CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Qira'at - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c3949dbe-db91-4cbd-b4c9-e43ae9abe910","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Qira'at","wgTitle":"Qira'at","wgCurRevisionId":1272053854,"wgRevisionId":1272053854,"wgArticleId":4401729,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2020","Use Oxford spelling from July 2020","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","Quranic readings","Reading of religious texts"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Qira'at","wgRelevantArticleId":4401729,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Quran_reading","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Qira%27at","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1817983", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Qira'at - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Qira_at rootpage-Qira_at skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qira%27at" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qira%27at" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qira%27at" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qira%27at" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quranic_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quranic_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Quranic orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quranic_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Recitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reciting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Reciting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 The readings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_readings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The readings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criteria_for_canonical_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria_for_canonical_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Criteria for canonical status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria_for_canonical_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_seven_canonical_qira'at" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_seven_canonical_qira'at"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The seven canonical qira'at </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_seven_canonical_qira'at-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Three_after_the_Seven"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Three_after_the_Seven""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 "The Three after the Seven" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Three_after_the_Seven"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_modes_of_recitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_modes_of_recitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Other modes of recitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_modes_of_recitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hafs_‘an_‘Asim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hafs_‘an_‘Asim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Hafs ‘an ‘Asim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hafs_‘an_‘Asim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_among_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_among_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Variations among readings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_among_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_differences_between_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_differences_between_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Examples of differences between readings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_differences_between_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qira'at_and_Ahruf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qira'at_and_Ahruf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Qira'at and Ahruf </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Qira'at_and_Ahruf-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Qira'at and Ahruf subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Qira'at_and_Ahruf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Difference_between_them" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_between_them"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Difference between them </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difference_between_them-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptural_basis_for_seven_Ahruf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_basis_for_seven_Ahruf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Scriptural basis for seven Ahruf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_basis_for_seven_Ahruf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disagreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disagreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Disagreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disagreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions_and_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions_and_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Questions and difficulties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Questions_and_difficulties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Questions and difficulties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Questions_and_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developing_view_of_full_authenticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_view_of_full_authenticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Developing view of full authenticity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_view_of_full_authenticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disagreement_on_mutawatir_transmission_from_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disagreement_on_mutawatir_transmission_from_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Disagreement on mutawatir transmission from Muhammad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disagreement_on_mutawatir_transmission_from_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggles_of_the_Qurrāʾ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggles_of_the_Qurrāʾ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Struggles of the Qurrāʾ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggles_of_the_Qurrāʾ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_dialect_of_the_Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_dialect_of_the_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Arabic dialect of the Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_dialect_of_the_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recitation_of_scribal_errors_inherited_from_the_original_Uthmanic_copies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recitation_of_scribal_errors_inherited_from_the_original_Uthmanic_copies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Recitation of scribal errors inherited from the original Uthmanic copies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recitation_of_scribal_errors_inherited_from_the_original_Uthmanic_copies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implications_of_variant_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_of_variant_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Implications of variant readings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications_of_variant_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misunderstanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misunderstanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Misunderstanding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misunderstanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Rationale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Questions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Qira'at</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86)" title="قراءة (القرآن) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قراءة (القرآن)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D3%99%D1%82" title="Ҡираәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡираәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiraet" title="Kiraet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kiraet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectures_de_l%27Alcor%C3%A0" title="Lectures de l'Alcorà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lectures de l'Alcorà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesarten_des_Korans" title="Lesarten des Korans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lesarten des Korans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA" title="قرائت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرائت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectures_du_Coran" title="Lectures du Coran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lectures du Coran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%CA%BCat" title="Qiraʼat – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Qiraʼat" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="क़िरात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क़िरात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiraat" title="Qiraat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Qiraat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qira'at" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қырааттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырааттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiraat" title="Qiraat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Qiraat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qira'at" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiroat" title="Qiroat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qiroat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%AA" title="قرأت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قرأت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%E2%80%99at" title="Qira’at – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Qira’at" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кираат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кираат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeerarka_tajwiidka_Qur%E2%80%99aanka" title="Xeerarka tajwiidka Qur’aanka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xeerarka tajwiidka Qur’aanka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiraet" title="Kiraet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kiraet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="กิรออะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กิรออะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Қироат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қироат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1raat" title="Kıraat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıraat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%AA" title="قرأت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرأت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1817983#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Qira%27at" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qira%27at">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qira%27at">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Qira%27at" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Qira%27at" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&oldid=1272053854" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Qira%27at&id=1272053854&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQira%2527at">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQira%2527at">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Qira%27at&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qira%27at" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1817983" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_reading&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran reading">Quran reading</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of recitation of the Quran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the traditional schools of recitation. For rules governing pronunciation, see <a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a>. For hymnody, see <a href="/wiki/Tarteel" title="Tarteel">Tarteel</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender;;background:none;font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5y" title="Waḥy">Waḥy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul" title="Asbab al-Nuzul">Asbab al-Nuzul</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Historicity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Manuscripts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Kufic_Quran" title="Samarkand Kufic Quran">Samarkand Kufic Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_manuscript" title="Sanaa manuscript">Sanaa manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkapi_manuscript" title="Topkapi manuscript">Topkapi manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mashhad" title="Codex Mashhad">Codex Mashhad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Divisions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran" title="List of chapters in the Quran">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meccan_surah" title="Meccan surah">Meccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medinan_surah" title="Medinan surah">Medinan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Āyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">Juz'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqatta%CA%BFat" title="Muqattaʿat">Muqatta'at</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Content</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_counter-discourse" title="Quranic counter-discourse">Quranic counter-discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_discourse_of_the_Quran" title="Self-referential discourse of the Quran">Self-referential discourse of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_cosmology" title="Quranic cosmology">Quranic cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Punishment narratives in the Quran">Punishment narratives in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">No compulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Quran" title="Women in the Quran">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam#Qur'an" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_parables" title="Quranic parables">Parables</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science#Science_and_the_Quran" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Quran_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran reading">Reading</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hifz</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarteel" title="Tarteel">Tarteel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">Ahruf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qira'at</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translations</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran" title="List of translations of the Quran">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations_into_Bengali" title="Quran translations into Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Quran" title="English translations of the Quran">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations_into_Hebrew" title="Quran translations into Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Exegesis</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works" title="List of tafsir works">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">Abrogation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical parallels</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_related_to_Quranic_verses" title="List of people related to Quranic verses">Related persons</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Mentioned by name</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Characteristics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">I'jaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_inerrancy" title="Quranic inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_imitations_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted imitations of the Quran">Attempted imitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Quran_and_Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Quran and Sunnah">Quran and Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">Shi’a view</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quran" title="Category:Quran">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quran" title="Template:Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quran" title="Template talk:Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, qirāʼa (pl. qirāʼāt; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: قراءات, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'recitations or readings') refers to the ways or fashions that the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, the holy book of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recited</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeroche202274-1">[1]</a> More technically, the term designates the different <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a>, lexical, <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> and syntactical forms permitted with reciting the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kahteran-2006-233-3">[3]</a> Differences between qiraʼat include varying rules regarding the prolongation, intonation, and pronunciation of words,<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> but also differences in stops,<a href="#cite_note-6">[Note 1]</a> vowels,<a href="#cite_note-7">[Note 2]</a> consonants<a href="#cite_note-8">[Note 3]</a> (leading to different pronouns and verb forms), entire words<a href="#cite_note-10">[Note 4]</a> and even different meanings.<a href="#cite_note-12">[Note 5]</a>. However, the variations don't change the overall message or doctrinal meanings of the Qur'an, as the differences are often subtle and contextually equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-13">[Note 6]</a>Qiraʼat also refers to the branch of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> that deals with these modes of recitation.<a href="#cite_note-Salahi-AN-16-7-2001-14">[8]</a> There are ten recognised schools of qiraʼat, each one deriving its name from a noted Quran reciter or "reader" (<a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">qāriʾ</a> pl. qāriʾūn or qurrāʿ), such as <a href="/wiki/Nafi%E2%80%98_al-Madani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafi‘ al-Madani">Nafi‘ al-Madani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir_al-Makki" title="Ibn Kathir al-Makki">Ibn Kathir al-Makki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Amr_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Amr of Basra">Abu Amr of Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amir_ad-Dimashqi" title="Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi">Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aasim_ibn_Abi_al-Najud" title="Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud">Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamzah_az-Zaiyyat" title="Hamzah az-Zaiyyat">Hamzah az-Zaiyyat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Kisa%27i" title="Al-Kisa'i">Al-Kisa'i</a>. While these readers lived in the second and third century of Islam, the scholar who approved the first seven qira'at (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_Muj%C4%81hid" title="Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid">Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid</a>) lived a century later, and the readings themselves have a chain of transmission (like <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) going back to the time of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Salahi-AN-16-7-2001-14">[8]</a> Consequently, the readers (qurrāʿ) who give their name to qira'at are part of a chain of transmission called a riwāya.<a href="#cite_note-15">[Note 7]</a> The lines of transmission passed down from a riwāya are called turuq, and those passed down from a turuq are called wujuh or awjuh (sing. wajh; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: وجه, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'face').<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-5">[5]</a> Qiraʼat should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">tajwid</a>—the rules of <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">caesuras</a> of the Quran. Each qira'a has its own tajwid.<a href="#cite_note-basic-16">[9]</a> Qiraʼat are called readings or recitations because the Quran was originally spread and passed down orally, and though there was a written text, it did not include most vowels or distinguish between many consonants, allowing for much variation.<a href="#cite_note-Bursi-2018-JIQSA-17">[10]</a> (Qiraʼat now each have their own text in modern Arabic script.)<a href="#cite_note-18">[Note 8]</a> Qira'at are also sometimes confused with <a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">ahruf</a>—both being readings of the Quran with "unbroken chain(s) of transmission going back to the Prophet".<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> There are multiple views on the nature of the ahruf and how they relate to the qira'at, the general view being that <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> eliminated all of the ahruf except one during the 7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-ri-28-29-19">[11]</a> The ten qira'at were canonized by Islamic scholars in early centuries of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> Even after centuries of Islamic scholarship, the variants of the qira'at have been said to continue "to astound and puzzle" researchers into Islam (by Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan),<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> and along with ahruf make up "the most difficult topics" in Quranic studies (according to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ammaar_Yasir_Qadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi">Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-every_single-21">[13]</a> The qira'at include differences in consonantal diacritics (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I'jam" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a>), vowel marks (<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arak%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥarakāt">ḥarakāt</a>), and the consonantal skeleton (<a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">rasm</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Melchert2008-22">[14]</a> resulting in materially different readings (see <a href="#Examples_of_differences_between_readings">examples</a>).