs1">Craft, William (1860). <i>Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom</i>. London: W. Tweedie. pp. 72–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+a+Thousand+Miles+for+Freedom&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=W.+Tweedie&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Craft&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2010" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Amani (June 2, 2010). "They Will Endeavor to Pass for Free: Enslaved Runaways Performances of Freedom in Antebellum South Carolina". <i>Slavery and Abolition</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 161–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440391003711065">10.1080/01440391003711065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144686166">144686166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+and+Abolition&rft.atitle=They+Will+Endeavor+to+Pass+for+Free%3A+Enslaved+Runaways+Performances+of+Freedom+in+Antebellum+South+Carolina&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-80&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440391003711065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144686166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Amani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagnussonP233-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MagnussonP233_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson 2006</a>, pp. 233, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCaskill, Barbara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3042215?refreqid=excelsior%3A994bded2c5d3753ee07226e763650fc4">"'Yours Very Truly': Ellen Craft—The Fugitive as Text and Artifact"</a>, <i>African American Review</i>, Vol. 28, No. 4, Winter 1994, cites <a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad</a></i>, pp. 60–61, 177–89, 558–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198881-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198881_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson 1988</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/craft/support2.html">"Interesting Meeting"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>, April 27, 1849, <i>Documenting the American South</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>. Retrieved March 18, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tappan-Philbrick_House-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tappan-Philbrick_House_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/ntf_member/ntf_member_details.htm?SPFID=6761&SPFTerritory=NULL&SPFType=NULL&SPFKeywords=NULL">"Member Details"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Member+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fsubjects%2Fugrr%2Fntf_member%2Fntf_member_details.htm%3FSPFID%3D6761%26SPFTerritory%3DNULL%26SPFType%3DNULL%26SPFKeywords%3DNULL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198882-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198882_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson 1988</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagnussonPP241-242-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MagnussonPP241-242_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson 2006</a>, pp. 241–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeedy1895" class="citation book cs1">Beedy, Helen Coffin (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231174143/http://www.memory.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2005/20051018001mo/20051018001mo.pdf"><i>Mothers of Maine</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Portland, Maine: The Thurston Print. p. 240. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memory.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2005/20051018001mo/20051018001mo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 31, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27553363">"Fugitive Slaves in Britain: The Odyssey of William and Ellen Craft"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Studies" title="Journal of American Studies">Journal of American Studies</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875800006174">10.1017/S0021875800006174</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27553363">27553363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145469096">145469096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Fugitive+Slaves+in+Britain%3A+The+Odyssey+of+William+and+Ellen+Craft&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145469096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27553363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875800006174&rft.aulast=Blackett&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27553363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brusky-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brusky_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brusky_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brusky_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brusky_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brusky, Sarah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/craftEllen.php">"Ellen Craft"</a>, <i>Voices from the Gap</i>, University of Minnesota, 2002–2004. Retrieved March 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagnussonPP242-244-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MagnussonPP242-244_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MagnussonPP242-244_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson 2006</a>, pp. 242–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackett, Richard (1989), <i>Beating Against the Barriers: Biographical Essays in Nineteenth-Century Afro-American History</i>, 104–107; 119–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson Cima, Gay, "Performing Anti-slavery: Activist Women on Antebellum Stages" (2014), 220–230; <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, January 28, 1867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Anti-Slavery Standard,</i> January 30, 1851, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2024" class="citation news cs1">Greene, Bryan (February 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2024/02/03/craft-healy-slave-escapes-descendants/">"Two daring slave escapes, two descendant families and a DNA mystery:The Crafts and Healys fled slavery. Their descendants just met. Are they actually cousins?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Two+daring+slave+escapes%2C+two+descendant+families+and+a+DNA+mystery%3AThe+Crafts+and+Healys+fled+slavery.