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</button> <ul id="toc-History_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offspring_and_White_Cabernet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offspring_and_White_Cabernet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Offspring and White Cabernet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offspring_and_White_Cabernet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viticulture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"green_bell_pepper"_flavor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"green_bell_pepper"_flavor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The "green bell pepper" flavor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"green_bell_pepper"_flavor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Winemaking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Winemaking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affinity_for_oak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affinity_for_oak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Affinity for oak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affinity_for_oak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wine regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wine regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bordeaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bordeaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bordeaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bordeaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_French_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_French_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Other French regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_French_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Old_World_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Old_World_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other Old World producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Old_World_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Washington State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Elsewhere in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_New_World_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_New_World_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Other New World producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_New_World_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popularity and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wine styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wine_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wine styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wine_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ability_to_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ability_to_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ability to age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ability_to_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pairing_with_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pairing_with_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pairing with food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pairing_with_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cabernet Sauvignon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="كابيرنت ساوفيجنون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كابيرنت ساوفيجنون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaberne-sovinyon" title="Kaberne-sovinyon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kaberne-sovinyon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Каберне Совиньон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каберне Совиньон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Каберне совиньон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Каберне совиньон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AD_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Καμπερνέ Σοβινιόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καμπερνέ Σοβινιόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="کابرنه سوویگنون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کابرنه سوویگنون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4_%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84%EB%87%BD" title="카베르네 소비뇽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카베르네 소비뇽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5-%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Կաբիրնե-սավինիոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաբիրնե-սավինիոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קברנה סוביניון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קברנה סוביניון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ແວງກາແບກເນໂຊວີຍົງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແວງກາແບກເນໂຊວີຍົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Каберне совињон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каберне совињон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="കാബെർനെ സോവിഞ്യോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാബെർനെ സോവിഞ്യോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="كابيرنت ساوفيجنون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كابيرنت ساوفيجنون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A8%E3%83%B3" title="カベルネ・ソーヴィニヨン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カベルネ・ソーヴィニヨン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvinhon" title="Cabernet Sauvinhon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cabernet Sauvinhon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaberne-sovinyon" title="Kaberne-sovinyon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaberne-sovinyon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Каберне-совиньон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каберне-совиньон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon_(vitignu)" title="Cabernet Sauvignon (vitignu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon (vitignu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Каберне совињон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каберне совињон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" title="Cabernet sauvignon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cabernet sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கெபேர்னெட் சுவிக்னோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெபேர்னெட் சுவிக்னோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Каберне Совіньйон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каберне Совіньйон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cabernet Sauvignon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%9C%9E%E7%8F%A0" title="赤霞珠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赤霞珠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207310#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Red-wine variety of grape</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above variety" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: Indigo; color: Cornsilk;">Cabernet Sauvignon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><span class="vernacular"><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></span> (<i><span class="genus">Vitis</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Mountain_Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Hedge_Vineyards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Red_Mountain_Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Hedge_Vineyards.jpg/220px-Red_Mountain_Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Hedge_Vineyards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Red_Mountain_Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Hedge_Vineyards.jpg/330px-Red_Mountain_Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Hedge_Vineyards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Red_Mountain_Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Hedge_Vineyards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="572" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in <a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_AVA" title="Red Mountain AVA">Red Mountain, Washington</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color of berry skin</th><td class="infobox-data">Black</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Bouchet, Bouche, Petit-Bouchet, Petit-Cabernet, Petit-Vidure, Vidure, Sauvignon Rouge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Notable regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux (wine)">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscany (wine)">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa Valley (wine)">Napa Valley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paso_Robles_AVA_(wine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paso Robles AVA (wine) (page does not exist)">Paso Robles AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma County (wine)">Sonoma County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_River_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret River (wine)">Margaret River</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South African (wine)">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friuli (wine)">Friuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia (wine)"> British Columbia, Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable wines</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855" title="Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855">Classified Bordeaux estates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Californian_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Californian (wine)">Californian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult wines">cult wines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ideal soil</th><td class="infobox-data">Gravel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hazards</th><td class="infobox-data">Underripeness, <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutypella_scoparia" title="Eutypella scoparia">eutypella scoparia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excoriose" class="mw-redirect" title="Excoriose">excoriose</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">VIVC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=1929">1929</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Wine characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">General</th><td class="infobox-data">Dense, dark, tannic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cool climate</th><td class="infobox-data">Vegetal, bell pepper, asparagus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Medium climate</th><td class="infobox-data">Mint, black pepper, eucalyptus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hot climate</th><td class="infobox-data">Jam</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cabernet Sauvignon</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kabɛʁnɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>soviɲɔ̃]</a></span>) is one of the world's most widely recognized red <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">varieties</a>. It is grown in nearly every major <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">wine producing country</a> among a diverse spectrum of climates from <a href="/wiki/Margaret_River" title="Margaret River">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia (wine)"> British Columbia, Canada</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon's</a> <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>. Cabernet Sauvignon became internationally recognized through its prominence in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux wines</a>, where it is often blended with <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>. From <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the grape spread across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> where it found new homes in places like <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California's</a> <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa Valley (wine)">Napa Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_wine_region" title="Hawke's Bay wine region">Hawke's Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa's Stellenbosch region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia's</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_River_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret River (wine)">Margaret River</a>, <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Vale" title="McLaren Vale">McLaren Vale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coonawarra_wine_region" title="Coonawarra wine region">Coonawarra</a> regions, and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile's</a> <a href="/wiki/Maipo_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Maipo Valley">Maipo Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colchagua_Province" title="Colchagua Province">Colchagua</a>. For most of the 20th century, it was the world's most widely planted premium red-wine grape until it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 2015, Cabernet Sauvignon had once again become the most widely planted wine grape, with a total of 341,000 hectares (3,410 km<sup>2</sup>) under vine worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its prominence in the industry, the grape is a relatively new variety, the product of a chance <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing (vine)">crossing</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> during the 17th century in southwestern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Its popularity is often attributed to its ease of cultivation—the grapes have thick skins and the vines are hardy and naturally <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">low yielding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budding_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Budding (vine)">budding</a> late to avoid frost and resistant to <a href="/wiki/Viticultural_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticultural hazards">viticulture hazards</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">rot</a> and insects—and to its consistent presentation of structure and flavours which express the typical character ("<a href="/wiki/Typicity" title="Typicity">typicity</a>") of the variety. Familiarity has helped sell Cabernet Sauvignon wines to consumers, even from unfamiliar wine regions. Its widespread popularity has also contributed to criticism of the grape as a "colonizer" that takes over wine regions at the expense of indigenous grape varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classic profile of Cabernet Sauvignon tends to be <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">full-bodied</a> wines with high <a href="/wiki/Tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins">tannins</a> and noticeable <a href="/wiki/Acidity_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity (wine)">acidity</a> that contributes to the wine's <a href="/wiki/Aging_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging potential">aging potential</a>. In cooler climates, Cabernet Sauvignon produces wines with black-currant notes that can be accompanied by green bell pepper notes, mint and cedar, which will all become more pronounced as the wine ages. In more moderate climates, the black currant notes are often seen with black cherry and black olive notes, while in very hot climates, the currant flavours can veer towards the over-ripe and "jammy" side. In parts of Australia, particularly the Coonawarra wine region of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australia (wine)">South Australia</a>, Cabernet Sauvignon wines tend to have characteristic eucalyptus or <a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">menthol</a> notes.