<a href="#cite_note-23">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mushaf" title="Mushaf">muṣḥaf</a> Quran that is in "general use" throughout almost all the Muslim world today<a href="#cite_note-25">[Note 9]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/1924_Egyptian_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Egyptian edition">1924 Egyptian edition</a> based on the qira'a (reading) of Ḥafṣ on the authority of `Āsim (Ḥafṣ being the rāwī, or "transmitter", and `Āsim being the qārī or "reader").<a href="#cite_note-GBRRCQ2008:74-26">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> According to Islamic belief, the Quran is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">preserved tablet</a> in heaven (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: اللوح المحفوظ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-lawh al-mahfooz),<a href="#cite_note-27">[18]</a> and was revealed to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> by the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quranic_orthography">Quranic orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quranic orthography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png/550px-Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png/825px-Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png/1100px-Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>*Rasm -- also called "consonantal skeleton" -- (example in black) was the only script found in the earliest surviving fragments of the Quran. Most variations of the Quran that had different rasm were found in Ahruf variants.<a href="#cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:72-3-28">[19]</a> *I‘jām or nuqat al-I'jam (examples in red) was added in later Arabic (possibly around 700 CE)<a href="#cite_note-FMDQiRS2008:35-6-29">[20]</a> so that letters (mostly consonants, such as these five letters ـبـ ـتـ ـثـ ـنـ ـيـ ; y, n, th, t, b) could be distinguished. *Ḥarakāt or nuqaṭ ali'rab (examples in blue) indicate other vocalizations—short vowels, nunization, glottal stops, long consonants. Variations among Qira'at mostly involve harakat.</figcaption></figure> Early manuscripts of the Quran did not use <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">diacritics</a> either for vowels (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#harakat" title="Arabic diacritics">ḥarakāt</a>) or to distinguish the different values of the <a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">rasm</a> (I‘jām') [see the graphic to the right], -- or at least used them "only sporadically and insufficiently to create a completely unambiguous text".<a href="#cite_note-Bursi-2018-JIQSA-17">[10]</a> Gradual steps were taken to improve the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of the Quran, in the first century with dots to distinguish similarly-shaped consonants (predecessors to i‘jām), followed by marks (to indicate different vowels, like ḥarakāt) and <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">nunation</a> in different-coloured ink from the text (Abu'l Aswad ad-Du'alî (d. 69 AH/688 CE). (Not related to the colours used in the graphic to the right.) Later the different colours were replaced with marks used in written Arabic today. Adam Bursi has cautioned that details of reports that diacritics were added at the direction of al-Hajjaj under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> are a "relatively late development" and that "While ʿAbd al-Malik and/or al-Ḥajjāj do appear to have played a role in the evolution of the qurʾānic text, the initial introduction of diacritics into the text was not part of this process and it is unclear what development in the usage of diacritics took place at their instigation." Manuscripts already used consonantal pointing sparingly, but at this time contain "no evidence of the imposition of the kind of fully dotted scriptio plena that the historical sources suggest was al-Ḥajjāj’s intended goal", although "There is some manuscript evidence for the introduction of vowel markers into the Qurʾān in this period."<a href="#cite_note-30">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recitations">Recitations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recitations">edit</a>]</div> In the meantime, before the variations were finally committed entirely to writing, the Quran was preserved by recitation from one generation to the next. Doing the reciting were prominent reciters of a style of narration who had memorized the Quran (known as <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">hafiz</a>). According to Csaba Okváth, <blockquote>It was during the period of <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">the Successors</a> [i.e. the generation of Muslims succeeding the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Companions of Muhammad">companions of Muhammad</a> ] and shortly thereafter that exceptional reciters became renowned as teachers of Qur'anic recitation in cities like <a href="/wiki/Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah">Makkah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madina" class="mw-redirect" title="Madina">Madina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, and greater Syria (al-Sham). They attracted students from all over the expanding Muslim state and their modes of recitations were then attached to their names. It is therefore commonly said that [for example] he recites according to the reading of Ibn Kathir or Nafi'; this, however, does not mean that these reciters [Ibn Kathir or Nafi] are the originators of these recitations, their names have been attached to the mode of recitation simply because their rendition of the Prophetic manner of recitation was acclaimed for authenticity and accuracy and their names became synonymous with these Qur'anic recitations. In fact, their own recitation goes back to the Prophetic mode of recitation through an unbroken chain.<a href="#cite_note-Okvath-2014-31">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a></blockquote> Each reciter had variations in their <a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">tajwid</a> rules and occasional words in their recitation of the Quran are different or of a different morphology (form of the word) with the same root. Scholars differ on why there are different recitations (see below). <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Abdurrahman_Bewley" title="Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley">Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley</a> gives an example of a line of transmission of recitation "you are likely to find ... in the back of a Qur'an" from the Warsh harf, going backwards from Warsh all the way to Allah himself:"[T]he riwaya of Imam Warsh from Nafi' al-Madini from Abu Ja'far Yazid ibn al-Qa'qa' from 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas from Ubayy ibn Ka'b from the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, from Jibril, peace be upon him, from the Creator."<a href="#cite_note-IIUM-32">[23]</a> After Muhammad's death there were many qira'at, from which 25 were described by Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam two centuries after Muhammad's death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The seven qira'at readings which are currently notable were selected in the fourth century by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_Mujahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr Ibn Mujahid">Abu Bakr Ibn Mujahid</a> (died 324 AH, 936 CE) from prominent reciters of his time, three from <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> and one each from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:73-33">[24]</a> Later, three more recitations were canonized for ten. (The first seven readers named for a qiraa recitation died un/readers of the recitations lived in the second and third century of Islam. (Their death dates span from 118 AH to 229 AH). Each reciter recited to two narrators whose narrations are known as riwaya (transmissions) and named after its primary narrator (rawi, singular of riwaya). <a href="#cite_note-35">[Note 10]</a> Each rawi has turuq (transmission lines) with more variants created by notable students of the master who recited them and named after the student of the master. Passed down from turuq are wujuh: the wajh of so-and-so from the tariq of so-and-so. There are about twenty riwayat and eighty turuq.<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-5">[5]</a> In the 1730s, Quran translator <a href="/wiki/George_Sale" title="George Sale">George Sale</a> noted seven principal editions of the Quran, "two of which were published and used at Medina, a third at Mecca, a fourth at Kufa, a fifth at Basra, a sixth in Syria, and a seventh called the common edition " He states that "the chief disagreement between their several editions of the Koran, consists in the division and number of the verses."<a href="#cite_note-36">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reciting">Reciting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reciting">edit</a>]</div> Some of the prominent reciters and scholars in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic history</a> who worked with qiraʼat as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Ilm al-Din</a> (Islamic science) are:<a href="#cite_note-Salahi-AN-16-7-2001-14">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaid_al-Qasim_bin_Salam" title="Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam">Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam</a> (774 - 838 CE) was the first to develop a recorded science for <a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">tajwid</a> (a set of rules for the correct pronunciation of the letters with all their qualities and applying the various traditional methods of recitation), giving the rules of tajwid names and putting it into writing in his book called al-Qiraat. He wrote about 25 reciters, including the seven mutawatir reciters.<a href="#cite_note-ajaja-37">[27]</a> He made the recitation, transmitted through reciters of every generation, a science with defined rules, terms, and enunciation.<a href="#cite_note-shadee-38">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_Muj%C4%81hid" title="Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid">Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid</a> (859 - 936 CE) wrote a book called Kitab al-Sab’ fil-qirā’āt. He is the first to limit the number of reciters to the seven known. Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">ibn al-Jazari</a>, took this list of seven from Ibn Mujahid and added three other reciters (Abu Ja’far from Madinah, Ya’qub from Basrah, and Khalaf from Kufa) to form the canonical list of ten.<a href="#cite_note-ajaja-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> Imam <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shatibi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi">Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi</a> (1320 - 1388 CE) wrote a poem outlining the two most famous ways passed down from each of seven strong imams, known as al-Shatibiyyah. In it, he documented the rules of recitation of Naafi’, Ibn Katheer, Abu ‘Amr, Ibn ‘Aamir, ‘Aasim, al-Kisaa’i, and Hamzah. It is 1173 lines long and a major reference for the seven qira’aat.<a href="#cite_note-40">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a> (1350 - 1429 CE) wrote two large poems about qira'at and tajwid. One was Durrat Al-Maʿniyah (الدرة المعنية), in the readings of three major reciters, added to the seven in the Shatibiyyah, making it ten. The other is Tayyibat al-Nashr (طيبة النشر), which is 1014 lines on the ten major reciters in great detail, of which he also wrote a commentary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_readings">The readings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The readings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criteria_for_canonical_status">Criteria for canonical status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criteria for canonical status">edit</a>]</div> All accepted qira'at according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">ibn al-Jazari</a> follow three basic rules:<a href="#cite_note-41">[31]</a> <ol><li>Conformity to the consonantal skeleton of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran#Uthman_ibn_Affan_and_the_canonization" title="History of the Quran">Uthmānic codex</a>.</li> <li>Consistency with Arabic grammar.</li> <li>Authentic chain of transmission.</li></ol> The qira'at that do not meet these conditions are called shādh (anomalous/irregular/odd). The other recitations reported from companions that differ from the Uthmānic codex may represent an abrogated or abandoned ḥarf, or a recitation containing word alterations for commentary or for facilitation for a learner. By contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a>, it is not permissible to recite the shādh narrations in prayer, but they can be studied academically.<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> The most well documented companion reading was that of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Masud">'Abdullah ibn Mas'ud</a>. Dr. Ramon Harvey notes that Ibn Mas'ud's reading continued in use and was even taught as the dominant reading in Kufa for at least a century after his death and has shown that some of his distinctive readings continued to play a role in Hanafi fiqh.<a href="#cite_note-42">[32]</a> In 1937, Arthur Jeffery produced a compilation of variants attested in Islamic literature for a number of companion readings.<a href="#cite_note-43">[33]</a> More recently, Dr. Abd al-Latif al-Khatib made a much more comprehensive compilation of qira'at variants called Mu'jam al-Qira'at. This work is widely cited by academic scholars and includes ten large volumes listing variants attested in Islamic literature for the canonical readings and their transmissions, the companions, and other non-canonical reciters, mainly of the first two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a> The process by which certain readings became canonical and others regarded as shaadhdh has been extensively studied by Dr. Shady Nasser.<a href="#cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012-45">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_seven_canonical_qira'at">The seven canonical qira'at</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The seven canonical qira'at">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_readers" title="Seven readers">Seven readers</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Abdurrahman_Bewley" title="Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley">Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley</a>, seven qira’at of ibn Mujahid are mutawatir ("a transmission which has independent chains of authorities so wide as to rule out the possibility of any error and on which there is consensus").<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qiraat-elearning-46">[36]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The seven readers and their transmitters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background:#efefef;">Qari (reader) </th> <th colspan="6" style="background:#ffdead;">Rawi (transmitter) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Born </th> <th>Died </th> <th>Full name </th> <th>Details </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Born </th> <th>Died </th> <th>Full name </th> <th>Details </th> <th>Current region </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Nafi%E2%80%98_al-Madani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafi‘ al-Madani">Nafi‘ al-Madani</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">70 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">169 AH (785 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman Ibn Abi Na'im, Abu Ruwaym al-Laythi </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Persian with roots from <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qalun" title="Qalun">Qalun</a> </td> <td>120 AH </td> <td>220 AH (835 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td>Abu Musa, 'Isa Ibn Mina al-Zarqi </td> <td>Roman, Client of Bani Zuhrah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Warsh" title="Warsh">Warsh</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">110 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">197 AH (812 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">'Uthman Ibn Sa'id al-Qubti </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Egyptian; client of Quraysh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir_al-Makki" title="Ibn Kathir al-Makki">Ibn Kathir al-Makki</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">45 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">120 AH (738 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">'Abdullah, Abu Ma'bad al-'Attar al-Dari </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Persian </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazzi" title="Al-Bazzi">Al-Bazzi</a> </td> <td>170 AH </td> <td>250 AH (864 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td>Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn 'Abdillah, Abu al-Hasan al-Buzzi </td> <td>Persian </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Qunbul" title="Qunbul">Qunbul</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">195 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">291 AH (904 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Muhammad Ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, al-Makhzumi, Abu 'Amr </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Meccan and Makhzumi (by loyalty) </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Amr_ibn_al-%27Ala%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala'">Abu 'Amr Ibn al-'Ala'</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">68 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">154 AH (770 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Zuban Ibn al-'Ala' at-Tamimi al-Mazini, al-Basri </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Duri" title="Al-Duri">Al-Duri</a> </td> <td>150 AH </td> <td>246 AH (860 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td>Abu 'Umar, Hafs Ibn 'Umar Ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Baghdadi </td> <td>Grammarian, blind </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Shu%27ayb_al-Soussi" title="Abu Shu'ayb al-Soussi">Al-Susi</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">173 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">261 AH (874 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu Shu'ayb, Salih Ibn Ziyad Ibn 'Abdillah Ibn Isma'il Ibn al-Jarud ar-Riqqi </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"> </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amir_ad-Dimashqi" title="Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi">Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">8 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">118 AH (736 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">'Abdullah Ibn 'Amir Ibn Yazid Ibn Tamim Ibn Rabi'ah al-Yahsibi </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"> </td> <td>Hisham </td> <td>153 AH </td> <td>245 AH (859 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td>Abu al-Walid, Hisham ibn 'Ammar Ibn Nusayr Ibn Maysarah al-Salami al-Dimashqi </td> <td> </td> <td>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Dhakwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Dhakwan (page does not exist)">Ibn Dhakwan</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">173 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">242 AH (856 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu 'Amr, 'Abdullah Ibn Ahmad al-Qurayshi al-Dimashqi </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"> </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Aasim_ibn_Abi_al-Najud" title="Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud">Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">? </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">127 AH (745 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu Bakr, 'Aasim Ibn Abi al-Najud al-'Asadi </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Persian ('Asadi by loyalty) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shu%27bah" title="Shu'bah">Shu'bah</a> </td> <td>95 AH </td> <td>193 AH (809 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td>Abu Bakr, Shu'bah Ibn 'Ayyash Ibn Salim al-Kufi an-Nahshali </td> <td>Nahshali (by loyalty) </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Hafs" title="Hafs">Hafs</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">90 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">180 AH (796 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu 'Amr, Hafs Ibn Sulayman Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Abi Dawud al-Asadi al-Kufi </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Hamzah_az-Zaiyyat" title="Hamzah az-Zaiyyat">Hamzah az-Zaiyyat</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">80 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">156 AH (773 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu 'Imarah, Hamzah Ibn Habib al-Zayyat al-Taymi </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Persian (Taymi by loyalty) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khalaf_al-Bazzar" title="Khalaf al-Bazzar">Khalaf</a> </td> <td>150 AH </td> <td>229 AH (844 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td>Abu Muhammad al-Asadi al-Bazzar al-Baghdadi </td> <td> </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Khallad" title="Khallad">Khallad</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">? </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">220 AH (835 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu 'Isa, Khallad Ibn Khalid al-Baghdadi </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Quraishi </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Kisa%27i" title="Al-Kisa'i">Al-Kisa'i</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">119 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">189 AH (804 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu al-Hasan, 'Ali Ibn Hamzah al-Asadi </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Persian (Asadi by loyalty) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Layth" title="Al-Layth">Al-Layth</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>240 AH (854 CE)<a href="#cite_note-shady129-20">[12]</a> </td> <td>Abu al-Harith, al-Layth Ibn Khalid al-Baghdadi </td> <td> </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Duri" title="Al-Duri">Al-Duri</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">150 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">246 AH (860 CE) </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu 'Umar, Hafs Ibn 'Umar Ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Baghdadi </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Transmitter of Abu 'Amr (see above) </td> <td>Not commonly recited </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Three_after_the_Seven""> "The Three after the Seven"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "The Three after the Seven"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ten_recitations" title="Ten recitations">Ten recitations</a></div> Bewley notes a further three qira'at, (sometimes known as "the three after the seven"), that provide additional variants.