+Their+descendants+just+met.+Are+they+actually+cousins%3F&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2024%2F02%2F03%2Fcraft-healy-slave-escapes-descendants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bwht.org/beacon-hill/">"Beacon Hill"</a>. <i>Boston Women's Heritage Trail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Women%27s+Heritage+Trail&rft.atitle=Beacon+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbwht.org%2Fbeacon-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKeon, Christopher (September 16, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/ockham-unveils-tribute-escaped-slaves-15138622">"Ockham unveils tribute to escaped slaves who settled in Surrey village"</a>, <i>Get Surrey</i>. Retrieved January 3, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/six-new-blue-plaques/">"Six new blue plaques for women"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></i>. April 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=Six+new+blue+plaques+for+women&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fsearch-news%2Fsix-new-blue-plaques%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/articles/news/2021/10/hammersmith-blue-plaque-celebrates-abolitionists-and-former-slaves">"Hammersmith blue plaque celebrates abolitionists and former slaves"</a>. <i>London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham</i>. October 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Borough+of+Hammersmith+%26+Fulham&rft.atitle=Hammersmith+blue+plaque+celebrates+abolitionists+and+former+slaves&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbhf.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F2021%2F10%2Fhammersmith-blue-plaque-celebrates-abolitionists-and-former-slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraftCraftBlackett1999" class="citation book cs1">Craft, Ellen; Craft, William; Blackett, R. J. M. (1999) [1860]. <i>Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom: Or, The Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807123201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807123201"><bdi>978-0807123201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+a+Thousand+Miles+for+Freedom%3A+Or%2C+The+Escape+of+William+and+Ellen+Craft+from+Slavery&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0807123201&rft.aulast=Craft&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Craft%2C+William&rft.au=Blackett%2C+R.+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackett1986" class="citation book cs1">Blackett, R. J. M. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beatingagainstba00blac"><i>Beating against the barriers: biographical essays in nineteenth-century Afro-American history</i></a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807112816" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807112816"><bdi>978-0807112816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beating+against+the+barriers%3A+biographical+essays+in+nineteenth-century+Afro-American+history&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0807112816&rft.aulast=Blackett&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeatingagainstba00blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusky2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brusky, Sarah (October 2000). "The travels of William and Ellen Craft: race and travel literature in the 19th century". <i>Prospects</i>. <b>25</b>: 177–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0361233300000636">10.1017/S0361233300000636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospects&rft.atitle=The+travels+of+William+and+Ellen+Craft%3A+race+and+travel+literature+in+the+19th+century&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=177-92&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0361233300000636&rft.aulast=Brusky&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney2008" class="citation book cs1">Chaney, Michael A. (2008). "The uses in seeing: mobilizing the portrait in drag in <i>Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom</i>". In Chaney, Michael A. (ed.). <i>Fugitive vision: slave image and Black identity in antebellum narrative</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 80–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253349446" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253349446"><bdi>978-0253349446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+uses+in+seeing%3A+mobilizing+the+portrait+in+drag+in+Running+a+Thousand+Miles+for+Freedom&rft.btitle=Fugitive+vision%3A+slave+image+and+Black+identity+in+antebellum+narrative&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=80-110&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0253349446&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M (1988). <i>Battle cry of freedom</i>. The Oxford history of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+cry+of+freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Oxford+history+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503863-7&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2020" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Hannah-Rose (2020). <i>Advocates of Freedom: African American Transatlantic Abolitionism in the British Isles</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48751-1"><bdi>978-1-108-48751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advocates+of+Freedom%3A+African+American+Transatlantic+Abolitionism+in+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48751-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Hannah-Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalenius2017" class="citation journal cs1">Salenius, Sirpa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/653265">"Transatlantic interracial sisterhoods: Sarah Remond, Ellen Craft, and Harriet Jacobs in England"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontiers:_A_Journal_of_Women_Studies" title="Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies">Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</a></i>. <b>38</b> (1): 166–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0166">10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0166</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0166">10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164419591">164419591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=Transatlantic+interracial+sisterhoods%3A+Sarah+Remond%2C+Ellen+Craft%2C+and+Harriet+Jacobs+in+England&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=166-96&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164419591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0166&rft.aulast=Salenius&rft.aufirst=Sirpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F653265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2006" class="citation journal cs1">Samuels, Ellen (September 2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Complication of Complaints': untangling disability, race, and gender in William and Ellen Craft's <i>Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom</i>". <i>MELUS</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 15–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmelus%2F31.3.15">10.1093/melus/31.3.