<sup id="cite_ref-WSET_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSET-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_origins">History and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/170px-Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/255px-Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/340px-Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Cabernet Franc</figcaption></figure> <p>For many years, the origin of Cabernet Sauvignon was not clearly understood, and many myths and conjectures surrounded it. Until recently, the grape was rumoured to have ancient origins, perhaps even being the <i>Biturica</i> grape used to make <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman wine">ancient Roman wine</a> and referenced by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. This belief was widely held in the 18th century, when the grape was also known as <i>Petite Vidure</i> or <i>Bidure</i>, apparently a corruption of <i>Biturica</i>. There was also a belief that <i>Vidure</i> was a reference to the hardwood (French <i>vigne dure</i>) of the vine, with a possible relationship to <a href="/wiki/Carm%C3%A9n%C3%A8re" title="Carménère">Carménère</a> which was once known as <i>Grand Vidure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory was that the grapevine originated in the <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Spain)">Rioja</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the period when the name <i>Cabernet Sauvignon</i> became more prevalent over <i>Petite Vidure</i> is not certain, records indicate that the grape was a popular Bordeaux planting in the 18th century <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9doc" title="Médoc">Médoc</a> region. The first estates known to have actively grown the variety (and the likely source of Cabernet vines for other estates) were <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Mouton">Château Mouton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhac" title="Château d'Armailhac">Château d'Armailhac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pauillac" title="Pauillac">Pauillac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grape's true origins were discovered in 1996 with the use of <a href="/wiki/DNA_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA typing">DNA typing</a> at the <a href="/wiki/UC_Davis_Department_of_Viticulture_and_Enology" title="UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology">UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology</a> by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Carole_Meredith" title="Carole Meredith">Carole Meredith</a>. The DNA evidence determined that Cabernet Sauvignon was the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_franc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabernet franc">Cabernet franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> and was most likely a chance crossing that occurred in the 17th century. Before this discovery, this origin had been suspected from the similarity of the grapes' names and the fact that Cabernet Sauvignon shares similar <a href="/wiki/Aromas_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromas (wine)">aromas</a> with both grapes—such as the <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pencil_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencil box">pencil box</a> aromas of Cabernet franc and the <a href="/wiki/Grassy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassy (wine)">grassiness</a> of Sauvignon blanc.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, scientists at the UC Davis announced they had sequenced a draft of the whole <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of the Cabernet Sauvignon grape, the first genome of a commercial wine-producing grape to be sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauvignon_blanc_vlasotince_vineyards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sauvignon_blanc_vlasotince_vineyards.jpg/220px-Sauvignon_blanc_vlasotince_vineyards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sauvignon_blanc_vlasotince_vineyards.jpg/330px-Sauvignon_blanc_vlasotince_vineyards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sauvignon_blanc_vlasotince_vineyards.jpg/440px-Sauvignon_blanc_vlasotince_vineyards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Sauvignon blanc</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offspring_and_White_Cabernet">Offspring and White Cabernet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Offspring and White Cabernet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While not as prolific in <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutating</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, nor as widely used in the production of offspring, Cabernet Sauvignon has been linked to other grape varieties. In 1961, a cross of Cabernet Sauvignon and <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a> produced the French wine grape <a href="/wiki/Marselan" title="Marselan">Marselan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cygne_blanc" title="Cygne blanc">Cygne blanc</a> is a white-berried <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedling</a> of Cabernet Sauvignon that was discovered in 1989 growing in a garden in <a href="/wiki/Swan_Valley,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan Valley, Western Australia">Swan Valley, Western Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_blanc" title="Cabernet blanc">Cabernet blanc</a> is a crossing of Cabernet Sauvignon and an unknown hybrid grape variety that was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland (wine)">Switzerland</a> in the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977 a vine producing 'bronze' grapes was found in the vineyards of Cleggett Wines in Australia. They propagated this mutant, registered it under the name of Malian, and sold pale red wines under that name. In 1991 one of the Bronze Cabernet vines started producing white grapes. Cleggett registered this "White Cabernet" under the name of Shalistin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to its Cabernet parent, Malian appears to lack <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a> in the subepidermal cells but retains them in the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>, whereas Shalistin has no anthocyanins in either layer. The team that went on to discover the VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 genes that control grape colour have suggested that a gene involved in anthocyanin production has been deleted in the subepidermis of Malian, and then subepidermal cells invaded the epidermis to produce Shalistin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a series of trials between 1924 and 1930, the pollen of Cabernet Sauvignon was used to fertilize <a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a> vines (the white wine grape used to make the <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a>) to create the red Italian wine grape <a href="/wiki/Incrocio_Manzoni_2.15" class="mw-redirect" title="Incrocio Manzoni 2.15">Incrocio Manzoni 2.15</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, the Australian agency <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> crossed Cabernet Sauvignon grapes with the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Sumoll" title="Sumoll">Sumoll</a> variety to create three new varieties: <a href="/wiki/Cienna" title="Cienna">Cienna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrian_(grape_variety)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrian (grape variety) (page does not exist)">Tyrian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubienne (page does not exist)">Rubienne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, Cabernet Sauvignon was crossed with the white <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">German wine</a> grape <a href="/wiki/Bronner_(grape)" title="Bronner (grape)">Bronner</a> to create the white wine grape <a href="/wiki/Souvignier_gris" title="Souvignier gris">Souvignier gris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cab_sauvignon_leaf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cab_sauvignon_leaf.JPG/200px-Cab_sauvignon_leaf.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cab_sauvignon_leaf.JPG/300px-Cab_sauvignon_leaf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cab_sauvignon_leaf.JPG/400px-Cab_sauvignon_leaf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Cabernet Sauvignon leaf. In cooler climate conditions, vines will focus more energy in producing foliage, which is needed to capture sunlight for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Ripening_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripening grapes">ripening grapes</a>. This makes canopy management and aggressive pruning an important consideration for growers.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While Cabernet Sauvignon can grow in a variety of climates, its suitability as a <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> wine or as a blend component is strongly influenced by the warmth of the climate. The vine is one of the last major grape varieties to <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">bud</a> and ripen (typically 1–2 weeks after Merlot and Cabernet franc<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the climate of the growing season affects how early the grapes will be <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvested</a>. Many wine regions in California give the vine an abundance of sunshine with few problems in ripening fully, which increases the likelihood of producing varietal Cabernet wines. In regions like Bordeaux, under the threat of inclement harvest season weather, Cabernet Sauvignon is often harvested a little earlier than ideal and blended with other grapes to fill in the gaps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (December 2020)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some regions, the climate will be more important than the soil. In regions that are too cool, there is a potential for more herbaceous and green <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell pepper</a> flavours from less than ideally ripened grapes. In regions where the grape is exposed to excess warmth and over-ripening, there is a propensity for the wine to develop flavours of cooked or stewed blackcurrants.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cabernet grape variety has thrived in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard soil">vineyard soil</a> types, making the consideration of soil less of a concern, particularly for New World winemakers. In Bordeaux, the soil aspect of <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> was historically an important consideration in determining which of the major Bordeaux grape varieties were planted. While Merlot seemed to thrive in <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>-based soils (such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine_regions" title="Bordeaux wine regions">Right Bank</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde estuary</a>), Cabernet Sauvignon seemed to perform better in the <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>-based soil of the Médoc region on the Left Bank. The gravel soils offered the benefit of being well drained while absorbing and radiating heat to the vines, aiding ripening. Clay- and limestone-based soils are often cooler, allowing less heat to reach the vines, and delaying ripening. In regions where the climate is warmer, there is more emphasis on soil that is less fertile, which promotes less vigour in the vine, which can keep yields low.