CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>1639 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"db2b505d-c37c-4667-b4de-d6503c0fccfa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"1639","wgTitle":"1639","wgCurRevisionId":1254179160,"wgRevisionId":1254179160,"wgArticleId":35195,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Use mdy dates from March 2011","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text","1639"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"1639","wgRelevantArticleId":35195,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6897","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg/1200px-Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="690"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg/800px-Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="460"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg/640px-Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="368"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="1639 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-1639 rootpage-1639 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=1639" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=1639" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=1639" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=1639" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>January–March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>April–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>July–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Births-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Births subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>January–March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>April–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>July–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1639</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1639 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1639 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1639 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1639 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B6%DB%B3%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۶۳۹ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۶۳۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AF" title="১৬৩৯ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৬৩৯" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_n%C3%AE" title="1639 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1639 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639." title="1639. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1639." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B6%DB%B3%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۶۳۹ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۶۳۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%E5%B9%B4" title="1639年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1639年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%EB%85%84" title="1639년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1639년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AF" title="१६३९ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१६३९" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639." title="1639. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1639." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AF" title="মারি ১৬৩৯ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৬৩৯" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1639-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1639-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AC%E0%B3%A9%E0%B3%AF" title="೧೬೩೯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೬೩೯" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1639 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1639 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1639 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1639 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1639 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1639 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%D0%B8" title="1639 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1639 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639._gads" title="1639. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1639. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1639 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1639 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_m." title="1639 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1639 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AF" title="१६३९ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१६३९" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AF" title="इ.स. १६३९ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १६३९" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B6%DB%B3%DB%B9" title="۱۶۳۹ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۶۳۹" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1639 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1639 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1639 он – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1639 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%86%E1%81%83%E1%81%89" title="၁၆၃၉ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၆၃၉" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AF" title="सन् १६३९ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १६३९" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%E5%B9%B4" title="1639年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1639年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AC%E0%AD%A9%E0%AD%AF" title="୧୬୩୯ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୬୩୯" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AF" title="१६३९ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१६३९" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1639 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1639 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AF" title="१६३९ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१६३९" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%D8%B9" title="1639ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1639ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A6%D9%A3%D9%A9" title="١٦٣٩ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٦٣٩" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639." title="1639. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1639." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1639 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1639 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2182" title="พ.