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i30029647">i30029647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MELUS&rft.atitle=%27A+Complication+of+Complaints%27%3A+untangling+disability%2C+race%2C+and+gender+in+William+and+Ellen+Craft%27s+Running+a+Thousand+Miles+for+Freedom&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=15-47&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmelus%2F31.3.15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi30029647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling1988" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, Dorothy (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackforemothers00ster"><i>Black foremothers: three lives</i></a> (2nd ed.). Old Westbury, New York: Feminist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0935312898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0935312898"><bdi>978-0935312898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+foremothers%3A+three+lives&rft.place=Old+Westbury%2C+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Feminist+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0935312898&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackforemothers00ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStill1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">Still, William</a> (1872). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad</a></i>. pp. 60–61, 177–89, 558–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Underground+Railroad&rft.pages=60-61%2C+177-89%2C+558-59&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Still&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardro2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wardro, Daneen (2004). "Ellen Craft and the case of Salomé Muller in 'Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Women's Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (7): 961–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00497870490503824">10.1080/00497870490503824</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143536234">143536234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Ellen+Craft+and+the+case+of+Salom%C3%A9+Muller+in+%27Running+a+Thousand+Miles+for+Freedom%27&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=961-84&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00497870490503824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143536234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wardro&rft.aufirst=Daneen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2023" class="citation book cs1">Woo, Ilyon (2023). <i>Master Slave Husband Wife: An Epic Journey from Slavery to Freedom</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501191053" title="Special:BookSources/9781501191053"><bdi>9781501191053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+Slave+Husband+Wife%3A+An+Epic+Journey+from+Slavery+to+Freedom&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781501191053&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Ilyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEllen+and+William+Craft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_and_William_Craft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/william-craft_ellen-craft">Works by Ellen and William Craft in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Craft,+Ellen">Works by Ellen Craft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Craft,+William">Works by William Craft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Craft%2C%20Ellen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ellen%20Craft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Craft%2C%20Ellen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ellen%20Craft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Craft%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ellen%20Craft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Craft%2C%20Ellen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ellen%20Craft%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ellen Craft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Craft%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Craft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Craft%2C%20William%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Craft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Craft%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Craft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Craft%2C%20William%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Craft%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Craft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14651">Works by Ellen and William Craft</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110033859/http://forum.wgbh.org/wgbh/forum.php?lecture_id=1772">Re-enactor Marcia Estabrook presents Ellen Craft's story in-character</a>, PBS- WGBH</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703103552/http://thememorypalace.us/2009/06/episode-14-the-messrs-craft/">"Ellen and William Craft"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Memory_Palace" title="The Memory Palace">The Memory Palace</a></i>, podcast</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boston_African_American_community_prior_to_the_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Template:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Template talk:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston_African_American_community_prior_to_the_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Boston African American community prior to the Civil War</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_African_American_National_Historic_Site" title="Boston African American National Historic Site">Boston African American National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Heritage_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Heritage