<a href="#cite_note-[92]-47">[37]</a> These three—named after Abu Jafar, Ya'qub and Khalaf—were added to the canonical seven centuries later by ibn al-Jazari (d.1429 CE) though they were popular since the time of the seven.<a href="#cite_note-[91]-48">[38]</a> They are mashhur (literally "famous", "well-known". "these are slightly less wide in their transmission, but still so wide as to make error highly unlikely").<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qiraat-elearning-46">[36]</a> The three mashhur qira'at added to the seven are: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The three readers and their transmitters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background:#efefef;">Qari (reader) </th> <th colspan="5" style="background:#ffdead;">Rawi (transmitter) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Born </th> <th>Died </th> <th>Full name </th> <th>Details </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Born </th> <th>Died </th> <th>Full name </th> <th>Details </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu Ja'far </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">? </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">130 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Yazid Ibn al-Qa'qa' al-Makhzumi al-Madani </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"> </td> <td>'Isa Ibn Wardan </td> <td>? </td> <td>160 AH </td> <td>Abu al-Harith al-Madani </td> <td>Madani by style </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Ibn Jummaz </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">? </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">170 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu ar-Rabi', Sulayman Ibn Muslim Ibn Jummaz al-Madani </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Ya'qub al-Yamani </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">117 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">205 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu Muhammad, Ya'qub Ibn Ishaq Ibn Zayd Ibn 'Abdillah Ibn Abi Ishaq al-Hadrami al-Basri </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Client of the Hadramis </td> <td>Ruways </td> <td>? </td> <td>238 AH </td> <td>Abu 'Abdillah, Muhammad Ibn al-Mutawakkil al-Basri </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Rawh </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">? </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">234 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu al-Hasan, Rawh Ibn 'Abd al-Mu'min, al-Basri al-Hudhali </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Hudhali by loyalty </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"><a href="/wiki/Khalaf_al-Bazzar" title="Khalaf al-Bazzar">Khalaf</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">150 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">229 AH </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu Muhammad al-Asadi al-Bazzar al-Baghdadi </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Transmitter of Hamza (see above) </td> <td>Ishaq </td> <td>? </td> <td>286 AH </td> <td>Abu Ya'qub, Ishaq Ibn Ibrahim Ibn 'Uthman al-Maruzi al-Baghdadi </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Idris </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">189 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">292 AH </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;">Abu al-Hasan, Idris Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Haddad al-Baghdadi </td> <td style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_modes_of_recitation">Other modes of recitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other modes of recitation">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the ten "recognized" or "canonical modes"<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> there are four other modes of recitation: Ibn Muhaysin, al-Yazidi, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">al-Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-A%CA%BDmash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaiman al-Aʽmash">al-A‘mash</a>. These qira'at became unpopular over time as they all forgo one or more of ibn al-Jazari's criteria (mentioned above) and are now considered shadh (irregular/odd). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hafs_‘an_‘Asim">Hafs ‘an ‘Asim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hafs ‘an ‘Asim">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hafs" title="Hafs">Hafs</a></div> One qira'a that has reached overwhelming popularity is the <a href="/wiki/Hafs_%E2%80%98an_%E2%80%98Asim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafs ‘an ‘Asim">Hafs ‘an ‘Asim</a> (i.e., the mode of ʿĀṣim ibn Abī al-Najūd (d. 127 AH) according to his student Ḥafs ibn Sulaymān (d. 180 AH)),<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> specifically the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Edition">standard Egyptian edition of the Quran</a> first published on 10 July 1924 in Cairo. Its publication has been called a "terrific success", and the edition has been described as one "now widely seen as the official text of the Qur’an", so popular among both Sunni and Shi'a that the common belief among less well-informed Muslims is "that the Qur’an has a single, unambiguous reading", namely the 1924 Cairo version.<a href="#cite_note-GSRQSaIC2008:2-49">[39]</a> (A belief held, or at least suggested, even such scholars as the famous revivalist <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> -- "not even the most sceptical person has any reason to doubt that the Qur’än as we know it today is identical with the Qur’än which Muhammad set before the world"—and the Orientalist <a href="/wiki/A.J._Arberry" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Arberry">A.J. Arberry</a> -- "the Koran as printed in the twentieth century is identical with the Koran as authorized by ‘Uthmän more than 1300 years ago"—both of whom make no mention of Qira'at and use the singular form in describing the Quran.)<a href="#cite_note-Maududi-Towards-109-50">[40]</a> Another source states that "for all practical purposes", it is the one Quranic version in "general use" in the Muslim world today.<a href="#cite_note-GBRRCQ2008:74-26">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[Note 11]</a> Among the reasons given for the overwhelming popularity of Hafs an Asim is that it is easy to recite and that God has chosen it to be widespread (Qatari Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs).<a href="#cite_note-54">[43]</a> Ingrid Mattson credits mass-produced printing press mushaf with increasing the availability of the written Quran, but also with making one version widespread (not specifically Hafs 'an 'Asim) at the expense of diversity of qira'at.<a href="#cite_note-Mattson-2013-129-55">[44]</a> Gabriel Said Reynolds emphasizes that the goal of the Egyptian government in publishing the edition was not to delegitimize the other qira’at, but to eliminate variations found in Quranic texts used in state schools, and to do this they chose to preserve one of the fourteen qira’at "readings", namely that of Hafs (d. 180/796) ‘an ‘Asim (d. 127/745). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_among_readings">Variations among readings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variations among readings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_differences_between_readings">Examples of differences between readings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples of differences between readings">edit</a>]</div> Most of the differences between the various readings involve consonant/diacritical marks (I‘jām) and marks (<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arak%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥarakāt">Ḥarakāt</a>) indicating other vocalizations -- short vowels, nunization, glottal stops, long consonants. Differences in the <a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">rasm</a> or "skeleton" of the writing are more scarce, since canonical readings were required to comply with at least one of the regional Uthmanic copies<a href="#cite_note-Melchert2008-22">[14]</a> (which had a small number of differences). According to one study (by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Melchert" title="Christopher Melchert">Christopher Melchert</a>) based on a sample of the ten qira'at/readings, the most common variants (ignoring certain extremely common pronunciation issues) are non-dialectal vowel differences (31%), dialectal vowel differences (24%), and consonantal dotting differences (16%).<a href="#cite_note-Melchert2008-22">[14]</a> (Other academic works in English have become available that list and categorise the variants in the main seven canonical readings. Two notable and open access works are those of Nasser<a href="#cite_note-56">[45]</a> and Abu Fayyad.)<a href="#cite_note-57">[46]</a> The first set of examples below compares the most widespread reading today of Hafs from Asim with that of Warsh from Nafi, which is widely read in North Africa. All have differences in the consonantal/diacritical marking (and vowel markings), but only one adds a consonant/word to the rasm: "then it is what" v. "it is what", where a "fa" consonant letter is added to the verse. <dl><dt>Ḥafs ʿan ʿĀṣim and Warš ʿan Nāfiʿ</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>(Warsh) رواية ورش عن نافع</th> <th>رواية حفص عن عاصم (Hafs)</th> <th>Ḥafs</th> <th>Warsh</th> <th>verse </th></tr> <tr> <td>يَعْمَلُونَ</td> <td>تَعْمَلُونَ</td> <td>you do</td> <td>they do</td> <td>Al-Baqara 2:85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>مَا تَنَزَّلُ</td> <td>مَا نُنَزِّلُ</td> <td>We do not send down...</td> <td>they do not come down...</td> <td>Al-Ḥijr 15:8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>لِيَهَبَ</td> <td>لِأَهَبَ</td> <td>that I may bestow</td> <td>that He may bestow</td> <td>Maryam 19:19<a href="#cite_note-Q1919-58">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>قُل</td> <td>قَالَ</td> <td>he said</td> <td>Say!</td> <td>Al-Anbiyā' 21:4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>كَثِيرًا</td> <td>كَبِيرًا</td> <td>mighty</td> <td>multitudinous</td> <td>Al-Aḥzāb 33:68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>بِمَا</td> <td>فَبِمَا</td> <td>then it is what</td> <td>it is what</td> <td>Al-Shura 42:30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>نُدْخِلْهُ</td> <td>يُدْخِلْهُ</td> <td>He makes him enter</td> <td>We make him enter</td> <td>Al-Fatḥ 48:17<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>عِندَ</td> <td>عِبَٰدُ</td> <td>who are the slaves of the Beneficent</td> <td>who are with the Beneficent</td> <td>al-Zukhruf 43:19 </td></tr></tbody></table> While the change of voice or pronouns in these verse may seem confusing, it is very common in the Quran<a href="#cite_note-Bell_Watt_1977_66-61">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADFotA2003:45-46-62">[51]</a> and found even in the same verse.<a href="#cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:135-63">[52]</a> (It is known as iltifāt.) <ul><li>Q.2:85 the "you" in Hafs refers to the actions of more than one person and the "They" in Warsh is also referring to the actions of more than one person.</li> <li>Q.15:8 "We" refers to God in Hafs and the "They" in Warsh refers to what is not being sent down by God (The Angels).</li> <li>Q.19:19 (li-ʾahaba v. li-yahaba) is a well known difference, both for the theological interest in the alternative pronouns said to have been uttered by the angel, and for requiring unusual orthography.<a href="#cite_note-Q1919-58">[47]</a></li> <li>Q.48:17, the "He" in Hafs is referring to God and the "We" in Warsh is also referring to God; this is due to the fact that God refers to Himself in both the singular form and plural form by using the royal "We".</li> <li>Q.43:19 shows an example of a consonantal dotting difference that gives a different root word, in this case ʿibādu v. ʿinda.</li></ul> The second set of examples below compares the other canonical readings with that of Ḥafs ʿan ʿĀṣim. These are not nearly as widely read today, though all are available in print and studied for recitation. <dl><dt>Ḥafs ʿan ʿĀṣim and several other canonical readings</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ḥafs</th> <th>Other reading</th> <th>Ḥafs</th> <th>Other readings</th> <th>verse </th></tr> <tr> <td>وَأَرْجُلَكُمْ</td> <td>[Abū ʿAmr] وَأَرْجُلِكُمْ</td> <td>and (wash) your feet [accusative case]</td> <td>and (rub with wet hands) your feet [genitive case]</td> <td>Al-Māʾidah 5:6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>عَلِمْتَ</td> <td>[al-Kisāʾī] عَلِمْتُ</td> <td>[Moses] said, "You have already known</td> <td>[Moses] said, "I have already known</td> <td>al-Isrāʼ 17:102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>تُسَٰقِطْ</td> <td>[Yaʿqūb] يَسَّٰقَطْ</td> <td>[the tree] will drop</td> <td>[the trunk] will drop</td> <td>Maryam 19:25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>يَبْصُرُوا۟</td> <td>[Ḥamza] تَبْصُرُوا۟</td> <td>He said, "I saw what they did not see</td> <td>He said, "I saw what you did not see</td> <td>Ṭā Hā 20:96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>فُتِحَتْ</td> <td>[Ibn ʿĀmir] فُتِّحَتْ]</td> <td>has been opened</td> <td>has been opened wide</td> <td>Al-Anbiyā' 21:96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>نَطْوِى ٱلسَّمَآءَ</td> <td>[Abū Ǧaʿfar] تُطْوَى ٱلسَّمَآءُ</td> <td>We will fold the heaven</td> <td>will be folded the heaven</td> <td>Al-Anbiyā' 21:104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جُدُرٍۭ</td> <td>[Ibn Kaṯīr] جِدَارٍۭ</td> <td>from behind walls</td> <td>from behind a wall</td> <td>Al-Hashr 59:14 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Q.5:6 The variant grammatical cases (wa-arjulakum and wa-arjulikum) were adopted for different exegetical views by Sunni and Shīʿi scholars, such that in wudu the feet were either to be washed or rubbed, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a> The reading of Abū ʿAmr was shared by Ibn Kaṯīr, Šuʿba ʿan ʿĀṣim and Ḥamza.</li> <li>Q.17:102 and Q20:96 are examples of verbal prefix or suffix variants (the latter also read by al-Kisāʾī).</li> <li>Q.19:25 has a notably large number of readings for this word (four canonical readings with different subject or verb form, and several non-canonical).<a href="#cite_note-65">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[55]</a></li> <li>Q.21:104 is an example of active-passive variants.</li> <li>Q.21.96 is an example of a verb form variant, with Ibn ʿĀmir reading the more intensive verb form II.</li> <li>Q59.14 is an example of singular-plural variants (also read by Abū ʿAmr).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qira'at_and_Ahruf">Qira'at and Ahruf</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Qira'at and Ahruf">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difference_between_them">Difference between them</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Difference between them">edit</a>]</div> Although both Qira'at (recitations) and Ahruf (styles) refer to readings of the Quran, they are not the same. Ahmad 'Ali al Imam (and Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan) notes three general explanations, described by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a>, of what happened to the Ahruf.<a href="#cite_note-al-Imam-2006-42-3-67">[56]</a> One group of scholars, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a>, held that Uthman preserved all seven ahruf. Another group, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>, held that Uthman preserved only one of the seven, unifying the ummah under it.<a href="#cite_note-73">[Note 12]</a> Finally, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a> held what he said was the majority view, which is that the orthography of the Uthmanic copies accommodated a number of ahruf -- "some of the differences of the aḥruf, not all of them".<a href="#cite_note-[79]-74">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[Note 13]</a> Taking the second version of the history of the ahruf described above, <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Philips" title="Bilal Philips">Bilal Philips</a> writes that Caliph 'Uthman eliminated six of the seven ahruf about halfway through his reign, when confusion developed in the outlying provinces about the Quran's recitation. Some Arab tribes boasted about the superiority of their ahruf, and rivalries began; new Muslims also began combining the forms of recitation out of ignorance. Caliph 'Uthman decided to make official copies of the Quran according to the writing conventions of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> and send them with the Quranic reciters to the Islamic centres. His decision was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Companions of Muhammad">Companions of Muhammad</a>, and all unofficial copies of the Quran were ordered destroyed; Uthman carried out the order, distributing official copies and destroying unofficial copies, so that the Quran began to be read in one harf, the same one in which it is written and recited throughout world today.<a href="#cite_note-ri-28-29-19">[11]</a> Philips writes that Qira'at is primarily a method of pronunciation used in recitations of the Quran. These methods are different from the seven forms, or modes (ahruf), in which the Quran was revealed. The methods have been traced back to Muhammad through a number of Companions who were noted for their Quranic recitations; they recited the Quran to Muhammad (or in his presence), and received his approval. These Companions included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayy_ibn_Ka%27b" title="Ubayy ibn Ka'b">Ubayy ibn Ka'b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Ibn Abi Talib">Ali Ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Masud">Abdullah ibn Masud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Darda" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Darda">Abu Darda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Musa al-Ash'ari">Abu Musa al-Ash'ari</a></li></ul> Many of the other Companions learned from them; master Quran commentator Ibn 'Abbaas learned from Ubayy and Zayd.<a href="#cite_note-ri-29-30-79">[66]</a> According to Philips, among the Successor (aka <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi'in">Tabi'in</a>) generation of Muslims were many scholars who learned the methods of recitation from the Companions and taught them to others. Centres of Quranic recitation developed in al-Madeenah, Makkah, Kufa, Basrah and Syria, leading to the development of Quranic recitation as a science. By the mid-eighth century CE, a large number of scholars were considered specialists in the field of recitation. Most of their methods were authenticated by chains of reliable narrators, going back to Muhammad. The methods which were supported by a large number of reliable narrators (i.e. readers or qāriʾūn) on each level of their chain were called mutawaatir, and were considered the most accurate. Methods in which the number of narrators were few (or only one) on any level of the chain were known as shaadhdh. Some scholars of the following period began the practice of designating a set number of individual scholars from the previous period as the most noteworthy and accurate. The number seven became popular by the mid-10th century, since it coincided with the number of dialects in which the Quran was revealed<a href="#cite_note-ri-30-80">[67]</a> (a reference to Ahruf). Another (more vague) differentiation between Qira'at (recitations) and Ahruf (styles) offered by Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan is "... the seven aḥruf are all the categories of variation to which the differences found within qirāʾāt correspond. In other words, they represent a menu of ingredients from which each qirāʾah selects its profile."<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptural_basis_for_seven_Ahruf">Scriptural basis for seven Ahruf</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scriptural basis for seven Ahruf">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ahruf#Scriptural_basis" title="Ahruf">Ahruf § Scriptural basis</a></div> While different ahruf or variants of the Quran are not mentioned in the Quran, hadith do mention them. According to Bismika Allahuma, proof of the seven ahruf is found in many hadith, "so much so that it reaches the level of mutawaatir." One scholar, Jalaal ad-Deen as-Suyootee, said that twenty-one traditions of companions of Muhammad state "that the Qur’aan was revealed in seven ahruf".<a href="#cite_note-BISMIKA_ALLAHUMA-81">[68]</a> One hadith (reported in the <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a>) has "<a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar Ibn al-Khattab</a> manhandling Hisham Ibn Hakim Ibn Hizam after what he (Umar) thinks is an incorrect reading of the Quran by Hisham. When Umar hauls Hisham to Muhammad for chastisement," where Hisham and Umar each recite for Muhammad, Umar is surprised to hear Muhammad say, "It was revealed thus", after each reading. Muhammad ends by saying: "It was revealed thus; this Quran has been revealed in seven Ahruf. You can read it in any of them you find easy from among them."