ศ. 2182 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2182" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1639" title="Соли 1639 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1639" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%D8%A1" title="1639ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1639ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%E5%B9%B4" title="1639年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1639年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%E5%B9%B4" title="1639年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1639年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%E5%B9%B4" title="1639年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1639年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639" title="1639 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1639" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6897#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1639" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:1639" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1639"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1639"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/1639" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/1639" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&oldid=1254179160" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=1639&id=1254179160&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1639"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1639"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=1639&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1639" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/1639" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6897" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a>: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a>: </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1610s" title="1610s">1610s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620s" title="1620s">1620s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1630s" title="1630s">1630s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1640s" title="1640s">1640s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1650s" title="1650s">1650s</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1636" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1636">1636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1637" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1637">1637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1638" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1638">1638</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1639" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1639">1639</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1640" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1640">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1641" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1641">1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1642" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1642">1642</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_(18_February_1639).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg/300px-Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg/450px-Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg/600px-Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a>: Thousands of casualties are sustained in a naval battle between Spain and the United Provinces of the Netherlands in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></figcaption></figure><p>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1639" title="Category:1639">1639 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Arts and science</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1630s_in_architecture" title="1630s in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1639_in_art" title="1639 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1639_in_literature" title="1639 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1639_in_music" title="1639 in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1639_in_science" title="1639 in science">Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1639" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1639">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_17th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 17th century">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_17th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 17th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1639_births" title="Category:1639 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1639_deaths" title="Category:1639 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1639_establishments" title="Category:1639 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1639_disestablishments" title="Category:1639 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1639_works" title="Category:1639 works">Works</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1639 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1639<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MDCXXXIX</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2392</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1088<br />ԹՎ ՌՁԸ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6389</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1560–1561</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1045–1046</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2589</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>14 <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Cha. 1</a> – 15 <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Cha. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2183</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1001</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7147–7148</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">戊寅</a>年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>)<br />4336 or 4129<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />己卯年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />4337 or 4130</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1355–1356</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2805</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1631–1632</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5399–5400</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1695–1696</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1560–1561</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4739–4740</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11639</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>639–640</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1017–1018</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1048–1049</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kan%27ei" title="Kan'ei">Kan'ei</a> 16<br />(寛永１６年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1560–1561</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 10 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3972</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>273 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前273年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2181–2182</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳土虎年<br />(male Earth-<a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>)<br />1765 or 1384 or 612<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴土兔年<br />(female Earth-<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />1766 or 1385 or 613</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG/300px-The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG/450px-The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG/600px-The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Battle of the Downs</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>1639</b> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MDCXXXIX</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday" title="Common year starting on Saturday">common year starting on Saturday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Tuesday" title="Common year starting on Tuesday">common year starting on Tuesday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the 1639th year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i></span> (AD) designations, the 639th year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 39th year of the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a>, and the 10th and last year of the <a href="/wiki/1630s" title="1630s">1630s</a> decade. As of the start of 1639, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. </p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March"><span id="January.E2.80.93March"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Tavastehus</i>) is granted <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(law)" title="Privilege (law)">privileges</a>, after it separates from the <a href="/wiki/Vanaja_(Finland)" title="Vanaja (Finland)">Vanaja</a> parish, as its own city in <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Tavastia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> is started in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Daye" title="Stephen Daye">Stephen Daye</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">a sea battle is fought</a> in the English Channel off of the coast of <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> between the navies of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, with 12 warships, and Spain, with 12 galleons and eight other ships. The Spanish are forced to flee after three of their ships are lost and 1,600 Spaniards killed or injured, while the Dutch sustain 1,700 casualties without the loss of a ship.