Trail">Black Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">Slavery in the colonial United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macon_Bolling_Allen" title="Macon Bolling Allen">Macon Bolling Allen</a> (lawyer, judge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Allen" title="William G. Allen">William G. Allen</a> (college professor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a> (killed during <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a> (minister, slave memoirist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Coburn" title="John P. Coburn">John P. Coburn</a> (abolitionist, soldier)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ellen and William Craft</a> (slave memoirists, abolitionists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lee_Crumpler" title="Rebecca Lee Crumpler">Rebecca Lee Crumpler</a> (physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dalton_(abolitionist)" title="Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)">Lucy Lew Dalton</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dalton_(abolitionist)" title="Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)">Thomas Dalton</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Easton" title="Hosea Easton">Hosea Easton</a> (abolitionist, minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a> (abolitionist, slave memoirist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Grimes" title="Leonard Grimes">Leonard Grimes</a> (abolitionist, minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_Hall" title="Primus Hall">Primus Hall</a> (abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall" title="Prince Hall">Prince Hall</a> (freemason, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hayden" title="Lewis Hayden">Lewis Hayden</a> (abolitionist, politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hilton" title="John T. Hilton">John T. Hilton</a> (abolitionist, author, businessman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzillai_Lew" title="Barzillai Lew">Barzillai Lew</a> (Rev. War soldier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Latimer_(escaped_slave)" title="George Latimer (escaped slave)">George Latimer</a> (escaped slave)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Lewis" title="Walker Lewis">Walker Lewis</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Middleton_(1735%E2%80%931815)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Middleton (1735–1815)">George Middleton (1735–1815)</a> (Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(lawyer)" title="Robert Morris (lawyer)">Robert Morris</a> (lawyer, abolitionist, judge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a> (abolitionist, writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Paul" title="Susan Paul">Susan Paul</a> (teacher, abolitionist, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paul_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Paul (minister)">Thomas Paul</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rock_(abolitionist)" title="John Rock (abolitionist)">John Swett Rock</a> (dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Russwurm" title="John Brown Russwurm">John Brown Russwurm</a> (college grad., teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Smith" title="John J. Smith">John J. Smith</a> (abolitionist, politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_W._Stewart" title="Maria W. Stewart">Maria W. Stewart</a> (abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Stow" title="Baron Stow">Baron Stow</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Snowden" title="Samuel Snowden">Samuel Snowden</a> (minister, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Walker" title="Edward G. Walker">Edward G. Walker</a> (abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of David Walker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a> (abolitionist, father of Edward G. Walker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a> (poet, author)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant topics and<br />associated individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cuffe" title="Paul Cuffe">Paul Cuffe</a> - <a href="/wiki/William_Gwinn" title="William Gwinn">William Gwinn</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> 1857 Supreme Court decision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suits</a> of 1781 (See <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Freeman" title="Elizabeth Freeman">Elizabeth Freeman</a> - <a href="/wiki/Quock_Walker" title="Quock Walker">Quock Walker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a> - <a href="/wiki/Shadrach_Minkins" title="Shadrach Minkins">Shadrach Minkins</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sims" title="Thomas Sims">Thomas Sims</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Apthorp" title="Charles Apthorp">Charles Apthorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunch-of-Grapes" title="Bunch-of-Grapes">Bunch-of-Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchants_Row_(Boston)" title="Merchants Row (Boston)">Merchants Row</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Abolitionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Female_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society">Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society">Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Colored_Association" title="Massachusetts General Colored Association">Massachusetts General Colored Association</a> (abolitionism, equality)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society">Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primus_Hall" title="Primus Hall">Home of Primus Hall</a> (1798–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a> (1806–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Smith_School" title="Abiel Smith School">Abiel Smith School</a> (1835-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Street_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church">Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Baptist_Church,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Baptist Church, Boston">Twelfth Baptist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_of_America" title="Bucks of America">Bucks of America</a> (Mass. Rev. War soldiers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic sites<br /> or neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Smith_School" title="Abiel Smith School">Abiel Smith