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organ doses</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: critical organ doses"> <meta name="keywords" content="critical organ doses"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="critical organ doses"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6278</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: critical organ doses</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6278</span> Determination of Critical Organ Doses for Liver Scintigraphy Using Cr-51</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Maranci">O. Maranci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20B.%20Tugrul"> A. B. Tugrul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Scintigraphy is an imaging method of nuclear events provoked by collisions or charged current interactions with radiation. It is used for diagnostic test used in nuclear medicine via radiopharmaceuticals emitting radiation which is captured by gamma cameras to form two-dimensional images. Liver scintigraphy is widely used in nuclear medicine.Tc-99m and Cr-51 gamma radioisotopes can be used for this purpose. Cr-51 usage is more important for patients’ organ dose that has higher energy and longer half-life as compared to Tc-99m. In this study, it is aimed to determine the required dose for critical organs of patient through liver scintigraphy via Cr-51 gamma radioisotope. Experimental studies were conducted on patients even though conducting experimental studies on patients is extremely difficult for determination of critical organ doses. Torso phantom was utilized to simulate the liver scintigraphy by using 20 mini packages of Cr-51 that were placed on the organ. The radioisotope was produced by irradiation in central thimble of TRIGA MARK II Reactor at 250 KW power. As the results of the study, critical organ doses were determined and evaluated with different critic organs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20organ%20doses" title="critical organ doses">critical organ doses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver" title=" liver"> liver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scintigraphy" title=" scintigraphy"> scintigraphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TRIGA%20Mark-II" title=" TRIGA Mark-II"> TRIGA Mark-II</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35693/determination-of-critical-organ-doses-for-liver-scintigraphy-using-cr-51" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">556</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6277</span> Organ Dose Calculator for Fetus Undergoing Computed Tomography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Choonsik%20Lee">Choonsik Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Les%20Folio"> Les Folio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pregnant patients may undergo CT in emergencies unrelated with pregnancy, and potential risk to the developing fetus is of concern. It is critical to accurately estimate fetal organ doses in CT scans. We developed a fetal organ dose calculation tool using pregnancy-specific computational phantoms combined with Monte Carlo radiation transport techniques. We adopted a series of pregnancy computational phantoms developed at the University of Florida at the gestational ages of 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 38 weeks (Maynard et al. 2011). More than 30 organs and tissues and 20 skeletal sites are defined in each fetus model. We calculated fetal organ dose-normalized by CTDIvol to derive organ dose conversion coefficients (mGy/mGy) for the eight fetuses for consequential slice locations ranging from the top to the bottom of the pregnancy phantoms with 1 cm slice thickness. Organ dose from helical scans was approximated by the summation of doses from multiple axial slices included in the given scan range of interest. We then compared dose conversion coefficients for major fetal organs in the abdominal-pelvis CT scan of pregnancy phantoms with the uterine dose of a non-pregnant adult female computational phantom. A comprehensive library of organ conversion coefficients was established for the eight developing fetuses undergoing CT. They were implemented into an in-house graphical user interface-based computer program for convenient estimation of fetal organ doses by inputting CT technical parameters as well as the age of the fetus. We found that the esophagus received the least dose, whereas the kidneys received the greatest dose in all fetuses in AP scans of the pregnancy phantoms. We also found that when the uterine dose of a non-pregnant adult female phantom is used as a surrogate for fetal organ doses, root-mean-square-error ranged from 0.08 mGy (8 weeks) to 0.38 mGy (38 weeks). The uterine dose was up to 1.7-fold greater than the esophagus dose of the 38-week fetus model. The calculation tool should be useful in cases requiring fetal organ dose in emergency CT scans as well as patient dose monitoring. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography" title="computed tomography">computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fetal%20dose" title=" fetal dose"> fetal dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnant%20women" title=" pregnant women"> pregnant women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20dose" title=" radiation dose"> radiation dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114436/organ-dose-calculator-for-fetus-undergoing-computed-tomography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114436.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6276</span> Willingness and Attitude towards Organ Donation of Nurses in Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ShuYing%20Chung">ShuYing Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minchuan%20Huang"> Minchuan Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iping%20Chen"> Iping Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Taking the medical staff in an emergency ward of a medical center in Central Taiwan as the research object, the questionnaire data were collected by anonymous and voluntary reporting methods with structured questionnaire to explore the actual situation, willingness and attitude of organ donation. Only 80 valid questionnaires were collected. Among the 8 questions, the average correct rate was 5.9 + 1.2, and the correct rate was 73.13%. The willingness of organ donation that 7.5% of the people are not willing; 92.5% of the people are willing, of which 62.5% have considered but have not yet decided; 21.3% are willing but have not signed the consent of organ donation; They have signed the consent of organ donation 8.7%. The average total score (standard deviation) of attitude towards organ donation was 36.2. There is no significant difference between the demographic variables and the awareness and willingness of organ donation, but there is a significant correlation between the marital status and the attitude of organ donation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20psychology" title="clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20donation" title=" organ donation"> organ donation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doctors%20affecting%20psychological%20disorders" title=" doctors affecting psychological disorders"> doctors affecting psychological disorders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commitment" title=" commitment"> commitment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136786/willingness-and-attitude-towards-organ-donation-of-nurses-in-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136786.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6275</span> Comparison of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Virtual Treatment Plans Obtained With Different Collimators in the Cyberknife System in Partial Breast Irradiation: A Retrospective Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%96znur%20Sariba%C5%9F">Öznur Saribaş</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Si%CC%87bel%20Kahraman%20%C3%87eti%CC%87nta%C5%9F"> Si̇bel Kahraman Çeti̇ntaş</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is aimed to compare target volume and critical organ doses by using CyberKnife (CK) in accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in patients with early stage breast cancer. Three different virtual plans were made for Iris, fixed and multi-leaf collimator (MLC) for 5 patients who received radiotherapy in the CyberKnife system. CyberKnife virtual plans were created, with 6 Gy per day totaling 30 Gy. Dosimetric parameters for the three collimators were analyzed according to the restrictions in the NSABP-39/RTOG 0413 protocol. The plans ensured critical organs were protected and GTV received 95 % of the prescribed dose. The prescribed dose was defined by the isodose curve of a minimum of 80. Homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), treatment time (min), monitor unit (MU) and doses taken by critical organs were compared. As a result of the comparison of the plans, a significant difference was found for the duration of treatment, MU. However, no significant difference was found for HI, CI. V30 and V15 values of the ipsi-lateral breast were found in the lowest MLC. There was no significant difference between Dmax values for lung and heart. However, the mean MU and duration of treatment were found in the lowest MLC. As a result, the target volume received the desired dose in each collimator. The contralateral breast and contralateral lung doses were the lowest in the Iris. Fixed collimator was found to be more suitable for cardiac doses. But these values did not make a significant difference. The use of fixed collimators may cause difficulties in clinical applications due to the long treatment time. The choice of collimator in breast SBRT applications with CyberKnife may vary depending on tumor size, proximity to critical organs and tumor localization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=APBI" title="APBI">APBI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CyberKnife" title=" CyberKnife"> CyberKnife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20stage%20breast%20cancer" title=" early stage breast cancer"> early stage breast cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiotherapy." title=" radiotherapy."