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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Robens">Alfred Robens</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British trade unionist, industrialist and politician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Robens of Woldingham</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alfred_Robens%2C_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham.jpg/220px-Alfred_Robens%2C_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alfred_Robens%2C_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham.jpg/330px-Alfred_Robens%2C_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alfred_Robens%2C_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham.jpg/440px-Alfred_Robens%2C_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Robens in 1947</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Foreign_Secretary" title="Shadow Foreign Secretary">Shadow Foreign Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 December 1955 – 6 November 1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 April 1951 – 26 October 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Nye Bevan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton,_1st_Viscount_Monckton_of_Brenchley" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley">Walter Monckton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Blyth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blyth (UK Parliament constituency)">Blyth</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 February 1950 – 30 October 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Milne" title="Eddie Milne">Eddie Milne</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Wansbeck_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wansbeck (UK Parliament constituency)">Wansbeck</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 July 1945 – 23 February 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Scott_(politician)" title="Donald Scott (politician)">Donald Scott</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1910-12-18</span>)</span>18 December 1910<br /><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1999<span style="display:none">(1999-06-27)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(before 1979)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1999)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham</b>, <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a> (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999) was an <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialist">industrialist</a>. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent 10 years as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a>, and later – despite the <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">Aberfan disaster</a> – headed a major inquiry which resulted in the <a href="#Robens_Report">Robens Report</a> on <a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_and_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational health and safety">occupational health and safety</a>. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as grossly insensitive during the aftermath of the disaster. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robens was born in <a href="/wiki/Chorlton-on-Medlock" title="Chorlton-on-Medlock">Chorlton-on-Medlock</a>, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> <a href="/wiki/Salesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesman">salesman</a>, and Edith Robens (<i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a></i> Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a <a href="/wiki/Clerk_(position)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk (position)">clerk</a>; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker-directors in the country. He was an official in the <a href="/wiki/USDAW" class="mw-redirect" title="USDAW">Union of Distributive and Allied Workers</a> from 1935 to 1945; certified medically unfit for military service in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, he was a <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Councillor</a> from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the war, in the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945</a>, Robens was elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> constituency of <a href="/wiki/Wansbeck_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wansbeck (UK Parliament constituency)">Wansbeck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>. He started to rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Ministry of Transport</a> (1945–1947) and at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Fuel_and_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Fuel and Power">Ministry of Fuel and Power</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a>. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of <a href="/wiki/Blyth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blyth (UK Parliament constituency)">Blyth</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Blyth_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blyth Valley (UK Parliament constituency)">Blyth Valley</a>. He briefly replaced <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour and National Service">Minister of Labour and National Service</a> following the former's resignation in protest of <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_charges" title="Prescription charges">prescription charges</a> in 1951, but the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Foreign_Secretary" title="Shadow Foreign Secretary">Shadow Foreign Secretary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> while Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobens19724_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobens19724-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he failed to impress during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. Furthermore, Gaitskell felt him too <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. </p><p>Thus, when <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> (Eden's successor as prime minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, would have become prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a> (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Coal_Board">National Coal Board</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National Coal Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a> as <b>Baron Robens of Woldingham</b>, of <a href="/wiki/Woldingham" title="Woldingham">Woldingham</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Surrey">County of Surrey</a>, on 28 June.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Milne" title="Eddie Milne">Eddie Milne</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Robens's leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler</a> with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">De Havilland Dove</a> which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Square" title="Eaton Square">Eaton Square</a>. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on <a href="/wiki/Old_King_Cole" title="Old King Cole">Old King Cole</a>. He threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineers_and_Shipbuilders_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland">Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</a>. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".<sup id="cite_ref-MacmillanLecture1963_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacmillanLecture1963-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post 10 years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with the miners' leader <a href="/wiki/Will_Paynter" title="Will Paynter">Will Paynter</a>, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a> deteriorated during his tenure,<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there was an <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1969)">unofficial strike in 1969</a> that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of walkouts at 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.<sup id="cite_ref-R59_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R59-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robens expressed concern at the poor <a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_and_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational health and safety">occupational health and safety</a> record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic <a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">occupational diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">pneumoconiosis</a>. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aberfan_disaster">Aberfan disaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aberfan disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">Aberfan disaster</a></div> <p>The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at <a href="/wiki/Aberfan" title="Aberfan">Aberfan</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Taff_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Taff Valley">Taff Valley</a>, South Wales. On the morning of 21 October, a massive <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">spoil heap</a> from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Vale" title="Merthyr Vale">Merthyr Vale</a> Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, 30 ft (9.1 m) deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults. </p><p>Robens nonetheless went ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a> before going to Aberfan, and did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Power (United Kingdom)">Minister of Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marsh,_Baron_Marsh" title="Richard Marsh, Baron Marsh">Richard Marsh</a>, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A television interview, during which he made that comment, proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of <i><a href="/wiki/Rylands_v_Fletcher" title="Rylands v Fletcher">Rylands v Fletcher</a></i> which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge. </p><p>The report of the <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_Disaster_Tribunal" title="Aberfan Disaster Tribunal">Edmund-Davies Tribunal</a>, which inquired into the disaster, was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the inquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the inquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Davies,_Baron_Edmund-Davies" title="Edmund Davies, Baron Edmund-Davies">Lord Edmund-Davies</a> that his appearance was not necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by the Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed. </p><p>There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dearing,_Baron_Dearing" title="Ronald Dearing, Baron Dearing">Ronald Dearing</a>, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens told a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Harmsworth_King" title="Cecil Harmsworth King">Cecil King</a>, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, set by the government. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. Eventually the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the charitable Aberfan Disaster Fund. </p><p>The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, were put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (equivalent to £3,500,000 in 2023) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – but the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Commission">Charity Commission</a> took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence that prosecution for <a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate manslaughter (England and Wales)">corporate manslaughter</a> was considered at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeanJohnes200041_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeanJohnes200041-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshworthPegg1986_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworthPegg1986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he remains condemned in other quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Robens_Report">Robens Report</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Robens Report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, Robens was selected by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a> to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_at_Work_etc._Act_1974" title="Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974">Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Commission" title="Health and Safety Commission">Health and Safety Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Conservative victory in the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 general election</a>, Robens found the new administration's distaste for <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> at odds with his own rather <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalistic</a> views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Industry">Minister of State for Industry</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Eden,_Baron_Eden_of_Winton" title="John Eden, Baron Eden of Winton">Sir John Eden</a>. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robens had become a director of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> in 1966<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Times_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Newspapers">Times Newspapers</a> in 1967.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Chairman_(official)#Corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman (official)">Chairman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a> from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_and_Shipbuilding_Industries_Act_1977" title="Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977">Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977</a>. He was Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a> from 1971 to 1983, and a director of <a href="/wiki/Trust_House_Forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust House Forte">Trust House Forte</a> and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (who died in 2008) to <a href="/wiki/Laleham#Laleham_Abbey" title="Laleham">Laleham Abbey</a> in Surrey, once the home of <a href="/wiki/John_Bingham,_7th_Earl_of_Lucan" title="John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan">the 7th Earl of Lucan</a>. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a> in 1992, and died in 1999 aged 88.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_folk_music">In folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Coalfield" title="Durham Coalfield">Durham Coalfield</a>, was highly critical of Robens: his song <i>The Pound a Week Rise</i> criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song <i>One Miner's Life</i> refers to the widespread pit closures. <a href="/wiki/Jock_Purdon" title="Jock Purdon">Jock Purdon</a>, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of <a href="/wiki/Harraton" title="Harraton">Harraton</a> Colliery in <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a>, wrote the song <i>Farewell to Cotia</i> about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". <i>The Pound a Week Rise</i> has subsequently been covered by various folk and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> artists, including <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gaughan" title="Dick Gaughan">Dick Gaughan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Tanner" title="Trevor Tanner">Rathkeltaír</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_public_appointments">Other public appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other public appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chairman of the Foundation on Automation and Employment (1962);</li> <li>Chairman of the Engineering Industries Council (1976–80);</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">royal commission</a> on trade unions and employers' associations (1965–68);</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Development_Council" title="National Economic Development Council">National Economic Development Council</a> (1976–80);</li> <li>Council of <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Business School">Manchester Business School</a>: <ul><li>Member;</li> <li>Chairman (1970–79);</li></ul></li> <li>Chairman of the court of governors of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (1965);</li> <li>Chairman of the board of governors of <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital" title="Guy's Hospital">Guy's Hospital</a> (1965–74).