School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Black Beacon Hill</a> (Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Heritage_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Heritage Trail">Black Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_African_American_National_Historic_Site" title="Boston African American National Historic Site">Boston African American National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Street_Meeting_House" title="Charles Street Meeting House">Charles Street Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coburn_House" title="John Coburn House">John Coburn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Harriet_Hayden_House" title="Lewis and Harriet Hayden House">Lewis and Harriet Hayden House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Middleton_(1735%E2%80%931815)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Middleton (1735–1815)">George Middleton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Nell_House" title="William C. Nell House">William C. Nell House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_School" title="Phillips School">Phillips School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Smith_House" title="John J. Smith House">John J. Smith House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom%27s_Journal" title="Freedom's Journal">Freedom's Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">Walker's Appeal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground" title="Copp's Hill Burying Ground">Copp's Hill Burying Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_Riot_of_1836" title="Abolition Riot of 1836">Abolition Riot of 1836</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_narratives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slave_narrative" title="Template talk:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_narratives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals<br />by continent<br />of enslavement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)" title="Robert Adams (sailor)">Robert Adams</a> (c. 1790–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Berg_(1714-1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Berg (1714-1761)">Marcus Berg</a> (1714-1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bok" title="Francis Bok">Francis Bok</a> (b. 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brassard" title="Isaac Brassard">Isaac Brassard</a> (1620–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Caronni" title="Felice Caronni">Felice Caronni </a> (1747–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a> (1767–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Egilsson" title="Ólafur Egilsson">Ólafur Egilsson</a> (1564–1639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kilekwa" title="Petro Kilekwa">Petro Kilekwa</a> (late 19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marsh" title="Elizabeth Marsh">Elizabeth Marsh</a> (1735–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_ter_Meetelen" title="Maria ter Meetelen">Maria ter Meetelen</a> (1704–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Nazer" title="Mende Nazer">Mende Nazer</a> (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hark_Olufs" title="Hark Olufs">Hark Olufs</a> (1708–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pellow" title="Thomas Pellow">Thomas Pellow</a> (1705–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitts_(author)" title="Joseph Pitts (author)">Joseph Pitts</a> (1663 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1735</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_S%C3%ADmonard%C3%B3ttir" title="Guðríður Símonardóttir">Guðríður Símonardóttir</a> (1598–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Qaurtier" title="Antoine Qaurtier">Antoine Qaurtier</a> (1632–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a> (1660–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wolffgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Wolffgang">Johann Georg Wolffgang</a> (1644–1744)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a> (1684–1736)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Vratislav (page does not exist)">Václav Vratislav</a> (1576–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen" title="Lovisa von Burghausen">Lovisa von Burghausen</a> (1698–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw" title="Ukawsaw Gronniosaw">Ukawsaw Gronniosaw</a> (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marteilhe" title="Jean Marteilhe">Jean Marteilhe</a> (1684-1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustam_Raza" title="Roustam Raza">Roustam Raza</a> (1783–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunzio_Otello_Francesco_Gioacchino" title="Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino">Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino</a> (1792 – fl. 1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Ottoman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique" title="Marie-Joseph Angélique">Marie-Joseph Angélique</a> (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a> (1783 England – 1821 United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Manzano" title="Juan Francisco Manzano">Juan Francisco Manzano</a> (1797–1854, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Montejo" title="Esteban Montejo">Esteban Montejo</a> (1860–1965, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a> (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a> (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aleckson" title="Sam Aleckson">Sam Aleckson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Anderson" title="Jordan Anderson">Jordan Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Anderson" title="William J. Anderson">William J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Maurice_Arter" title="Jared Maurice Arter">Jared Maurice Arter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Bayley" title="Solomon Bayley">Solomon Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Berry" title="Polly Berry">Polly Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry "Box" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(fugitive_slave)" title="John Brown (fugitive slave)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruner" title="Peter Bruner">Peter Bruner</a> (1845 KY – 1938 OH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Crafts" title="Hannah Crafts">Hannah Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Davis" title="Lucinda Davis">Lucinda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(Baptist_minister)" title="Noah