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – The early settlement of <a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton, Massachusetts</a>, is incorporated as a town.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> is named for clergyman <a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman)" title="John Harvard (clergyman)">John Harvard</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June"><span id="April.E2.80.93June"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemnitz" title="Battle of Chemnitz">Battle of Chemnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ban%C3%A9r" title="Johan Banér">Johan Banér</a> inflict a crushing defeat on the army of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, prolonging the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and allowing the Swedes to occupy <a href="/wiki/Pirna" title="Pirna">Pirna</a> and advance into <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a> issues a papal bull prohibiting slavery in the New World colonies of Spain and Portugal, encompassing most of Latin America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – Italian-born <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>, apostolic <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and adviser to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a> French by letters patent; in December, he leaves the service of Rome to enter that of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – After a 40-day siege, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> Army captures the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fredrick" title="Fort Fredrick">Trincomalee Fort</a> on the island of Ceylon (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> arrives with his army at <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a> as the first of the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a> breaks out between the English Army and the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berwick_(1639)" title="Treaty of Berwick (1639)">Treaty of Berwick</a> is signed between Charles I and the Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the same day, the first battle of the Bishops' Wars is fought by <a href="/wiki/William_Keith,_7th_Earl_Marischal" title="William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquess_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose">Marquess of Montrose</a> when they lead a Covenanter army of 9,000 men past <a href="/wiki/Muchalls_Castle" title="Muchalls Castle">Muchalls Castle</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Causey_Mounth" title="Causey Mounth">Causey Mounth</a> to fight at the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Dee" title="Bridge of Dee">Bridge of Dee</a> in Scotland. <sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September"><span id="July.E2.80.93September"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Parthenius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius I of Constantinople">Parthenius I</a> becomes the new leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church as he is selected as Patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Cyril II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – A revolt in France begins in Normandy with the assassination of tax collector Charles Le Poupinel while he is working in the town of <a href="/wiki/Avranches" title="Avranches">Avranches</a>. The rebellion is brutally crushed on November 30.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – The British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> buys a strip of land from King <a href="/wiki/Peda_Venkata_Raya" title="Peda Venkata Raya">Peda Venkata Raya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St. George</a>, the first settlement of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, so founding modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, capital city of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Madras_Day" title="Madras Day">Madras Day</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – The alliance of cantons in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Leagues" title="Three Leagues">Three Leagues</a> or <i>Raetia</i> agrees with Spain to bring Italy's <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> area back into the alliance, on the condition that the Catholic faith of the natives be respected.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – Dutch Navy Admiral <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Tromp" title="Maarten Tromp">Maarten Tromp</a> introduces the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a> tactic in <a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_September_1639" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 18 September 1639">a battle in the English Channel</a> against a much larger force of Spanish Navy ships, driving off 67 ships with his fleet of 29. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December"><span id="October.E2.80.93December"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – Naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Battle of the Downs</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_United_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the United Provinces">Republic of the United Provinces</a> fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_va-nu-pieds" title="Revolt of the va-nu-pieds">revolt of the va-nu-pieds</a> is crushed by the troops of French Army Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Gassion" title="Jean de Gassion">Jean de Gassion</a> under orders of Armand Jean du Plessis, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, with 300 of the rebels killed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – English astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a> makes the first successful prediction and observation of a transit of Venus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Casiquiare_canal" title="Casiquiare canal">Casiquiare canal</a>, a river forming a natural channel between the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a> basins, is first encountered by Europeans, an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teixeira" title="Pedro Teixeira">Pedro Teixeira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Diatrist%C3%A1n_de_Acu%C3%B1a" title="Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña">Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña</a>.