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Napa Valley wine regions of <a href="/wiki/Oakville_AVA" title="Oakville AVA">Oakville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_AVA" title="Rutherford AVA">Rutherford</a>, the soil is more <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> and dusty. Rutherford Cabernet Sauvignon has been often quoted as giving a sense of <i>terroir</i> with a taste of "Rutherford dust".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_wine" title="South Australian wine">South Australian wine</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Coonawarra_wine_region" title="Coonawarra wine region">Coonawarra</a>, Cabernet Sauvignon has produced vastly different results from grape vines planted in the region's <a href="/wiki/Terra_rosa_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra rosa (soil)">terra rosa</a> soil – so much so that the red soil is considered the "boundary" of the wine region, with some controversy from wine growers with Cabernet Sauvignon, planted on red soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_pg_578-581_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby_pg_578-581-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to ripeness levels, the harvest <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">yields</a> can also have a strong influence on the resulting quality and flavours of Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The vine itself is prone to vigorous yields, particularly when planted on the vigorous SO4 <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a>. Excessive yields can result in less concentrated and flavorful wine with flavours more on the green or <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> side.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, a particular clone of Cabernet Sauvignon that was engineered to be virus free<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was noted for its very high yields-causing many quality-conscious producers to replant their vineyards in the late 20th century with different clonal varieties. To reduce yields, producers can plant the vines on less vigorous rootstock and also practice <a href="/wiki/Green_harvest" class="mw-redirect" title="Green harvest">green harvesting</a> with aggressive <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a> of grape clusters soon after <i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">veraison</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, Cabernet Sauvignon has good resistance to most <a href="/wiki/Grape_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape disease">grape diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> being the most noted exception. It is, however, susceptible to the vine diseases <i><a href="/wiki/Eutypella_scoparia" title="Eutypella scoparia">Eutypella scoparia</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Excoriose" class="mw-redirect" title="Excoriose">excoriose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"green_bell_pepper"_flavor"><span id="The_.22green_bell_pepper.22_flavor"></span>The "green bell pepper" flavor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The "green bell pepper" flavor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_1973_Cabernet_Sauvignon_from_Red_Willow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Original_1973_Cabernet_Sauvignon_from_Red_Willow.jpg/220px-Original_1973_Cabernet_Sauvignon_from_Red_Willow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Original_1973_Cabernet_Sauvignon_from_Red_Willow.jpg/330px-Original_1973_Cabernet_Sauvignon_from_Red_Willow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Original_1973_Cabernet_Sauvignon_from_Red_Willow.jpg/440px-Original_1973_Cabernet_Sauvignon_from_Red_Willow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Cabernet Sauvignon in Washington State, planted in 1973 at <a href="/wiki/Red_Willow_Vineyard" title="Red Willow Vineyard">Red Willow Vineyard</a> in the Yakima Valley.</figcaption></figure> <p>A couple of noted Cabernet Sauvignon flavours are intimately tied to <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticultural</a> and climate influences. The herbaceous or green bell pepper flavour is most widely recognised, caused by <a href="/wiki/Pyrazine" title="Pyrazine">pyrazines</a>, which are more prevalent in under-ripened grapes. Pyrazine compounds are present in all Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and are gradually destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> as the grape continues to ripen. To the human <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>, this compound is <a href="/wiki/Odor_detection_threshold" title="Odor detection threshold">detectable</a> in wines with pyrazine levels as low as 2 <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">nanograms</a> (ng) per litre. At the time of <i>veraison</i>, when the grapes first start to ripen fully, there is the equivalent pyrazine level of 30 ng/L. In cooler climates, getting Cabernet Sauvignon grapes to ripen fully to the point where pyrazine is not detected is difficult. The green bell pepper flavour is not considered a <a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">wine fault</a>, but it may not be desirable to all consumers' tastes. The California wine region of <a href="/wiki/Monterey_AVA" title="Monterey AVA">Monterey</a> was noted in the late 20th century for its very vegetal Cabernet Sauvignon with pronounced green pepper flavour, earning the nickname "Monterey veggies". In addition to its cool climate, Monterey is also prone to being very windy, which can shut down the grape vines and further inhibit ripeness.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other well-known Cabernet Sauvignon flavours are <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>. Mint flavours are often associated with wine regions that are warm enough to have low pyrazine levels but are still generally cool, such as Australia's Coonawarra region and some areas of <a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">Washington State</a>. Some believe that soil could also contribute to the minty notes since the flavour also appears in some wines from the Pauillac region but not from the similar climate of <a href="/wiki/Margaux" title="Margaux">Margaux</a>. Resinous Eucalyptus flavours tend to appear in regions that are habitats for the eucalyptus tree, such as California's Napa and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Valley_AVA" title="Sonoma Valley AVA">Sonoma valleys</a> and parts of Australia, but there has been no evidence to conclusively prove a direct link between proximity of eucalyptus trees and the presence of that flavour in the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winemaking">Winemaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Winemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mthomebrew_maceration.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mthomebrew_maceration.JPG/300px-Mthomebrew_maceration.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mthomebrew_maceration.JPG/450px-Mthomebrew_maceration.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mthomebrew_maceration.JPG/600px-Mthomebrew_maceration.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>During the <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a> period, color, flavor and <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">tannins</a> are extracted from the skins. The addition of stems and seeds will increase the tannic content of the wine.</figcaption></figure> <p>In many aspects, Cabernet Sauvignon can reflect the desires and personality of the winemaker while still presenting familiar flavours that express the typical character of the variety. The most pronounced effects are from the use of <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak</a> during production. Typically the first <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> decision is whether or not to produce a varietal or blended wine. The "Bordeaux blend" of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Cabernet franc, with potentially some <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Verdot" title="Petit Verdot">Petit Verdot</a> or Carménère, is the classic example of blended Cabernet Sauvignon, emulated in the United States with wines produced under the "<a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Meritage</a>" designation. But Cabernet Sauvignon can be blended with a variety of grapes such as <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz (grape)">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to blend is then followed by the decision of when to do the blending—before, during or after <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a>. Due to the different fermentation styles of the grapes, many producers will ferment and age each grape variety separately and blend the wine shortly before bottling.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cabernet Sauvignon grape itself is very small, with a thick skin, creating a high 1:12 ratio of <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> (pip) to <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> (pulp).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these elements, the high proportions of <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_in_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compounds in grape">phenols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">tannins</a> can have a stark influence on the structure and flavour of the wine—especially if the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> is subjected to long periods of <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a> (skin contact) before fermentation. In Bordeaux, the maceration period was traditionally three weeks, which gave the winemaking staff enough time to close down the estate after harvest to take a <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> holiday. These long maceration periods result in very tannic and flavorful wines that require years of ageing. Wine producers wishing to make a wine more approachable within a couple of years will drastically reduce the maceration time to as little as a few days. Following maceration, the Cabernet must be fermented at high temperatures of up to 30 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (86 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>). The fermentation temperature will play a role in the result, with deeper colours and more flavour components being extracted at higher temperatures while more fruit flavours are maintained at a lower temperature. In Australia, there has been experimentation with <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">carbonic maceration</a> to make softer, fruity Cabernet Sauvignon wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tannic nature of Cabernet Sauvignon is an important winemaking consideration. As the must is exposed to prolonged maceration periods, more tannins are extracted from the skin and will be present in the resulting wine. If winemakers choose not to shorten the period of maceration in favour of maximizing colour and flavour concentrations, there are some methods that they can use to soften tannin levels. A common method is oak ageing, which exposes the wine to gradual levels of <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> that can mellow the harsh grape tannins as well as introduce softer "wood tannins". The choice of <a href="/wiki/Fining_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fining (wine)">fining</a> agents can also reduce tannins with <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">egg whites</a> being <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">positively</a>-charged <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> that are naturally attracted to the negatively charged tannin molecules. These fining agents will bond with some of the tannins and be removed from the wine during <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>. One additional method is <a href="/wiki/Micro-oxygenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-oxygenation">micro-oxygenation</a>, which mimics some of the gradual <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> that occurs with barrel ageing, with the limited exposure to oxygen aiding in the <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of the tannins into larger molecules, which are perceived on the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a> as being softer.