Davis (Baptist minister)">Noah Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Delaney" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Delaney">Lucy Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Drumgoold" title="Kate Drumgoold">Kate Drumgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a> (1814 – after 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Woodson_Early" title="Sarah Jane Woodson Early">Sarah Jane Woodson Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fossett" title="Peter Fossett">Peter Fossett</a> (1815 <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Green" title="Lear Green">Lear Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(former_slave)" title="William Green (former slave)">William Green</a> (19th century <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(ex-slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grimes (ex-slave)">William Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hughes" title="Fountain Hughes">Fountain Hughes</a> (1848/1854 VA – 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Jackson" title="John Andrew Jackson">John Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jea" title="John Jea">John Jea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a> (1799–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_King" title="Boston King">Boston King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lane" title="Lunsford Lane">Lunsford Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vance_Lewis" title="J. Vance Lewis">J. Vance Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mars" title="James Mars">James Mars</a> (1790–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensbury_Washington_Offley" title="Greensbury Washington Offley">Greensbury Washington Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="John Parker (abolitionist)">John Parker</a> (1827 VA – 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="William Parker (abolitionist)">William Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(soldier,_born_1753)" title="James Robinson (soldier, born 1753)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Roper" title="Moses Roper">Moses Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lindsay_Smith" title="James Lindsay Smith">James Lindsay Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a> (1793 VA – 1860)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Turnage" title="Wallace Turnage">Wallace Turnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Veney" title="Bethany Veney">Bethany Veney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a> (19th century Indian Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_E._Wilson" title="Harriet E. Wilson">Harriet E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_Zembola" title="Zamba Zembola">Zamba Zembola</a> (b. c. 1780 Congo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahommah_Gardo_Baquaqua" title="Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua">Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua</a> (1845–1847, Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a> (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osifekunde" title="Osifekunde">Osifekunde</a> (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams" title="The Narrative of Robert Adams">The Narrative of Robert Adams</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery as It Is">American Slavery as It Is</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" title="Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Frederick_Douglass" title="Life and Times of Frederick Douglass">Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Slavery" title="Up from Slavery">Up from Slavery</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States</a></i> (1936–38)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peculiar_Institution" title="The Peculiar Institution">The Peculiar Institution</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Community" title="The Slave Community">The Slave Community</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracoon:_The_Story_of_the_Last_%22Black_Cargo%22" title="Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"">Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_slavery" title="Category:Novels about slavery">Fiction/novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab_(novel)" title="Sab (novel)">Sab</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Slave" title="The Heroic Slave">The Heroic Slave</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clotel" title="Clotel">Clotel</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bondwoman%27s_Narrative" title="The Bondwoman's Narrative">The Bondwoman's Narrative</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Nig" title="Our Nig">Our Nig</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(novel)" title="Jubilee (novel)">Jubilee</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Canada" title="Underground to Canada">Underground to Canada</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dessa_Rose" title="Dessa Rose">Dessa Rose</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_a_Thousand_Trees_with_Ribbons" title="Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons">Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ama:_A_Story_of_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade" title="Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade">Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walk_Through_Darkness" title="Walk Through Darkness">Walk Through Darkness</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Young adult books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amos_Fortune,_Free_Man" title="Amos Fortune, Free Man">Amos Fortune, Free Man</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Juan_de_Pareja" title="I, Juan de Pareja">I, Juan de Pareja</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copper_Sun" title="Copper Sun">Copper Sun</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a>" (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Escape;_or,_A_Leap_for_Freedom" title="The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom">The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Octoroon" title="The Octoroon">The Octoroon</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omar_(opera)" title="Omar (opera)">Omar</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unchained_Memories" title="Unchained Memories">Unchained