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in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mO8fv1mPQAIHAMIsIR6agAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100vw" srcSet="https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=320&q=75 320w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=384&q=75 384w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=480&q=75 480w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=576&q=75 576w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=768&q=75 768w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=1024&q=75 1024w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=1280&q=75 1280w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=1440&q=75 1440w" src="https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?w=1440&q=75"/><div data-cy="caption" class="sc-762dcccc-9 fbephs">Oracle and Google will face off before the Supreme Court in February that has major complications for Silicon Valley. Photo Illustration by Edmon de Haro</div><div data-cy="credit" class="sc-762dcccc-10 ebMnGM">Photo Illustration by Edmon de Haro</div></div></div><div class="sc-9d11c37b-6 ccKQGH trinity-player"><div class="trinity-tts-pb" dir="ltr"></div></div><div class="sc-9d11c37b-1 gGsili"><div class="sc-9d11c37b-2 diFVtX"><div id="article-content" class="sc-9d11c37b-3 kZBgtU"><div><div data-cy="article-content" class="rawHtml-content-no-nativo"><p><strong>On March 24</strong>, the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear one of the most momentous tech cases in decades. The outcome—depending on which participant you believe—will either safeguard future innovation or deal a deserved comeuppance to a lawless tech giant.</p><div class="paywall-selector"></div><div class="paywall"> <p>The case is <em>Google v. Oracle</em>, and it turns on who owns scraps of computer code known as APIs. Short for application programming interfaces, APIs allow one computer program to talk to another by letting, for instance, a weather app pull live temperatures from a third party and then display them on a map. APIs are an essential building block of the digital economy, and in the blockbuster case <a href="https://fortune.com/company/oracle/" target="_blank" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/company/oracle/">Oracle</a> says <a href="https://fortune.com/company/alphabet/" target="_blank" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/company/alphabet/">Google</a> committed copyright infringement by using its APIs without permission. Those APIs relate to the Java programming language, which Google used to build its mobile Android software—an act of piracy, in Oracle’s view, worth $9 billion in damages.</p> <p>For its part, Google warns that an appeals court made a grievous mistake in ruling for Oracle and that, if the Supreme Court upholds the ruling, it would force companies to ask permission or pay every time they use the high-tech equivalent of a nut or a bolt. “Google’s view has been the industry’s view for decades, and that’s why the software industry has thrived,” says Google’s attorney, Tom Goldstein. “The industry is scared to death the lower court’s ruling will take hold.”</p> <p>Oracle dismisses Google’s claims as overblown, noting the lower court’s ruling in its favor hasn’t inhibited recent tech innovations like superfast 5G mobile networks and artificial intelligence. “It’s such utter nonsense,” says Oracle’s general counsel, Dorian Daley. “Nothing is going to change. The only big change is Google didn’t want to take a license when everyone else did.”</p> <p>The outcome of the case could turn on the Supreme Court’s interpretation of fair use, a legal doctrine that permits unlicensed use of copyrighted works in certain situations, such as for excerpts and parody. Google won before a federal judge on the fair-use issue, but an appeals court overturned that finding. </p> <p>Before the Supreme Court, Google and its allies, however, plan to make fair use a fallback position. Their main argument is instead that the kind of APIs used by Google are ineligible for copyright because they represent an idea or a method—similar to a recipe or a math formula, which can’t be copyrighted. In support of this position, they point to a case from 1880 in which the Supreme Court ruled that a bookkeeper’s wife could not copyright a system of ledger headings in account books.</p> <p>“It’s an oldie but goodie,” says law professor Pam Samuelson, who adds the argument will likely resonate with the justices because the Supreme Court pays close attention to its own precedents. </p> <p>Samuelson, an influential copyright scholar at the University of California at Berkeley, has authored a brief signed by 72 law professors in support of Google. Also on the company’s side are prominent computer scientists, <a href="https://fortune.com/company/ibm/" target="_blank" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/company/ibm/">IBM</a>, and Google’s longtime antagonist, <a href="https://fortune.com/company/microsoft/" target="_blank" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/company/microsoft/">Microsoft</a>, which has warned the Supreme Court of “disastrous consequences for innovation” if Oracle prevails.