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} }) </script> </div> </form> </fieldset> <article class="entryArticle content STeditorial"> <header class="entryHeader icon-author"> <h1 class="entryTitle">Sawyer, Robert J </h1> </header><p class='tagLine'>Entry updated 18 November 2024. Tagged: Author.</p><div class="browsingBtns"> <span> <input class="button PNI previous" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/next.php?id=p&entry=sawyer_robert_j'" value="Prev" /> </span> <span> <input class="button PNI next" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/next.php?&entry=sawyer_robert_j'" value="Next" /> </span> <span> <input class="button PNI incoming" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/incoming.php?entry=sawyer_robert_j'" value="About This Entry" title="What links to the entry; contributor initials explained; how to cite; other information" /> </span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Checklist" onclick="window.location.hash='chklst'" ></span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Alpha" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=sawyer_robert_j&abc'" ></span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Chron" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=sawyer_robert_j'" ></span> <span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="window.open('/gallery.php?link=sawyer_robert_j');"> <img alt="Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com" style="margin: 0; position: relative; top:-2px;" src="/images/icon-gal.gif"></img></span> </div><p style='float:right; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:10px; position: relative; top: 3px;'> <a href='/gallery.php?id=SawyerRJ-Frameshift.jpg' target='_blank'> <img src='https://x.sf-encyclopedia.com/gal/thumbs/SawyerRJ-Frameshift.jpg' alt='pic'></a></p> <p>(1960-    ) Canadian author, one of the two or three most prominent Canadian sf writers, married to sf poet Carolyn Clink; though he publishes widely, with most of his books being released by New York firms, his work is notable for its frequent use of Canadian settings; it is a mark of twenty-first century <a href="/entry/genre_sf">Genre SF</a> that <a href="/entry/canada">Canada</a> and Canadian settings are now perceived as non-exotic, a change for which Sawyer can share credit with a <a href="/entry/mainstream_writers_of_sf">Mainstream Writer of SF</a> like Margaret <a href="/entry/atwood_margaret">Atwood</a>. He has won the Canadian Aurora <a href="/entry/awards">Award</a> on several occasions.</p> <p>Sawyer began publishing sf with "If I'm Here, Imagine Where They Sent my Luggage" for <i>The Village Voice</i> on 14 January 1981, and has been moderately active as a short-story writer in the 1980s, though he has consistently focused on longer forms. His first novel, <i>Golden Fleece</i> (September 1988 <a href="/entry/amazing">Amazing</a>; exp <b>1990</b>), is set on a colony ship named <i>Argo</i> run by an <a href="/entry/ai">AI</a> named JASON, and perhaps slightly overcopiously engages to meld Greek myth and <a href="/entry/hard_sf">Hard SF</a> in the story of a murder and its solution by a human protagonist so psychologically recessed that the AI cannot read his intentions. The <b>Quintaglio Ascension</b> sequence – comprising <i>Far-Seer</i> (<b>1992</b>), <i>Fossil Hunter</i> (<b>1993</b>) and <i>Foreigner</i> (<b>1994</b>) – is set on an unstable Moon orbiting a distant planet, and inhabited by intelligent <a href="/entry/dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a> who were transported there from Earth by quasi-omniscient <a href="/entry/aliens">Alien</a> Watchers aeons past so they may undergo <a href="/entry/uplift">Uplift</a> in safety. True to the conventions of <a href="/entry/hard_sf">Hard SF</a>, the young dinosaur protagonist who initiates the sequence both revolutionizes the sciences of his world and persuades its rulers that the theory of <a href="/entry/evolution">Evolution</a> enables the Quintaglios to recognize their origin, having copious adventures while engaged in these campaigns. Some of the detail work is luminously enjoyable; some of the premises – including the assumption that Quintaglios are doomed to excessive territoriality, especially when they are in rut – slide close to a fallacy endemic to Hard Sf in particular: the creation of niche species with high <a href="/entry/intelligence">Intelligence</a>. It is, all in all, however, a thoroughly readable presentation. <i>End of an Era</i> (<b>1994</b>), which won the <a href="/entry/seiun_award">Seiun Award</a>, is also about dinosaurs, but different ones: two contemporary Earth palaeontologists vie over explanations for the death of <a href="/entry/dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a> on this planet, and use <a href="/entry/time_travel">Time Travel</a> to test their theses. In the end, an overly intricate explanation is offered; but again the journey is swift.