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affinity_for_oak">Affinity for oak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Affinity for oak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg/220px-Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg/330px-Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg/440px-Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Large oak barrels, like these used in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscany (wine)">Tuscany</a> bring less wine into contact with the wood and therefore leave the resulting wine with less <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak influence</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most noted traits of Cabernet Sauvignon is its affinity for oak, either during fermentation or in <a href="/wiki/Aging_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging barrel">barrel aging</a>. In addition to having a softening effect on the grape's naturally high tannins, the unique wood flavours of <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baking_spice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baking spice (page does not exist)">baking spice</a> complement the natural grape flavours of blackcurrant and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. The particular success of Cabernet-based Bordeaux blends in the 225 litres (59 gallons) <i>barrique</i> significantly influenced that barrel size one of the most popular worldwide. In winemaking, the decision for the degree of oak influence (as well as which type of oak) will strongly impact the resulting wine. American oak, particularly from new barrels, imparts more robust oak flavours less subtle than those imparted by French oak. Even within the American oak family, the location of the oak source also plays a role, with oak from the state of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> having a more pronounced influence on Cabernet Sauvignon than oak from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Winemakers often use a variety of oak barrels from different locations and of different ages and blend the wine as if they are blending different grape varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winemakers can also control the influence of oak by using alternatives to the standard <i>barrique</i> barrels. Larger barrels have a smaller wood-to-wine ratio and, therefore, less pronounced oak flavours. Winemakers in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> sometimes use barrels made from <a href="/wiki/Oak_wine#Other_wood_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak wine">other wood types</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coast_Redwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Redwood">redwood</a>. Another method that winemakers consider is <i>tea bagging</i> with <a href="/wiki/Oak_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak chips">oak chips</a> or adding oak planks to the wines while fermenting or ageing it in stainless steel tanks. While these methods are less costly than oak barrels, they create more pronounced oak flavours, which tend not to mellow or integrate with the rest of the wine's components, nor do they provide the gradual oxidation benefit of barrel ageing.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bordeaux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhacq_53_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhacq_53_detail.JPG/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhacq_53_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhacq_53_detail.JPG/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhacq_53_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhacq_53_detail.JPG/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhacq_53_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Armand d'Armailhac of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhac" title="Château d'Armailhac">Château d'Armailhac</a> <i>(bottle picture)</i> and Baron Hector de Brane of Château Mouton were important figures in the establishment of Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux wine region">Bordeaux wine region</a> is intimately connected with Cabernet Sauvignon, even though wine is rarely made without the blended component of other grape varieties. It is the likely place of origin of the vine, and producers across the globe have invested heavily in trying to reproduce the structure and complexity of Bordeaux wines. While the "Bordeaux blend" of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot created the earliest examples of acclaimed Cabernet Sauvignon wine, Cabernet Sauvignon was first blended in Bordeaux with <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a> (from the Northern Rhone), a pairing that is widely seen in Australia and some <i>vin de pays</i> wines from the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc (wine)">Languedoc</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The decision to first start blending Cabernet Sauvignon was partly derived from financial necessity. The sometimes temperamental and unpredictable climate of Bordeaux during the "<a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>" did not guarantee a successful harvest every year; producers had to insure themselves against the risk of losing an entire vintage by planting a variety of grapes. Over time it was discovered that the unique characteristics of each grape variety could complement each other and enhance the quality of the wine. Cabernet Sauvignon added structure, <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>, tannins and aging potential as a base or backbone of the wine. By itself, particularly when harvested at less than ideal ripeness, it can lack a sense of fruit or "fleshiness" on the palate which can be compensated by adding the rounder flavours of Merlot. Cabernet franc can add more aromas to the bouquet and more fruitiness. In the lighter soils of the Margaux region, Cabernet-based wines can lack colour, which can be achieved by blending in Petit Verdot. Malbec, used today mostly in <a href="/wiki/Fronsac,_Gironde" title="Fronsac, Gironde">Fronsac</a>, can add other fruit and floral aromas.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA evidence has shown Cabernet Sauvignon is the result of crossing two other Bordeaux grape varieties— Cabernet franc and Sauvignon blanc— which has led grapevine historians, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ampelographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelographer">ampelographers</a></i>, to believe that the grape originated in Bordeaux. Early records indicate that the grape was widespread in the Médoc region during the 18th century. The loose berry clusters and thick skins of the grape provided an excellent resistance to rot in the sometimes wet <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate (wine)">maritime climate</a> of Bordeaux. The grape continued to grow in popularity until the <i><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a></i> epidemic of 1852 exposed Cabernet Sauvignon's sensitivity to that grape disease. With vineyards severely ravaged or lost, many Bordeaux wine growers turned to Merlot, increasing its plantings to where it soon became the most widely planted grape in Bordeaux. As the region's winemakers started to understand better the area's <i>terroir</i> and how the different grape varieties performed in other regions, Cabernet Sauvignon increased in plantings all along the Left Bank region of the Gironde river in the Médoc as well as <a href="/wiki/Graves_(wine_region)" title="Graves (wine region)">Graves</a> region, where it became the dominant variety in the wine blends. In the Right bank regions of <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion_AOC" title="Saint-Émilion AOC">Saint-Émilion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomerol" title="Pomerol">Pomerol</a>, Cabernet is a distant third in plantings behind Merlot & Cabernet franc.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wine regions of the Left Bank, the Cabernet influence of the wine has shown unique characteristics in the different regions. In <a href="/wiki/Saint-Est%C3%A8phe_AOC" title="Saint-Estèphe AOC">Saint-Estèphe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pessac-L%C3%A9ognan" title="Pessac-Léognan">Pessac-Léognan</a>, the grape develops more mineral flavours. Aromas of violets are a characteristic of Margaux. Pauillac is noted by a strong <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">lead pencil</a> scent and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Julien-Beychevelle" title="Saint-Julien-Beychevelle">Saint-Julien</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cedar_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar wood">cedar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cigar_box" title="Cigar box">cigar boxes</a>. The Cabernet wines of the <a href="/wiki/Moulis-en-M%C3%A9doc" title="Moulis-en-Médoc">Moulis</a> are characterized by their soft tannins and rich fruit flavours while the southern Graves region is characterized by strong blackcurrant flavours, though in less intense wines overall.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The percentage of Cabernet Sauvignon used in the blend will depend on <i>terroir</i> and the winemakers' styles as well as the vintage. The <a href="/wiki/First_Growth" title="First Growth">First Growth</a> estates of Château Mouton Rothschild and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Latour" title="Château Latour">Château Latour</a> are noted for regularly producing wines with some of the highest percentages of Cabernet— often around 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common factor affecting Bordeaux wines' flavours is Cabernet Sauvignon's harvest yields. Throughout Bordeaux, there is a legal maximum permitted yield of 50 <a href="/wiki/Hectoliters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectoliters">hectoliters</a> (hl) per <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a> (ha). With the aid of global warming and vigorous rootstocks, many Bordeaux vineyards can easily surpass 60 hl/ha, with some estates taking advantage of the legal loophole of <i>plafond limite de classement</i> ("ceiling limit classification") that permits higher yields during "exceptional" years. This has had an adverse effect on the quality of production from some producers who regularly use grapes harvested at excessive yields. In recent years there has been more of an emphasis on keeping yields low, particularly for an estate's <i>Grand vin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_French_regions">Other French regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other French regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bordeaux wine region accounts for more than 60% of the Cabernet Sauvignon grown in France. Outside of Bordeaux, Cabernet Sauvignon is found in varying quantities throughout <a href="/wiki/Le_Midi" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Midi">Le Midi</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_(wine)" title="Loire Valley (wine)">Loire Valley</a>. Cabernet Sauvignon wines are generally lighter and less structured, drinkable much earlier than Bordeaux wine. In the southwest French <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i> (AOCs) of <a href="/wiki/Bergerac_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergerac AOC">Bergerac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzet_AOC" title="Buzet AOC">Buzet</a> it is used to make <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> wine. In some regions, it is used to add flavour and structure to <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a> while it is blended with <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9grette" title="Négrette">Négrette</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaillac_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaillac (AOC)">Gaillac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fronton,_Haute-Garonne" title="Fronton, Haute-Garonne">Fronton</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Tannat" title="Tannat">Tannat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madiran_wine" title="Madiran wine">Madiran</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Provence_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provence (wine)">Provence</a>, the grape had some presence in the region in the mid-19th century, when viticulturist <a href="/wiki/Jules_Guyot" title="Jules Guyot">Jules Guyot</a> recommended it as a blending partner with Syrah. In recent years, several Midi wine estates, such as <a href="/wiki/Mas_de_Daumas_Gassac" title="Mas de Daumas Gassac">Mas de Daumas Gassac</a> have received international acclaim for their Cabernet Sauvignon blended in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_wine" title="Rhône wine">Rhône grapes</a> like Syrah. It is often made as a single varietal in the <i>vin de pays</i> of the Languedoc. The influence of Australian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_winemaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flying winemaker (page does not exist)">flying winemakers</a> has been considerable in how Cabernet Sauvignon is treated by some Languedoc wine estates, with some producers making wines that can seem like they are from the New World. Overall, the grape has not exerted its dominance of the region, generally considered less ideally situated to the dry climate than Syrah. The Languedoc producers, who give serious consideration to Cabernet Sauvignon, generally rely on <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation (wine)">irrigation</a> to compensate for the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montalcino_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Montalcino_002.jpg/220px-Montalcino_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Montalcino_002.jpg/330px-Montalcino_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Montalcino_002.jpg/440px-Montalcino_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>In the 1970s, Italian winemakers started to blend Cabernet Sauvignon with Sangiovese <i>(pictured)</i> to create wines known as "Super Tuscans".</figcaption></figure> <p>Cabernet Sauvignon has a long history in <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wines</a>, being first introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont (wine)">Piedmont</a> region in 1820. In the mid-1970s, the grape earned notoriety and controversy as a component in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Super_Tuscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Tuscan">Super Tuscan</a>" wines of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. Today the grape is permitted in several <i><a href="/wiki/Denominazioni_di_origine_controllata" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominazioni di origine controllata">Denominazioni di origine controllata</a></i> (DOCs) and is used in many <i><a href="/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicazione Geografica Tipica">Indicazione Geografica Tipica</a></i> (IGT) wines that are made outside DOC perimeters in certain regions. For most of its history, the grape has been viewed with suspicion as a "foreign influence" that distracts from the native grape varieties. After decades of experimentation, the general view of Cabernet Sauvignon has improved as more winemakers find ways to complement their native grape varieties with Cabernet as a blending component.