</p> <p>Oracle has prominent allies of its own, not least of which is the U.S. government, which filed a brief supporting the corporate database giant. For some, the government’s decision to back Oracle may reflect the company’s close ties with President Trump’s White House. According to Samuelson, the appearance of President Trump’s solicitor general on the government’s brief—instead of a deputy or agency head—stands out. </p> <p>What makes <em>Google v. Oracle</em> still more intriguing is that legal scholars are genuinely uncertain of the outcome. Unlike issues such as abortion and gun control, Supreme Court justices’ views on copyright are seldom scrutinized during the appointment process, making it harder to predict how they’ll rule.</p> <p>A final wild card in the case is the fact that the aged members of the Supreme Court are unlikely to have deep knowledge of APIs. Harvard law professor Rebecca Tushnet, who filed a brief supporting Google and its fair-use argument, believes the justices will get up to speed when the case goes to trial. Nonetheless, she acknowledges there is a risk they may overlook the technical intricacies of the case—including that Google is claiming only a specific subset of APIs shouldn’t be copyrighted. If this happens, the justices may rely instead on the broader story lines that the companies are arguing.</p> <p>“A compelling narrative always matters. It gives the court a reason to find in your favor,” says Tushnet. “One framing of the story is that Google went ahead and plundered. The other framing is Oracle took something that belongs to everyone else.” </p> <div class="wp-block-image" style="margin:auto;max-width:650px"><img alt="Newsletter-Blue-Line-15" loading="lazy" width="650" height="15" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;height:auto;object-fit:cover;width:100%;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 650 15'%3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mO8fv1mPQAIHAMIsIR6agAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100vw" srcSet="https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=320&q=75 320w, https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=384&q=75 384w, https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=480&q=75 480w, https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=576&q=75 576w, https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=768&q=75 768w, https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=1024&q=75 1024w, https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=1280&q=75 1280w, https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=1440&q=75 1440w" src="https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=1440&q=75"/></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tech rulings </h2> <p>Three Supreme Court decisions that have had a major impact on intellectual property in tech. </p><div data-cy="nativoTout"></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>MGM v. Grokster (2005)</strong></h3> <p>The court handed record labels a major victory in their war against piracy by ruling that a popular peer-to-peer music service could be shut down.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Alice v. CLS Bank (2014)</strong></h3> <p>This case involving digital escrow services ended up limiting the scope of software patents, reducing the legal threat that tech companies face.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>ABC v. Aereo (2014)</strong></h3> <p>The justices ruled that a startup offering antennas to view and record free over-the-air broadcasts is illegal, providing a big win for the TV industry.</p> <p><em>A version of this article appears in the March 2020 issue of </em>Fortune<em> with the headline “Tech’s Trial of the Century.”</em></p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">More must-read stories from <em>Fortune</em>:</h3> <p>—<a href="https://fortune.com/2020/02/13/airbnb-losses-safety-measures/" target="_self" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/2020/02/13/airbnb-losses-safety-measures/">Airbnb’s bottom line is hurting</a>. New safety efforts could make matters worse<br/>—How<a href="https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/fbi-internet-crime-report-hackers-business-email/" target="_self" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/fbi-internet-crime-report-hackers-business-email/"> businesses lost an extra $500 million from email scams last year<br/></a>—Antivirus software <a href="https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/free-antivirus-software-avast-selling-user-browsing-histories/" target="_self" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/free-antivirus-software-avast-selling-user-browsing-histories/">Avast investigated for selling user browsing histories<br/></a>—<a href="https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/huawei-spying-alternatives-nokia-ericsson-oran/" target="_self" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/huawei-spying-alternatives-nokia-ericsson-oran/">Huawei poses a 5G spying risk</a>, but other options are hard to come by<br/>—Predicting the <a href="https://fortune.com/videos/watch/5bf53b02-988d-43be-b2f4-658c7c0f0d6b?activePlaylistName=Tech%20Debate" target="_self" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://fortune.com/videos/watch/5bf53b02-988d-43be-b2f4-658c7c0f0d6b?activePlaylistName=Tech%20Debate">biggest tech headlines of 2020<br/><em><br/></em></a><em>Catch up with </em><a href="https://cloud.newsletters.fortune.com/fortune/nloptin?nl=DATA_SHEET&source=LinkStack" target="_self" class="sc-93594058-0 fowfrQ " aria-label="Go to https://cloud.newsletters.fortune.com/fortune/nloptin?nl=DATA_SHEET&source=LinkStack"><em>Data Sheet</em></a><em>, Fortune’s daily digest on the business of tech.