Memories</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_and_the_White_Negro" title="Frederick Douglass and the White Negro">Frederick Douglass and the White Negro</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novels">Anti-Tom novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Films featuring slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people">List of last surviving American enslaved people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Plantation_Record_and_Account_Book" title="Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book">Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave-Trading_in_the_Old_South" title="Slave-Trading in the Old South">Slave-Trading in the Old South</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">Slave Songs of the United States</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace:_An_Anthology_of_Poems_about_Slavery" title="Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery">Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_Women_of_Achievement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_Women_of_Achievement" title="Template:Georgia Women of Achievement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_Women_of_Achievement" title="Template talk:Georgia Women of Achievement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_Women_of_Achievement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia Women of Achievement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_Women_of_Achievement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Women_of_Achievement" title="Georgia Women of Achievement">Georgia Women of Achievement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Berry" title="Martha Berry">Martha Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Craft_Laney" title="Lucy Craft Laney">Lucy Craft Laney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicksie_Bradley_Bandy" title="Dicksie Bradley Bandy">Dicksie Bradley Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Musgrove" title="Mary Musgrove">Mary Musgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Pickett_Durham" title="Cassandra Pickett Durham">Cassandra Pickett Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Ross_Napier" title="Viola Ross Napier">Viola Ross Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Flisch" title="Julia Flisch">Julia Flisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_McCullers" title="Carson McCullers">Carson McCullers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Hartley_Mosley" title="Ruth Hartley Mosley">Ruth Hartley Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Harvie_Thomas_Tubman" title="Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman">Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selena_Sloan_Butler" title="Selena Sloan Butler">Selena Sloan Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Colquitt_Hunter" title="Anna Colquitt Hunter">Anna Colquitt Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Jane_Raines" title="Hazel Jane Raines">Hazel Jane Raines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Cobb_Milton_Atkinson" title="Susan Cobb Milton Atkinson">Susan Cobb Milton Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Peters_Black" title="Nellie Peters Black">Nellie Peters Black</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ellen Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corra_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Corra Harris">Corra Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugenia_Burns_Hope" title="Lugenia Burns Hope">Lugenia Burns Hope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Latimer_Felton" title="Rebecca Latimer Felton">Rebecca Latimer Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Harris_Gay" title="Mary Ann Harris Gay">Mary Ann Harris Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hart" title="Nancy Hart">Nancy Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Barrow_McIntire" title="Lucy Barrow McIntire">Lucy Barrow McIntire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lettie_Pate_Whitehead_Evans" title="Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans">Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Collier_Harris" title="Julia Collier Harris">Julia Collier Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Kaufman" title="Rhoda Kaufman">Rhoda Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Steele_Logan" title="Carrie Steele Logan">Carrie Steele Logan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moina_Michael" title="Moina Michael">Moina Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Smith_(author)" title="Lillian Smith (author)">Lillian Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallie_Ellis_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sallie Ellis Davis (page does not exist)">Sallie Ellis Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Askew_Haygood" title="Laura Askew Haygood">Laura Askew Haygood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Axson_Wilson" title="Ellen Axson Wilson">Ellen Axson Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_L._Coleman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julia L. Coleman (page does not exist)">Julia L. Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Evans_Whitener" title="Catherine Evans Whitener">Catherine Evans Whitener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wessie_Gertrude_Connell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wessie Gertrude Connell (page does not exist)">Wessie Gertrude Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_Dobbs_McEachern" title="Lula Dobbs McEachern">Lula Dobbs McEachern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Harrell_Strickland" title="Alice Harrell Strickland">Alice Harrell Strickland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madeleine_Kiker_Anthony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madeleine Kiker Anthony (page does not exist)">Madeleine Kiker Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Maud_Brown_Cobb" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Maud Brown Cobb">Helena Maud Brown Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Lester_Dillon" title="Julia Lester Dillon">Julia Lester Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Ross_Wilburn" title="Leila Ross Wilburn">Leila Ross Wilburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathilda_Beasley" title="Mathilda Beasley">Mathilda Beasley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Frederick_Hays" title="Louise Frederick Hays">Louise Frederick Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Dortch_Longstreet" title="Helen