</p> <p><i>The Terminal Experiment</i> (mid-December 1994-March 1995 <a href="/entry/analog">Analog</a> as "Hobson's Choice"; <b>1995</b>), which won the <a href="/entry/nebula">Nebula</a> award, is an sf mystery featuring the discovery that, at the instant of death, a form of energy escapes the human brain; there is some speculation about the moral pressures on <a href="/entry/upload">Uploaded</a> versions of human personas to the <a href="/entry/internet">Internet</a> as variously modified or constrained <a href="/entry/avatars">Avatars</a>. The discovery of <a href="/entry/wormholes">Wormholes</a> in <i>Starplex</i> (July-September 1996 <a href="/entry/analog">Analog</a>; <b>1996</b>), along with the <a href="/entry/invention">Invention</a> of <a href="/entry/faster_than_light">Faster Than Light</a> travel, has jolted <i>Homo sapiens</i> into <a href="/entry/first_contact">First Contact</a> with various races, and other expansive events. More ambitiously, <i>Frameshift</i> (<b>1997</b>), which won the <a href="/entry/seiun_award">Seiun Award</a>, engages the fatally-ill protagonist, and his <a href="/entry/telepathy">Telepath</a> girlfriend, in a search (see <a href="/entry/medicine">Medicine</a>) for a breakthrough cure, while at the same time a famous researcher is suspected of having been actively involved in the Final Solution. In <i>Illegal Alien</i> (<b>1997</b>), which also won the <a href="/entry/seiun_award">Seiun Award</a>, <a href="/entry/aliens">Aliens</a> visit Earth, establishing <a href="/entry/first_contact">First Contact</a>, but the possibilities inherent are darkened when one of them is put on trial for murder; <i>Factoring Humanity</i> (<b>1998</b>) recasts similar issues as a researcher picks up <a href="/entry/extraterrestrial">Extraterrestrial</a> signals (see <a href="/entry/seti">SETI</a>), which enable her to gain access to the <i>Homo sapiens</i> overmind and hence gives her <a href="/entry/telepathy">Telepathic</a> powers, which she uses to solve a family romance crisis. In <i>Flashforward</i> (<b>1999</b>), a CERN search for the Higgs boson causes the entire human population to experience a couple of minutes of <a href="/entry/precognition">Precognition</a> of their lives slightly over two decades hence, causing <a href="/entry/disaster">Disasters</a> and revelations. The <a href="/entry/physics">Physics</a> is sophisticated, though the novel overstretches slightly when issues of racial <a href="/entry/transcendence">Transcendence</a> and <a href="/entry/immortality">Immortality</a> enter the tale. The <a href="/entry/television">Television</a> series <a href="/entry/flashforward">FlashForward</a> (<i>2009-2010</i>), which Sawyer developed, focuses on the early moments of awe and confusion.</p> <p>Two series dominated the next decade of his career. The <b>Neanderthal Parallax</b> sequence – comprising <i>Hominids</i> (January-April 2002 <a href="/entry/analog">Analog</a>; <b>2002</b>), which won a <a href="/entry/hugo">Hugo</a> award, <i>Humans</i> (<b>2003</b>) and <i>Hybrids</i> (<b>2003</b>) – compares and contrasts the <a href="/entry/evolution">Evolution</a> of "humans" on two closely similar <a href="/entry/alternate_worlds">Alternate Worlds</a>: our Earth, dominated by <i>Homo sapiens</i>; a second earth, dominated by <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i>. Each world presents aspects of <a href="/entry/utopias">Utopia</a> and <a href="/entry/dystopias">Dystopia</a> to the other, though the Neanderthals – despite a niche-species-like bondage to menstrual cycles – are generally presented as the more attractive, having sophisticated a basic Hunter-Gatherer culture into an advanced technological civilization; they are also genetically incapable of understanding <a href="/entry/religion">Religion</a>, and cannot therefore credit the <i>Homo sapiens</i> belief in a universe shaped around the human story. Again set in the <a href="/entry/near_future">Near Future</a>, the <b>WWW</b> sequence, comprising <i>WWW: Wake</i> (<b>2009</b>), <i>WWW: Watch</i> (<b>2010</b>) and <i>WWW: Wonder</i> (<b>2011</b>), describes the coming to consciousness of the World Wide Web (see <a href="/entry/ai">AI</a>; <a href="/entry/internet">Internet</a>) in terms inspired by the bicameralism suggested by Julian <a href="/entry/jaynes_julian">Jaynes</a> in <i>The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind</i> (<b>1976</b>); as well as a parallel development in a chimpanzee-bonobo hybrid, who learns to paint (see <a href="/entry/apes_as_human">Apes as Human</a>); an interface between a blind human and the infant Webmind leads to radical improvements in healthcare and general well-being, though the American military, which may fear its obsolescence through the <a href="/entry/singularity">Singularity</a> Webmind seems to predict, wishes to destroy the adolescent worldmind.</p> <p>Of his later singletons, <i>Mindscan</i> (<b>2005</b>) – whose protagonists, having worn out their human bodies, find love after transplanting themselves into <a href="/entry/androids">Android</a> receptacles – won the <a href="/entry/john_w_campbell_memorial_award">John W Campbell Memorial Award</a>; in <i>Triggers</i> (<b>2012</b>), a memory transfer accident (see <a href="/entry/identity_transfer">Identity Transfer</a>) involving the US President and others threatens the security of the <a href="/entry/near_future">Near Future</a> USA. <i>The Oppenheimer Alternative</i> (<b>2020</b>) is an <a href="/entry/alternate_history">Alternate History</a> in which Oppenheimer and his colleagues discover that the <a href="/entry/sun">Sun</a> will shred its outer layer in 2030, burning Earth to a crisp, and try to prevent this happening.</p> <p>In the twenty-first century Sawyer has been very active in the sf world as a teacher and advocate; he served as President of <a href="/entry/sfwa">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a> in 2000. He has been an advocate of and for the genre; and for the rational strategies sf suggests for the future, so much so that much of his later work seems most effective when taken as a series of strongly argued <a href="/entry/thought_experiment">Thought Experiments</a>. In 2016 he was made a member of the Order of Canada (the country's highest civilian honour) for sf writing and mentoring and for contributions to <a href="/entry/futures_studies">Futures Studies</a>. [JC]</p> <p><b>see also:</b> <a href="/entry/on_spec">On Spec</a>; <a href="/entry/robert_a_heinlein_award">Robert A Heinlein Award</a>; <a href="/entry/worldcon">Worldcon</a>; <a href="/entry/yinhe_award">Yinhe Award</a>.