</em></p></div></div></div><div class="sc-d331eee9-11 grvWtf"><div class="sc-d331eee9-10 cYdiLE simple"></div></div><div class="sc-9d11c37b-5 czxqeH"></div></div><div class="sc-6cf2855c-0 kExlxv latest-popular-module"><div class="sc-6cf2855c-3 arJkf heading"><h2 class="sc-3358ecfd-0 sc-6cf2855c-4 iHarim dpCFYu latest-popular-title">Latest from the Magazine</h2></div><ul data-cy="post-list" class="sc-6cf2855c-1 kHgwqz latest-popular-content"><li class="sc-6cf2855c-2 lmrGQL content-wrapper"><span class="sc-6cf2855c-5 gngcCZ time-ago-wrapper">0 minutes ago</span><div class="sc-e3c4bc02-0 dvEGRk content"><div class="sc-e3c4bc02-1 dcxLXD card"><img alt="Where East meets West: A nighttime view of Singapore's financial district, with OCBC headquarters second from right. 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has more than tripled in value.","eyebrowSectionLabel":"Success","eyebrowSectionLink":"/section/success","eyebrowTagLabel":"","eyebrowTagLink":"","image":{"altText":"","caption":"","mediaItemUrl":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-1674398282-e1732578046583.jpg"},"title":"NFL legend Rob Gronkowski’s best-ever investment: $69,000 worth of Apple stock he bought on advice from his contractor","titleLink":"https://fortune.com/2024/11/26/rob-gronkowski-net-worth-apple-stock/?itm_source=parsely-api"},{"authors":[{"name":"Prarthana Prakash","uri":"/author/prarthana-prakash","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/prarthana-prakash/"}],"contentType":null,"date":"2024-11-26T11:31:00","dateFormatted":"November 26, 2024","dateGMT":"2024-11-26T11:31:00","dateGMTFormatted":"November 26, 2024","dateUpdated":"2024-11-26T10:48:55","dateUpdatedFormatted":"November 26, 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But Bernard Arnault doesn't plan to retire just yet. ","eyebrowSectionLabel":"Success","eyebrowSectionLink":"/section/success","eyebrowTagLabel":"","eyebrowTagLink":"","image":{"altText":"","caption":"","mediaItemUrl":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2154269586-e1732571806879.jpg"},"title":"LVMH’s Bernard Arnault got a letter from 93-year-old Warren Buffett saying he was making a mistake by upping his retirement age to only 80","titleLink":"https://fortune.com/europe/article/lvmh-bernard-arnault-warren-buffett-letter-mistake-by-upping-retirement-age-only-80/?itm_source=parsely-api"},{"authors":[{"name":"Emma Hinchliffe","uri":"/author/emma-hinchliffe","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/emma-hinchliffe/"},{"name":"Nina Ajemian","uri":"/author/nina-ajemian","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/nina-ajemian/"}],"contentType":null,"date":"2024-11-25T14:00:16","dateFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateGMT":"2024-11-25T14:00:16","dateGMTFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateUpdated":"2024-11-25T09:00:16","dateUpdatedFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateUpdatedGMT":"2024-11-25T14:00:47","dateUpdatedGMTFormatted":"November 25, 2024","excerpt":"Wojcicki spent her final months raising awareness and donating millions to lung cancer research. ","eyebrowSectionLabel":"Newsletters","eyebrowSectionLink":"/section/newsletters","eyebrowTagLabel":"","eyebrowTagLink":"","image":{"altText":"","caption":"","mediaItemUrl":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-1052219774-e1732542181965.jpg"},"title":"Former YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki shares a final message three months after her death from lung cancer","titleLink":"https://fortune.com/2024/11/25/former-youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-shares-a-final-message-three-months-after-her-death-from-lung-cancer/?itm_source=parsely-api"},{"authors":[{"name":"Eleanor Pringle","uri":"/author/eleanor-pringle","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/eleanor-pringle/"}],"contentType":null,"date":"2024-11-24T12:05:00","dateFormatted":"November 24, 2024","dateGMT":"2024-11-24T12:05:00","dateGMTFormatted":"November 24, 2024","dateUpdated":"2024-11-25T10:40:10","dateUpdatedFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateUpdatedGMT":"2024-11-25T15:40:10","dateUpdatedGMTFormatted":"November 25, 2024","excerpt":"Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan Chase, says AI will enable people to work 3.5-day weeks in future. ","eyebrowSectionLabel":"Success","eyebrowSectionLink":"/section/success","eyebrowTagLabel":"","eyebrowTagLink":"","image":{"altText":"","caption":"","mediaItemUrl":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2184059914-e1732115079433.jpg"},"title":"Jamie