> radiotherapy.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150824/comparison-of-stereotactic-body-radiation-therapy-virtual-treatment-plans-obtained-with-different-collimators-in-the-cyberknife-system-in-partial-breast-irradiation-a-retrospective-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150824.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6274</span> The Analysis of Personalized Low-Dose Computed Tomography Protocol Based on Cumulative Effective Radiation Dose and Cumulative Organ Dose for Patients with Breast Cancer with Regular Chest Computed Tomography Follow up</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okhee%20Woo">Okhee Woo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate 2-year cumulative effective radiation dose and cumulative organ dose on regular follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans in patients with breast cancer and to establish personalized low-dose CT protocol. Methods and Materials: A retrospective study was performed on the patients with breast cancer who were diagnosed and managed consistently on the basis of routine breast cancer follow-up protocol between 2012-01 and 2016-06. Based on ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) 103, the cumulative effective radiation doses of each patient for 2-year follow-up were analyzed using the commercial radiation management software (Radimetrics, Bayer healthcare). The personalized effective doses on each organ were analyzed in detail by the software-providing Monte Carlo simulation. Results: A total of 3822 CT scans on 490 patients was evaluated (age: 52.32±10.69). The mean scan number for each patient was 7.8±4.54. Each patient was exposed 95.54±63.24 mSv of radiation for 2 years. The cumulative CT radiation dose was significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.00). The HER-2 positive patients were more exposed to radiation compared to estrogen or progesterone receptor positive patient (p = 0.00). There was no difference in the cumulative effective radiation dose with different age groups. Conclusion: To acknowledge how much radiation exposed to a patient is a starting point of management of radiation exposure for patients with long-term CT follow-up. The precise and personalized protocol, as well as iterative reconstruction, may reduce hazard from unnecessary radiation exposure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography" title="computed tomography">computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer" title=" breast cancer"> breast cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20radiation%20dose" title=" effective radiation dose"> effective radiation dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20organ%20dose" title=" cumulative organ dose"> cumulative organ dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92617/the-analysis-of-personalized-low-dose-computed-tomography-protocol-based-on-cumulative-effective-radiation-dose-and-cumulative-organ-dose-for-patients-with-breast-cancer-with-regular-chest-computed-tomography-follow-up" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6273</span> The Law of Donation and Transplantation of Human Body Organs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebaz%20Sdiq%20Ismail">Rebaz Sdiq Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Organ donation and transplantation is one of the most debated topics in modern jurisprudence. It is a surgical procedure that aims to prolong a person’s life suffering from damaged or missing organs. This surgical procedure is carried out by removing an organ from a donor and transplanting it into the body of the recipient. As human life is of high value in Islamic Sharia, therefore, the donor and recipient should go through an intensive medical examination to remove any health risk associated with the organ and transplantation procedure. Thus, in carrying out the organ donation process, any violation of the Sharia decree that might cause harm to the human body is strictly prohibited. The researcher concludes that the former scholars of Islamic Sharia, along with some of the contemporary scholars, are against the entire concept of organ donation and transplant. However, the majority of contemporary scholars support organ donation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title="law">law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=donation" title=" donation"> donation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ" title=" organ"> organ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kurdistan" title=" Kurdistan"> Kurdistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sharia" title=" sharia"> sharia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187959/the-law-of-donation-and-transplantation-of-human-body-organs-in-the-kurdistan-region-of-iraq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187959.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">29</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6272</span> Clinical Pathway for Postoperative Organ Transplants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahsien%20Okasha">Tahsien Okasha </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs. Postoperative care actually begins before the surgery in terms of education, discharge planning, nutrition, pulmonary rehabilitation, and patient/family education. This also allows for expectations to be managed. A multidisciplinary approach is the key, and collaborative team meetings are essential to ensuring that all team members are "on the same page.". The following clinical pathway map and guidelines with the aim to decrease alteration in clinical practice and are intended for those healthcare professionals who look after organ transplant patients. They are also intended to be useful to both medical and surgical trainees as well as nurse specialists and other associated healthcare professionals involved in the care of organ transplant patients. This pathway is general pathway include the general guidelines that can be applicable for all types of organ transplant with special considerations to each organ. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20transplant" title="organ transplant">organ transplant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20pathway" title=" clinical pathway"> clinical pathway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postoperative%20care" title=" postoperative care"> postoperative care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=same%20page" title=" same page "> same page </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19917/clinical-pathway-for-postoperative-organ-transplants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6271</span> Clinical Pathway for Postoperative Organ Transplantation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahsien%20Okasha">Tahsien Okasha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs. Postoperative care actually begins before the surgery in terms of education, discharge planning, nutrition, pulmonary rehabilitation, and patient/family education. This also allows for expectations to be managed. A multidisciplinary approach is the key, and collaborative team meetings are essential to ensuring that all team members are "on the same page." .The following clinical pathway map and guidelines with the aim to decrease alteration in clinical practice and are intended for those healthcare professionals who look after organ transplant patients. They are also intended to be useful to both medical and surgical trainees as well as nurse specialists and other associated healthcare professionals involved in the care of organ transplant patients. This pathway is general pathway include the general guidelines that can be applicable for all types of organ transplant with special considerations to each organ. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postoperative%20care" title="postoperative care">postoperative care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20transplant" title=" organ transplant"> organ transplant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20pathway" title=" clinical pathway"> clinical pathway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient" title=" patient"> patient</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20356/clinical-pathway-for-postoperative-organ-transplantation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">459</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6270</span> Q-Methodology to Identify Perceptions of Deceased Organ Donation in the UK</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reem%20Muaid">Reem Muaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Chesney"> Thomas Chesney</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Attitude towards organ donation is predominantly positive in the UK; however, the donation rate remains low. To develop more effective interventions, this research aims to examine the behavioural barriers in organ donations using Q methodology to elicit patterns of overlap among different barriers and motivators. Method: A Q methodology study was conducted with 40 participants aged 19-64 who were asked to rank 47 statements on issues that are associated with organ donation. By-person factor analysis using Centroid method and Varimax rotation was conducted to bring out patterns in the way statements were ranked to obtain groupings of participants who had arranged the statements in similar fashion. Results: Four viewpoints were extracted: The Realist, the Optimist Hesitant, the Pessimist Determinant, and the Empathetic. Salient barriers to organ donation presented in each viewpoint suggest that perceived lack of knowledge, anxiety, mistrust in the healthcare system, and lack of cue to action are the main barriers to organ donation. Consensus statements suggest that religion and family agreement are inconsequential if the attitude to organ donation is well-formed. Conclusion: There are different attitudes around deceased organ donation that were uncovered using Q methodology. These results suggest that people respond to behavioural change campaigns differently depending on their own perceptions of organ donation. We argue that a paradigm shift in behavioural interventions is underpinned by understanding the overlapping yet distinctive nature of perceived perspectives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20donation" title="organ donation">organ donation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q%20methodology" title=" Q methodology"> Q methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioural%20interventions" title=" behavioural interventions"> behavioural interventions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post%20Q%20Survey" title=" post Q Survey"> post Q Survey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148721/q-methodology-to-identify-perceptions-of-deceased-organ-donation-in-the-uk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148721.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6269</span> Analysis of Radiation-Induced Liver Disease (RILD) and Evaluation of Relationship between Therapeutic Activity and Liver Clearance Rate with Tc-99m-Mebrofenin in Yttrium-90 Microspheres Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Tanyildizi">H. Tanyildizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abuqebitah"> M. Abuqebitah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Cavdar"> I. Cavdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Demir"> M. Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Kabasakal"> L. Kabasakal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aim: Whole liver radiation has the modest benefit in the treatment of unresectable hepatic metastases but the radiation doses must keep in control. Otherwise, RILD complications may arise. In this study, we aimed to calculate amount of maximum permissible activity (MPA) and critical organ absorbed doses with MIRD methodology, to evaluate tumour doses for treatment response and whole liver doses for RILD and to find optimal liver function test additionally. Materials and Methods: This study includes 29 patients who attended our nuclear medicine department suffering from Y-90 microspheres treatment. 10 mCi Tc-99m MAA was applied to the patients for dosimetry via IV. After the injection, whole body SPECT/CT images were taken in one hour. The minimum therapeutic tumour dose is on the point of being 120 Gy1, the amount of activities were calculated with MIRD methodology considering volumetric tumour/liver rate. A sub-working group was created with 11 patients randomly and liver clearance rate with Tc-99m-Mebrofenin was calculated according to Ekman formalism. Results: The volumetric tumour/liver rates were found between 33-66% (Maksimum Tolarable Dose (MTD) 48-52Gy3) for 4 patients, were found less than 33% (MTD 72Gy3) for 25 patients. According to these results the average amount of activity, mean liver dose and mean tumour dose were found 1793.9±1.46 MBq, 32.86±0.19 Gy, and 138.26±0.40 Gy. RILD was not observed in any patient. In sub-working group, the relationship between Bilirubin, Albumin, INR (which show presence of liver disease and its degree), liver clearance with Tc-99m-Mebrofenin and calculated activity amounts were found r=0.49, r=0.27, r=0.43, r=0.57, respectively. Discussions: The minimum tumour dose was found 120 Gy for positive dose-response relation. If volumetric tumour/liver rate was > 66%, dose 30 Gy; if volumetric tumour/liver rate 33-66%, dose escalation 48 Gy; if volumetric tumour/liver rate < 33%, dose 72 Gy. These dose limitations did not create RILD. Clearance measurement with Mebrofenin was concluded that the best method to determine the liver function. Therefore, liver clearance rate with Tc-99m-Mebrofenin should be considered in calculation of yttrium-90 microspheres dosimetry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clearance" title="clearance">clearance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dosimetry" title=" dosimetry"> dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver" title=" liver"> liver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RILD" title=" RILD"> RILD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29345/analysis-of-radiation-induced-liver-disease-rild-and-evaluation-of-relationship-between-therapeutic-activity-and-liver-clearance-rate-with-tc-99m-mebrofenin-in-yttrium-90-microspheres-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29345.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6268</span> Organ Transplantation in Pakistan from an Anthropological Perspectives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qurratulain%20Faheem">Qurratulain Faheem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The human body often serves as a reference point to analyse the notions of self and society. Situating on Merleau-Ponty and Bourdieu theories of embodiments, this research explores the notions around the human body and its influence on the ethical considerations in regards to organ transplantation among the Muslim communities in Pakistan. The context of Pakistan makes an intriguing case study as cadaveric organ transplantation is not in practise. Whereas living organ transplantation is commonly is practised between family membersonly. These contradictory practices apparently rests on the ideologies around the human body and religious beliefs as well the personal judgements and authority of healthcare professionals. This research is a year-long ethnographic study carried out as part of doctoral studies. An anthropological approach towards organ transplantation in Pakistan brought forward various socio-cultural notions around the human body and selfhood that serve as a framework around biomedical ethical issues in various societies. Further, it surface the contradictions and issues associated with organ transplantation that makes it a dilemma situated in a nexus of various socio-cultural and political factors rather seeing it as an isolated health concern. This research is a novel study on the subject of organ transplantation in the context of Pakistan but also put forward ethnographic data that could serve as a reference in other religious societies. Further, the ethnographic data bring forward experiences and stories of organ receivers, organ donors, religious leaders, healthcare professionals, and the general public, which aspire to encourage biomedical ethicists and social-scientists to consider ethnography as a research methodology and rely upon people’s lived experiences while establishing policies and practices around biomedical ethical issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20transplantation" title="organ transplantation">organ transplantation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethics" title=" ethics"> ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pakistan" title=" pakistan"> pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islam" title=" islam"> islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muslims" title=" muslims"> muslims</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=living%20organ%20donation" title=" living organ donation"> living organ donation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157870/organ-transplantation-in-pakistan-from-an-anthropological-perspectives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6267</span> Phytochemical Screening and Hepatotoxic Effect of Datura metel Linn. Aqueous Seed Extract in Albino Wistar Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20M.%20Fakai">I. M. Fakai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abdulhamid"> A. Abdulhamid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Sani"> I. Sani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Bello"> F. Bello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20O.