<a href="#cite_note-muw-82">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreement">Disagreement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Disagreement">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a> (and others) point out that <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> and Hisham belonged to the same tribe (the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>), and members of the same tribe and would not have used different pronunciation. Supporters of the theory reply that Hisham may have been taught the Quran by a companion of Muhammad from a different tribe. Nevertheless, Ghamidi questions the hadith which claim "variant readings", on the basis of Quranic verses (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/87?startingVerse=6">87:6-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/75?startingVerse=16">75:16-19</a>), the Quran was compiled during Muhammad's lifetime and questions the hadith which report its compilation during <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>'s reign.<a href="#cite_note-jav-83">[70]</a> Since most of these narrations are reported by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a>, Imam Layth Ibn Sa'd wrote to <a href="/wiki/Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Malik">Imam Malik</a>:<a href="#cite_note-jav-83">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[71]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And when we would meet Ibn Shihab, there would arise a difference of opinion in many issues. When any one of us would ask him in writing about some issue, he, in spite of being so learned, would give three very different answers, and he would not even be aware of what he had already said. It is because of this that I have left him – something which you did not like.</blockquote> Abu 'Ubayd Qasim Ibn Sallam (died 224 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>) reportedly selected twenty-five readings in his book. The seven readings which are currently notable were selected by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_Mujahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr Ibn Mujahid">Abu Bakr Ibn Mujahid</a> (died 324 AH, 936 CE) at the end of the third century from prominent reciters of his time, three from <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> and one each from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:73-33">[24]</a> It is generally accepted that although their number cannot be ascertained, every reading is Quran which has been reported through a chain of narration and is <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">linguistically</a> correct. Some readings are regarded as mutawatir, but their chains of narration indicate that they are ahad (isolate) and their narrators are suspect in the eyes of <a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">rijal</a> authorities.<a href="#cite_note-jav-83">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Questions_and_difficulties">Questions and difficulties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Questions and difficulties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_view_of_full_authenticity">Developing view of full authenticity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Developing view of full authenticity">edit</a>]</div> Professor Shady Nasser of Harvard University is the author of books and papers on the canonization process of the Quran. Nasser has explored examples of prominent early scholars and grammarians who regarded some variants that were later considered canonical to be wrong (not just wrongly transmitted) or preferred some variants over others. In particular, he gives examples of such views from the time shortly before canonization expressed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:39–47-85">[72]</a> the grammarian <a href="/wiki/Al-Farra%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Farraʼ">Al-Farraʼ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:167-86">[73]</a> and Ibn Mujahid in the very work in which he selected the 7 readings (Kitab al-Sab’a fil-qirā’āt,<a href="#cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:59-61-87">[74]</a> particularly his "critical remarks [...] against Ibn ʿĀmir, Ḥamza, and some canonical Rāwīs such as Qunbul".<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:89-88">[75]</a> In one summary he states in reference to certain critics and examples (elaborated in earlier chapters) that "The early Muslim community did not unconditionally accept all these Readings; the Readings of Ḥamza, al-Kisāʾī, and Ibn ʿĀmir were always disparaged, criticized, and sometimes ridiculed."<a href="#cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:111-89">[76]</a> Contrasting with the view of early scholars that the readings included human interpretation and errors, Nasser writes, "This position changed drastically in the later periods, especially after the 5th/11th century where the canonical Readings started to be treated as divine revelation, i.e. every single variant reading in the seven and ten eponymous Readings was revealed by God to Muhammad."<a href="#cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:77-90">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreement_on_mutawatir_transmission_from_Muhammad">Disagreement on mutawatir transmission from Muhammad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Disagreement on mutawatir transmission from Muhammad">edit</a>]</div> Doctrine holds that the readings that make up each of the canonical Qira'at can be traced by a chain of transmission (like hadith) back to Muhammad, and even that they were transmitted by chains so numerous that their authenticity is beyond doubt (mutawatir). In theory, evidence of the canonical Qira'at should be found among the oldest Quranic manuscripts. However, according to Morteza Karimi-Nia of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Islamica_Foundation" title="Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation">Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">the seven variant readings attributed to the Seven Readers, which have been prevalent since the fourth/tenth century, are only rarely evident in the Qurʾānic manuscripts of the first two Islamic centuries. In these manuscripts, instead, one can find either the above-mentioned regional differences (as between Mecca, Medina, Kufa, Basra, or Damascus) or differences in lettering and dotting, which do not necessarily reflect the canonical variants of the Seven Readers but can be traced back to the readings of one of the Prophet’s Companions or Followers."<a href="#cite_note-91">[78]</a></blockquote> The view of some scholars that the differences, not just the agreement, between the canonical qira'at were transmitted mutawatir was a topic of disagreement among scholars. Shady Nasser notes that "all the Eponymous Readings were transmitted via single strands of transmissions (āḥād) between the Prophet and the seven Readers, which rendered the tawātur of these Readings questionable and problematic." He observes that qira'at manuals were often silent on the isnad (chain of transmission) between the eponymous reader and the Prophet, documenting instead the formal isnads from the manual author to the eponymous reader. Like Ibn Mujahid, often they separately included various biographical accounts connecting the reading back to the Prophet, while later manuals developed more sophisticated isnads.<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:110-116-92">[79]</a> Nasser concludes that "the dominant and strongest opinion among the Muslim scholars holds to the non-tawātur of the canonical Readings".<a href="#cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:116-93">[80]</a> Marijn van Putten has noted similarly that "The view that the transmission of the Quran is tawātur seems to develop some significant time after the canonization of the readers".<a href="#cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:52-55-94">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggles_of_the_Qurrāʾ">Struggles of the Qurrāʾ</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Struggles of the Qurrāʾ">edit</a>]</div> The writings of Ibn Mujahid give a great deal of insight into the community of the Qurrāʾ (Arabic: "reciters"). In his book on Ibn Mujahid's Kitab al-Sab’a, Shady Nasser cites specific examples to make many observations on the difficulties that the eponymous readers and their transmitters are therein reported to have experienced, while emphasising that they were "driven by sincere piety and admiration for the Qurʾānic revelation" and "went to extreme measures to preserve, perform and stabilize the text".<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:182-95">[82]</a> For example, when precise information was missing on part of a reading, "the Qurrāʾ resorted to qiyās (analogy)", as did Ibn Mujahid himself in documenting the readings transmitted to him.<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:178-96">[83]</a> In other cases, canonical transmitters such as Shu'ba said he "did not memorize" how his teacher 'Asim read certain words, or Ibn Mujahid had conflicting or missing information.<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:178-180-97">[84]</a> Accounts report what Nasser describes as incidents of "ambivalence and indecisiveness" by readers themselves such as Abu 'Amr, 'Asim and Nafi.,<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:173-98">[85]</a> while Ibn Mujahid often lacked certain information on Ibn Amir's reading.<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:174-99">[86]</a> Nasser also notes examples recorded by Ibn Mujahid of readers such as Abu 'Amr, al Kisa'i, Nafi, and the transmitters of 'Asim, Hafs and Shu'ba, in certain cases "retracting a reading and adopting a new one", or Shu'ba recounting that he "became skeptical" of his teacher 'Asim's reading of a certain word and adopted instead that of a non-canonical Kufan reader (al-A'mash).<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:175-176-100">[87]</a> He notes the case of Ibn Dhakwan finding one reading for a word in his book/notebook, and recalling something different in his memory.<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:159-101">[88]</a> Nasser observes that "when in doubt, the Qurrāʾ often referred to written records and personal copies of the Qurʾān", sometimes requesting to see the copy belonging to someone else.<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:172-102">[89]</a> In his book on Quranic Arabic and the reading traditions (open access in pdf format), Marijn van Putten puts forth a number of arguments such that the qira'at are not purely oral recitations, but also to an extent are readings dependent on the rasm, the ambiguities of which they interpreted in different ways, and that the readings accommodated the standardized rasm rather than the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:52-55-94">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_dialect_of_the_Quran">Arabic dialect of the Quran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arabic dialect of the Quran">edit</a>]</div> Contrary to popular conceptions, the Quran was not originally codified in Classical Arabic, instead originating in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi</a> dialect of Arabic. Linguist and Quranic manuscript expert Dr. Marijn van Putten has written a number of papers on the Arabic evident in the Quranic consonantal text (QCT). Van Putten brings internal linguistic arguments (internal rhymes) to show that this dialect had lost the hamza (except at the end of words spoken in the canonical readings with a final alif), not just in the orthography of the written text, as is well established, but even in the original spoken performance of the Quran. He also notes Chaim Rabin's (d. 1996) observation of "several statements by medieval Arabic scholars that many important Hijazis, including the prophet, would not pronounce the hamza" and quotes his point that "the most celebrated feature of the Hijaz dialect is the disappearance of the hamza, or glottal stop". The canonical readings on the other hand use hamza much more widely and have considerable differences in its usage.<a href="#cite_note-103">[90]</a> In another paper, Van Putten and Professor Phillip Stokes argue, using various types of internal evidence and supported by early manuscripts and inscriptions of early dialects found in Arabia, that unlike the dialects found in the canonical readings, the spoken language behind the QCT "possessed a functional but reduced case system, in which cases marked by long vowels were retained, whereas those marked by short vowels were mostly lost". <a href="#cite_note-104">[91]</a> Van Putten also reconstructs the spoken dialect represented by the QCT to have treated nouns ending with feminine -at as diptotes (without nunation) rather than the triptotic feminine endings spoken in Quran recitations today.<a href="#cite_note-105">[92]</a> A summary of these findings is given by Van Putten in his book, Quranic Arabic: From Its Hijazi Origins to Its Classical Reading Traditions .<a href="#cite_note-106">[93]</a> In the concluding chapter, van Putten reiterates his overall argument that the Quran has been "reworked and ‘Classicized’ over time, to yield the much more Classical looking forms of Arabic in which the text is recited today". He suggests that "we can see traces of the Classical Arabic case system having been imposed onto the original language as reflected in the QCT, which had lost most of its word final short vowels and tanwīn".<a href="#cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:216-107">[94]</a> Van Putten has further argued that no canonical reading maintains any particular dialect. Rather, through a process of imperfect transmission and explicit choices, the readers assembled their own readings of the Quran, with no regard as to whether this amalgamation of linguistic features had ever occurred in a single dialect of the arabiyyah. In this way the readings came to have a mixed character of different dialectical features.<a href="#cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:78-79,_96-108">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recitation_of_scribal_errors_inherited_from_the_original_Uthmanic_copies">Recitation of scribal errors inherited from the original Uthmanic copies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recitation of scribal errors inherited from the original Uthmanic copies">edit</a>]</div> In modern times some academic scholars have regarded descriptions by Muslim scholars of the 40 or so differences in the rasm (skeleton text) of the four copies of the Uthmanic codex sent out to Medina, Syria, and the garrison towns of Basra and Kufa, to be scribal errors in those copies, especially after Michael Cook (who expresses this view) established from these descriptions that they form a stemma (tree structure), widely considered to prove a written copying process.<a href="#cite_note-109">[96]</a> All subsequent manuscripts can be grouped into these regional families based on the inherited differences. Marijn Van Putten and Hythem Sidky have noted that the canonical readers strongly tended to include the differences found in the codex given to their region and adapted their readings accordingly,<a href="#cite_note-110">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sidky2020-112">[99]</a> while Shady Nasser gives a somewhat more complex picture, with a more comprehensive list of the documented differences including those that are less well attested. He also identifies examples where different readers from the same town sometimes seem to have used codices from elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:144–163-113">[100]</a> Hythem Sidky too notes some such examples, suggesting that as knowledge of regionally isolated variants proliferated, new options became available to the readers or that codices became contaminated through copying from multiple exemplars. He also finds that the less well attested variants in the rasm literature have a "poor agreement" with the regionality found in early manuscripts, whereas the well attested variants in the rasm literature (which form a stemma) have an "excellent agreement" with the manuscript evidence. He finds that "by all indications, documentation of the regional variants was an organic process", rather than being known at the time the codices were produced.<a href="#cite_note-Sidky2020-112">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implications_of_variant_readings">Implications of variant readings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Implications of variant readings">edit</a>]</div> Discussing different views on when the Quran reached a state of codification or stability <a href="/wiki/Fred_Donner" title="Fred Donner">Fred Donner</a> argues that due to the variant readings which "circulated in great numbers" prior to the canonical selection, as well as the canonical differences, the Quran had not yet crystalized into a single, immutable codified form ... within one generation of Muhammad".<a href="#cite_note-FMDQiRS2008:42-114">[101]</a> Donner does agree however, with the standard narrative that despite the presence of "some significant variants" in the qira'at literature, there are not "long passages of otherwise wholly unknown text claiming to be Quran, or that appear to be used as Quran -- only variations within a text that is clearly recognizable as a version of a known Quranic passage".<a href="#cite_note-FMDQiRS2008:42-3-115">[102]</a> Revisionist historian Michael Cook also states that the Quran "as we know it", is "remarkably uniform" in the rasm.<a href="#cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:119-116">[103]</a> One example of how slight changes in lettering in different Qiraat suggesting the possibility of a major doctrinal impact on the Quran is the first word in two verses: Q.21:4 and 21:112. In Hafs qiraa version that first word is "qāla, translated as 'He [Muhammad] said ...'". The orthography is different in the two verses—in Q.21:4 the second letter is a "plene" <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet#Alif" title="Arabic alphabet">alif</a> قال, in 21:112 "<a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">dagger aliph</a>" (i.e. a diacritical mark, so not part of the rasm as a plene aliph is). But in Warsh qiraa the first word in the verses is a different verb form, قل qul (the imperative 'say!')<a href="#cite_note-117">[104]</a> changing the verse from talking about what Muhammad said to a command from God. Examining verse 21:112, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Andrew Rippin</a> states <blockquote>"The very last verse (112) of sura 21 starts "He said [qāla], 'My Lord, judge according to the truth. Our Lord is the All-Merciful' ". The reference to "My Lord" and "Our Lord" in the text indicates that the subject of "He said " cannot be God but is the reciter of the Qur’än, in the first place understood to be Muhammad. Such a passage, in fact, falls into a common form of Qur’änic speech found in passages normally prefaced by the imperative "Say!" (qul).The significant point here is that in the text of the Qur’ān, the word here translated as "He said" is, in fact, more easily read as "Say!" due to the absence of the long "a" marker (something which commonly happens in the Qur’än, to be sure, but the word qäla is spelled this way only twice - the other occasion being in Qur’än 21:4 and that occurs in some of the traditions of the writing of the text). In the early Sana manuscripts, the absence of the long "a" in the word qäla is a marker of an entire set of early texts. But why should it be that this particular passage should be read in the way that it is? It really should read "Say!" to be parallel to the rest of the text. This opens the possibility that there was a time when the Qur’än was understood not as the word of God (as with "Say!") but the word of Muhammad as the speaking prophet. It would appear that in the process of editing the text, most passages were transformed from "He said" to "Say!" in both interpretation and writing with the exception of these two passages in Sura 21 which were not changed. This could have occurred only because somebody was working on the basis of the written text in the absence of a parallel oral tradition".<a href="#cite_note-[47]-118">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misunderstanding">Misunderstanding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Misunderstanding">edit</a>]</div> Using "qiraʼat"/"recitations" to describe Quranic variants may sound as though different reciters are reading from the same text (or reciting based on the same text) but with different "prolongation, intonation, and pronunciation of words";<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> or if their spoken words are different it's because they have the same consonants but different vowel markings (see orthography diagram above). (Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan, for example, talk of the "basis of the qirāʾāt" being "words that can be read in multiple ways" rather than different words or word forms used in the same verse.)<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> However, not only do the written vowel markings and written consonant diacritical marks differ between Qiraʼat, there are also occasional small but "substantial" differences in the "skeleton" of the script (rasm, see <a href="#Examples_of_differences_between_readings">Examples of differences between readings</a>) that Uthman reportedly standardized. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationale">Rationale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rationale">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a>, "the origin" of the differences of qira'at "lies in the fact that the linguistic system of the Quran incorporates the most familiar Arabic dialects and vernacular forms in use at the time of the Revelation."<a href="#cite_note-Kahteran-2006-233-3">[3]</a> According to Csaba Okváth, "Different recitations [different qira'at] take into account dialectal features of Arabic language ..." <a href="#cite_note-Okvath-2014-31">[22]</a> Similarly, the Oxford Islamic Studies Online writes that "according to classical Muslim sources", the variations that crept up before Uthman created the "official" Quran "dealt with subtleties of pronunciations and accents (qirāʿāt) and not with the text itself which was transmitted and preserved in a culture with a strong oral tradition."<a href="#cite_note-119">[106]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Abdurrahman_Bewley" title="Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley">Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley</a> writes that different qirāʿāt have "different diacritical marks", and the differences "compliment other recitations and add to the meaning, and are a source of <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">exegesis</a>."