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langhe_blend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Langhe_blend.jpg/220px-Langhe_blend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Langhe_blend.jpg/330px-Langhe_blend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Langhe_blend.jpg/440px-Langhe_blend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Cabernet Sauvignon/Barbera blend from the Langhe DOC of Piedmont</figcaption></figure> <p>In Piedmont, the grape was sometimes used as an "illegal" blending partner with <a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a> for DOC classified <a href="/wiki/Barolo" title="Barolo">Barolo</a> with the intention of adding colour and more fruit flavours. In the DOCs of <a href="/wiki/Langhe" title="Langhe">Langhe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monferrato" class="mw-redirect" title="Monferrato">Monferrato</a>, Cabernet is a permitted blending grape with Nebbiolo as well as <a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a>. Wines composed of all three grape varieties are often subjected to considerable oak treatment to add a sense of sweet spiciness to compensate for the high tannins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Nebbiolo, the high acidity of Barbera. There are varietal styles of Cabernet Sauvignon produced in Piedmont, with qualities varying depending on the location. In other regions of northern Italy, such as <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy (wine)">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia (wine)">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, the grape is often blended with Merlot to produce Bordeaux style blends. In the <a href="/wiki/Veneto_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneto (wine)">Veneto</a> region, Cabernet Sauvignon is sometimes blended with the main grapes of <a href="/wiki/Valpolicella" title="Valpolicella">Valpolicella</a>-<a href="/wiki/Corvina" title="Corvina">Corvina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molinara_(grape)" title="Molinara (grape)">Molinara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rondinella" title="Rondinella">Rondinella</a>. In southern Italy, the grape is mostly used as a blending component with local varieties-such as Carignan in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola" title="Nero d'Avola">Nero d'Avola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aglianico" title="Aglianico">Aglianico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaglioppo" title="Gaglioppo">Gaglioppo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calabria_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabria (wine)">Calabria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cabernet Sauvignon has had a controversial history in <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_wine" title="Tuscan wine">Tuscan wine</a>, particularly for its role in the arrival of "Super Tuscan" in the mid-1970s. The origin of Super Tuscans is rooted in the restrictive DOC practices of the <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a> zone before the 1990s. During this time, Chianti could be composed of no more than 70% Sangiovese and had to include at least 10% of one of the local white wine grapes. Many Tuscan wine producers thought they could produce better quality wine if they were not hindered by the DOC regulations, particularly if they had the freedom to use Cabernet Sauvignon in the blend and were not required to use white grape varieties. The <a href="/wiki/Marchesi_Antinori" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchesi Antinori">marchese Piero Antinori</a> was one of the first to create a "Chianti-style" wine that ignored the DOC regulations, releasing a 1971 Sangiovese-Cabernet Sauvignon blend known as <i>Tignanello</i> in 1978. Other producers followed suit, and soon the prices for these Super Tuscans were consistently beating the prices of some of the most well-known Chianti.<sup id="cite_ref-Dummies_pg_155-169_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dummies_pg_155-169-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Tuscan wine regions followed suit, blending Cabernet Sauvignon with <a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a> and even making varietal versions of the grape. Gradually the DOC system caught on and began allowing more regions to use the grape in their DOC-designated wines. Cabernet Sauvignon in Tuscany is characterized by ripe <a href="/wiki/Black_cherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Black cherry">black cherry</a> flavours that can give a perception of sweetness as well as strong notes of blackcurrant. The wines typically reach an <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol level">alcohol level</a> around 14% but can still maintain notable acidity levels. Cabernet Sauvignon can dominate the blend when blended with Sangiovese in significant quantities, with most Tuscan producers aiming to find a particular balance that suits their desired style.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Old_World_producers">Other Old World producers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other Old World producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MatureTempranillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MatureTempranillo.jpg/130px-MatureTempranillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MatureTempranillo.jpg/195px-MatureTempranillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MatureTempranillo.jpg/260px-MatureTempranillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>In Spain, Cabernet Sauvignon is often blended with Tempranillo.<i>(pictured)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The introduction of Cabernet Sauvignon to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a> occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a> region when the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Riscal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marqués de Riscal (page does not exist)">Marqués de Riscal</a> planted <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">cuttings</a> from Bordeaux in the nineteenth century. It was not until the 1960s, however, before cultivation took off. By 2015, it was the sixth most widely planted red wine grape in Spain. Today it is permitted in about half of the Spanish DOPs (<i><a href="/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_de_origen" title="Denominación de origen">Denominación de Origen Protegida</a></i>). The grape is most prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_wine" title="Catalan wine">Catalan wine</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Pened%C3%A8s" title="Penedès">Penedès</a>, where its use was revived by the estates of <a href="/wiki/Bodegas_Torres" title="Bodegas Torres">Bodegas Torres</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean León (page does not exist)">Jean León</a>. There the grape is often blended with Tempranillo. It is also primarily a blending grape in the <a href="/wiki/Ribera_del_Duero" title="Ribera del Duero">Ribera del Duero</a>, but producers in <a href="/wiki/Navarra_(DO)" title="Navarra (DO)">Navarra</a> have found some international acclaim for their varietal wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="English wine">English wine</a> producers have experimented with growing the variety in plastic tunnels which can create a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> effect and protect the grapes from the less-than-ideal climate of the wine region. While the grape is permitted to be planted in some <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">German wine</a> regions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Mosel_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosel (wine)">Mosel</a>), the vineyard sites best suited for ripening Cabernet are generally already occupied with <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>; many producers are ill-inclined to uproot the popular German variety in favour of Cabernet Sauvignon. In the 1980s, inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> Cabernet Sauvignon was highly touted for its value and helped to establish that <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">country's wine</a> industry and garner it more international presence in the wine market. The grape performs a similar function for many countries in Central Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a>, and Eastern Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">, Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria wine">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a>. It can be found in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> wine regions of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus wine">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napa_valley_Cabernet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Napa_valley_Cabernet.jpg/220px-Napa_valley_Cabernet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Napa_valley_Cabernet.jpg/330px-Napa_valley_Cabernet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Napa_valley_Cabernet.jpg/440px-Napa_valley_Cabernet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon</figcaption></figure> <p>In California, Cabernet Sauvignon has developed its characteristic style and reputation, which is recognizable in the world's market. Production and plantings of the grape in California are similar in quantity to those of Bordeaux.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1976 <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a> wine tasting event helped to catapult Californian Cabernet Sauvignons onto the international stage when <a href="/wiki/Stag%27s_Leap_Wine_Cellars" title="Stag's Leap Wine Cellars">Stag's Leap Wine Cellars</a>' 1973 <a href="/wiki/Stags_Leap_District_AVA" title="Stags Leap District AVA">Stags Leap District</a> Cabernet Sauvignon beat out <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855" title="Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855">classified Bordeaux</a> estates like <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Montrose" title="Château Montrose">Château Montrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Brion" title="Château Haut-Brion">Château Haut-Brion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_L%C3%A9oville-Las_Cases" title="Château Léoville-Las Cases">Château Léoville-Las Cases</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Blind_tasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind tasting">blind tasting</a> conducted by French wine experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, a new epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> hit California, devastating many vineyards, which needed replanting. There was some speculation that ravaged Cabernet vineyards would be replanted with other varietals (such as those emerging from the <a href="/wiki/Rhone_Rangers" title="Rhone Rangers">Rhone Rangers</a> movement), but in fact, California plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon doubled between 1988 and 1998; many wine regions— such as Napa Valley north of <a href="/wiki/Yountville_AVA" title="Yountville AVA">Yountville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County_wine" title="Sonoma County wine">Sonoma</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Valley_AVA" title="Alexander Valley AVA">Alexander Valley</a>— were almost entirely dominated by the grape variety. It also started to gain a foothold in <a href="/wiki/Dry_Creek_Valley_AVA" title="Dry Creek Valley AVA">Dry Creek Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Mountain_AVA" title="Sonoma Mountain AVA">Sonoma Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendocino County (wine)">Mendocino County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabernet from Sonoma County has shown a tendency to feature <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_olive" class="mw-redirect" title="Black olive">black olive</a> notes while Napa County Cabernets are characterized by their strong black fruit flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In California, the main stylistic difference in Cabernet Sauvignon is between hillside/mountain vineyards and those on flatter terrains like valley floors or some areas of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>. In Napa, the hillside vineyards of <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Mountain_District_AVA" title="Diamond Mountain District AVA">Diamond Mountain District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howell_Mountain_AVA" title="Howell Mountain AVA">Howell Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mt._Veeder_AVA" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Veeder AVA">Mt. Veeder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Mountain_District_AVA" title="Spring Mountain District AVA">Spring Mountain District</a> have thinner, less fertile soils, which produce smaller berries with more intense flavours, reminiscent of Bordeaux wines that require years of ageing to mature. The yields are also much lower, typically in the range of 1–2 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> per <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</a> in contrast to the 4–8 tons that can be produced in the more fertile valley floors.