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1951 he was sworn in as a Member of <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council</a>. This gave him the <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Honorific Prefix</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a>" and after <a href="/wiki/Ennoblement" title="Ennoblement">Ennoblement</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_post-nominal_letters_(United_Kingdom)" title="List of post-nominal letters (United Kingdom)">Post Nominal Letters</a> "PC" for Life.</li> <li>He was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Honorary Fellowship</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He delivered the annual Hugh Miller MacMillan Memorial Lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineers_and_Shipbuilders_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland">Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D) by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of the University">Doctor of the University</a> (D.Univ) by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a> on 26 January 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was elected as an <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Honorary Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Institution of Mechanical Engineers</a> (FIMechE) in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary Fellowship</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology">University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTweedale2008">Tweedale (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Andrew (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0"><i>A History of the British Labour Party</i></a>. London: Macmillan Education UK. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0">10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-56081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-56081-5"><bdi>978-0-333-56081-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Labour+Party&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0&rft.isbn=978-0-333-56081-5&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobens19724-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobens19724_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobens1972">Robens 1972</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown, George</a>. <i>In My Way: The Political Memoirs of Lord George-Brown</i>. pp. 91–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+My+Way%3A+The+Political+Memoirs+of+Lord+George-Brown&rft.pages=91-92&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette42401" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42401/page/4841">"No. 42401"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 30 June 1961. p. 4841.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+42401&rft.pages=4841&rft.date=1961-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F42401%2Fpage%2F4841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacmillanLecture1963-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacmillanLecture1963_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iesis.org/macmillan.html">"Hugh Miller Macmillan"</a>. <i>Macmillan Memorial Lectures</i>. <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineers_and_Shipbuilders_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland">Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004102303/http://www.iesis.org/macmillan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macmillan+Memorial+Lectures&rft.atitle=Hugh+Miller+Macmillan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iesis.org%2Fmacmillan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R59-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R59_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1994" class="citation book cs1">Routledge, Paul (1994). <i>Scargill: the unauthorized biography</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-638077-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-638077-8"><bdi>0-00-638077-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scargill%3A+the+unauthorized+biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-00-638077-8&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081119071740/http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/response/recovery_guidance/case_studies/g1_aberfan.aspx">"UK Resilience website - National Recovery Guidance - Case Studies: The Aberfan Disaster"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/response/recovery_guidance/case_studies/g1_aberfan.aspx">the original</a> on 19 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Resilience+website+-+National+Recovery+Guidance+-+Case+Studies%3A+The+Aberfan+Disaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukresilience.gov.uk%2Fresponse%2Frecovery_guidance%2Fcase_studies%2Fg1_aberfan.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean1997-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean1997_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLean1997">McLean 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=102176&sectioncode=26">"Aberfan aftermath, Sir Ron replies: 'I believe advice was disinterested and just'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Higher Education Supplement">Times Higher Education Supplement</a></i>. 7 February 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education+Supplement&rft.atitle=Aberfan+aftermath%2C+Sir+Ron+replies%3A+%27I+believe+advice+was+disinterested+and+just%27&rft.date=1997-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D102176%26sectioncode%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanaLevi-Faur2004" class="citation book cs1">Jordana, Jacint; Levi-Faur, David (2004). <i>The Politics of Regulation: Examining Regulatory Institutions and Instruments in the Age of Governance</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=After+Coal&rft.atitle=Music+Monday%3A+Pound+a+Week+Rise&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faftercoal.com%2Fmusic-monday-pound-a-week-rise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cibse.org/building-services/building-services-awards/honorary-fellows-and-medallists">"Honorary Fellows and Medallists"</a>. <i>The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chartered+Institution+of+Building+Services+Engineers&rft.atitle=Honorary+Fellows+and+Medallists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cibse.org%2Fbuilding-services%2Fbuilding-services-awards%2Fhonorary-fellows-and-medallists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineers.scot/history/macmillan-lectures">"MacMillan Memorial Lectures"</a>. <i>The Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Leicester&rft.atitle=Honorary+Graduates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fle.ac.uk%2Fgraduation%2Fhonorary-graduates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surrey.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-graduates">"Honorary Graduates"</a>. <i>The University of Surrey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Surrey&rft.atitle=Honorary+Graduates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surrey.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Fhonorary-graduates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imeche.org/about-us/imeche-engineering-history/honorary-fellows/1961-1980">"HONORARY FELLOWS 1961-1980"</a>. <i>The Institution of Mechanical Engineers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institution+of+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.atitle=HONORARY+FELLOWS+1961-1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imeche.org%2Fabout-us%2Fimeche-engineering-history%2Fhonorary-fellows%2F1961-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworthPegg1986" class="citation book cs1">Ashworth, William & Pegg, Mark (1986). <i>History of the British Coal Industry, Vol. 5: The Nationalised Industry</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-828295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-828295-8"><bdi>0-19-828295-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+British+Coal+Industry%2C+Vol.+5%3A+The+Nationalised+Industry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-828295-8&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Pegg%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen,_Baron_Cullen_of_Whitekirk" title="William Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk">Cullen, William</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327133530/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/events/reports/rae_1996.pdf">"The development of safety legislation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Academy of Engineering and Royal Society of Edinburgh Lecture. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/events/reports/rae_1996.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+development+of+safety+legislation&rft.series=Royal+Academy+of+Engineering+and+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+Lecture&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fevents%2Freports%2Frae_1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Evans" title="Harold Evans">Evans, Harold</a> (1978). <i>Vickers: Against the Odds, 1956–1977</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-23434-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-23434-2"><bdi>0-340-23434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vickers%3A+Against+the+Odds%2C+1956%E2%80%931977&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-340-23434-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormley1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gormley_(trade_unionist)" title="Joe Gormley (trade unionist)">Gormley, J.</a> (1982). <i>Battered Cherub</i>. London: H Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-10754-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-10754-7"><bdi>0-241-10754-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battered+Cherub&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H+Hamilton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-241-10754-7&rft.aulast=Gormley&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean1997" class="citation news cs1">McLean, I. (5 January 1997). "Heartless bully who added to agony of Aberfan: Thirty years on, documents reveal how Coal Board chief Lord Robens dodged the blame for the disaster". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Heartless+bully+who+added+to+agony+of+Aberfan%3A+Thirty+years+on%2C+documents+reveal+how+Coal+Board+chief+Lord+Robens+dodged+the+blame+for+the+disaster&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1997-01-05&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanJohnes2000" class="citation book cs1">McLean, I.; Johnes, M. (2000). <i>Aberfan: Government and Disasters</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_Academic_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welsh Academic Press (page does not exist)">Welsh Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86057-033-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86057-033-X"><bdi>1-86057-033-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aberfan%3A+Government+and+Disasters&rft.pub=Welsh+Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86057-033-X&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Johnes%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobens1970" class="citation book cs1">Robens, A. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanengineering00robe_0"><i>Human Engineering</i></a></span>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-61837-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-61837-7"><bdi>0-224-61837-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Engineering&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-224-61837-7&rft.aulast=Robens&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanengineering00robe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobens1972" class="citation book cs1">Robens, A. (1972). <i>Ten Year Stint</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-93874-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-93874-2"><bdi>0-304-93874-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Year+Stint&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-304-93874-2&rft.aulast=Robens&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobens1977" class="citation book cs1">Robens, A. (1977). <i>Managing Great Britain Limited</i>. Ashridge Management College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903542-14-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-903542-14-5"><bdi>0-903542-14-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Great+Britain+Limited&rft.pub=Ashridge+Management+College&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-903542-14-5&rft.aulast=Robens&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1973" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, R. C. (1973). "Safety and Health at Work: Report of the Robens Committee 1970-72". <i>Modern Law Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 192–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Safety+and+Health+at+Work%3A+Report+of+the+Robens+Committee+1970-72&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=192-198&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTweedale2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tweedale, G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/72445">"Robens, Alfred, Baron Robens of Woldingham (1910–1999)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robens%2C+Alfred%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham+%281910%E2%80%931999%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tweedale&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F72445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Robens%2C+Baron+Robens+of+Woldingham" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li>Obituaries: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 29 June 1999, p. 23</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 28 June 1999, p. 18</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 29 June 1999, p. 6</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-alfred-robens">contributions in Parliament by Alfred Robens</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Scott_(politician)" title="Donald Scott (politician)">Donald Scott</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Wansbeck_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wansbeck (UK Parliament constituency)">Wansbeck</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a>–<a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Blyth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blyth (UK Parliament constituency)">Blyth</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a>–<a href="/wiki/1960_Blyth_by-election" title="1960 Blyth by-election">1960</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Milne" title="Eddie Milne">Eddie Milne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nye_Bevan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nye Bevan">Nye Bevan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour and National Service">Minister of Labour and National Service</a> </b><br />1951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton" title="Walter Monckton">Walter Monckton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Foreign_Secretary" title="Shadow Foreign Secretary">Shadow Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1955–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nye_Bevan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nye Bevan">Nye Bevan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Trade union offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowman_(trade_unionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Bowman (trade unionist)">Jim Bowman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> </b><br />1961–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Derek Ezra">Derek Ezra</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames" title="Christopher Soames">Soames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rippon" title="Geoffrey Rippon">Rippon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(British_businessman)" title="John Davies (British businessman)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Kaufman" title="Gerald Kaufman">Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cunningham,_Baron_Cunningham_of_Felling" title="Jack Cunningham, Baron Cunningham of Felling">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maples" title="John Maples">Maples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Alexander" title="Douglas Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Benn" title="Hilary Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Thornberry" title="Emily Thornberry">Thornberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mitchell" title="Andrew Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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