<a href="#cite_note-IIUM-32">[23]</a> Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan contend that qirāʿāt "constitute a unique feature of the Qur’an that multiplies its eloquence and aesthetic beauty", and "in certain cases" the differences in qirāʾāt "add nuances in meaning, complementing one another."<a href="#cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questions">Questions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Questions">edit</a>]</div> Other reports of what Muhammad said (as well as some scholarly commentary) seem to contradict the presence of variant readings -- ahruf or qirāʾāt.<a href="#cite_note-jav-83">[70]</a> Abu Abd Al-Rahman al-Sulami writes, "The reading of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a> and that of all the <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> was the same. They would read the Quran according to the Qira'at al-'ammah. This is the same reading which was read out twice by the Prophet to Gabriel in the year of his death. <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a> was also present in this reading [called] the 'Ardah-i akhirah. It was this very reading that he taught the Quran to people till his death".<a href="#cite_note-120">[107]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sirin" title="Ibn Sirin">Ibn Sirin</a>, "The reading on which the Quran was read out to the prophet in the year of his death is the same according to which people are reading the Quran today",<a href="#cite_note-121">[108]</a> which seems to contradict the recent Sanaa Mosque discoveries. Examining the hadith of Umar's surprise in finding out "this Quran has been revealed in seven Ahruf", <a href="/wiki/Suyuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suyuti">Suyuti</a>, a noted 15th-century Islamic theologian, concludes the "best opinion" of this hadith is that it is "mutashabihat", i.e. its meaning "cannot be understood."<a href="#cite_note-122">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">Ahruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_recitations" title="Ten recitations">Ten recitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_readers" title="Seven readers">Seven readers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_recitations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special recitations (page does not exist)">Special recitations</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:قراءات شاذة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_Rateb" title="Hizb Rateb">Hizb Rateb</a>, in Sufism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salka_(Sufism)" title="Salka (Sufism)">Salka</a>, in Sufism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a>, in Christianity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> in Judaism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_As-Suwaisy" title="Ali As-Suwaisy">Ali As-Suwaisy</a> Quran reciter</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> for example, in Surat al-Baqara (1): "Dhalika'l-Kitabu la rayb" or "Dhalika'l-Kitabu la rayba fih"<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> an example being "suddan" or "saddan"<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> (due to different diacritical marks, for example, yaʼ or taʼ (turjaʼuna or yurjaʼuna) or a word having a long consonant or not (a consonant will have a <a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">shadda</a> making it long, or not have one).<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> For example "fa-tabayyanu" (فتبينوا) or "fa-tathabbatu" (فتثبتوا) in Q4.94 (which originally written in Uthmanic script as " ڡىىىىـوا"), both of words means "clarify" or "confirm".<a href="#cite_note-Younes-9">[6]</a> However, the variations don't change the overall message or doctrinal meanings of the Qur'an, as the differences are often subtle and contextually equivalent. These two words, while having different roots, convey similar meanings: "fa-tabayyanu" means "verify" or "clarify," while "fa-tathabbatu" means "be sure" or "confirm." The Uthmanic script, which lacked full vowel markings and diacritical dots, allowed for slight differences in pronunciation and reading that were passed down through different Qirāʾāt traditions. Both "fa-tabayyanu" and "fa-tathabbatu" are accepted readings in the different canonical Qirāʾāt. In this case, the overall instruction is the same: believers are told to ensure clarity or confirmation before making decisions, particularly regarding news they receive. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> For example in the beginning of 12:90 for Qunbul (‎قَالُوا إِنَّكَ لَأَنتَ يُوسُفُ) or “They said “You are Joseph”” and in Hafs (‎قَالُوٓا۟ أَءِنَّكَ لَأَنتَ يُوسُفُ) or “They said “Are you Joseph?”“ <a href="#cite_note-“nquran.com”-11">[7]</a> In Qunbul's recitation: قَالُوا إِنَّكَ لَأَنتَ يُوسُفُ translates as, "They said, 'You are indeed Joseph!'" This version indicates certainty and recognition of Joseph's identity. In Hafs' recitation: قَالُوا أَءِنَّكَ لَأَنتَ يُوسُفُ translates as, "They said, 'Is it really you, Joseph?'" This version suggests a sense of surprise or questioning, as though they are confirming their amazement. Although the two readings differ in tone and emphasis, the overall message of the verse remains consistent: Joseph’s brothers are either recognizing or confirming his identity. These subtle variations reflect the richness of the Arabic language and how meaning can be conveyed differently without altering the core message of the Qur'an. Thus, while different Qirāʾāt can produce different nuances or shades of meaning, they do not fundamentally change the theological or historical narrative of the Qur'an. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Surah Yusuf (12:90) highlights how different Qirāʾāt can lead to slightly different meanings in a verse. In Qunbul's recitation: قَالُوا إِنَّكَ لَأَنتَ يُوسُفُ translates as, "They said, 'You are indeed Joseph!'" This version indicates certainty and recognition of Joseph's identity. In Hafs' recitation: قَالُوا أَءِنَّكَ لَأَنتَ يُوسُفُ translates as, "They said, 'Is it really you, Joseph?'" This version suggests a sense of surprise or questioning, as though they are confirming their amazement. Although the two readings differ in tone and emphasis, the overall message of the verse remains consistent: Joseph’s brothers are either recognizing or confirming his identity. These subtle variations reflect the richness of the Arabic language and how meaning can be conveyed differently without altering the core message of the Qur'an. <a href="#cite_note-“nquran.com”-11">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Thus it is more accurate to identify a qirāʼah of the Quran by saying "this is the riwaya of [insert name of reciter]", rather than "this is [insert name of reciter]". An example being, "this is the riwaya of Hafs", and not "this is Hafs" -- Hafs being the reading used by most of the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> most of the varieties are not commonly used but can be found on pdf with English translation at quranflash.com -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://app.quranflash.com/?en">https://app.quranflash.com/?en</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> about 95% according to Muslimprophets website.<a href="#cite_note-Muslimprophets-24">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> There were two riwaya for each qira'a, but many more narrators who transmitted narrations from the qira'at. This twitter link <a href="#cite_note-34">[25]</a> gives a tree of fifteen narrators from one qira'a (Nafi‘ al-Madani, shown as "Nāfiʕ" at the top center). The two riwaya—Warsh (or Warš) and Qālūn—are on the left side mixed in with the other fifteen. Ibn Mujāhidat is at the bottom center of the tree, indicating he was aware of all the transmitters but picked Warsh and Qālūn as the riwaya. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Some other versions with minor divergences, namely those of Warsh (d.197/812) ....circulate in the northwestern regions of African.<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBRRCQ2008:84-52">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> According to Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan, "The opinion that the ʿUthmānic muṣḥaf selected one ḥarf was also the view of al-Naḥḥās (d. 338 AH),<a href="#cite_note-[72]-68">[57]</a> Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr (d. 463 AH),<a href="#cite_note-[73]-69">[58]</a> al-Abyārī (d. 616 AH),<a href="#cite_note-[74]-70">[59]</a> Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 751 AH),<a href="#cite_note-[75]-71">[60]</a> and many other scholars".<a href="#cite_note-[76]-72">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> According to Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan, "Makkī ibn Abī Ṭālib (d. 437 AH),<a href="#cite_note-[77]-75">[63]</a> Ibn al-Jazarī (d. 833 AH),<a href="#cite_note-[78]-76">[64]</a> Ibn Ḥajar (d. 852 AH) and other scholars explained that what remained after the ʿUthmānic compilation were the differences from the other aḥruf that could still be accommodated by the skeletal text of the ʿUthmānic codices;Ibn Ḥajar cites Abū al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAmmār al-Mahdawī (d. 430 AH) who states, 'The most correct position which is upheld by the experts is that what is recited now are some of [the differences] of the seven ḥurūf which were permitted to be recited and not all of them.'<a href="#cite_note-[80]-77">[65]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeroche202274-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeroche202274_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeroche2022">Deroche 2022</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&dq=Qira%CA%BCat+quran&pg=PA271">Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures</a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7926-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7926-0"><bdi>978-0-7614-7926-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Beliefs%2C+Practices%2C+and+Cultures&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_m14NlQQMYC%26dq%3DQira%25CA%25BCat%2Bquran%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahteran-2006-233-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kahteran-2006-233_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahteran-2006-233_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahteran2006" class="citation book cs1">Kahteran, Nevad (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&dq=Qira%27at&pg=PA233">"Hafiz/Tahfiz/Hifz/Muhaffiz"</a>. In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415326391" title="Special:BookSources/9780415326391"><bdi>9780415326391</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hafiz%2FTahfiz%2FHifz%2FMuhaffiz&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415326391&rft.aulast=Kahteran&rft.aufirst=Nevad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisDgI0-0Ip4C%26dq%3DQira%2527at%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khatib-variant-2019-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatib-variant-2019_4-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhatibKhan2019" class="citation web cs1">Khatib, Ammar; Khan, Nazir (23 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaqeeninstitute.org/ammar-khatib/the-origins-of-the-variant-readings-of-the-quran/">"The Origins of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an"</a>. Yaqueen Institute. Retrieved 21 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yaqueen+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Variant+Readings+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Khatib&rft.aufirst=Ammar&rft.au=Khan%2C+Nazir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaqeeninstitute.org%2Fammar-khatib%2Fthe-origins-of-the-variant-readings-of-the-quran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bewley-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bewley_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bewley_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bewley_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bewley_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bewley_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bewley_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bewley_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bewley_5-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bewley.virtualave.net/qira.html">"Seven Qira'at (Page 1)"</a>. bewley.virtualave.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bewley.virtualave.net&rft.atitle=Seven+Qira%27at+%28Page+1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbewley.virtualave.net%2Fqira.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Younes-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Younes_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYounes2019" class="citation book cs1">Younes, Munther (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQuWDwAAQBAJ">Charging Steeds or Maidens Performing Good Deeds: In Search of the Original Qur'an</a>. Routledge. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351055000" title="Special:BookSources/9781351055000"><bdi>9781351055000</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charging+Steeds+or+Maidens+Performing+Good+Deeds%3A+In+Search+of+the+Original+Qur%27an&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351055000&rft.aulast=Younes&rft.aufirst=Munther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQuWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-“nquran.com”-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-“nquran.com”_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-“nquran.com”_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nquran.com/ar/ayacompare/Julg4-uUl-aijL%C3%A4o?sora=12&aya=90">"Comparing verses to narrations"</a>. nquran.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nquran.com&rft.atitle=Comparing+verses+to+narrations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nquran.com%2Far%2Fayacompare%2FJulg4-uUl-aijL%25C3%25A4o%3Fsora%3D12%26aya%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salahi-AN-16-7-2001-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salahi-AN-16-7-2001_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salahi-AN-16-7-2001_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salahi-AN-16-7-2001_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalahi2001" class="citation news cs1">Salahi, Adil (16 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/213868">"Scholar Of Renown: Ibn Mujahid"</a>. Arab News. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scholar+Of+Renown%3A+Ibn+Mujahid&rft.date=2001-07-16&rft.aulast=Salahi&rft.aufirst=Adil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F213868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-basic-16"><a href="#cite_ref-basic_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idealmuslimah.com/rss-feed-news/141-tajweed-correct-recitation/introduction-to-the-10-recitations-7-ahruf/543-basic-introduction-to-the-10-recitations-and-7-ahruf.html">"Basic Introduction to the 10 Recitations and 7 Ahruf"</a>. Ideal Muslimah. Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ideal+Muslimah&rft.atitle=Basic+Introduction+to+the+10+Recitations+and+7+Ahruf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidealmuslimah.com%2Frss-feed-news%2F141-tajweed-correct-recitation%2Fintroduction-to-the-10-recitations-7-ahruf%2F543-basic-introduction-to-the-10-recitations-and-7-ahruf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bursi-2018-JIQSA-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bursi-2018-JIQSA_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bursi-2018-JIQSA_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBursi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bursi, Adam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3989900">"Connecting the Dots: Diacritics Scribal Culture, and the Quran"</a>. Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association. 3: 111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5913%2Fjiqsa.3.2018.a005">10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F389663">1874/389663</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005">10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216776083">216776083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Qur%27anic+Studies+Association&rft.atitle=Connecting+the+Dots%3A+Diacritics+Scribal+Culture%2C+and+the+Quran&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F389663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216776083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5913%2Fjiqsa.3.2018.a005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5913%2Fjiqsa.3.2018.a005&rft.aulast=Bursi&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3989900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ri-28-29-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ri-28-29_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ri-28-29_19-1">b</a> Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 28-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-shady129-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shady129_20-20">u</a> Shady Hekmat Nasser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx7i2Y56WuYC&dq=aasim+qira%27ah&pg=PA57">Ibn Mujahid and the Canonization of the Seven Readings</a>, p. 129. Taken from The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an: The Problem of Tawaatur and the Emergence of Shawaadhdh. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004240810" title="Special:BookSources/9789004240810">9789004240810</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-every_single-21"><a href="#cite_ref-every_single_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYasir_Qadhi2020" class="citation interview cs1">Yasir Qadhi (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dc1HJ8Uif4#t=81m45s">"In the Hot Seat: Muḥammad Hijāb Interviews Dr. Yasir Qadhi"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_Hij%C4%81b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muḥammad Hijāb (page does not exist)">Muḥammad Hijāb</a>. Event occurs at 1h21m45s. Retrieved 19 July 2020. <q>every single student of knowledge knows who studies ulm of Quran that the most difficult topics are ahruf and qira'at and the concept of ahruf and the reality of ahruf and the relationship of …… mushaf and the ahruf and the preservation of ahruf, is it one? is it three? is it seven? and the relationship of the qira'at to the ahruf ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Hot+Seat%3A+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Hij%C4%81b+Interviews+Dr.+Yasir+Qadhi&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.au=Yasir+Qadhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8Dc1HJ8Uif4%23t%3D81m45s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melchert2008-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melchert2008_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melchert2008_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melchert2008_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelchert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Melchert, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728289">"The Relation of the Ten Readings to One Another"</a>. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 10 (2): 73–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2FE1465359109000424">10.3366/E1465359109000424</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728289">25728289</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Relation+of+the+Ten+Readings+to+One+Another&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2FE1465359109000424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#MCKaVSI2000">Cook, The Koran, 2000</a>: pp. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Muslimprophets-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Muslimprophets_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimprophets.com/article.php?aid=64">"Quran - Comparing Hafs & Warsh for 51 textual variants"</a>. Muslim prophets. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim+prophets&rft.atitle=Quran+-+Comparing+Hafs+%26+Warsh+for+51+textual+variants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslimprophets.com%2Farticle.php%3Faid%3D64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBRRCQ2008:74-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBRRCQ2008:74_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBRRCQ2008:74_26-1">b</a> <a href="#GBRRCQ2008">Böwering, "Recent Research on the Construction of the Quran", 2008</a>: p.74 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413031711/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1336">"Lawh Mahfuz"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1336">the original</a> on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Lawh+Mahfuz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:72-3-28"><a href="#cite_ref-MCKaVSI2000:72-3_28-0">^</a> <a href="#MCKaVSI2000">Cook, The Koran, 2000</a>: pp. 72-73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FMDQiRS2008:35-6-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FMDQiRS2008:35-6_29-0">^</a> <a href="#FMDQiRS2008">Donner, "Quran in Recent Scholarship", 2008</a>: pp. 35-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBursi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bursi, Adam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005">"Connecting the Dots: Diacritics Scribal Culture, and the Quran"</a>. Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association. 3: 124–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5913%2Fjiqsa.3.2018.a005">10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F389663">1874/389663</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005">10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216776083">216776083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Qur%27anic+Studies+Association&rft.atitle=Connecting+the+Dots%3A+Diacritics+Scribal+Culture%2C+and+the+Quran&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F389663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216776083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5913%2Fjiqsa.3.2018.a005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5913%2Fjiqsa.3.2018.a005&rft.aulast=Bursi&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5913%2Fjiqsa.3.2018.a005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okvath-2014-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okvath-2014_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okvath-2014_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOkváth2014" class="citation journal cs1">Okváth, Csaba (Winter 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-397006772/ibn-mujahid-and-canonical-recitations">"Ibn Mujahid and Canonical Recitations"</a>. Islamic Sciences. 