Dimon says the next generation of employees will work 3.5 days a week and live to 100 years old","titleLink":"https://fortune.com/article/jamie-dimon-jpmorgan-chase-ceo-ai-impact-working-week-3-day-100-years-future/?itm_source=parsely-api"},{"authors":[{"name":"Chloe Berger","uri":"/author/chloe-berger","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/chloe-berger/"}],"contentType":null,"date":"2024-11-25T17:41:36","dateFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateGMT":"2024-11-25T17:41:36","dateGMTFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateUpdated":"2024-11-25T17:33:05","dateUpdatedFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateUpdatedGMT":"2024-11-25T22:33:05","dateUpdatedGMTFormatted":"November 25, 2024","excerpt":"CEO of Berkshire Hathaway warns that the difference between a family crumbling or getting closer can lie within will planning.\r\n","eyebrowSectionLabel":"Success","eyebrowSectionLink":"/section/success","eyebrowTagLabel":"","eyebrowTagLink":"","image":{"altText":"","caption":"","mediaItemUrl":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-1541106661-e1732555457975.jpg"},"title":"Warren Buffett issues a warning for all parents ahead of the $84 trillion Great Wealth Transfer","titleLink":"https://fortune.com/2024/11/25/warren-buffett-advice-will-planning-great-wealth-transfer/?itm_source=parsely-api"},{"authors":[{"name":"Eliyahu Kamisher","uri":"/author/eliyahu-kamisher","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/eliyahu-kamisher/"},{"name":"Keith Laing","uri":"/author/keith-laing","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/keith-laing/"},{"name":"David R. Baker","uri":"/author/david-r-baker","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/david-r-baker/"},{"name":"Bloomberg","uri":"/author/bloomberg","__typename":"MostPopularAuthors","email":"","image":"","sameAs":"","type":"","url":"/author/bloomberg/"}],"contentType":null,"date":"2024-11-25T22:09:03","dateFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateGMT":"2024-11-25T22:09:03","dateGMTFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateUpdated":"2024-11-25T19:35:03","dateUpdatedFormatted":"November 25, 2024","dateUpdatedGMT":"2024-11-26T00:35:03","dateUpdatedGMTFormatted":"November 26, 2024","excerpt":"Tensions between Musk and Newsom have been strained for years.","eyebrowSectionLabel":"Politics","eyebrowSectionLink":"/section/politics","eyebrowTagLabel":"","eyebrowTagLink":"","image":{"altText":"","caption":"","mediaItemUrl":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2181414402-e1732572467840.jpg"},"title":"Tesla excluded from EV buyer credits in California proposal","titleLink":"https://fortune.com/2024/11/25/tesla-excluded-from-ev-buyer-credits-in-california-proposal-newsom/?itm_source=parsely-api"}],"subdomain":"own","footer":{"footerDisclaimer":"\u003cp\u003e© 2024 Fortune Media IP Limited. 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Roberts","sameAs":"","type":"Person","uri":"/author/jeff-john-roberts/","url":"https://fortune.com/author/jeff-john-roberts/","role":"","funFactHeader":"","funFactValue":"","social":{"instaUrl":"","linkedinUrl":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeffjohnroberts/","twitterUrl":"https://twitter.com/jeffjohnroberts","__typename":"AuthorSocialUrlsFields"},"shortIntro":"","__typename":"Co-authors"}],"breadcrumbs":{"items":[]},"bypassPaywall":{"postBypassLinkEnabled":"","postBypassLinkUnique":""},"canonicalUrl":null,"channel":"Magazine","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOn March 24\u003c/strong\u003e, the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear one of the most momentous tech cases in decades. The outcome—depending on which participant you believe—will either safeguard future innovation or deal a deserved comeuppance to a lawless tech giant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"paywall-selector\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"paywall\"\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe case is \u003cem\u003eGoogle v. Oracle\u003c/em\u003e, and it turns on who owns scraps of computer code known as APIs. Short for application programming interfaces, APIs allow one computer program to talk to another by letting, for instance, a weather app pull live temperatures from a third party and then display them on a map. APIs are an essential building block of the digital economy, and in the blockbuster case \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/company/oracle/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOracle\u003c/a\u003e says \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/company/alphabet/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGoogle\u003c/a\u003e committed copyright infringement by using its APIs without permission. Those APIs relate to the Java programming language, which Google used to build its mobile Android software—an act of piracy, in Oracle’s view, worth $9\u0026nbsp;billion in damages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor its part, Google warns that an appeals court made a grievous mistake in ruling for Oracle and that, if the Supreme Court upholds the ruling, it would force companies to ask permission or pay every time they use the high-tech equivalent of a nut or a bolt. “Google’s view has been the industry’s view for decades, and that’s why the software industry has thrived,” says Google’s attorney, Tom Goldstein. “The industry is scared to death the lower court’s ruling will take hold.