%20Olusesi"> E. O. Olusesi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The phytochemical screening and hepatotoxic effect of Datura metel aqueous seeds extract in Albino Wistar rats were evaluated. Phytochemicals were screened using standard methods. The enzymes activity and liver function indices were also determined using standard methods of analysis. The phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, glycoside and flavonoid. The organ-body weight decreased significantly (P<0.05) at all the doses of the extract treated groups compared to the control. The activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the liver and increased significantly in the serum at all the doses of the extract treated groups compared to the control. The activity of serum alanine transaminase increased significantly (P<0.05) while there is no significant difference (P>0.05) in the activity liver alanine transaminase at all the doses of the extract treated groups compared to the control. The result also revealed significant increase (P<0.05) in the aspartate transaminase activity in both liver and serum at all doses of the extract treated groups compared to the control. Serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and total bilirubin concentration decreased significantly (P<0.05), while direct bilirubin concentration increased significantly (P<0.05) at all the doses of the extract treated groups compared to the control. The present study therefore revealed that, the present of some phytochemicals in the plant extract attributed the plant to its hepatotoxic effects as revealed in the alteration of marker enzymes and some liver function indices analyzed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=datura%20metel" title="datura metel">datura metel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transaminases" title=" transaminases"> transaminases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatotoxic%20effect" title=" hepatotoxic effect"> hepatotoxic effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytochemicals" title=" phytochemicals"> phytochemicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rats" title=" rats"> rats</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15137/phytochemical-screening-and-hepatotoxic-effect-of-datura-metel-linn-aqueous-seed-extract-in-albino-wistar-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15137.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6266</span> Preliminary Dosimetric Evaluation of Two New 153Sm Bone Pain Palliative Agents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Yousefnia">H. Yousefnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zolghadri"> S. Zolghadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Amraee"> N. Amraee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Naseri"> Z. Naseri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ar.%20Jalilian"> Ar. Jalilian </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study was to calculate the absorbed dose to each human organ for two new Sm-153 bone-seeking agents in order to evaluate their effectiveness in bone pain palliation therapy. In this work, the absorbed dose of 153Sm-TTHMP and 153Sm-PDTMP to each human organ was evaluated based on biodistribution studies in rats by radiation dose assessment resource (RADAR) method. The highest absorbed dose for 153Sm-TTHMP and 153Sm-PDTMP is observed in trabecular bone with 1.844 and 3.167 mGy/MBq, respectively. Bone/red marrow dose ratio, as the target/critical organ dose ratio, for 153Sm-PDTMP is greater than 153Sm-TTHMP and is compatible with 153Sm-EDTMP. The results showed that these bone-seeking agents, specially 153Sm-PDTMP, have considerable characteristics compared to the most clinically used bone pain palliative radiopharmaceutical, and therefore, can be good candidates for bone pain palliation in patients with bone metastasis; however, further biological studies in other mammals are still needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20dosimetry" title="internal dosimetry">internal dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PDTMP" title=" PDTMP"> PDTMP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=153Sm" title=" 153Sm"> 153Sm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TTHMP" title=" TTHMP"> TTHMP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18061/preliminary-dosimetric-evaluation-of-two-new-153sm-bone-pain-palliative-agents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18061.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">548</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6265</span> Exploring the Concerns and Practices Associated with Organ Transplantation in the Context of Muslims in Pakistan from an Anthropological Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qurratulain%20Faheem">Qurratulain Faheem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The human body often serves as a reference point to analyse the notions of self and society. Situating on Merleau-Ponty and Bourdieu theories of embodiments, this research explores the notions around the human body and its influence on the ethical considerations in regards to organ transplantation among the Muslim communities in Pakistan. The context of Pakistan makes an intriguing case study as cadaveric organ transplantation is not in practise. Whereas living organ transplantation is commonly is practised between family members only. These contradictory practices apparently rests on the ideologies around the human body and religious beliefs as well the personal judgements and authority of healthcare professionals. This research is a year-long ethnographic study carried out as part of doctoral studies. An anthropological approach towards organ transplantation in Pakistan brought forward various socio-cultural notions around the human body and selfhood that serve as a framework around biomedical ethical issues in various societies. Further, it surface the contradictions and issues associated with organ transplantation that makes it a dilemma situated in a nexus of various socio-cultural and political factors rather seeing it as an isolated health concern. This research is a novel study on the subject of organ transplantation in the context of Pakistan but also put forward ethnographic data that could serve as a reference in other religious societies. Further, the ethnographic data bring forward experiences and stories of organ receivers, organ donors, religious leaders, healthcare professionals, and the general public, which aspire to encourage biomedical ethicists and social-scientists to consider ethnography as a research methodology and rely upon people’s lived experiences while establishing policies and practices around biomedical ethical issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20transplantation" title=" organ transplantation"> organ transplantation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muslims" title=" muslims"> muslims</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pakistan" title=" pakistan"> pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20donation" title=" organ donation"> organ donation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioethics" title=" bioethics"> bioethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture%20and%20religion" title=" culture and religion"> culture and religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157873/exploring-the-concerns-and-practices-associated-with-organ-transplantation-in-the-context-of-muslims-in-pakistan-from-an-anthropological-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157873.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6264</span> The Impact of Using Flattening Filter-Free Energies on Treatment Efficiency for Prostate SBRT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Al-Alawi">T. Al-Alawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Shorbaji"> N. Shorbaji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Rashaidi"> E. Rashaidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.Alidrisi"> M.Alidrisi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose/Objective(s): The main purpose of this study is to analyze the planning of SBRT treatments for localized prostate cancer with 6FFF and 10FFF energies to see if there is a dosimetric difference between the two energies and how we can increase the plan efficiency and reduce its complexity. Also, to introduce a planning method in our department to treat prostate cancer by utilizing high energy photons without increasing patient toxicity and fulfilled all dosimetric constraints for OAR (an organ at risk). Then toevaluate the target 95% coverage PTV95, V5%, V2%, V1%, low dose volume for OAR (V1Gy, V2Gy, V5Gy), monitor unit (beam-on time), and estimate the values of homogeneity index HI, conformity index CI a Gradient index GI for each treatment plan.Materials/Methods: Two treatment plans were generated for15 patients with localized prostate cancer retrospectively using the CT planning image acquired for radiotherapy purposes. Each plan contains two/three complete arcs with two/three different collimator angle sets. The maximum dose rate available is 1400MU/min for the energy 6FFF and 2400MU/min for 10FFF. So in case, we need to avoid changing the gantry speed during the rotation, we tend to use the third arc in the plan with 6FFF to accommodate the high dose per fraction. The clinical target volume (CTV) consists of the entire prostate for organ-confined disease. The planning target volume (PTV) involves a margin of 5 mm. A 3-mm margin is favored posteriorly. Organs at risk identified and contoured include the rectum, bladder, penile bulb, femoral heads, and small bowel. The prescription dose is to deliver 35Gyin five fractions to the PTV and apply constraints for organ at risk (OAR) derived from those reported in references. Results: In terms of CI=0.99, HI=0.7, and GI= 4.1, it was observed that they are all thesame for both energies 6FFF and 10FFF with no differences, but the total delivered MUs are much less for the 10FFF plans (2907 for 6FFF vs.2468 for 10FFF) and the total delivery time is 124Sc for 6FFF vs. 61Sc for 10FFF beams. There were no dosimetric differences between 6FFF and 10FFF in terms of PTV coverage and mean doses; the mean doses for the bladder, rectum, femoral heads, penile bulb, and small bowel were collected, and they were in favor of the 10FFF. Also, we got lower V1Gy, V2Gy, and V5Gy doses for all OAR with 10FFF plans. Integral dosesID in (Gy. L) were recorded for all OAR, and they were lower with the 10FFF plans. Conclusion: High energy 10FFF has lower treatment time and lower delivered MUs; also, 10FFF showed lower integral and meant doses to organs at risk. In this study, we suggest usinga 10FFF beam for SBRTprostate treatment, which has the advantage of lowering the treatment time and that lead to lessplan complexity with respect to 6FFF beams. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FFF%20beam" title="FFF beam">FFF beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SBRT%20prostate" title=" SBRT prostate"> SBRT prostate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VMAT" title=" VMAT"> VMAT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prostate%20cancer" title=" prostate cancer"> prostate cancer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151095/the-impact-of-using-flattening-filter-free-energies-on-treatment-efficiency-for-prostate-sbrt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6263</span> Patten of Heparin Dosing as Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Adult Underweight Patients Admitted to Critical Care Units at a Tertiary Hospital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nouf%20Al%20Harthi">Nouf Al Harthi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the most common causes of hospital-related deaths in critically ill patients. Guidelines recommended VTE prophylaxis with standardized, fixed doses for most patients. The underweight population has limited data to guide the appropriate drug and dosing regimen. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of VTE prophylaxis dose regimens for underweighted critically ill adult patients and the prevalence of associated VTE and bleeding. This study is a retrospective cohort study, conducted in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Saudi Arabia. It included all critical patients admitted to the intensive care units and were above 14 years old with weight less than 50 kg or BMI of 18.5 kg/m2 or less and were on heparin as VTE prophylaxis for more than 72 hours from January 2016 until January 2020. After screening 270 patients, only 40 patients were included in this study according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only 6 patients (15%) received VTE prophylaxis as an adjusted dose of heparin 2500 U Q12, while the rest of the patients were taking standard dosing of heparin, 5000 U Q12 was given to 21 (52.50%) patients and 5000 U Q8 was given to 13 (32.50%) patients. None of the adjusted doses developed any complications such as VTE or bleeding. There was no significant difference compared with the standard dose group. This study focused on describing the pattern of heparin doses as VTE prophylaxis in underweight patients. We also compared the standard dosing and adjusted dosage of VTE prophylaxis on underweight patients and any complications. There was no significant difference in the complication’s outcome or benefits between the two groups. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=venous%20thromboembolism%20prophylaxis" title="venous thromboembolism prophylaxis">venous thromboembolism prophylaxis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heparin" title=" heparin"> heparin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underweight%20patients" title=" underweight patients"> underweight patients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adult" title=" adult"> adult</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20care%20units" title=" critical care units"> critical care units</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158665/patten-of-heparin-dosing-as-venous-thromboembolism-prophylaxis-in-adult-underweight-patients-admitted-to-critical-care-units-at-a-tertiary-hospital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158665.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6262</span> The Ethics of Organ Donation and Transplantation: Philosophical Perspectives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elijah%20Ojochonu%20Okpanachi">Elijah Ojochonu Okpanachi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the ethical dimensions of organ donation and transplantation through various philosophical lenses, including utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. As advancements in medical technology increase the possibilities for life-saving transplants, ethical dilemmas surrounding consent, allocation, and the commodification of human organs have become increasingly pertinent. Utilitarian perspectives emphasize maximizing overall well-being, raising questions about how to equitably allocate limited resources. Deontological approaches focus on the moral obligations of individuals and institutions, particularly regarding informed consent and the sanctity of the human body. Virtue ethics encourages a consideration of the character and intentions of donors and medical professionals, fostering a holistic understanding of the ethical landscape. By analyzing real-world case studies and ethical frameworks, this study highlights the complexities in decision-making processes related to organ donation. It addresses issues such as presumed consent, living donations, and the societal implications of organ markets. Ultimately, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on organ donation ethics, advocating for policies that respect individual rights while promoting altruism and social responsibility. Through a philosophical lens, we seek to propose a balanced approach that honors both the dignity of individuals and the urgent need for organ transplants in modern medicine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20donation" title="organ donation">organ donation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20technology" title=" medical technology"> medical technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtue%20ethics" title=" virtue ethics"> virtue ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Altruism" title=" Altruism"> Altruism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190181/the-ethics-of-organ-donation-and-transplantation-philosophical-perspectives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190181.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">29</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6261</span> Review of Correlation between Tacrolimus Pharmacotherapy and Infection after Organ Transplantation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Tolou-Ghamari">Zahra Tolou-Ghamari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: After allogeneic organ transplantation, in order to lower the rate of rejectiontacrolimus is given. In fact, infection is reported as the most complication of tacrolimus that might be associated with higher susceptibility by its’ long term use. Aim: This study aims to review the association between the occurrence of infections after organ transplantation following the administration of tacrolims. Materials and Methods: Scientific literature on the pharmacotherapy of tacrolimus after organ transplantation and infections were searched using PUBMED.Gov (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), Web of Science, and Scopus. Results: In order to prevent acute and chronic rejection, the potent immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus administered as a calcineurin inhibitor after organ transplantation. Its’ most frequent infectious complication is reported as urinary tract infection. Virulent strain of recombinant Literiamonocytogenes, in addition to an increase in bacterial burden in the liver and spleen tissues, was reported in the animal experimental study. The consequence of aggressive events and recipients total area under the cureve exposure to immunosuppressive could be as considered as surrogate markers for individual infection’s risk evaluation. Conclusion: Transplant surgery and duration of hospital stay could determinate the risk of infection during the first month of organ transplantation. Despite administration of antiviral drugs, opportunistic infection such as cytomegalovirus could increase the risk of infection during month 1 to year after transplantation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transplant" title="transplant">transplant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tacrolimus" title=" tacrolimus"> tacrolimus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kidney" title=" kidney"> kidney</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156113/review-of-correlation-between-tacrolimus-pharmacotherapy-and-infection-after-organ-transplantation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6260</span> Organ Donation after Medical Aid in Dying: A Critical Study of Clinical Processes and Legal Rules in Place</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louise%20Bernier">Louise Bernier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Under some jurisdictions (including Canada), eligible patients can request and receive medical assistance in dying (MAiD) through lethal injections, inducing their cardiocirculatory death. Those same patients can also wish to donate their organs in the process. If they qualify as organ donors, a clinical and ethical rule called the 'dead donor rule' (DDR) requires the transplant teams to wait after cardiocirculatory death is confirmed, followed by a 'no touch' period (5 minutes in Canada) before they can proceed with organ removal. The medical procedures (lethal injections) as well as the delays associated with the DDR can damage organs (mostly thoracic organs) due to prolonged anoxia. Yet, strong scientific evidences demonstrate that operating differently and reconsidering the DDR would result in more organs