12 (2). Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ibn+Mujahid+and+Canonical+Recitations&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Okv%C3%A1th&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fjournal%2F1G1-397006772%2Fibn-mujahid-and-canonical-recitations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIUM-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIUM_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIUM_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBewley" class="citation web cs1">Bewley, Aisha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/qiraat.html">"The Seven Qira'at of the Qur'an"</a>. International Islamic University of Malaysia. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Islamic+University+of+Malaysia&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Qira%27at+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.aulast=Bewley&rft.aufirst=Aisha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iium.edu.my%2Fdeed%2Farticles%2Fqiraat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:73-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCKaVSI2000:73_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCKaVSI2000:73_33-1">b</a> <a href="#MCKaVSI2000">Cook, The Koran, 2000</a>: p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarijn_"i_before_j"_van_Putten2020" class="citation web cs1">Marijn "i before j" van Putten (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1265724937119170571/photo/1">"Replying to @PhDniX"</a>. Twitter. Retrieved 6 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Replying+to+%40PhDniX&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.au=Marijn+%22i+before+j%22+van+Putten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FPhDniX%2Fstatus%2F1265724937119170571%2Fphoto%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GwwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45">The Koran, Commonly Called the Alkoran of Mohammed</a>. Alden. 1891. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123305441">123305441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran%2C+Commonly+Called+the+Alkoran+of+Mohammed&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Alden&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123305441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GwwAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajaja-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ajaja_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ajaja_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAjaja" class="citation web cs1">Ajaja, Abdurrazzak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scientificsentence.net/newArabic/tajweed/index.php?key=yes&Integer=the_10_readings">"القراءات : The readings"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%3A+The+readings&rft.aulast=Ajaja&rft.aufirst=Abdurrazzak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscientificsentence.net%2FnewArabic%2Ftajweed%2Findex.php%3Fkey%3Dyes%26Integer%3Dthe_10_readings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shadee-38"><a href="#cite_ref-shadee_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="shadee" class="citation book cs1">el-Masry, Shadee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myarkview.org/courses/322185/lectures/5481431">The Science of Tajwid</a>. Safina Society. p. 8. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Tajwid&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Safina+Society&rft.aulast=el-Masry&rft.aufirst=Shadee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyarkview.org%2Fcourses%2F322185%2Flectures%2F5481431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlinequranteachers.com/what-is-tajweed/">"What is Tajweed?"</a>. Online Quran Teachers. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Quran+Teachers&rft.atitle=What+is+Tajweed%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinequranteachers.com%2Fwhat-is-tajweed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlinequranteachers.com/course/ijazah-in-ash-shatibiyyah/">"Ijazah in Ash-Shatibiyyah"</a>. Online Quran Teachers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Quran+Teachers&rft.atitle=Ijazah+in+Ash-Shatibiyyah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinequranteachers.com%2Fcourse%2Fijazah-in-ash-shatibiyyah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-maktaba.org/book/7795/3">"ص32 - كتاب متن طيبة النشر في القراءات العشر - المقدمة - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة"</a>. al-maktaba.org. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-maktaba.org&rft.atitle=%D8%B532+-+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86+%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-maktaba.org%2Fbook%2F7795%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Ramon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ramonharvey.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/readings-of-ibn-masud-ramon-harvey.pdf">"The Legal Epistemology of Qur'anic Variants: The Readings of Ibn Masʿūd in Kufan fiqh and the Ḥanafī madhhab"</a> (PDF). Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 9 (1): 72–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2017.0268">10.3366/jqs.2017.0268</a>. Retrieved 13 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Epistemology+of+Qur%27anic+Variants%3A+The+Readings+of+Ibn+Mas%CA%BF%C5%ABd+in+Kufan+fiqh+and+the+%E1%B8%A4anaf%C4%AB+madhhab&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2017.0268&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Ramon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Framonharvey.files.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F06%2Freadings-of-ibn-masud-ramon-harvey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1937" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, Arthur (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17kUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP5">Materials for the History of the Text of the Quran: The Old Codices</a>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+for+the+History+of+the+Text+of+the+Quran%3A+The+Old+Codices&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17kUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Khatib2002" class="citation book cs1">al-Khatib, Abd al-Latif (2002). Mu'jam al-Qira'at (معجم القراءات). Damascus: Dār Sa'd-al-Din.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mu%27jam+al-Qira%27at+%28%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA%29&rft.place=Damascus&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+Sa%27d-al-Din&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=al-Khatib&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Latif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012-45"><a href="#cite_ref-SHNTotVRotQ2012_45-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān, 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qiraat-elearning-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qiraat-elearning_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qiraat-elearning_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quranelearning.com/qiraat/">"Qiraat"</a>. Quran eLearning. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran+eLearning&rft.atitle=Qiraat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquranelearning.com%2Fqiraat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-[92]-47"><a href="#cite_ref-[92]_47-0">^</a> See for example 19:25, 82:9, and 21:104 on corpuscoranicum.de Quran database </li> <li id="cite_note-[91]-48"><a href="#cite_ref-[91]_48-0">^</a> Various sized selections of qira'at were published over the centuries. Ibn Mihran (d. 991) was the first to choose the same set of ten. Christopher Melchert (2008) The Relation of the Ten Readings to One Another Journal of Qur'anic Studies Vol.10 (2) pp.73-87 </li> <li id="cite_note-GSRQSaIC2008:2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-GSRQSaIC2008:2_49-0">^</a> <a href="#GSRQSaIC2008">Reynolds, "Quranic studies and its controversies", 2008</a>: p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Maududi-Towards-109-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Maududi-Towards-109_50-0">^</a> Abul A`la Maududi, Towards Understanding Islam. International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations Gary, Indiana, 1970. p.109 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> QA. Welch, Kuran, EI2 5, 409 </li> <li id="cite_note-GBRRCQ2008:84-52"><a href="#cite_ref-GBRRCQ2008:84_52-0">^</a> <a href="#GBRRCQ2008">Böwering, "Recent Research on the Construction of the Quran", 2008</a>: p.84 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/118960/popularity-of-the-recitation-of-hafs-from-aasim">"Popularity of the recitation of Hafs from 'Aasim. Fatwa No: 118960"</a>. Islamweb. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamweb&rft.atitle=Popularity+of+the+recitation+of+Hafs+from+%27Aasim.+Fatwa+No%3A+118960&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Fen%2Ffatwa%2F118960%2Fpopularity-of-the-recitation-of-hafs-from-aasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattson-2013-129-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Mattson-2013-129_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattson2013" class="citation book cs1">Mattson, Ingrid (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-eUnDh_OWgC&q=recitation+of+Hafs+now+became+dominant&pg=PA129">The Story of the Qur'an: Its History and Place in Muslim Life</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470673492" title="Special:BookSources/9780470673492"><bdi>9780470673492</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+Its+History+and+Place+in+Muslim+Life&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780470673492&rft.aulast=Mattson&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-eUnDh_OWgC%26q%3Drecitation%2Bof%2BHafs%2Bnow%2Bbecame%2Bdominant%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004412903/back-1.xml">Appendix Comprehensive Table of Quranic Variants</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasser2020" class="citation book cs1">Nasser, Shady, H. (2020). The Second Canonization of the Qurʾān (324/936). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004401976" title="Special:BookSources/9789004401976"><bdi>9789004401976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Canonization+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+%28324%2F936%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789004401976&rft.aulast=Nasser&rft.aufirst=Shady%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Fayyad1989" class="citation thesis cs1">Abu Fayyad, Fawzi Ibrahim (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/78058/">The Seven Readings of the Qur'an: A Critical Study of Their Linguistic Differences</a> (PhD). University of Glasgow. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Seven+Readings+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+A+Critical+Study+of+Their+Linguistic+Differences&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Abu+Fayyad&rft.aufirst=Fawzi+Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F78058%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Q1919-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Q1919_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q1919_58-1">b</a> While the difference cannot always be rendered with screen fonts, in order to comply with the Uthmanic rasm, the readings of Warsh an Nafi and of Abu 'Amr were written using a superscript ya over the alif, or by a red line between the lam-alif and ha to indicate that hamza should not be pronounced, or by writing a ya in coloured ink. See the discussions in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuin2011" class="citation book cs1">Puin, Gerd, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dqoAgAAQBAJ&dq=ahaba+%22yahaba%22+19+19&pg=PA176">"Vowel letters and orth-epic writing in the Qur'an"</a>. In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). New Perspectives on the Qur'an: The Qur'an in Its Historical Context 2. Routledge. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136700781" title="Special:BookSources/9781136700781"><bdi>9781136700781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vowel+letters+and+orth-epic+writing+in+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Qur%27an%3A+The+Qur%27an+in+Its+Historical+Context+2&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781136700781&rft.aulast=Puin&rft.aufirst=Gerd%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dqoAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dahaba%2B%2522yahaba%2522%2B19%2B19%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) and p.15 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dutton, Yasin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25727969">"Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots and Blue: Some Reflections on the Vocalisation of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts (Part II)"</a>. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 2 (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2000.2.1.1">10.3366/jqs.2000.2.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25727969">25727969</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=Red+Dots%2C+Green+Dots%2C+Yellow+Dots+and+Blue%3A+Some+Reflections+on+the+Vocalisation+of+Early+Qur%27anic+Manuscripts+%28Part+II%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2000.2.1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25727969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Yasin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25727969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> رواية ورش عن نافع - دار المعرفة - دمشق Warsh Reading, Dar Al Maarifah Damascus </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> رواية حفص عن عاصم - مجمع الملك فهد - المدينة Ḥafs Reading, King Fahd Complex Madinah </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_Watt_1977_66-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_Watt_1977_66_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellWatt1977" class="citation book cs1">Bell, R.; Watt, W. M. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/60357048/Bell-s-Introduction-to-the-Quran-Revised-by-Montgomery-Watt">Introduction to the Quran</a>. Edinburgh. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Quran&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Watt%2C+W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F60357048%2FBell-s-Introduction-to-the-Quran-Revised-by-Montgomery-Watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ADFotA2003:45-46-62"><a href="#cite_ref-ADFotA2003:45-46_62-0">^</a> <a href="#ADFotA2003">Dundes, Fables of the Ancients?, 2003</a>: p.45-46 </li> <li id="cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:135-63"><a href="#cite_ref-MCKaVSI2000:135_63-0">^</a> <a href="#MCKaVSI2000">Cook, The Koran, 2000</a>: p.135 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-Raof2012" class="citation book cs1">Abdul-Raof, Hussein (2012). Theological approaches to Qur'anic exergesis. Routledge. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+approaches+to+Qur%27anic+exergesis&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Abdul-Raof&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpuscoranicum.de/lesarten/index/sure/19/vers/25">"Corpus Coranicum"</a>. Corpus Coranicum.de. Corpus Coranicum. Retrieved 12 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corpus+Coranicum.de&rft.atitle=Corpus+Coranicum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpuscoranicum.de%2Flesarten%2Findex%2Fsure%2F19%2Fvers%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLane1968" class="citation book cs1">Lane, William Edward (1968) [orig. pub. 1877]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume4/00000103.pdf">An Arabic-English Lexicon</a> (PDF). Librairie du Liban. p. 1379. Retrieved 12 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Arabic-English+Lexicon&rft.pages=1379&rft.pub=Librairie+du+Liban&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyquran.org%2FLaneLexicon%2FVolume4%2F00000103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Imam-2006-42-3-67"><a href="#cite_ref-al-Imam-2006-42-3_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal_Imam2006" class="citation book cs1">al Imam, Ahmad 'Ali (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2iYf0bvYGwC">Variant Readings of the Quran: A critical study of their historical and linguistic origins</a>. Virginia, USA: Institute of Islamic Thought. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565644205" title="Special:BookSources/9781565644205"><bdi>9781565644205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variant+Readings+of+the+Quran%3A+A+critical+study+of+their+historical+and+linguistic+origins&rft.place=Virginia%2C+USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Institute+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781565644205&rft.aulast=al+Imam&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+%27Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR2iYf0bvYGwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-[72]-68"><a href="#cite_ref-[72]_68-0">^</a> al-Naḥḥās, al-Nāsikh wa-al-mansūkh, 2:405. Fa-arāda ʿUthmān an yakhtār min al-sabʿah ḥarfan wāḥid wa huwa afṣaḥuhā. </li> <li id="cite_note-[73]-69"><a href="#cite_ref-[73]_69-0">^</a> Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istidhkār (Damascus: Dar Qutaibah, 1993), 8:45. </li> <li id="cite_note-[74]-70"><a href="#cite_ref-[74]_70-0">^</a> ʿAlī ibn Ismaʿīl al-Abyārī, al-Taḥqīq wa-al-bayān fī sharḥ al-burhān fī uṣūl al-fiqh (Doha: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmīyah Qatar, 2013), 2:792. </li> <li id="cite_note-[75]-71"><a href="#cite_ref-[75]_71-0">^</a> Ibn al-Qayyim, al-Ṭuruq al-ḥukmīyah fī al-siyāsah al-sharʿīyah, (Mecca: Dār ʿĀlam al-Fawāʾid, 1428 AH), 1:47–48; Ibn al-Qayyim, Iʿlām al-muwaqqiʿīn (Dammam: Dār ibn al-Jawzī, 2002), 5:65. </li> <li id="cite_note-[76]-72"><a href="#cite_ref-[76]_72-0">^</a> See also Mannāʿ al-Qaṭṭān, Mabāḥith fī ʿulūm al-Qur’ān (Cairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 1995), 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-[79]-74"><a href="#cite_ref-[79]_74-0">^</a> Ibn Ḥajar, Fatḥ al-Bārī (Riyadh: Dār al-Ṭaybah, 2005), 11:195–96. He further explains that this was a reason for the textual variants between ʿUthmānic codices, to increase the number of readings that could be accommodated. </li> <li id="cite_note-[77]-75"><a href="#cite_ref-[77]_75-0">^</a> Makkī ibn Abī Ṭālib, al-Ibānah ʿan maʿānī al-qirāʾāt (Cairo: Dār Nahdah Misr, 1977), 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-[78]-76"><a href="#cite_ref-[78]_76-0">^</a> Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr, 1:31. He writes, “As for whether ʿUthmānic codices encompass all the seven aḥruf then this is a major topic . . . the position taken by the majority of the scholars from the earlier and later generations and the Imams of the Muslims is that these codices encompass that which the text can accommodate from the seven aḥruf.” </li> <li id="cite_note-[80]-77"><a href="#cite_ref-[80]_77-0">^</a> Abū al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAmmār al-Mahdawī, Sharḥ al-hidāyah (Riyadh: Maktabah Rushd, 1995), 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-ri-29-30-79"><a href="#cite_ref-ri-29-30_79-0">^</a> Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-ri-30-80"><a href="#cite_ref-ri-30_80-0">^</a> Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-BISMIKA_ALLAHUMA-81"><a href="#cite_ref-BISMIKA_ALLAHUMA_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBISMIKA_ALLAHUMA_TEAM2005" class="citation web cs1">BISMIKA ALLAHUMA TEAM (9 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bismikaallahuma.org/quran/the-ahruf-of-the-quraan/">"The Ahruf Of The Qur'aan"</a>. BISMIKA ALLAHUMA Muslim Responses to Anti-Islam Polemics. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BISMIKA+ALLAHUMA+Muslim+Responses+to+Anti-Islam+Polemics&rft.atitle=The+Ahruf+Of+The+Qur%27aan&rft.date=2005-10-09&rft.au=BISMIKA+ALLAHUMA+TEAM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bismikaallahuma.org%2Fquran%2Fthe-ahruf-of-the-quraan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muw-82"><a href="#cite_ref-muw_82-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ibn_Anas" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Ibn Anas">Malik Ibn Anas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta</a>, vol. 1 (Egypt: Dar Ahya al-Turath, n.d.), p. 201, (no. 473). </li> <li id="cite_note-jav-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jav_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jav_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jav_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jav_83-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mizan" title="Mizan">Mizan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://renaissance.com.pk/JanQur2y7.htm">Principles of Understanding the Qu'ran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210102/http://renaissance.com.pk/JanQur2y7.