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wines produced from mountainside vineyards tend to be characterized by deep inky colours and strong <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berry</a> aromas. Throughout California, many wine regions have the potential to grow Cabernet Sauvignon to full ripeness and produce fruity, <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">full-bodied</a> wines with alcohol levels regularly above the Bordeaux average of 12–13%—often in excess of 14%.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_vine_cabernet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Old_vine_cabernet.jpg/220px-Old_vine_cabernet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Old_vine_cabernet.jpg/330px-Old_vine_cabernet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Old_vine_cabernet.jpg/440px-Old_vine_cabernet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Old vine Cabernet Sauvignon at <a href="/wiki/Chateau_Montelena" title="Chateau Montelena">Chateau Montelena</a> in Napa Valley. As the grapes mature, they will darken to a bluish-purple hue.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of oak in California Cabernet has a long history, with many producers favouring the use of new oak barrels heavily composed of American oak. After the early 1980s' unsuccessful trend to create more "<a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_matching" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine and food matching">food friendly</a>" wines with less ripeness and less oak influence, winemakers' focus shifted back to oak influence. Still, producers were more inclined to limit and lighten the use of oak barrels, with many turning to French oak or a combination of new and older oak barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washington_State">Washington State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Washington State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_valley_cab_sauv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Columbia_valley_cab_sauv.jpg/220px-Columbia_valley_cab_sauv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Columbia_valley_cab_sauv.jpg/330px-Columbia_valley_cab_sauv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Columbia_valley_cab_sauv.jpg/440px-Columbia_valley_cab_sauv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Washington Cabernet Sauvignon from the Columbia Valley AVA</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Washington State Wine Commission, Cabernet Sauvignon is the most widely planted red grape variety in Washington state. It is generally found in the warmer sites of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Valley_AVA" title="Columbia Valley AVA">Columbia Valley</a>. The vines are choice plantings for growers due to their hardy vine stalks and resistance to the cold winter frost that is commonplace in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">Eastern Washington</a>. Washington Cabernet Sauvignon is characterized by its fruitiness and easy drinking styles that are not overly tannic.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent Washington <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Areas</a> (AVAs) that have seen some success with their Cabernet Sauvignons include <a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_AVA" title="Red Mountain AVA">Red Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_Valley_AVA" title="Walla Walla Valley AVA">Walla Walla Valley</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_Valley_AVA" title="Yakima Valley AVA">Yakima Valley AVA</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Washington" title="Tri-Cities, Washington">Tri-Cities</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elsewhere_in_the_United_States">Elsewhere in the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Oregon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon (wine)">Oregon</a>, there are small quantities of Cabernet Sauvignon planted in the warmer <a href="/wiki/Southern_Oregon_AVA" title="Southern Oregon AVA">southern regions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Umpqua_Valley_AVA" title="Umpqua Valley AVA">Umpqua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rogue_Valley_AVA" title="Rogue Valley AVA">Rogue Valleys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also started to develop a presence in the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona (wine)">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York (wine)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio (wine)">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_wine" title="Texas wine">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">Virginia wine</a> industries, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country_AVA" title="Texas Hill Country AVA">Texas Hill Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Fork_of_Long_Island_AVA" title="North Fork of Long Island AVA">North Fork of Long Island AVAs</a>. Cabernet Sauvignon is made in varietal and blended styles throughout the United States. Under the American system, varietal Cabernet Sauvignon can include up to 25% other grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uruguay_Cab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Uruguay_Cab.jpg/220px-Uruguay_Cab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Uruguay_Cab.jpg/330px-Uruguay_Cab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Uruguay_Cab.jpg/440px-Uruguay_Cab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Cabernet Sauvignon from Uruguay</figcaption></figure> <p>Cabernet Sauvignon is grown in nearly every South American country, including <a href="/wiki/Chile_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile (wine)">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivia (wine)">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil (wine)">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru (wine)">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay (wine)">Uruguay</a>. In Chile, the wines were historically limited by the excessively high yields commonplace throughout the country. As producers began to concentrate on limiting yields, regional differences that distinguished Chilean Cabernets began to emerge. For vineyard plantings along flat river valleys, the region's climate is the most important consideration; as plantings move to higher elevations and along hillsides, <a href="/wiki/Soil_type" title="Soil type">soil type</a> is a more significant concern. The wines of the <a href="/wiki/Aconcagua_River" title="Aconcagua River">Aconcagua</a> region are noted for their ripe fruit but closed, tight structure that needs some time in the bottle to develop. In the Maipo Valley, Cabernet Sauvignon wines are characterized by their pervasive blackcurrant fruit and an earthy, dusty note. In warmer regions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Colchagua_Province" title="Colchagua Province">Colchagua Province</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Curic%C3%B3" title="Curicó">Curicó</a>, the grapes ripen more fully; they produce wines with rich fruit flavours that can be perceived as sweet due to the ripeness of the fruit. The acidity levels of these wines will be lower, and the tannins will also be softer, making the wines more approachable at a younger age.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Argentina, Cabernet Sauvignon lags behind <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a> as the country's main red grape, but its numbers are growing. The varietal versions often have lighter fruit flavours and are meant to be consumed young. Premium examples are often blended with Malbec and produce full, tannic wines with <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and tobacco notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, there have been increased plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon in the <a href="/wiki/Uco_Valley" title="Uco Valley">Uco Valley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendoza Province (wine)">Mendoza Province</a>; the wines coming from vineyards planted at higher altitudes garner some international attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra_Rossa_soil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Terra_Rossa_soil.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="104" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>Unlike other clay-based soils, the free-draining <a href="/wiki/Terra_rosa_(soil)," class="mw-redirect" title="Terra rosa (soil),">terra rosa</a> of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Coonawarra_wine_region" title="Coonawarra wine region">Coonawarra</a> region contributes to a unique style of Cabernet Sauvignon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Cab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Australian_Cab.jpg/220px-Australian_Cab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Australian_Cab.jpg/330px-Australian_Cab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Australian_Cab.jpg/440px-Australian_Cab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An Australian Cabernet Sauvignon</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s, the Coonawarra region first brought international attention to Australian Cabernet Sauvignons with intense fruit flavours and subtle minty notes. The <a href="/wiki/Margaret_River,_Western_Australia" title="Margaret River, Western Australia">Margaret River</a> region soon followed with tightly structured wines with pronounced black fruit notes. In the 1980s, Australia followed California's contemporary trend in producing lighter, more "food friendly" wines with alcohol levels around 11-12% percent; by the early 1990s, the styles changed again to focus on balance and riper fruit flavours. Today Cabernet Sauvignon is the second most widely planted red wine grape in Australia, following Shiraz, with which it is often blended. It can be found in several wine regions, with many large producers using grapes from several states. Notable regional differences characterize Australian Cabernet Sauvignon: in addition to the wine styles of Coonawarra and Margaret River, the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)" title="Barossa Valley (wine)">Barossa Valley</a> produces big, full-bodied wines while the nearby, cooler <a href="/wiki/Clare_Valley_wine_region" title="Clare Valley wine region">Clare Valley</a> produces wines with more concentrated fruit, and wines of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_wine" title="Victorian wine">Victorian wine</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_Valley_(wine)" title="Yarra Valley (wine)">Yarra Valley</a> are noted for their balance in acidity, tannins and fruit flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_New_World_producers">Other New World producers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other New World producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South African wine</a> industry has been working to reestablish itself in the world's wine markets, with many regions actively promoting their Cabernet Sauvignon. Today it is the most widely planted red wine grape in South Africa. It is produced in varietal and blended styles; some producers favour a Bordeaux blend, while others follow the Australian example of blending with Syrah.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early examples of South African Cabernet Sauvignon were produced by grapes planted in vineyard locations that were cooler than ideal, creating very herbaceous wines with the distinctive "green bell pepper" notes. In the mid-1990s, there was more emphasis on harvesting at fuller ripeness, and new clones were introduced that produced riper, sweeter fruit. As the vines age and better vineyards locations are identified, regional styles are starting to emerge among South African Cabernet Sauvignons: the <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a> region is noted for heavy, full-bodied wines while <a href="/wiki/Constantia,_Cape_Town" title="Constantia, Cape Town">Constantia</a>'s wines are characterized by their herbal and minty flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New Zealand, the climate has been a challenge in finding wine regions suitable for producing Cabernet Sauvignon. Most of the industry focus has centred on the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hawkes_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawkes Bay">Hawkes Bay</a> region was the first to make a significant effort in producing Cabernet Sauvignon, but the region's cool climate, coupled with the high yields and fertile alluvial soils, produced wines that were still marked with aggressive green and vegetal flavours. Added focus on canopy management, which gives the grapes more sunlight to ripen by removing excess <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a>, and low vigour rootstock and pruning combine to achieve lower yields and have started to produce better results. The grape is sometimes blended with Merlot to help compensate for climate and <i>terroir</i>. Other regions in New Zealand have sprung up with a renewed focus on producing distinctive New Zealand Cabernet Sauvignon:<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimblett_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimblett Road (page does not exist)">Gimblett Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Havelock_North" title="Havelock North">Havelock North</a> regions of Hawkes Bay, with their warm gravel soils, have started to achieve notice as well as <a href="/wiki/Waiheke_Island" title="Waiheke Island">Waiheke Island</a> near <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall the grape lags far behind <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> in New Zealand's red wine grape plantings.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> produces cabernet sauvignon varietals and "Bordeaux blends", and some of its cabernet sauvignon is used to create <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first vintage produced by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Gao" title="Emma Gao">Emma Gao</a> at Silver Heights Winery in Ningxia was praised by Chinese and international winemakers, and two of her red wines are among the best-known produced in China.