Dortch Longstreet">Helen Dortch Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_McLendon_Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah McLendon Murphy (page does not exist)">Sarah McLendon Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Barnelia_Woodward" title="Emily Barnelia Woodward">Emily Barnelia Woodward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Woodby_McKane" title="Alice Woodby McKane">Alice Woodby McKane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nina_Anderson_Pape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nina Anderson Pape (page does not exist)">Nina Anderson Pape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Frances_Andrews" title="Eliza Frances Andrews">Eliza Frances Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Towns_Hamilton" title="Grace Towns Hamilton">Grace Towns Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Porter_Hillhouse" title="Sarah Porter Hillhouse">Sarah Porter Hillhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_O._Bynum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret O. Bynum (page does not exist)">Margaret O. Bynum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Lenora_Foster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Lenora Foster (page does not exist)">Edith Lenora Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Douglas_Mankin" title="Helen Douglas Mankin">Helen Douglas Mankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Branham_Matthews" title="Sara Branham Matthews">Sara Branham Matthews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfrida_De_Renne_Barrow" title="Elfrida De Renne Barrow">Elfrida De Renne Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amilee_Chastain_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amilee Chastain Graves (page does not exist)">Amilee Chastain Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Dowdell_Myrick" title="Susan Dowdell Myrick">Susan Dowdell Myrick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Pafford_Miller" title="Caroline Pafford Miller">Caroline Pafford Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hurt_Yarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Hurt Yarn">Jane Hurt Yarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Powers" title="Harriet Powers">Harriet Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Lipscomb" title="Mary Ann Lipscomb">Mary Ann Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestine_Sibley" title="Celestine Sibley">Celestine Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Williams" title="Madrid Williams">Madrid Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gordy_Carter" title="Lillian Gordy Carter">Lillian Gordy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Francis_Hill_Coley" title="Mary Francis Hill Coley">Mary Francis Hill Coley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_duBignon_Stiles_Howard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May duBignon Stiles Howard (page does not exist)">May duBignon Stiles Howard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Randolph_Bailey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Randolph Bailey (page does not exist)">Sarah Randolph Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beulah_Rucker_Oliver" title="Beulah Rucker Oliver">Beulah Rucker Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Harpst" title="Ethel Harpst">Ethel Harpst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollie_Belle_Wylie" title="Lollie Belle Wylie">Lollie Belle Wylie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Gregory_Jewett" title="Mary Gregory Jewett">Mary Gregory Jewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Stanley_Dull" title="Henrietta Stanley Dull">Henrietta Stanley Dull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Stiles_Taylor" title="Rebecca Stiles Taylor">Rebecca Stiles Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Gertrude_Clanton_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas (page does not exist)">Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazoline_Estelle_Usher" title="Bazoline Estelle Usher">Bazoline Estelle Usher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allie_Carroll_Hart" title="Allie Carroll Hart">Allie Carroll Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Freeborn_Pauley" title="Frances Freeborn Pauley">Frances Freeborn Pauley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nell_Kendall_Hodgson_Woodruff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nell Kendall Hodgson Woodruff (page does not exist)">Nell Kendall Hodgson Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Harper_Heard" title="Sarah Harper Heard">Sarah Harper Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellamae_Ellis_League" title="Ellamae Ellis League">Ellamae Ellis League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Hall_Underwood" title="Katie Hall Underwood">Katie Hall Underwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolyn_Mackenzie_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carolyn Mackenzie Carter (page does not exist)">Carolyn Mackenzie Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_Huger_Lee" title="Clermont Huger Lee">Clermont Huger Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucile_Nix" title="Lucile Nix">Lucile Nix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludie_Clay_Andrews" title="Ludie Clay Andrews">Ludie Clay Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Baker_King_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Susie Baker King Taylor">Susie Baker King Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_George_S._Williams" title="Mamie George S. Williams">Mamie George S. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Denmark" title="Leila Denmark">Leila Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dorothy_Lyndon" title="Mary Dorothy Lyndon">Mary Dorothy Lyndon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarice_Cross_Bagwell" title="Clarice Cross Bagwell">Clarice Cross Bagwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_DuPre_Lumpkin" title="Katharine DuPre Lumpkin">Katharine DuPre Lumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_Marsh" title="Juanita Marsh">Juanita Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Elizabeth_Geiger_Wright" title="Jean Elizabeth Geiger Wright">Jean Elizabeth Geiger Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_M._Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruby M. 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