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOracle dismisses Google’s claims as overblown, noting the lower court’s ruling in its favor hasn’t inhibited recent tech innovations like superfast 5G mobile networks and artificial intelligence. “It’s such utter nonsense,” says Oracle’s general counsel, Dorian Daley. “Nothing is going to change. The only big change is Google didn’t want to take a license when everyone else did.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe outcome of the case could turn on the Supreme Court’s interpretation of fair use, a legal doctrine that permits unlicensed use of copyrighted works in certain situations, such as for excerpts and parody. Google won before a federal judge on the fair-use issue, but an appeals court overturned that finding.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the Supreme Court, Google and its allies, however, plan to make fair use a fallback position. Their main argument is instead that the kind of APIs used by Google are ineligible for copyright because they represent an idea or a method—similar to a recipe or a math formula, which can’t be copyrighted. In support of this position, they point to a case from 1880 in which the Supreme Court ruled that a bookkeeper’s wife could not copyright a system of ledger headings in account books.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s an oldie but goodie,” says law professor Pam Samuelson, who adds the argument will likely resonate with the justices because the Supreme Court pays close attention to its own precedents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSamuelson, an influential copyright scholar at the University of California at Berkeley, has authored a brief signed by 72 law professors in support of Google. Also on the company’s side are prominent computer scientists, \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/company/ibm/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIBM\u003c/a\u003e, and Google’s longtime antagonist, \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/company/microsoft/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, which has warned the Supreme Court of “disastrous consequences for innovation” if Oracle prevails.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOracle has prominent allies of its own, not least of which is the U.S. government, which filed a brief supporting the corporate database giant. For some, the government’s decision to back Oracle may reflect the company’s close ties with President Trump’s White House. According to Samuelson, the appearance of President Trump’s solicitor general on the government’s brief—instead of a deputy or agency head—stands out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhat makes \u003cem\u003eGoogle v. Oracle\u003c/em\u003e still more intriguing is that legal scholars are genuinely uncertain of the outcome. Unlike issues such as abortion and gun control, Supreme Court justices’ views on copyright are seldom scrutinized during the appointment process, making it harder to predict how they’ll rule.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA final wild card in the case is the fact that the aged members of the Supreme Court are unlikely to have deep knowledge of APIs. Harvard law professor Rebecca Tushnet, who filed a brief supporting Google and its fair-use argument, believes the justices will get up to speed when the case goes to trial. Nonetheless, she acknowledges there is a risk they may overlook the technical intricacies of the case—including that Google is claiming only a specific subset of APIs shouldn’t be copyrighted. If this happens, the justices may rely instead on the broader story lines that the companies are arguing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“A compelling narrative always matters. It gives the court a reason to find in your favor,” says Tushnet. “One framing of the story is that Google went ahead and plundered. The other framing is Oracle took something that belongs to everyone else.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=650\u0026#038;h=15\" alt=\"Newsletter-Blue-Line-15\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-2740606\" src=\"https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=650\u0026#038;h=15\" width=\"650\" height=\"15\" original-width=\"650\" original-height=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eTech rulings \u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThree Supreme Court decisions that have had a major impact on intellectual property in tech.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMGM v. Grokster (2005)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe court handed record labels a major victory in their war against piracy by ruling\u0026nbsp;that a popular\u0026nbsp;peer-to-peer music\u0026nbsp;service could be shut down.