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a Cabernet Sauvignon ‘Emma’s Reserve’ and a Bordeaux blend ‘The Summit’.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity_and_criticism">Popularity and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Popularity and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past century, Cabernet Sauvignon has enjoyed a swell of popularity as one of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble grape">noble grapes</a> in the world of wine. Built partially on its historical success in Bordeaux and New World wine regions like California and Australia, planting the grape is considered a solid choice in any wine region that is warm enough to cultivate it. Among consumers, Cabernet has become a familiar wine which has aided in its accessibility and appeals even from obscure wine regions and producers. In the 1980s, the Bulgarian wine industry was largely driven and introduced to the international wine market by the success of its Cabernet Sauvignon wines. The widespread popularity of Bordeaux has contributed to criticism of the grape variety for its role as a "colonizer" grape, being planted in new and emerging wine regions at the expense of focus on the unique local grape varieties. Some regions, such as Portugal, with its abundance of native grape varieties, have largely ignored Cabernet Sauvignon as it seeks to rejuvenate its wine industry beyond <a href="/wiki/Port_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (wine)">Port</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_styles">Wine styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Wine styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodi_Cabernet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lodi_Cabernet.jpg/220px-Lodi_Cabernet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lodi_Cabernet.jpg/330px-Lodi_Cabernet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lodi_Cabernet.jpg/440px-Lodi_Cabernet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>New World Cabernet Sauvignons, such as this one from California's Lodi region, often have more pronounced, ripe fruit flavors than Old World wines from regions like Bordeaux.</figcaption></figure> <p>The grapes' ripeness strongly influences Cabernet Sauvignon's style at harvest. When more on the unripe side, the grapes are high in <a href="/wiki/Pyrazine" title="Pyrazine">pyrazines</a> and will exhibit pronounced green bell peppers and vegetal flavours. When harvested overripe, the wines can taste <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jammy</a> and may have aromas of stewed <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a>. Some winemakers choose to harvest their grapes at different ripeness levels in order to incorporate these different elements and potentially add some layer of complexity to the wine. When Cabernet Sauvignon is young, the wines typically exhibit strong fruit flavours of <a href="/wiki/Black_cherries" class="mw-redirect" title="Black cherries">black cherries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>. The aroma of blackcurrants is one of the most distinctive and characteristic elements of Cabernet Sauvignon that is present in virtually every style of wine across the globe. Styles from various regions and producers may also have eucalyptus, mint and tobacco aromas. As the wines age, they can sometimes develop aromas associated with cedar, cigar boxes and pencil shavings. New World examples generally have more pronounced fruity notes, while Old World wines can be more austere with heightened earthy notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ability_to_age">Ability to age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ability to age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging of wine</a></div> <p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, Cabernet Sauvignon's reputation was built on its ability to age and develop in the bottle. In addition to softening some of their austere tannins, as Cabernet wines age, new flavours and aromas can emerge and add to the wines' complexity. Historically this was a trait characterized by Bordeaux, with some premium examples in favourable vintages having the potential to last for over a century, but producers across the globe have developed styles that could age and develop for several decades. Even with the ability to age, some Cabernet Sauvignon wines can still be approachable a few years after the vintage. In Bordeaux, the tannins of the wines tend to soften after ten years and can typically last for at least another, decade-sometimes longer, depending on the producer and vintage. Some Spanish and Italian Cabernet Sauvignons will need similar time as Bordeaux to develop, but most examples are typically made to be drunk earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While New World Cabernets are considered drinkable earlier than Bordeaux, premium producers such as the Californian <a href="/wiki/Cult_wine" title="Cult wine">cult wines</a> will produce wines that need time to age and could potentially develop for two to three decades. Overall, the majority of Californian Cabernets are meant to be approachable after only a couple of years in the bottle but can still have the potential to improve further over time. Similarly, many premium Australian cabernets will also need at least ten years to develop though many are approachable after two to five years. New Zealand wines are typically meant to be consumed young and will often maintain their green herbal flavours even with extended bottle ageing. South American Cabernets have very pronounced fruit flavours when they are young, and the best-made examples will keep some of those flavours as they age. South African wines tend to favour more Old World styles and typically require six to eight years of ageing before developing further flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pairing_with_food">Pairing with food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pairing with food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamb_marinated_in_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lamb_marinated_in_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/220px-Lamb_marinated_in_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lamb_marinated_in_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/330px-Lamb_marinated_in_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lamb_marinated_in_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/440px-Lamb_marinated_in_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Fatty red meats, such as <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, pair well with Cabernet Sauvignon due to the ability of proteins and fats to negate some of the tannic qualities of the wine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cabernet Sauvignon is a very bold and assertive wine that has the potential to overwhelm light and delicate dishes. The wine's high tannin content, oak influences, and high alcohol levels associated with many regional styles play important roles in influencing how well the wine matches different foods. When Cabernet Sauvignon is young, all those elements are at their peak, but as the wine ages, it mellows; possibilities for different food pairings open up. In most circumstances, matching the weight (alcohol level and body) of the wine to the heaviness of the food is an important consideration. Cabernet Sauvignons with high alcohol levels do not pair well with spicy foods due to hotness levels of the <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">capsaicins</a> present in spices like <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a> being enhanced by the alcohol with the heat accentuating the bitterness of the tannins. Milder spices, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, pair better due to their ability to minimize the perception of tannins—such as in the classic pairings of Cabernet Sauvignon with <i><a href="/wiki/Steak_au_poivre" title="Steak au poivre">steak au poivre</a></i> and pepper-crusted <a href="/wiki/Ahi_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi tuna">ahi tuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a> and proteins reduce the perception of tannins on the palate. When Cabernet Sauvignon is paired with <a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">steak</a> or dishes with a heavy <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> <a href="/wiki/Cream_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream sauce">cream sauce</a>, the tannins are neutralized, allowing the fruits of the wine to be more noticeable. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starches</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pastas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> will have little effect on tannins. The bitterness of the tannins can also be counterbalanced by the use of bitter foods, such as <a href="/wiki/Radicchio" title="Radicchio">radicchio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endive" title="Endive">endive</a>, or with cooking methods that involve <a href="/wiki/Charring" title="Charring">charring</a> like <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grilling</a>. As the wine ages and the tannins lessen, more subtle and less bitter dishes will pair better with Cabernet Sauvignon. The oak influences of the wine can be matched with cooking methods that have similar influences on the food—such as grilling, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plank_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Plank cooking">plank roasting</a>. Dishes that include oak-influenced flavours and aromas typically found in Cabernet Sauvignon—such as <a href="/wiki/Dill_weed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dill weed">dill weed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">brown sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> and vanilla—can also pair well.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_coast_California_Cab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Central_coast_California_Cab.jpg/220px-Central_coast_California_Cab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Central_coast_California_Cab.jpg/330px-Central_coast_California_Cab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Central_coast_California_Cab.jpg/440px-Central_coast_California_Cab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Californian Cabernet Sauvignon from the Central Coast AVA</figcaption></figure> <p>The different styles of Cabernet Sauvignon from other regions can also influence how well the wine matches up with certain foods. Old World wines like Bordeaux have earthier influences and will pair better with <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushrooms</a>. Wines from cooler climates that have noticeable vegetal notes can be balanced with <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">greens</a>. New World wines, with bolder fruit flavours that may even be perceived as sweet, will pair well with bolder dishes that have lots of different flavour influences. While Cabernet Sauvignon has the potential to pair well with bitter <a href="/wiki/Dark_chocolate" title="Dark chocolate">dark chocolate</a>, it will not pair well with sweeter styles such as <a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">milk chocolate</a>. The wine can typically pair well with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheeses</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheddar (cheese)">Cheddar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozzarella" title="Mozzarella">mozzarella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brie_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brie (cheese)">Brie</a>, but full-flavoured or <a href="/wiki/Blue_cheese" title="Blue cheese">blue cheeses</a> will typically compete too much with the flavours of Cabernet Sauvignon to be a complementary pairing.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Health benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wine_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine and health">Wine and health</a></div> <p>In late 2006, the <i>Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology</i> published the result of studies conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Icahn_School_of_Medicine_at_Mount_Sinai" title="Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</a> that showed the beneficial relationship of <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>, a compound found in all red wine, in reducing the risk factors associated with <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study showed that resveratrol found in Cabernet Sauvignon could reduce levels of <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_beta" title="Amyloid beta">amyloid beta</a> <a href="/wiki/Peptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptides">peptides</a>, which attack brain cells and are part of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/etiology" class="extiw" title="wikt:etiology">etiology</a> of Alzheimer's.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resveratrol has also been shown to promote the clearance of amyloid-beta peptides.