of better quality available for transplant. This idea generates discomfort and resistance, but it is also worth considering, especially in a context of chronic shortage of available organs. One option that could be examined for MAiD’ patients who wish and can be organ donors would be to remove vital organs while patients are still alive (and under sedation). This would imply accepting that patient’s death would occur through organ donation instead of lethal injections required under MAiD’ legal rules. It would also mean that patients requesting MAiD and wishing to be organ donors could aspire to donate better quality organs, including their heart, an altruistic gesture that carries important symbolic value for many donors and their families. Following a patient centered approach, our hypothesis is that preventing vital organ donation from a living donor in all circumstance is neither perfectly coherent with how legal mentalities have evolved lately in the field of fundamental rights nor compatible with the clinical and ethical frameworks that shape the landscape in which those complex medical decisions unfold. Through a study of the legal, ethical, and clinical rules in place, both at the national and international levels, this analysis raises questions on the numerous inconsistencies associated with respecting the DDR with patients who have chosen to die through MAiD. We will begin with an assessment of the erosion of certain national legal frameworks that pertain to the sacred nature of the right to life which now also includes the right to choose how one wishes to die. We will then study recent innovative clinical protocols tested in different countries to help address acute organ shortage problems in creative ways. We will conclude this analysis with an ethical assessment of the situation, referring to principles such as justice, autonomy, altruism, beneficence, and non-malfeasance. This study will build a strong argument in favor of starting to allow vital organ donations from living donors in countries where MAiD is already permitted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=altruism" title="altruism">altruism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomy" title=" autonomy"> autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dead%20donor%20rule" title=" dead donor rule"> dead donor rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20assistance%20in%20dying" title=" medical assistance in dying"> medical assistance in dying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-malfeasance" title=" non-malfeasance"> non-malfeasance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20donation" title=" organ donation"> organ donation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134913/organ-donation-after-medical-aid-in-dying-a-critical-study-of-clinical-processes-and-legal-rules-in-place" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134913.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6259</span> Ethical Framework in Organ Transplantation and the Priority Line between Law and Life</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abel%20Sichinava">Abel Sichinava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The need for organ transplantation is vigorously increasing worldwide. The numbers on the waiting lists grow, but the number of donors is not keeping up with the demand even though there is a legal possibility of decreasing the gap between the demand and supply. Most countries around the globe are facing an organ donation problem (living or deceased); however, the extent of the problem differs based on how well developed a country is. The determining issues seem to be centered on how aware the society is about the concept of organ donation, as well as cultural and religious factors. Even if people are aware of the benefits of organ donation, they may still have fears that keep them from being in complete agreement with the idea. Some believe that in the case of deceased organ donation: “the brain dead human body may recover from its injuries” or “the sick might get less appropriate treatment if doctors know they are potential donors.” In the case of living organ donations, people sometimes fear that after the donation, “it might reduce work efficiency, cause health deterioration or even death.” Another major obstacle in the organ shortage is a lack of a well developed ethical framework. In reality, there are truly an immense number of people on the waiting list, and they have only two options in order to receive a suitable organ. First is the legal way, which is to wait until their turn. Sadly, numerous patients die while on the waiting list before an appropriate organ becomes available for transplant. The second option is an illegal way: seeking an organ in a country where they can possibly get. To tell the truth, in people’s desire to live, they may choose the second option if their resources are sufficient. This process automatically involves “organ brokers.” These are people who get organs from vulnerable poor people by force or betrayal. As mentioned earlier, the high demand and low supply leads to human trafficking. The subject of the study was the large number of society from different backgrounds of their belief, culture, nationality, level of education, socio-economic status. The great majority of them interviewed online used “Google Drive Survey” and others in person. All statistics and information gathered from trusted sources annotated in the reference list and above mentioned considerable testimonies shared by the respondents are the fundamental evidence of a lack of the well developed ethical framework. In conclusion, the continuously increasing number of people on the waiting list and an irrelevant ethical framework, lead people to commit to atrocious, dehumanizing crimes. Therefore, world society should be equally obligated to think carefully and make vital decisions together for the advancement of an organ donations and its ethical framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=donation" title="donation">donation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethical%20framwork" title=" ethical framwork"> ethical framwork</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ" title=" organ"> organ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transplant" title=" transplant"> transplant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96732/ethical-framework-in-organ-transplantation-and-the-priority-line-between-law-and-life" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96732.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6258</span> Estimation of Effective Radiation Dose Following Computed Tomography Urography at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Idris%20Garba">Idris Garba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Rabiu%20Abdullahi"> Aisha Rabiu Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansur%20Yahuza"> Mansur Yahuza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akintade%20Dare"> Akintade Dare</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: CT urography (CTU) is efficient radiological examination for the evaluation of the urinary system disorders. However, patients are exposed to a significant radiation dose which is in a way associated with increased cancer risks. Objectives: To determine Computed Tomography Dose Index following CTU, and to evaluate organs equivalent doses. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried at a tertiary institution located in Kano northwestern. Ethical clearance was sought and obtained from the research ethics board of the institution. Demographic, scan parameters and CT radiation dose data were obtained from patients that had CTU procedure. Effective dose, organ equivalent doses, and cancer risks were estimated using SPSS statistical software version 16 and CT dose calculator software. Result: A total of 56 patients were included in the study, consisting of 29 males and 27 females. The common indication for CTU examination was found to be renal cyst seen commonly among young adults (15-44yrs). CT radiation dose values in DLP, CTDI and effective dose for CTU were 2320 mGy cm, CTDIw 9.67 mGy and 35.04 mSv respectively. The probability of cancer risks was estimated to be 600 per a million CTU examinations. Conclusion: In this study, the radiation dose for CTU is considered significantly high, with increase in cancer risks probability. Wide radiation dose variations between patient doses suggest that optimization is not fulfilled yet. Patient radiation dose estimate should be taken into consideration when imaging protocols are established for CT urography. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT%20urography" title="CT urography">CT urography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20risks" title=" cancer risks"> cancer risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose" title=" effective dose"> effective dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20exposure" title=" radiation exposure"> radiation exposure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61467/estimation-of-effective-radiation-dose-following-computed-tomography-urography-at-aminu-kano-teaching-hospital-kano-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61467.