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlice v. CLS Bank (2014)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis case involving digital escrow services ended up limiting the scope of software patents, reducing the legal threat that tech companies face.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eABC v. Aereo\u0026nbsp;(2014)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe justices ruled that a startup offering antennas to view and record free over-the-air broadcasts is illegal, providing a big win for the TV industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA version of this article appears in the March 2020 issue of \u003c/em\u003eFortune\u003cem\u003e with the headline \u0026#8220;Tech\u0026#8217;s Trial of the Century.\u0026#8221;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eMore must-read stories from \u003cem\u003eFortune\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e—\u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2020/02/13/airbnb-losses-safety-measures/\"\u003eAirbnb’s bottom line is hurting\u003c/a\u003e. New safety efforts could make matters worse\u003cbr\u003e—How\u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/fbi-internet-crime-report-hackers-business-email/\"\u003e businesses lost an extra $500 million from email scams last year\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/a\u003e—Antivirus software \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/free-antivirus-software-avast-selling-user-browsing-histories/\"\u003eAvast investigated for selling user browsing histories\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/a\u003e—\u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/huawei-spying-alternatives-nokia-ericsson-oran/\"\u003eHuawei poses a 5G spying risk\u003c/a\u003e, but other options are hard to come by\u003cbr\u003e—Predicting the \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/videos/watch/5bf53b02-988d-43be-b2f4-658c7c0f0d6b?activePlaylistName=Tech%20Debate\"\u003ebiggest tech headlines of 2020\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatch up with \u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://cloud.newsletters.fortune.com/fortune/nloptin?nl=DATA_SHEET\u0026amp;source=LinkStack\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Sheet\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e, Fortune\u0026#8217;s daily digest on the business of tech.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","databaseId":2772936,"dateGmt":"2020-02-17T11:30:00","dek":"","description":"The two giants will argue before the Supreme Court in a case that has major implications for Silicon Valley.","faq":[],"featuredMediaType":"image","floatingNavContent":"","floatingNavTitle":"","footnotes":null,"id":"cG9zdDoyNzcyOTM2","image":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?resize=1200,600","imageCaption":"Oracle and Google will face off before the Supreme Court in February that has major complications for Silicon Valley.\n\nPhoto Illustration by Edmon de Haro","imageCredit":"Photo Illustration by Edmon de Haro","keywords":"","link":"https://fortune.com/2020/02/17/google-oracle-supreme-court-case-apis/","metaTitle":"Oracle, Google to face off at Supreme Court over APIs","modifiedGmt":"2020-02-17T03:58:29","pageType":"article","platformCD":"own","postId":2772936,"postSettings":{"postSettingsDek":null,"enableSubscriptionPlea":false,"subscriptionPleaDesign":null,"subscriptionPleaPosition":null,"subscriptionPleaTextLined":null,"bylineCommentary":null,"mediaItem":{"altText":"SUP.03.20.Google vs. Oracle","caption":"Oracle and Google will face off before the Supreme Court and that will have major complications for Silicon 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Court"],"tags":[{"name":"briefing","tagId":447821839,"__typename":"BrandedArticleClassificationTagFieldsFields"},{"name":"Google","tagId":447824918,"__typename":"BrandedArticleClassificationTagFieldsFields"},{"name":"Oracle","tagId":3766,"__typename":"BrandedArticleClassificationTagFieldsFields"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","tagId":49875,"__typename":"BrandedArticleClassificationTagFieldsFields"},{"name":"Supreme Court","tagId":4309,"__typename":"BrandedArticleClassificationTagFieldsFields"}],"templateType":"default","thumbnailUrl":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg","title":"Oracle and Google are about to face off in tech’s trial of the century","topicNames":[],"topics":[],"url":"https://fortune.com/2020/02/17/google-oracle-supreme-court-case-apis/","videoId":null,"widgetCss":null},"articleData":{"adTags":[],"audienceDek":"The two giants will argue before the Supreme Court in a case that has major implications for Silicon Valley.","authorNames":["Jeff John Roberts"],"authors":[{"email":"jeff.roberts@fortune.com","image":"","name":"Jeff John