</li> <li>French nobleman <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_le_Royer_de_la_Dauversi%C3%A8re" title="Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière">Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière</a> obtains the <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial</a> title to the island of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Notre-Dame_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Société Notre-Dame de Montréal">Société Notre-Dame de Montréal</a> to establish a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">mission</a> to <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelize</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous peoples</a>.</li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> advance over the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> to the Pacific, to <a href="/wiki/Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">foreign policy of Japan</a>, comes fully into effect. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>, an island trading post off <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, becomes the only official port of trade allowed for <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>, with the multi-national <a href="/wiki/United_East_Indies_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United East Indies Company">United East Indies Company</a> (<i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i>) as the only European party officially allowed. Trading parties from China, India and other places are still officially allowed, though the VOC will become the usual <a href="/wiki/Broker" title="Broker">broker</a> for them.</li> <li>Japanese wives and children of Dutch and British people from <a href="/wiki/Hirado" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirado">Hirado</a> are sent to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta#Dutch_East_India_Company_(1610–1800)" title="History of Jakarta">Batavia</a> (Asian headquarters of the VOC, renamed <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> by the Japanese around three centuries later) on Dutch ships.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> is signed between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman (Turkish) Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Safavid Persia</a>, delineating the modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>-Iran border lines.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleonore,_Duchess_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eleonore%2C_Duchess_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.jpg/110px-Eleonore%2C_Duchess_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eleonore%2C_Duchess_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.jpg/165px-Eleonore%2C_Duchess_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eleonore%2C_Duchess_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.jpg/220px-Eleonore%2C_Duchess_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9onore_Desmier_d%27Olbreuse" title="Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse">Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin-Lister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Martin-Lister.jpg/110px-Martin-Lister.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Martin-Lister.jpg/165px-Martin-Lister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Martin-Lister.jpg/220px-Martin-Lister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lister" title="Martin Lister">Martin Lister</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baciccio_Autorretrato_Corredor_de_Vasari._Galer%C3%ADa_de_los_Uffizi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Baciccio_Autorretrato_Corredor_de_Vasari._Galer%C3%ADa_de_los_Uffizi.jpg/110px-Baciccio_Autorretrato_Corredor_de_Vasari._Galer%C3%ADa_de_los_Uffizi.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Baciccio_Autorretrato_Corredor_de_Vasari._Galer%C3%ADa_de_los_Uffizi.jpg/165px-Baciccio_Autorretrato_Corredor_de_Vasari._Galer%C3%ADa_de_los_Uffizi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Baciccio_Autorretrato_Corredor_de_Vasari._Galer%C3%ADa_de_los_Uffizi.jpg/220px-Baciccio_Autorretrato_Corredor_de_Vasari._Galer%C3%ADa_de_los_Uffizi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gaulli" title="Giovanni Battista Gaulli">Giovanni Battista Gaulli</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Increase_Mather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Increase_Mather.jpg/120px-Increase_Mather.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Increase_Mather.jpg/250px-Increase_Mather.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March_2"><span id="January.E2.80.93March_2"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Knijff" title="Jacob Knijff">Jacob Knijff</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1681" title="1681">1681</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Spencer,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Spencer, 3rd Baronet">Sir Thomas Spencer, 3rd Baronet</a>, English Member of Parliament (d. <a href="/wiki/1685" title="1685">1685</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9onore_Desmier_d%27Olbreuse" title="Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse">Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse</a>, French Huguenot noblewoman, grandmother of George II of Great Britain, great-grandmother of Frederick the Great (d. <a href="/wiki/1722" title="1722">1722</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_K%C3%B6nigsmarck" title="Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck">Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck</a>, Swedish military officer (d. <a href="/wiki/1688" title="1688">1688</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Proby_(died_1710)" title="John Proby (died 1710)">John Proby</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1710" title="1710">1710</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Lee,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet">Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet</a>, English Member of Parliament (d. <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Alexandre" title="Noël Alexandre">Noël Alexandre</a>, French theologian and ecclesiastical historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1724" title="1724">1724</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Dunch" title="Hungerford Dunch">Hungerford Dunch</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1680" title="1680">1680</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gover_Le_Buen" title="Gover Le Buen">Gover Le Buen</a>, Dutch revolutionary fighter (d. <a href="/wiki/1712" title="1712">1712</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duke_Bernhard_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n" title="Duke Bernhard of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön">Duke Bernhard of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön</a>, German-Danish general (d. <a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Melani" title="Alessandro Melani">Alessandro Melani</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1703" title="1703">1703</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Georg_Morhof" title="Daniel Georg Morhof">Daniel Georg Morhof</a>, German writer and scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1691" title="1691">1691</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Salazar" title="Juan García de Salazar">Juan García de Salazar</a>, Spanish Baroque composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1710" title="1710">1710</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Estiennot_de_la_Serre" title="Claude Estiennot de la Serre">Claude Estiennot de la Serre</a>, French historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1699" title="1699">1699</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_Bloemen" title="Adriaen van Bloemen">Adriaen van Bloemen</a>, Flemish painter, printmaker, draughtsman and engraver (d. <a href="/wiki/1697" title="1697">1697</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart,_3rd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond">Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a>, Hetman of Ukraine (d. <a href="/wiki/1709" title="1709">1709</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elanor_Allerton" title="Elanor Allerton">Elanor Allerton</a>, English-born American colonist (d. <a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June_2"><span id="April.E2.80.93June_2"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Alessandro Stradella</a>, Italian composer (k. <a href="/wiki/1682" title="1682">1682</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lister" title="Martin Lister">Martin Lister</a>, English naturalist and physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1712" title="1712">1712</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Leonardsz_Blasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Leonardsz Blasius">Joan Leonardsz Blasius</a>, Dutch writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Baratta" title="Alessandro Baratta">Alessandro Baratta</a>, Italian painter, engraver (d. <a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1714</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Benedict_Carpzov_II" title="Johann Benedict Carpzov II">Johann Benedict Carpzov II</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1699" title="1699">1699</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Nepveu" title="François Nepveu">François Nepveu</a>, French Jesuit writer on ascetical subjects (d. <a href="/wiki/1708" title="1708">1708</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gaulli" title="Giovanni Battista Gaulli">Giovanni Battista Gaulli</a>, Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods (d. <a href="/wiki/1709" title="1709">1709</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peleg_Sanford" title="Peleg Sanford">Peleg Sanford</a>, Rhode Island colonial governor (d. <a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Weston,_3rd_Earl_of_Portland" title="Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland">Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Laura_Martinozzi" title="Laura Martinozzi">Laura Martinozzi</a>, Duchess consort of Modena (d. <a href="/wiki/1687" title="1687">1687</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a>, American minister (d. <a href="/wiki/1723" title="1723">1723</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September_2"><span id="July.E2.80.93September_2"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan,_3rd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery">John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery</a>, English politician and Irish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1713" title="1713">1713</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran">Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran</a>, Irish soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1686" title="1686">1686</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Lowther_(1639%E2%80%931705)" title="William Lowther (1639–1705)">William Lowther</a>, English landowner and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1705" title="1705">1705</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marie_Mancini" title="Marie Mancini">Marie Mancini</a>, Italian courtier, third of the five Mancini sisters (d. <a href="/wiki/1715" title="1715">1715</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_van_der_Veer" title="Cornelia van der Veer">Cornelia van der Veer</a>, Dutch poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1704" title="1704">1704</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(French_theologian)" title="David Martin (French theologian)">David Martin</a>, French theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Trumbull" title="William Trumbull">William Trumbull</a>, English diplomat and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1716" title="1716">1716</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Herr" title="Hans Herr">Hans Herr</a>, Swiss-born Mennonite bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1725" title="1725">1725</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robbert_Duval_(1639%E2%80%931732)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robbert Duval (1639–1732)">Robbert Duval</a>, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. <a href="/wiki/1732" title="1732">1732</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_Lord_Russell" title="William Russell, Lord Russell">William Russell, Lord Russell</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1683" title="1683">1683</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Seton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Seton, 1st Baronet">Sir John Seton, 1st Baronet</a> of Nova Scotia (d. <a href="/wiki/1686" title="1686">1686</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December_2"><span id="October.E2.80.93December_2"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Stel" title="Simon van der Stel">Simon van der Stel</a>, last Commander and first Governor of the Cape Colony (d. <a href="/wiki/1712" title="1712">1712</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles-Claude_Genest" title="Charles-Claude Genest">Charles-Claude Genest</a>, French dramatist and playwright (d. <a href="/wiki/1719" title="1719">1719</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleazer_Kimberly" title="Eleazer Kimberly">Eleazer Kimberly</a>, Secretary of the State of Connecticut (d. <a href="/wiki/1709" title="1709">1709</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fortunatus_Hueber" title="Fortunatus Hueber">Fortunatus Hueber</a>, German Franciscan historian and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1706" title="1706">1706</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isidoro_de_Atondo_y_Antillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidoro de Atondo y Antillon">Isidoro de Atondo y Antillon</a>, Spanish admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Kirch" title="Gottfried Kirch">Gottfried Kirch</a>, German astronomer, first 'Astronomer Royal' in Berlin (d. <a href="/wiki/1710" title="1710">1710</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>, French dramatist (d. <a href="/wiki/1699" title="1699">1699</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dirk_van_Bleiswijk" title="Dirk van Bleiswijk">Dirk van Bleiswijk</a>, Dutch politician, writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1681" title="1681">1681</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sultan_(Mughal_prince)" title="Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)">Muhammad Sultan</a>, Mughal Empire emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown_2">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yair_Bacharach" title="Yair Bacharach">Yair Bacharach</a>, German rabbi (d. <a href="/wiki/1702" title="1702">1702</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Donggo" title="Consort Donggo">Consort Donggo</a>, concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (d. <a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirck_Ferreris" title="Dirck Ferreris">Dirck Ferreris</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1693" title="1693">1693</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Netscher" title="Caspar Netscher">Caspar Netscher</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1684" title="1684">1684</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Peterson" title="Samuel Peterson">Samuel Peterson</a>, early Swedish settler of New Sweden, founder of modern-day Wilmington (d. <a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Mustafa_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/I_Mustafa_%28cropped%29.jpg/110px-I_Mustafa_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/I_Mustafa_%28cropped%29.jpg/165px-I_Mustafa_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/I_Mustafa_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-I_Mustafa_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_van_Meurs.