</p> <h3 id="chklst">Robert James Sawyer</h3> <p><b>born</b> Ottawa, Ontario: 29 April 1960</p> <p><b>works</b></p> <p><input type="button" value="Alphabetical" class="button PNI" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=sawyer_robert_j&abc'"> <input type="button" value="Chronological" class="button PNI" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=sawyer_robert_j'"></p> <p><b>series</b></p> <p><b>Quintaglio Ascension</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Far-Seer&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Far-Seer</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>1992</b>) [<b>Quintaglio Ascension</b>: pb/Tom <a href="/entry/kidd_tom">Kidd</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Fossil+Hunter&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Fossil Hunter</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>1992</b>) [<b>Quintaglio Ascension</b>: pb/Bob <a href="/entry/eggleton_bob">Eggleton</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Foreigner&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Foreigner</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>1994</b>) [<b>Quintaglio Ascension</b>: pb/Bob <a href="/entry/eggleton_bob">Eggleton</a>]</li> </ul> <p><b>Neanderthal Parallax</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Hominids&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Hominids</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>2002</b>) [first appeared January-April 2002 <a href="/entry/analog">Analog</a>: <b>Neanderthal Parallax</b>: hb/Donato <a href="/entry/giancola_donato">Giancola</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Humans&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Humans</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>2003</b>) [<b>Neanderthal Parallax</b>: hb/Donato <a href="/entry/giancola_donato">Giancola</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Hybrids&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Hybrids</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>2003</b>) [<b>Neanderthal Parallax</b>: hb/Donato <a href="/entry/giancola_donato">Giancola</a>]</li> </ul> <p><b>WWW</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=WWW+Wake&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">WWW: Wake</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>2009</b>) [first appeared November 2008-March 2009 <a href="/entry/analog">Analog</a>: <b>WWW</b>: hb/Steven Biver and John Lund]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=WWW+Watch&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">WWW: Watch</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>2010</b>) [<b>WWW</b>: hb/Tony Mauro]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=WWW+Wonder&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">WWW: Wonder</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>2011</b>) [<b>WWW</b>: hb/Tony Mauro]</li> </ul> <p><b>individual titles</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Golden+Fleece&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Golden Fleece</a></em> (New York: Popular Library/Questar, <b>1990</b>) [pb/Barclay <a href="/entry/shaw_barclay">Shaw</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=End+of+an+Era&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">End of an Era</a></em> (London: New English Library, <b>1994</b>) [pb/] <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=End+of+an+Era&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">End of an Era</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>2001</b>) [rev of the above: pb/Bob <a href="/entry/eggleton_bob">Eggleton</a>]</li> </ul></li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Terminal+Experiment&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Terminal Experiment</a></em> (New York: HarperPrism, <b>1995</b>) [first appeared Mid-December 1994-March 1995 <a href="/entry/analog">Analog</a>: pb/Joe Burleson]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Starplex&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Starplex</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>1996</b>) [first appeared July-September 1996 <a href="/entry/analog">Analog</a>: pb/Doug Struthers]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Frameshift&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Frameshift</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>1997</b>) [hb/Bruce <a href="/entry/jensen_bruce">Jensen</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Illegal+Alien&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Illegal Alien</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>1997</b>) [hb/Danilo <a href="/entry/ducak_danilo">Ducak</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Factoring+Humanity&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Factoring Humanity</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>1998</b>) [hb/Jan Uretsky and Shelley <a href="/entry/eshkar_shelley">Eshkar</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Flashforward&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Flashforward</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>1999</b>) [hb/Drive Communications]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Calculating+God&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Calculating God</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>2000</b>) [hb/Drive