Roberts","sameAs":"","type":"Person","uri":"/author/jeff-john-roberts/","url":"https://fortune.com/author/jeff-john-roberts/","role":"","funFactHeader":"","funFactValue":"","social":{"instaUrl":"","linkedinUrl":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeffjohnroberts/","twitterUrl":"https://twitter.com/jeffjohnroberts","__typename":"AuthorSocialUrlsFields"},"shortIntro":"","__typename":"Co-authors"}],"breadcrumbs":{"items":[]},"bypassPaywall":{"postBypassLinkEnabled":"","postBypassLinkUnique":""},"canonicalUrl":null,"channel":"Magazine","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOn March 24\u003c/strong\u003e, the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear one of the most momentous tech cases in decades. The outcome—depending on which participant you believe—will either safeguard future innovation or deal a deserved comeuppance to a lawless tech giant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"paywall-selector\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"paywall\"\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe case is \u003cem\u003eGoogle v. Oracle\u003c/em\u003e, and it turns on who owns scraps of computer code known as APIs. Short for application programming interfaces, APIs allow one computer program to talk to another by letting, for instance, a weather app pull live temperatures from a third party and then display them on a map. APIs are an essential building block of the digital economy, and in the blockbuster case \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/company/oracle/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOracle\u003c/a\u003e says \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/company/alphabet/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGoogle\u003c/a\u003e committed copyright infringement by using its APIs without permission. Those APIs relate to the Java programming language, which Google used to build its mobile Android software—an act of piracy, in Oracle’s view, worth $9\u0026nbsp;billion in damages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor its part, Google warns that an appeals court made a grievous mistake in ruling for Oracle and that, if the Supreme Court upholds the ruling, it would force companies to ask permission or pay every time they use the high-tech equivalent of a nut or a bolt. “Google’s view has been the industry’s view for decades, and that’s why the software industry has thrived,” says Google’s attorney, Tom Goldstein. “The industry is scared to death the lower court’s ruling will take hold.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOracle dismisses Google’s claims as overblown, noting the lower court’s ruling in its favor hasn’t inhibited recent tech innovations like superfast 5G mobile networks and artificial intelligence. “It’s such utter nonsense,” says Oracle’s general counsel, Dorian Daley. “Nothing is going to change. The only big change is Google didn’t want to take a license when everyone else did.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe outcome of the case could turn on the Supreme Court’s interpretation of fair use, a legal doctrine that permits unlicensed use of copyrighted works in certain situations, such as for excerpts and parody. Google won before a federal judge on the fair-use issue, but an appeals court overturned that finding.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the Supreme Court, Google and its allies, however, plan to make fair use a fallback position. Their main argument is instead that the kind of APIs used by Google are ineligible for copyright because they represent an idea or a method—similar to a recipe or a math formula, which can’t be copyrighted. In support of this position, they point to a case from 1880 in which the Supreme Court ruled that a bookkeeper’s wife could not copyright a system of ledger headings in account books.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s an oldie but goodie,” says law professor Pam Samuelson, who adds the argument will likely resonate with the justices because the Supreme Court pays close attention to its own precedents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSamuelson, an influential copyright scholar at the University of California at Berkeley, has authored a brief signed by 72 law professors in support of Google. Also on the company’s side are prominent computer scientists, \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/company/ibm/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIBM\u003c/a\u003e, and Google’s longtime antagonist, \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/company/microsoft/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, which has warned the Supreme Court of “disastrous consequences for innovation” if Oracle prevails.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOracle has prominent allies of its own, not least of which is the U.S. government, which filed a brief supporting the corporate database giant. For some, the government’s decision to back Oracle may reflect the company’s close ties with President Trump’s White House. According to Samuelson, the appearance of President Trump’s solicitor general on the government’s brief—instead of a deputy or agency head—stands out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhat makes \u003cem\u003eGoogle v. Oracle\u003c/em\u003e still more intriguing is that legal scholars are genuinely uncertain of the outcome. Unlike issues such as abortion and gun control, Supreme Court justices’ views on copyright are seldom scrutinized during the appointment process, making it harder to predict how they’ll rule.