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Johannes_van_Meurs.gif/110px-Johannes_van_Meurs.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Johannes_van_Meurs.gif/165px-Johannes_van_Meurs.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Johannes_van_Meurs.gif/220px-Johannes_van_Meurs.gif 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Meursius" title="Johannes Meursius">Johannes Meursius</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shackerley_Marmion" title="Shackerley Marmion">Shackerley Marmion</a>, English dramatist (b. <a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Sophie of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Sophie of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Duchess of Hunters Village (b. <a href="/wiki/1563" title="1563">1563</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Maldonado_da_Silva" title="Francisco Maldonado da Silva">Francisco Maldonado da Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> Jewish poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georg_Jenatsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Jenatsch">Georg Jenatsch</a>, Swiss politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1596" title="1596">1596</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Denmark" title="Augusta of Denmark">Augusta of Denmark</a>, Duchess Consort of Holstein-Gottorp (b. <a href="/wiki/1580" title="1580">1580</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_Neyn" title="Pieter de Neyn">Pieter de Neyn</a>, Dutch painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp,_Duke_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg">Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg</a>, German Duke (b. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Olycan" title="Nicolaes Olycan">Nicolaes Olycan</a>, Dutch businessman (b. <a href="/wiki/1599" title="1599">1599</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlinghiero_Gessi" title="Berlinghiero Gessi">Berlinghiero Gessi</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1563" title="1563">1563</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Matthew_Rispoli" title="John Matthew Rispoli">John Matthew Rispoli</a>, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (b. <a href="/wiki/1582" title="1582">1582</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albret_Skeel" title="Albret Skeel">Albret Skeel</a>, State Admiral of Denmark (b. <a href="/wiki/1572" title="1572">1572</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lauremberg" title="Peter Lauremberg">Peter Lauremberg</a>, German writer and professor (b. <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a>, Italian theologian and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1568" title="1568">1568</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Melchior Franck</a>, German composer (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1579" title="1579">1579</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cr%C3%BCger" title="Peter Crüger">Peter Crüger</a>, German astronomer and mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1580" title="1580">1580</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Saxe-Weimar" title="Bernard of Saxe-Weimar">Bernard of Saxe-Weimar</a>, German general (b. <a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón</a>, Mexican dramatist (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1571" title="1571">1571</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_van_Steenwinckel_the_Younger" title="Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger">Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger</a>, Danish architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1587" title="1587">1587</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz_von_Boberfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Opitz von Boberfeld">Martin Opitz von Boberfeld</a>, German poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wenceslaus,_Duke_of_Oels-Bernstadt" title="Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt">Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt</a>, Duke of Bernstadt (1617–1639) (b. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Meursius" title="Johannes Meursius">Johannes Meursius</a>, Dutch classical scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1579" title="1579">1579</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Nogaret_de_La_Valette" title="Louis de Nogaret de La Valette">Louis de Nogaret de La Valette</a>, French Catholic Cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frances_Howard,_Duchess_of_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond">Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond</a>, British duchess (b. <a href="/wiki/1578" title="1578">1578</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Landi" title="Stefano Landi">Stefano Landi</a>, Italian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1587" title="1587">1587</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Porres" title="Martin de Porres">Martin de Porres</a>, Peruvian monk, Roman Catholic saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1579" title="1579">1579</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Finch,_2nd_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea">Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea</a>, Member of Parliament (b. <a href="/wiki/1578" title="1578">1578</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundell,_1st_Baron_Arundell_of_Wardour" title="Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour">Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour</a>, English politician (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1560" title="1560">1560</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Knightley_(died_1639)" title="Richard Knightley (died 1639)">Richard Knightley</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Spottiswoode" title="John Spottiswoode">John Spottiswoode</a>, Scottish archbishop and historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1565" title="1565">1565</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muzio_Oddi" title="Muzio Oddi">Muzio Oddi</a>, Italian mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1569" title="1569">1569</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nils_Turesson_Bielke" title="Nils Turesson Bielke">Nils Turesson Bielke</a>, Swedish politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1569" title="1569">1569</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Christian_of_Brieg" title="John Christian of Brieg">John Christian of Brieg</a>, Duke of Brzeg (b. <a href="/wiki/1591" title="1591">1591</a>)</li> <li>Date unknown – <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_du_Fargis" title="Madeleine du Fargis">Madeleine du Fargis</a>, French courtier</li> <li>Approximate date – <a href="/wiki/John_Ford_(dramatist)" title="John Ford (dramatist)">John Ford</a>, English dramatist (b. <a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.fi/amp/810803-Hameenlinna-tavastehus-kaupunkiarkeologinen-inventointi.html">HÄMEENLINNA - TAVASTEHUS Kaupunkiarkeologinen inventointi</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.R. Boxer, <i>The Journal of Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1930) p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBély2015" class="citation book cs1">Bély, Lucien (2015). <i>L'art de la paix en Europe: naissance de la diplomatie moderne, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle</i>. Presses Universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782130738961" title="Special:BookSources/9782130738961"><bdi>9782130738961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27art+de+la+paix+en+Europe%3A+naissance+de+la+diplomatie+moderne%2C+XVIe-XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9782130738961&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9ly&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Rawson Gardiner, <i>The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I. 1637-1649</i> (Longmans, Green, & Company, 1882) p. 224, 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeberdy2021" class="citation book cs1">Peberdy, Robert (2021). <i>A dictionary of British and Irish history</i>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631201540" title="Special:BookSources/9780631201540"><bdi>9780631201540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+British+and+Irish+history&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780631201540&rft.aulast=Peberdy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <i>Dictionary of battles and sieges : a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the Twenty-first century</i>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 650. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335389" title="Special:BookSources/9780313335389"><bdi>9780313335389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+battles+and+sieges+%3A+a+guide+to+8%2C500+battles+from+antiquity+through+the+Twenty-first+century&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pages=650&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313335389&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, J. (1994). <i>History of the World.</i> Penguin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Prud’homme van Reine, <i>Schittering en Schandaal: Dubbelbiografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp</i> (Arbeidspers, 2001) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hirado-net.com/english/history.html#mixed%20blood">"平戸観光協会｜History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%B8%E8%A6%B3%E5%85%89%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A%EF%BD%9CHistory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hirado-net.com%2Fenglish%2Fhistory.html%23mixed%2520blood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLastName2020" class="citation book cs1">LastName, FirstName (2020). <i>Chase's calendar of events 2021 : the ultimate go-to guide for special days, weeks and months</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781641434249" title="Special:BookSources/9781641434249"><bdi>9781641434249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chase%27s+calendar+of+events+2021+%3A+the+ultimate+go-to+guide+for+special+days%2C+weeks+and+months&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781641434249&rft.aulast=LastName&rft.aufirst=FirstName&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagill1997" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank (1997). <i>Cyclopedia of world authors</i>. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press. p. 1739. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893564483" title="Special:BookSources/9780893564483"><bdi>9780893564483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopedia+of+world+authors&rft.place=Pasadena%2C+Calif&rft.pages=1739&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780893564483&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2006" class="citation book cs1">Flood, John (2006). <i>Poets laureate in the Holy Roman Empire. a bio-bibliographical handbook</i>. Berlin New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 1452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110912746" title="Special:BookSources/9783110912746"><bdi>9783110912746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poets+laureate+in+the+Holy+Roman+Empire.+a+bio-bibliographical+handbook&rft.place=Berlin+New+York&rft.pages=1452&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783110912746&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarrack1992" class="citation book cs1">Warrack, John (1992). <i>The Oxford dictionary of opera</i>. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198691648" title="Special:BookSources/9780198691648"><bdi>9780198691648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+opera&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780198691648&rft.aulast=Warrack&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/spottiswoode-john">"John Spottiswoode (1565-1639)"</a>. <i>National Records of Scotland</i>. May 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=John+Spottiswoode+%281565-1639%29&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrscotland.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Flearning%2Fhall-of-fame%2Fhall-of-fame-a-z%2Fspottiswoode-john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1639" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1639&oldid=1254179160">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1639&oldid=1254179160</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1639" title="Category:1639">1639</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2011">Use mdy dates from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 19:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1639&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">1639</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>150 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5886496d-cqjr8","wgBackendResponseTime":209,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.429","walltime":"0.866","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5151,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":41918,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2749,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":53408,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 477.617 1 -total"," 28.74% 137.248 1 Template:Year_nav"," 22.70% 108.433 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.67% 108.252 1 Template:Year_article_header"," 19.15% 91.485 1 Template:Year_article_header/zc"," 17.52% 83.696 7 Template:Cite_book"," 16.42% 78.436 1 Template:Lang"," 15.88% 75.822 1 Template:C17_year_in_topic"," 12.54% 59.887 2 Template:Short_description"," 8.40% 40.130 1 Template:Year_in_various_calendars"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.216","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20481428,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6cb6fc9546-2xvqz","timestamp":"20250312233930","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"1639","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1639","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6897","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6897","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-12T13:50:12Z","dateModified":"2024-10-29T19:41:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b1\/Circle_of_Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraaten_-_The_Battle_of_Dunkirk_%2818_February_1639%29.jpg","headline":"year"}</script> </body> </html>