Communications]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Mindscan&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Mindscan</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>2005</b>) [hb/Stephan <a href="/entry/martiniere_stephan">Martinière</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Rollback&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Rollback</a></em> (New York: Tor, <b>2007</b>) [first appeared October 2006-January/February 2007 <a href="/entry/analog">Analog</a>: hb/Corbis, Getty Images]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Triggers&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Triggers</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>2012</b>) [hb/Stefan <a href="/entry/martiniere_stephan">Martinière</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Red+Planet+Blues&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Red Planet Blues</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>2012</b>) [hb/Tony Mauro]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Quantum+Night&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Quantum Night</a></em> (New York: Ace Books, <b>2016</b>) [hb/Tony Mauro]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Oppenheimer+Alternative&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Oppenheimer Alternative</a></em> (Rockville, Maryland: Arc Manor/CAEZIK SF and Fantasy, <b>2020</b>) [pb/Scott Grimando]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Downloaded&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Downloaded</a></em> (Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Shadowpaw Press, <b>2024</b>) [pb/]</li> </ul> <p><b>collections and stories</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Fallen+Angel&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Fallen Angel</a></em> (Mississauga, Ontario: Who's That Coeurl?, <b>2000</b>) [story: chap: first appeared in <em>Strange Attraction</em> (anth <b>2000</b>) edited by Edward E <a href="/entry/kramer_edward_e">Kramer</a>: pb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Iterations&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Iterations</a></em> (Kingston, Ontario: Quarry Press, <b>2002</b>) [coll: hb/Susan Hannah]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Relativity+Stories+and+Essays&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Relativity: Stories and Essays</a></em> (Deerfield, Illinois: ISFiC Press, <b>2004</b>) [coll: hb/<a href="/entry/jael">Jael</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Identity+Theft+and+Other+Stories&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Identity Theft and Other Stories</a></em> (Calgary, Alberta: Red Deer Press, <b>2008</b>) [coll: hb/Karen Thomas]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Earth&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Earth</a></em> (Toronto, Ontario: SFWRITER COM, <b>2019</b>) [coll: ebook: na/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Time&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Time</a></em> (Toronto, Ontario: SFWRITER COM, <b>2019</b>) [coll: ebook: na/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Space&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Space</a></em> (Toronto, Ontario: SFWRITER COM, <b>2019</b>) [coll: ebook: na/]</li> </ul> <p><b>works as editor</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Tesseracts6&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Tesseracts<sup>6</sup></a></em> (Edmonton, Alberta: The Books Collective/Tesseract Books, <b>1997</b>) with Carolyn Clink [anth: <a href="/entry/tesseracts">Tesseracts</a>: <b>Tesseracts</b>: hb/Joyce Kline]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Crossing+the+Line+Canadian+Mysteries+with+a&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Crossing the Line: Canadian Mysteries with a Fantastic Twist</a></em> (East Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield Press, <b>1998</b>) with Davie Skene-Melvin [anth: pb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Norman+Jacobs+and+Kerry+OQuinn+Present+Starlog&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Norman Jacobs & Kerry O'Quinn Present Starlog's Science Fiction Yearbook, Vol 1</a></em> (New York: Starlog, <b>1979</b>) with Dave Truesdale [nonfiction: anth: pb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Boarding+the+Enterprise+Transporters+Tribbles&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek</a></em> (Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books, <b>2006</b>) with David <a href="/entry/gerrold_david">Gerrold</a> and Leah <a href="/entry/wilson_leah">Wilson</a> [nonfiction: anth: <a href="/entry/star_trek">Star Trek</a>: Wilson credited on title page but not cover: in the publisher's <b>Smart Pop</b> series: pb/Todd Michael Bushman]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Distant+Early+Warnings+Canada+Best+Science&field-author=Sawyer+Robert+J" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Distant Early Warnings: Canada's Best Science Fiction</a></em> (Calgary, Alberta: Red Deer Press/Robert J Sawyer Books, <b>2009</b>) [anth: pb/James Beveridge]</li> </ul> <p><b>links</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sfwriter.com/">Robert J Sawyer</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?346">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/36373">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/gallery.php?link=sawyer_robert_j">Picture Gallery</a></li> </ul> <p><b>previous versions of this entry</b></p> <ul><li><a href='https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/sawyer_robert_j' target='_blank'>Internet Archive</a></li></ul><br /><br /></article></div> <div 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