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16162502_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16162502-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been shown that non-alcoholic extracts of Cabernet Sauvignon protect hypertensive rats during <a href="/wiki/Ischaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemia">ischaemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reperfusion_therapy" title="Reperfusion therapy">reperfusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_variety" title="International variety">International variety</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_119-121-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_119-121_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, J., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/119"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/119">119–121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6"><bdi>0-19-860990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.pages=119-121&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-860990-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc%2Fpage%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225900/http://oiv.int/public/medias/5865/en-distribution-of-the-worlds-grapevine-varieties.pdf#">"Distribution of the world's grapevine varieties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>oiv.int</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Vine_and_Wine" title="International Organisation of Vine and Wine">International Organisation of Vine and Wine</a>. 28 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oiv.int/public/medias/5865/en-distribution-of-the-worlds-grapevine-varieties.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oiv.int&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+the+world%27s+grapevine+varieties&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foiv.int%2Fpublic%2Fmedias%2F5865%2Fen-distribution-of-the-worlds-grapevine-varieties.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_pg_47-56-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_47-56_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2001" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Oz (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of Grapes</i>. Harcourt Books. pp. 47–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4"><bdi>0-15-100714-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Grapes&rft.pages=47-56&rft.pub=Harcourt+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-15-100714-4&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Oz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSET-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSET_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wine & Spirits Education Trust <i>"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"</i> pgs 6-9, Second Revised Edition (2012), London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905819157" title="Special:BookSources/9781905819157">9781905819157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein_pg_134-139-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_pg_134-139_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perfectpairingsm00gold/page/134"><i>Perfect Pairings</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perfectpairingsm00gold/page/134">134–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24377-4"><bdi>978-0-520-24377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perfect+Pairings&rft.pages=134-139&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24377-4&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperfectpairingsm00gold%2Fpage%2F134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2016" class="citation news cs1">Carpenter, Kasey (2016-11-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/Scientists-Unravel-Cabernet-Sauvignon-Genome">"Scientists Unravel Cabernet Sauvignon's Genome"</a>. <i>Wine Spectator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wine+Spectator&rft.atitle=Scientists+Unravel+Cabernet+Sauvignon%27s+Genome&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Kasey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winespectator.com%2Fwebfeature%2Fshow%2Fid%2FScientists-Unravel-Cabernet-Sauvignon-Genome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlley2007" class="citation news cs1">Alley, L. (September 30, 2007). "New French Wine Grape Arrives in US Market". <i>The Wine Spectator</i>. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wine+Spectator&rft.atitle=New+French+Wine+Grape+Arrives+in+US+Market&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.aulast=Alley&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz <i>Wine Grapes – A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours</i> pgs 148-149, 285-286 Allen Lane 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2">978-1-846-14446-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleggettwines.com.au/aboutus.php">Cleggett wines:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829091440/http://cleggettwines.com.au/aboutus.php">Archived</a> 2007-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> history and pictures of the gris and white mutants; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/landline/old-site/content/2006/s1933677.htm">Transcript of ABC show about bronze and white mutants</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerLeeRobinson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, A. R.; Lee, E.; Robinson, S. P. (2006). "Two new grape cultivars, bud sports of Cabernet Sauvignon bearing pale-coloured berries, are the result of the deletion of two regulatory genes of the berry colour locus". <i><a href="/wiki/Plant_Molecular_Biology" title="Plant Molecular Biology">Plant Mol Biol</a></i>. <b>62</b> (4–5): 623–635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11103-006-9043-9">10.1007/s11103-006-9043-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16932847">16932847</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38970718">38970718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Mol+Biol&rft.atitle=Two+new+grape+cultivars%2C+bud+sports+of+Cabernet+Sauvignon+bearing+pale-coloured+berries%2C+are+the+result+of+the+deletion+of+two+regulatory+genes+of+the+berry+colour+locus&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=623-635&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38970718%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16932847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11103-006-9043-9&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft.au=Lee%2C+E.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz <i>Wine Grapes — A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours</i> pgs 469-471, 594-595 Allen Lane 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2">978-1-846-14446-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201352/http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p7ri.pdf">"Cienna Factsheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CSIRO</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p7ri.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSIRO&rft.atitle=Cienna+Factsheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fp7ri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">Vitis International Variety Catalogue</a> (VIVC) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=22629">Souvignier gris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203014622/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=22629">Archived</a> 2014-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Accessed: January 20th, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rutherford Dust Society <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rutherforddust.org/rds/index.cfm/about/">About us</a>"</i> Accessed: February 22nd, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby_pg_578-581-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby_pg_578-581_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, T. (2005). <i>The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia</i>. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 578–581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8"><bdi>0-7566-1324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=578-581&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7566-1324-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2011" class="citation thesis cs1">McDonnell, Carrie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/65873"><i>The effect of crop load and extended ripening on wine quality and vine balance in Vitis vinifera cv. cabernet sauvignon</i></a> (Thesis thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+effect+of+crop+load+and+extended+ripening+on+wine+quality+and+vine+balance+in+Vitis+vinifera+cv.+cabernet+sauvignon.&rft.degree=Thesis&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F2440%2F65873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuchs, M. (2003, September). Transgenic resistance: State of the art and perspectives. In <i>Proceedings of the 14th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine, Locorotondo, Italy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Mouer <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winemakermag.com/component/resource/article/Issues/76-Aug-Sept%202004/503-meritage-what-s-in-a-name">Meritage: What's in a Name</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525141637/http://winemakermag.com/component/resource/article/Issues/76-Aug-Sept%202004/503-meritage-what-s-in-a-name">Archived</a> 2013-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</i> Wine Maker Magazine, August 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For contrast, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a> has a 1:25 pip to pulp ratio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dummies_pg_155-169-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dummies_pg_155-169_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing-MulliganMcCarthy2001" class="citation book cs1">Ewing-Mulligan, M.; McCarthy, E. 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Hungry Minds. pp. 155 & 167–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-5355-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7645-5355-0"><bdi>0-7645-5355-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Wines+for+Dummies&rft.pages=155+%26+167-169&rft.pub=Hungry+Minds&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7645-5355-0&rft.aulast=Ewing-Mulligan&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKontkanenReynoldsCliffKing2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kontkanen, Derek; Reynolds, Andrew G.; Cliff, Margaret A.; King, Marjorie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0963996904002315">"Canadian terroir: sensory characterization of Bordeaux-style red wine varieties in the Niagara Peninsula"</a>. <i>Food Research International</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 417–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2004.10.010">10.1016/j.foodres.2004.10.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Research+International&rft.atitle=Canadian+terroir%3A+sensory+characterization+of+Bordeaux-style+red+wine+varieties+in+the+Niagara+Peninsula&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-425&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2004.10.010&rft.aulast=Kontkanen&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Andrew+G.&rft.au=Cliff%2C+Margaret+A.&rft.au=King%2C+Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0963996904002315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallumFisherStrommerTsao2009" class="citation journal cs1">McCallum, J.L.; Fisher, H.; Strommer, J.N.; Tsao, R. 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'CABERNET SAUVIGNON' AND 'CABERNET FRANC' GROWN IN DIFFERENT NIAGARA APPELLATIONS"</a>. <i>Acta Horticulturae</i> (827): 287–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.2009.827.49">10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.827.49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7572">0567-7572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=EFFECT+OF+TERROIR+ON+ANTHOCYANINS+OF+VITIS+VINIFERA+L.+%27CABERNET+SAUVIGNON%27+AND+%27CABERNET+FRANC%27+GROWN+IN+DIFFERENT+NIAGARA+APPELLATIONS&rft.issue=827&rft.pages=287-294&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17660%2FActaHortic.2009.827.49&rft.issn=0567-7572&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+H.&rft.au=Strommer%2C+J.N.&rft.au=Tsao%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.actahort.org%2Fbooks%2F827%2F827_49.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/21387/Q_A:_Emma_Gao,_winemaker-director,_Silver_Heights.html">"Q&A: Emma Gao, winemaker-director, Silver Heights - Harpers Wine & Spirit Trade News"</a>. <i>harpers.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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C.; Mosca, S. M. (2007). "Cardioprotective effects of a non-alcoholic extract of red wine during ischaemia and reperfusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats". <i>Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 166–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1681.2007.04567.x">10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04567.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17250634">17250634</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26868337">26868337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Exp.+Pharmacol.+Physiol.&rft.atitle=Cardioprotective+effects+of+a+non-alcoholic+extract+of+red+wine+during+ischaemia+and+reperfusion+in+spontaneously+hypertensive+rats&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=166-169&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26868337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17250634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-1681.2007.04567.x&rft.aulast=Fantinelli&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Mosca%2C+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Sauvignon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Sauvignon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" 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title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a 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