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mawrid">Al-Mawrid</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim">Ibn Qayyim</a>, I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in, vol. 3 (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, n.d.), p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:39–47-85"><a href="#cite_ref-SHNTotVRotQ2012:39–47_85-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān, 2012</a>: pp.39–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:167-86"><a href="#cite_ref-SHNTotVRotQ2012:167_86-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān, 2012</a>: p.167 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:59-61-87"><a href="#cite_ref-SHNTotVRotQ2012:59-61_87-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān, 2012</a>: pp.59-61 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:89-88"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:89_88-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: p.89 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:111-89"><a href="#cite_ref-SHNTotVRotQ2012:111_89-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān, 2012</a>: p.111 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:77-90"><a href="#cite_ref-SHNTotVRotQ2012:77_90-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān, 2012</a>: p.77 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Morteza Karimi-Nia, A new document in the early history of the Qurʾān: Codex Mashhad, an ʿUthmānic text of the Qurʾān in Ibn Masʿūd’s arrangement of Sūras, Journal of Islamic Manuscripts, Volume 10 (2019) 3, pp. 292-326 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:110-116-92"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:110-116_92-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: p.110-116 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHNTotVRotQ2012:116-93"><a href="#cite_ref-SHNTotVRotQ2012:116_93-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān, 2012</a>: p.116 </li> <li id="cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:52-55-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:52-55_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:52-55_94-1">b</a> <a href="#MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022">van Putten, Quranic Arabic, 2022</a>: p.52-55 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:182-95"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:182_95-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: p.182 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:178-96"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:178_96-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: p.178 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:178-180-97"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:178-180_97-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: pp.178-180 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:173-98"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:173_98-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: p.173 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:174-99"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:174_99-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: p.174 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:175-176-100"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:175-176_100-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: pp.175-176 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:159-101"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:159_101-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: p.159 </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:172-102"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:172_102-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: p.172 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Putten2018" class="citation journal cs1">van Putten, Marijn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35556452">"Hamzah in the Quranic Consonantal Text"</a>. Orientalia. 87 (1): 93–120. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Hamzah+in+the+Quranic+Consonantal+Text&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=van+Putten&rft.aufirst=Marijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35556452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_PuttenStokes2018" class="citation journal cs1">van Putten, Marijn; Stokes, Phillip (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37481811">"Case in the Qurˀānic Consonantal Text"</a>. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (108): 143–179. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Kunde+des+Morgenlandes&rft.atitle=Case+in+the+Qur%CB%80%C4%81nic+Consonantal+Text&rft.issue=108&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=van+Putten&rft.aufirst=Marijn&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37481811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Putten2017" class="citation journal cs1">van Putten, Marijn (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35131582">"The Feminine Ending -at as a Diptote in the Qurānic Consonantal Text and Its Implications for Proto-Arabic and Proto-Semitic"</a>. Arabica (64): 695–705. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=The+Feminine+Ending+-at+as+a+Diptote+in+the+Qur%C4%81nic+Consonantal+Text+and+Its+Implications+for+Proto-Arabic+and+Proto-Semitic&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E695-%3C%2Fspan%3E705&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=van+Putten&rft.aufirst=Marijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35131582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022">van Putten, Quranic Arabic, 2022</a>: p.184. For further detail, see chapter 7 which covers the lack of 'i'rab and tanwin in the QCT dialect. He also notes on pp. 100-101 ff. the work of al-Jallad on the Damascus Psalm fragment, which shows no signs of 'i'rab or tanwin, further supporting the picture of the old Hijazi / QCT dialect. </li> <li id="cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:216-107"><a href="#cite_ref-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:216_107-0">^</a> <a href="#MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022">van Putten, Quranic Arabic, 2022</a>: p.216 </li> <li id="cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:78-79,_96-108"><a href="#cite_ref-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:78-79,_96_108-0">^</a> <a href="#MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022">van Putten, Quranic Arabic, 2022</a>: pp.78-79, 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Michael (2004). "The Stemma of the Regional Codices of the Koran". Graeco-Arabica. 9 (10): 89–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graeco-Arabica&rft.atitle=The+Stemma+of+the+Regional+Codices+of+the+Koran&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Putten2020" class="citation journal cs1">Van Putten, Marijn (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338434122">"Hišām's ʾIbrāhām : Evidence for a Canonical Quranic Reading Based on the Rasm"</a>. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 30 (2): 251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186320000218">10.1017/S1356186320000218</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Hi%C5%A1%C4%81m%27s+%CA%BEIbr%C4%81h%C4%81m+%3A+Evidence+for+a+Canonical+Quranic+Reading+Based+on+the+Rasm&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186320000218&rft.aulast=Van+Putten&rft.aufirst=Marijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F338434122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> (pp.13-15 of the linked open access pdf) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDr_Marijn_Van_Putten2020" class="citation web cs1">Dr Marijn Van Putten (18 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119002517/https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1218669152371650560">"Twitter.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1218669152371650560">the original</a> on 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twitter.com&rft.date=2020-01-18&rft.au=Dr+Marijn+Van+Putten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FPhDniX%2Fstatus%2F1218669152371650560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidky2020-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidky2020_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidky2020_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSidky2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sidky, Hythem (2020). "ON THE REGIONALITY OF QURʾĀNIC CODICES". Journal of the International Quranic Studies Association. 5: 133–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Quranic+Studies+Association&rft.atitle=ON+THE+REGIONALITY+OF+QUR%CA%BE%C4%80NIC+CODICES&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sidky&rft.aufirst=Hythem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHN2CofQ2020:144–163-113"><a href="#cite_ref-SHN2CofQ2020:144–163_113-0">^</a> <a href="#TWLUI1982">Nasser, 2nd Canonization of the Qurʾān, 2020</a>: pp.144–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-FMDQiRS2008:42-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FMDQiRS2008:42_114-0">^</a> <a href="#FMDQiRS2008">Donner, "Quran in Recent Scholarship", 2008</a>: p.42 </li> <li id="cite_note-FMDQiRS2008:42-3-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FMDQiRS2008:42-3_115-0">^</a> <a href="#FMDQiRS2008">Donner, "Quran in Recent Scholarship", 2008</a>: p.42-3 </li> <li id="cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:119-116"><a href="#cite_ref-MCKaVSI2000:119_116-0">^</a> <a href="#MCKaVSI2000">Cook, The Koran, 2000</a>: p.119 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Warraq2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ibn Warraq (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/15565/sec_id/15565">"Which Koran?"</a>. New English Review. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+English+Review&rft.atitle=Which+Koran%3F&rft.date=2008-02&rft.au=Ibn+Warraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglishreview.org%2Fcustpage.cfm%2Ffrm%2F15565%2Fsec_id%2F15565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-[47]-118"><a href="#cite_ref-[47]_118-0">^</a> A. Rippin. Muslims, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices London: Routledge, 2nd Edition 2001, pp.30-31; cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Warraq2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ibn Warraq (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/15565/sec_id/15565">"Which Koran?"</a>. New English Review. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+English+Review&rft.atitle=Which+Koran%3F&rft.date=2008-02&rft.au=Ibn+Warraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglishreview.org%2Fcustpage.cfm%2Ffrm%2F15565%2Fsec_id%2F15565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121040252/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0661">"Qurʿān"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0661">the original</a> on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Qur%CA%BF%C4%81n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Zarkashi, al-Burhan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1980), p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Suyuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suyuti">Suyuti</a>, al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Baydar: Manshurat al-Radi, 1343 AH), p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Suyuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suyuti">Suyuti</a>, Tanwir al-Hawalik, 2nd ed. (Beirut: Dar al-Jayl, 1993), p. 199. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121128165315/http://www.warchwahafs.com/">Qiraa'aat Warch & Hafs</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Qiraat/hafs.html#3">"Versions Of The Qur'an?"</a>. Islamic-Awareness.org. 15 January 2002. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic-Awareness.org&rft.atitle=Versions+Of+The+Qur%27an%3F&rft.date=2002-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FQuran%2FText%2FQiraat%2Fhafs.html%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBewleyc._1999" class="citation web cs1">Bewley, Aisha (c. 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501195523/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Page6.html">"The Seven Qira'at of the Qur'an"</a>. Our World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Page6.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Qira%27at+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.aulast=Bewley&rft.aufirst=Aisha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourworld.compuserve.com%2Fhomepages%2FAbewley%2FPage6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li>‘Alawi Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Bilfaqih, Al-Qirâ'ât al-cashr al-Mutawâtir, 1994, Dâr al-Muhâjir</li> <li>Adrian Brockett, "The Value of Hafs And Warsh Transmissions For The Textual History Of The Qur'an" in Andrew Rippin's (Ed.), Approaches of The History of Interpretation of The Qur'an, 1988, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 33.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="MCKaVSI2000" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook">The Koran : A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192853449" title="Special:BookSources/0192853449"><bdi>0192853449</bdi></a>. <q>The Koran : A Very Short Introduction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran+%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0192853449&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoranveryshorti00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeroche2022" class="citation book cs1">Deroche, Francois (2022). The One and the Many: The Early History of the Qur’an. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+One+and+the+Many%3A+The+Early+History+of+the+Qur%E2%80%99an&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Deroche&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="FMDQiRS2008" class="citation book cs1">Donner, Fred M. (2008). "The Quran in Recent Scholarship". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). The Quran in its Historical Context. Routledge. pp. 29–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Quran+in+Recent+Scholarship&rft.btitle=The+Quran+in+its+Historical+Context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="ADFotA2003" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yfo2AgAAQBAJ">Fables of the Ancients?: Folklore in the Qur'an</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780585466774" title="Special:BookSources/9780585466774"><bdi>9780585466774</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fables+of+the+Ancients%3F%3A+Folklore+in+the+Qur%27an&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780585466774&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfo2AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Hassan_Touma" title="Habib Hassan Touma">Habib Hassan Touma</a> (1996). The Music of the Arabs, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeus Press">Amadeus Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-88-8">0-931340-88-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="SHN2CofQ2020" class="citation book cs1">Nasser, Shady H. (2020). The Second Canonization of the Qurʾān (324/936). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004401976" title="Special:BookSources/9789004401976"><bdi>9789004401976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Canonization+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+%28324%2F936%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789004401976&rft.aulast=Nasser&rft.aufirst=Shady+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasser2012" class="citation book cs1">Nasser, Shady H. (2012). The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān: The Problem of Tawātur and the Emergence of Shawādhdh. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004240810" title="Special:BookSources/9789004240810"><bdi>9789004240810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transmission+of+the+Variant+Readings+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n%3A+The+Problem+of+Taw%C4%81tur+and+the+Emergence+of+Shaw%C4%81dhdh&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004240810&rft.aulast=Nasser&rft.aufirst=Shady+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="GBRRCQ2008" class="citation book cs1">Böwering, Gerhard (2008). "Recent Research on the Construction of the Quran". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). The Quran in its Historical Context. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+on+the+Construction+of+the+Quran&rft.btitle=The+Quran+in+its+Historical+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6wering&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2008" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2008). "Introduction, Quranic studies and its controversies". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam-and-muslims.com/Quran-Historical-Context.pdf">The Quran in its Historical Context</a> (PDF). Routledge. pp. 1–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%2C+Quranic+studies+and+its+controversies&rft.btitle=The+Quran+in+its+Historical+Context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam-and-muslims.com%2FQuran-Historical-Context.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022" class="citation book cs1">van Putten, Marijn (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/61587">Quranic Arabic: from its Hijazi Beginnings to its Classical reading traditions</a>. Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004506251" title="Special:BookSources/9789004506251"><bdi>9789004506251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quranic+Arabic%3A+from+its+Hijazi+Beginnings+to+its+Classical+reading+traditions&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789004506251&rft.aulast=van+Putten&rft.aufirst=Marijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F61587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQira%27at" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaqeeninstitute.org/nazir-khan/the-origins-of-the-variant-readings-of-the-quran/">The Origins of the Variant Readings of the Qur’an, Yaqeen Institute</a></li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:52-55-123">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran-archive.org/readings-of-the-quran">Readings of the Quran</a>, including a biography of The Seven Readers, Quran Archive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131143540/http://community.al-quran.info/">Online Quran Project Community Site</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Qiraat/">Frequent Questions around qiraat</a> about: the different <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Qiraat/hafs.html">Qiraat</a>, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Qiraat/green.html">Refuting The Claim of Differences in Quran</a> and other useful information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/1">quran.com</a> - By clicking Settings and selecting the Bridges’ translation by Fadel Soliman, words that have significant variants among the ten canonical qira'at are highlighted in red, together with a footnote listing the readers or transmitters and an English translation for each of the variant readings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erquran.org/">erquran.org</a> - Encyclopedia of the Readings of the Quran (with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBa_p3ThlpdUFzCDgzf12iw">tutorial videos</a>). A database and tools for studying canonical and non-canonical reading variants.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nquran.com/ar/index.php?group=ayacompare&sora=1&aya=1">nquran.com</a> - Compare variant readings in Arabic among the ten readers in each of their two canonical transmissions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpuscoranicum.de/en/verse-navigator/sura/43/verse/19/variants">corpuscoranicum.de</a> - Compare transliterated variant readings (including some non-canonical), with the main 7 canonical readings as recorded by Abū ʿAmr ad-Dānī highlighted in dark green (scroll right to see columns)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quranic_qira&#039;at400" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quranic_qira%27ates" title="Template:Quranic qira'ates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quranic_qira%27ates" title="Template talk:Quranic qira'ates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quranic_qira%27ates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quranic qira'ates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quranic_qira&#039;at400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quranic qira'at</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qira'ates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsh_recitation" title="Warsh recitation">Warsh recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalun_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalun recitation (page does not exist)">Qalun recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9" class="extiw" title="ar:رواية قالون عن نافع">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Bazzi_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Bazzi recitation (page does not exist)">Al-Bazzi recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:البزي عن ابن كثير">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qunbul_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qunbul recitation (page does not exist)">Qunbul recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:قنبل عن ابن كثير">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Douri_%27an_Abi_%27Amr_recitation" title="Al-Douri 'an Abi 'Amr recitation">Al-Douri 'an Abi 'Amr recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Soussi_recitation" title="Al-Soussi recitation">Al-Soussi recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hisham_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hisham recitation (page does not exist)">Hisham recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:هشام عن ابن عامر">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Thaqouan_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Thaqouan recitation (page does not exist)">Ibn Thaqouan recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B0%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:ابن ذكوان عن ابن عامر">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu%27bah_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu'bah recitation (page does not exist)">Shu'bah recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafs_recitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafs recitation">Hafs recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B5_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:رواية حفص عن عاصم">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalaf_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalaf recitation (page does not exist)">Khalaf recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:خلف عن حمزة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khallad_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khallad recitation (page does not exist)">Khallad recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:خلاد عن حمزة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Layth_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Layth recitation (page does not exist)">Al-Layth recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:رواية أبي الحارث عن الكسائي">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Duri_%27an_Al-Kissa%27i_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Duri 'an Al-Kissa'i recitation (page does not exist)">Al-Duri 'an Al-Kissa'i recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:الدوري عن الكسائي">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Wardane_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Wardane recitation (page does not exist)">Ibn Wardane recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:ابن وردان عن أبي جعفر">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Djammaz_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Djammaz recitation (page does not exist)">Ibn Djammaz recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:ابن جماز عن أبي جعفر">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rouh_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rouh recitation (page does not exist)">Rouh recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:روح عن يعقوب الحضرمي">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rouis_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rouis recitation (page does not exist)">Rouis recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:رويس عن يعقوب الحضرمي">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idris_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idris recitation (page does not exist)">Idris recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:إدريس الحداد عن خلف البزار">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishaq_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishaq recitation (page does not exist)">Ishaq recitation</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:إسحاق الوراق عن خلف البزار">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Balkhi_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Balkhi recitation (page does not exist)">Al-Balkhi recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Shanbuth_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Shanbuth recitation (page does not exist)">Ibn Shanbuth recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khayat_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khayat recitation (page does not exist)">Al-Khayat recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Farah_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Farah recitation (page does not exist)">Ibn Farah recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mutawaie_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mutawaie recitation (page does not exist)">Al-Mutawaie recitation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Al-Faraj_recitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Al-Faraj recitation (page does not exist)">Abu Al-Faraj recitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi%CA%BD_al-Madani" title="Nafiʽ al-Madani">Nafiʽ al-Madani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsh" title="Warsh">Warsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abu_Abdallah_Ben_Hudzail_al_Sahuir" title="Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir">Al-Azraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Isfahani" title="Abu Bakr al-Isfahani">Al-Isfahani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalun" title="Qalun">Qalun</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Nasheet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Nasheet (page does not exist)">Abu Nasheet</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir_al-Makki" title="Ibn Kathir al-Makki">Ibn Kathir al-Makki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazzi" title="Al-Bazzi">Al-Bazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qunbul" title="Qunbul">Qunbul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amr_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Amr of Basra">Abu Amr of Basra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Duri" title="Al-Duri">Al-Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Shu%27ayb_al-Soussi" title="Abu Shu'ayb al-Soussi">Al-Soussi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amir_ad-Dimashqi" title="Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi">Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hisham_ibn_Ammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hisham ibn Ammar (page does not exist)">Hisham ibn Ammar</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:هشام بن عمار">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Thaqouan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Thaqouan (page does not exist)">Ibn Thaqouan</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B0%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:ابن ذكوان">ar</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aasim_ibn_Abi_al-Najud" title="Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud">Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27bah" title="Shu'bah">Shu'bah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafs" title="Hafs">Hafs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamzah_az-Zaiyyat" title="Hamzah az-Zaiyyat">Hamzah az-Zaiyyat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalaf_al-Bazzar" title="Khalaf al-Bazzar">Khalaf al-Bazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallad" title="Khallad">Khallad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kisa%27i" title="Al-Kisa'i">Al-Kisa'i</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Laythi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Laythi (page does not exist)">Al-Laythi</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:أبو الحارث الليث بن خالد">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Duri" title="Al-Duri">Al-Duri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaid_al-Qasim_bin_Salam" title="Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam">Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Shatibi" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Shatibi">Abu al-Qasim al-Shatibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahid_ibn_Jabr" title="Mujahid ibn Jabr">Mujahid ibn Jabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_Muj%C4%81hid" title="Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid">Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Jaafar_al-Madani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Jaafar al-Madani (page does not exist)">Abu Jaafar al-Madani</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:أبو جعفر المدني">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqoub_al-Hadrami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaqoub al-Hadrami (page does not exist)">Yaqoub al-Hadrami</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:يعقوب الحضرمي">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalaf_ibn_Hisham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalaf ibn Hisham (page does not exist)">Khalaf ibn Hisham</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:خلف بن هشام">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-A%CA%BDmash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaiman al-Aʽmash">Sulaiman al-Aʽmash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Muheisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ibn Muheisan (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Muheisan</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:محمد بن محيصن">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_al-Yazidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya al-Yazidi (page does not exist)">Yahya al-Yazidi</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:يحيى اليزيدي">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abd_al-Rahman_Abd_Allah_ibn_Habib_al-Sulami" title="Abu Abd al-Rahman Abd Allah ibn Habib al-Sulami">Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">Ahruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilawa_(Quran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilawa (Quran)">Tilawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarteel" title="Tarteel">Tarteel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idjaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Idjaza">Idjaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_recitations" title="Ten recitations">Ten recitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_readers" title="Seven readers">Seven readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_punctuation" title="Qur'anic punctuation">Qur'anic punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqatta%CA%BFat" title="Muqattaʿat">Muqattaʿat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Heavenly Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzil" title="Tanzil">Tanzil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_recitations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special recitations (page does not exist)">Special recitations</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:قراءات شاذة">ar</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salah_(Islamic_prayer)255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_prayer" title="Template:Islamic prayer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_prayer" title="Template talk:Islamic prayer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_prayer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic prayer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salah_(Islamic_prayer)255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a> (Islamic prayer)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_prayers#Islamic_prayers" title="List of prayers">Islamic prayers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Prayer_compensation" title="Prayer compensation">Prayer compensation</a> - <a href="/wiki/Woman_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman prayer">Woman prayer</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regular <a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">mandatory</a> prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fajr_nafl_prayer" title="Fajr nafl prayer">Fajr nafl prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qunut" title="Qunut">Qunut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuhr prayer">Zuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Asr prayer">Asr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib prayer">Maghrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Isha prayer">Isha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chafa%27a" title="Chafa'a">Chafa'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Jumu'ah</a> (weekly Friday prayer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communal mandatory prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_prayer_(Islam)" title="Funeral prayer (Islam)">Salat al-Janazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_funeral_prayer_(Islam)" title="Absentee funeral prayer (Islam)">Prayers for the absent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_prayers" title="Eid prayers">Eid prayers</a> (according to some Islamic scholars)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salah_al_jama%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salah al jama'ah">Congregational prayers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumu'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_prayers" title="Eid prayers">Eid prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_prayer" title="Rain prayer">Rain prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse prayer">Eclipse prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supererogatory prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Prayers of the tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Voluntary prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duha" title="Duha">Duha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer#Ishraq_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Ishraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_nafl_prayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Night nafl prayer (page does not exist)">Night nafl prayer</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:صلاة قيام الليل">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafa%27a" title="Chafa'a">Chafa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahiyyat_masjid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahiyyat masjid (page does not exist)">Tahiyyat masjid</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:تحية المسجد">ar</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occasional prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salat_al-Istikharah" title="Salat al-Istikharah">Salat al-Istikharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salat_al-Tawba" title="Salat al-Tawba">Salat al-Tawba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sick_prayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sick prayer (page does not exist)">Sick prayer</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6" class="extiw" title="ar:صلاة المريض">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Need_prayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Need prayer (page does not exist)">Need prayer</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:صلاة الحاجة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fear_prayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fear prayer (page does not exist)">Fear prayer</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%81" class="extiw" title="ar:صلاة الخوف">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasbih_prayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasbih prayer (page does not exist)">Tasbih prayer</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="ar:صلاة التسابيح">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_prayers" title="Eid prayers">Eid prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a> (Ramadan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/120px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/180px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/240px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer unit (<a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">raka'ah</a>) and its constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Intention (<a href="/wiki/Niyyah" title="Niyyah">Niyyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a></li> <li>Standing (<a href="/wiki/Qiyam" title="Qiyam">Qiyam</a>)</li> <li>Recitation <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qira'at</a></li> <li>Proper pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilawa" title="Tilawa">Tilawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loud_prayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loud prayer (page does not exist)">Loud prayer</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:صلاة جهرية">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_prayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silent prayer (page does not exist)">Silent prayer</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:صلاة سرية">ar</a>]</li></ul></li> <li>Supplication (<a href="/wiki/Qunut" title="Qunut">Qunut</a>)</li> <li>Bowing (<a href="/wiki/Ruku" title="Ruku">Ruku</a>)</li> <li>Prostration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Sujud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sujud_Sahwi" title="Sujud Sahwi">Sujud Sahwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_of_thanksgiving" title="Prostration of thanksgiving">Sujud Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujud_Tilawa" title="Sujud Tilawa">Sujud Tilawa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_in_salah" title="Sitting in salah">Sitting in salah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tashahhud" title="Tashahhud">Tashahhud</a>)</li> <li>Peace greeting (<a href="/wiki/Taslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Taslim">Taslim</a>)</li> <li>Reverence (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khouchou%C3%A2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khouchouâa (page does not exist)">Khouchouâa</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9" class="extiw" title="ar:خشوع">ar</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li>Podium (<a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a>)</li> <li>Sermon (<a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">Khutbah</a>)</li> <li>Prayer hall (<a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer rug</a> (sajjādah)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Prayer call <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Adhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqama" title="Iqama">Iqama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_times" title="Salah times">Salah times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_forbidden_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer forbidden times">Prayer forbidden times</a></li> <li>Prayer direction (<a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Islamic hygienical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Ritual purity in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junub" class="mw-redirect" title="Junub">Junub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_in_Islam" title="Menstruation in Islam">Menstruation in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihadha" title="Istihadha">Istihadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bath (<a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a>)</li> <li>Ablution (<a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a>)</li> <li>Dry ablution (<a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a>)</li> <li>Screen or barrier (<a href="/wiki/Sutrah" title="Sutrah">Sutrah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Salah" title="Category:Salah">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1817983#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1401" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1817983#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1817983#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1861323/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/988546/">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003007099">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007561548405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kiraat--ilim">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:52-55-123"><a href="#cite_ref-MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022:52-55_123-0">^</a> <a href="#MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022">van Putten, Quranic Arabic, 2022</a>: p.52-55 </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&oldid=1272053854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&oldid=1272053854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quranic_readings" title="Category:Quranic readings">Quranic readings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reading_of_religious_texts" title="Category:Reading of religious texts">Reading of religious texts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from July 2020">Use Oxford spelling from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 January 2025, at 23:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qira%27at&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Qira'at</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 24 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-zthpn","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.076","walltime":"1.328","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10864,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":209536,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9060,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":289130,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1145.019 1 -total"," 30.69% 351.352 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.24% 163.076 23 Template:Cite_book"," 12.06% 138.061 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.33% 106.810 3 Template:Langx"," 8.48% 97.148 1 Template:Quranic_qira'ates"," 7.69% 87.996 34 Template:Illm"," 7.13% 81.644 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.06% 80.887 1 Template:Quran"," 6.77% 77.561 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.626","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17659994,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"ADFotA2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdul-Raof2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_Fayyad1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjaja\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBISMIKA_ALLAHUMA_TEAM2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellWatt1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBewley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBewleyc._1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBursi2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCook2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeroche2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr_Marijn_Van_Putten2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Warraq2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahteran2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatibKhan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarijn_\u0026quot;i_before_j\u0026quot;_van_Putten2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchert2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasser2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkváth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalahi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Putten2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasir_Qadhi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Khatib2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal_Imam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Putten2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Putten2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_PuttenStokes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"FMDQiRS2008\"] = 1,\n [\"GBRRCQ2008\"] = 1,\n [\"MCKaVSI2000\"] = 1,\n [\"MvPQAfiHBtoiCRT2022\"] = 1,\n [\"Notations\"] = 1,\n [\"Revelation_of_the_Quran_in_seven_Ahrûf\"] = 1,\n [\"SHN2CofQ2020\"] = 1,\n [\"The_Ten_Readers_and_their_Transmitters\"] = 1,\n [\"Variations_between_readings\"] = 1,\n [\"shadee\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Hamza\"] = 12,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic prayer\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Qref\"] = 2,\n [\"Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Quranic qira'ates\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-64f8f8dcdb-ws8n8","timestamp":"20250221235954","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Qira'at","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qira%27at","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1817983","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1817983","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-15T16:47:29Z","dateModified":"2025-01-26T23:52:47Z","headline":"method of recitation of the Quran"}</script> </body> </html>