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA final wild card in the case is the fact that the aged members of the Supreme Court are unlikely to have deep knowledge of APIs. Harvard law professor Rebecca Tushnet, who filed a brief supporting Google and its fair-use argument, believes the justices will get up to speed when the case goes to trial. Nonetheless, she acknowledges there is a risk they may overlook the technical intricacies of the case—including that Google is claiming only a specific subset of APIs shouldn’t be copyrighted. If this happens, the justices may rely instead on the broader story lines that the companies are arguing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“A compelling narrative always matters. It gives the court a reason to find in your favor,” says Tushnet. “One framing of the story is that Google went ahead and plundered. The other framing is Oracle took something that belongs to everyone else.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=650\u0026#038;h=15\" alt=\"Newsletter-Blue-Line-15\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-2740606\" src=\"https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Newsletter-Blue-Line-1.png?w=650\u0026#038;h=15\" width=\"650\" height=\"15\" original-width=\"650\" original-height=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eTech rulings \u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThree Supreme Court decisions that have had a major impact on intellectual property in tech.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMGM v. Grokster (2005)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe court handed record labels a major victory in their war against piracy by ruling\u0026nbsp;that a popular\u0026nbsp;peer-to-peer music\u0026nbsp;service could be shut down.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlice v. CLS Bank (2014)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis case involving digital escrow services ended up limiting the scope of software patents, reducing the legal threat that tech companies face.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eABC v. Aereo\u0026nbsp;(2014)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe justices ruled that a startup offering antennas to view and record free over-the-air broadcasts is illegal, providing a big win for the TV industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA version of this article appears in the March 2020 issue of \u003c/em\u003eFortune\u003cem\u003e with the headline \u0026#8220;Tech\u0026#8217;s Trial of the Century.\u0026#8221;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eMore must-read stories from \u003cem\u003eFortune\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e—\u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2020/02/13/airbnb-losses-safety-measures/\"\u003eAirbnb’s bottom line is hurting\u003c/a\u003e. New safety efforts could make matters worse\u003cbr\u003e—How\u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/fbi-internet-crime-report-hackers-business-email/\"\u003e businesses lost an extra $500 million from email scams last year\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/a\u003e—Antivirus software \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/free-antivirus-software-avast-selling-user-browsing-histories/\"\u003eAvast investigated for selling user browsing histories\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/a\u003e—\u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2020/02/12/huawei-spying-alternatives-nokia-ericsson-oran/\"\u003eHuawei poses a 5G spying risk\u003c/a\u003e, but other options are hard to come by\u003cbr\u003e—Predicting the \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/videos/watch/5bf53b02-988d-43be-b2f4-658c7c0f0d6b?activePlaylistName=Tech%20Debate\"\u003ebiggest tech headlines of 2020\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatch up with \u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://cloud.newsletters.fortune.com/fortune/nloptin?nl=DATA_SHEET\u0026amp;source=LinkStack\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Sheet\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e, Fortune\u0026#8217;s daily digest on the business of tech.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","databaseId":2772936,"dateGmt":"2020-02-17T11:30:00","dek":"","description":"The two giants will argue before the Supreme Court in a case that has major implications for Silicon Valley.","faq":[],"featuredMediaType":"image","floatingNavContent":"","floatingNavTitle":"","footnotes":null,"id":"cG9zdDoyNzcyOTM2","image":"https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SUP.03.20.Google-vs.-Oracle.jpg?resize=1200,600","imageCaption":"Oracle and Google will face off before the Supreme Court in February that has major complications for Silicon Valley.\n\nPhoto Illustration by Edmon de Haro","imageCredit":"Photo Illustration by Edmon de 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