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6257</span> A Study on the Annual Doses Received by the Workers of Some Medical Practices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eltayeb%20Hamad%20Elneel%20Yousif">Eltayeb Hamad Elneel Yousif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes occupational radiation doses of workers in non-destructive testing (NDT) and some medical practices during the year 2007. The annual doses received by the workers of a public hospital are presented in this report. The Department is facilitated with HARSHAW Reader model 6600 and assigned the rule of personal monitoring to contribute in controlling and reducing the doses received by radiation workers. TLD cards with two TLD chips type LiF: Mg, Ti (TLD-100) were calibrated to measure the personal dose equivalent Hp(10). Around 150 medical radiation workers were monitored throughout the year. Each worker received a single TLD card worn on the chest above lead apron and returned for laboratory reading every two months. The average annual doses received by the workers of radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and diagnostic radiology were evaluated. The annual doses for individual radiation workers ranged between 0.55-4.42 mSv, 0.48-1.86 mSv, and 0.48-0.91 mSv for the workers of radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and diagnostic radiology, respectively. The mean dose per worker was 1.29±1, 1.03±0.4, and 0.69±0.2 mSv, respectively. The results showed compliance with international dose limits. Our results reconfirm the importance of personal dosimetry service in assuring the radiation protection of medical staff in developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20medicine" title="radiation medicine">radiation medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-destructive%20testing" title=" non-destructive testing"> non-destructive testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TLD" title=" TLD"> TLD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20hospital" title=" public hospital"> public hospital</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6259/a-study-on-the-annual-doses-received-by-the-workers-of-some-medical-practices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6259.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6256</span> Status Quo Bias: A Paradigm Shift in Policy Making</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Divyansh%20Goel">Divyansh Goel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varun%20Jain"> Varun Jain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Classical economics works on the principle that people are rational and analytical in their decision making and their choices fall in line with the most suitable option according to the dominant strategy in a standard game theory model. This model has failed at many occasions in estimating the behavior and dealings of rational people, giving proof of some other underlying heuristics and cognitive biases at work. This paper probes into the study of these factors, which fall under the umbrella of behavioral economics and through their medium explore the solution to a problem which a lot of nations presently face. There has long been a wide disparity in the number of people holding favorable views on organ donation and the actual number of people signing up for the same. This paper, in its entirety, is an attempt to shape the public policy which leads to an increase the number of organ donations that take place and close the gap in the statistics of the people who believe in signing up for organ donation and the ones who actually do. The key assumption here is that in cases of cognitive dissonance, where people have an inconsistency due to conflicting views, people have a tendency to go with the default choice. This tendency is a well-documented cognitive bias known as the status quo bias. The research in this project involves an assay of mandated choice models of organ donation with two case studies. The first of an opt-in system of Germany (where people have to explicitly sign up for organ donation) and the second of an opt-out system of Austria (every citizen at the time of their birth is an organ donor and has to explicitly sign up for refusal). Additionally, there has also been presented a detailed analysis of the experiment performed by Eric J. Johnson and Daniel G. Goldstein. Their research as well as many other independent experiments such as that by Tsvetelina Yordanova of the University of Sofia, both of which yield similar results. The conclusion being that the general population has by and large no rigid stand on organ donation and are gullible to status quo bias, which in turn can determine whether a large majority of people will consent to organ donation or not. Thus, in our paper, we throw light on how governments can use status quo bias to drive positive social change by making policies in which everyone by default is marked an organ donor, which will, in turn, save the lives of people who succumb on organ transplantation waitlists and save the economy countless hours of economic productivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20economics" title="behavioral economics">behavioral economics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game%20theory" title=" game theory"> game theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organ%20donation" title=" organ donation"> organ donation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=status%20quo%20bias" title=" status quo bias"> status quo bias</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89594/status-quo-bias-a-paradigm-shift-in-policy-making" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6255</span> Alternative Mathematical form for Determining the Effectiveness of High-LET Radiations at Lower Doses Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubaker%20A.%20Yousif">Abubaker A. Yousif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhamad%20S.%20Yasir"> Muhamad S. Yasir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Effectiveness of lower doses of high-LET radiations is not accurately determined by using energy-based physical parameters such as absorbed dose and radio-sensitivity parameters. Therefore, an attempt has been carried out in this research to propose alternative parameter that capable to quantify the effectiveness of these high LET radiations at lower doses regions. The linear energy transfer and mean free path are employed to achieve this objective. A new mathematical form of the effectiveness of high-LET radiations at lower doses region has been formulated. Based on this parameter, the optimized effectiveness of high-LET radiations occurs when the energy of charged particles is deposited at spacing of 2 nm for primary ionization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effectiveness" title="effectiveness">effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20dose" title=" low dose"> low dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20mean%20free%20path" title=" radiation mean free path"> radiation mean free path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20energy%20transfer" title=" linear energy transfer"> linear energy transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15454/alternative-mathematical-form-for-determining-the-effectiveness-of-high-let-radiations-at-lower-doses-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15454.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6254</span> Measurement and Analysis of Radiation Doses to Radiosensitive Organs from CT Examination of the Cervical Spine Using Radiochromic Films and Monte Carlo Simulation Based Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Soliman">Khaled Soliman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Alrushoud"> Abdullah Alrushoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20Alkhalifah"> Abdulrahman Alkhalifah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raed%20Albathi"> Raed Albathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salman%20Altymiat"> Salman Altymiat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiation dose received by patients undergoing Computed Tomography (CT) examination of the cervical spine was evaluated using Gafchromic XR-QA2 films and CT-EXPO software (ver. 2.3), in order to document our clinical dose values and to compare our results with other benchmarks reported in the current literature. Radiochromic films were recently used as practical dosimetry tool that provides dose profile information not available using the standard ionisation chamber routinely used in CT dosimetry. We have developed an in-house program to use the films in order to calculate the Entrance Dose Length Product (EDLP) in (mGy.cm) and to relate the EDLP to various organ doses calculated using the CT-EXPO software. We also calculated conversion factor in (mSv/mGy.cm) relating the EDLP to the effective dose (ED) from the examination using CT-EXPO software. Variability among different types of CT scanners and dose modulation methods are reported from at least three major CT brands available at our medical institution. Our work describes the dosimetry method and results are reported. The method can be used as in-vivo dosimetry method. But this work only reports results obtained from adult female anthropomorphic Phantom studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT%20dosimetry" title="CT dosimetry">CT dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gafchromic%20films" title=" gafchromic films"> gafchromic films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XR-QA2" title=" XR-QA2"> XR-QA2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT-Expo%20software" title=" CT-Expo software"> CT-Expo software</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37882/measurement-and-analysis-of-radiation-doses-to-radiosensitive-organs-from-ct-examination-of-the-cervical-spine-using-radiochromic-films-and-monte-carlo-simulation-based-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">471</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6253</span> The Effect of Low and High Dose Curcumin Supplementation on Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia: The Concept of Hormesis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sevana%20Daneghian">Sevana Daneghian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Chodari"> Leila Chodari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahar%20Mehranfar"> Sahar Mehranfar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shadi%20Mohammadpour-Asl"> Shadi Mohammadpour-Asl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diman%20Mahdi"> Diman Mahdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sarcopenia is an age-related muscle disease. Lack of antioxidant protection, and cumulative oxidative damage to skeletal muscle are recognized mechanisms. Curcumin is a hormetin as it has a stimulating effect in low doses and an inhibitory effect in high doses. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of four weeks of curcumin supplementation in presarcopenic and sarcopenic rats, and likelihood of potential negative effects while co-exist with sarcopenia. The rats were divided into 7 groups: young sham rats, 18 months old; presarcopenic control, supplemented with 400 and 1500 mg/kg/day, 24 months old; Sarcopenia control, sarcopenia supplemented with 400 and 1500 mg/kg/day. MDA levels were significantly reduced in the low-dose pre-sarcopenic group compared to the control group. Compared to the corresponding control groups, SOD levels decreased in the groups treated with low-dose presarcopenic supplementation and increased in the high-dose sarcopenic supplemented. GPx levels increased at both doses only in the sarcopenic group compared to the control group. SIRT-1 only increased at low doses in the sarcopenic groups and PGC-1α in both pre-sarcopenia groups compared to the corresponding control. IGF-1 increased compared to the control group at both doses in the pre-sarcopenic group and at high doses in sarcopenic group. Considering the hormetic effects of curcumin, it can be argued that, curcumin supplementation has some positive effects not only at low but also at high doses in both groups. This means that the high doses of curcumin have no negative synergistic effects in addition to oxidative stress during sarcopenia and high-dose supplementation in patients already suffering from high oxidative stress due to sarcopenia is safe and could be considered hormetic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curcumin" title="curcumin">curcumin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hormesis" title=" hormesis"> hormesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sarcopenia" title=" sarcopenia"> sarcopenia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscular%20atrophy" title=" muscular atrophy"> muscular atrophy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PGC%20protein" title=" PGC protein"> PGC protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirtuins" title=" Sirtuins"> Sirtuins</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185997/the-effect-of-low-and-high-dose-curcumin-supplementation-on-prevention-and-treatment-of-sarcopenia-the-concept-of-hormesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">39</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6252</span> Effects of Gamma Radiation on Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ak%C4%B1n%20Kuyulu">Akın Kuyulu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanife%20Gen%C3%A7"> Hanife Genç</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In present study, it was aimed to evaluate the gamma radiation impacts on tomato leaf miner at different biological stages. The laboratory colony of tomato leaf miner was used to set up the experiments. Different biological stages of the insects (eggs, 4<sup>th</sup> instars and pupae) were irradiated using Cobalt-60 at doses of 0 (control), 100 Gray (Gy), 200 Gy, 300 Gy and 400 Gy in Cos-44HH-N source, at dose rate of 480 Gy/h. After irradiation, the eggs were incubated until hatching; the mature larvae were reared to complete their developments. Adult emergences from irradiated pupae were also evaluated. The results showed that there were no egg hatching at all tested irradiation doses. Although, the pupal percentages of irradiated mature larvae were 54%, 15% and 8% at doses of 100 Gy, 200 Gy and 300 Gy respectively, there were no adult emergences from irradiated mature larvae. On the other hand, the adult emergences were observed from irradiated pupae, decreased as radiation doses increased along with malformed adult appearance. Male and female individuals were out crossed with laboratory reared adults. Fecundity was correlated with radiation doses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irradiation" title="irradiation">irradiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato%20leafminer" title=" tomato leafminer"> tomato leafminer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuta%20absoluta" title=" Tuta absoluta"> Tuta absoluta</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49275/effects-of-gamma-radiation-on-tomato-leafminer-tuta-absoluta-meyrick-lepidoptera-gelechiidae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49275.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6251</span> Population Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin, and the Probability of Target Attainment in Ethiopian Patients with Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Temesgen%20Sidamo">Temesgen Sidamo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prakruti%20S.%20Rao"> Prakruti S. Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eleni%20Akllilu"> Eleni Akllilu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Workineh%20Shibeshi"> Workineh Shibeshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yumi%20Park"> Yumi Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong-Soon%20Cho"> Yong-Soon Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Gook%20Shin"> Jae-Gook Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scott%20K.%20Heysell"> Scott K. Heysell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stellah%20G.%20Mpagama"> Stellah G. Mpagama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ephrem%20Engidawork"> Ephrem Engidawork</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fluoroquinolones (FQs) are used off-label for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), and for evaluation in shortening the duration of drug-susceptible TB in recently prioritized regimens. Within the class, levofloxacin (LFX) and moxifloxacin (MXF) play a substantial role in ensuring success in treatment outcomes. However, sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations of either LFX or MXF may drive unfavorable treatment outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, the pharmacokinetics of LFX and MXF in Ethiopian patients with MDR-TB have not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model of levofloxacin (LFX) and moxifloxacin (MXF) and assess the percent probability of target attainment (PTA) as defined by the ratio of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve over 24-h (AUC0-24) and the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (AUC0-24/MIC) in Ethiopian MDR-TB patients. Steady-state plasma was collected from 39 MDR-TB patients enrolled in the programmatic treatment course and the drug concentrations were determined using optimized liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the in vitro MIC of the patients' pretreatment clinical isolates was determined. PopPK and simulations were run at various doses, and PK parameters were estimated. The effect of covariates on the PK parameters and the PTA for maximum mycobacterial kill and resistance prevention was also investigated. LFX and MXF both fit in a one-compartment model with adjustments. The apparent volume of distribution (V) and clearance (CL) of LFX were influenced by serum creatinine (Scr), whereas the absorption constant (Ka) and V of MXF were influenced by Scr and BMI, respectively. The PTA for LFX maximal mycobacterial kill at the critical MIC of 0.5 mg/L was 29%, 62%, and 95% with the simulated 750 mg, 1000 mg, and 1500 mg doses, respectively, whereas the PTA for resistance prevention at 1500 mg was only 4.8%, with none of the lower doses achieving this target. At the critical MIC of 0.25 mg/L, there was no difference in the PTA (94.4%) for maximum bacterial kill among the simulated doses of MXF (600 mg, 800 mg, and 1000 mg), but the PTA for resistance prevention improved proportionately with dose. Standard LFX and MXF doses may not provide adequate drug exposure. LFX PopPK is more predictable for maximum mycobacterial kill, whereas MXF's resistance prevention target increases with dose. Scr and BMI are likely to be important covariates in dose optimization or therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) studies in Ethiopian patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=population%20PK" title="population PK">population PK</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PTA" title=" PTA"> PTA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moxifloxacin" title=" moxifloxacin"> moxifloxacin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=levofloxacin" title=" levofloxacin"> levofloxacin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MDR-TB%20patients" title=" MDR-TB patients"> MDR-TB patients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethiopia" title=" ethiopia"> ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151034/population-pharmacokinetics-of-levofloxacin-and-moxifloxacin-and-the-probability-of-target-attainment-in-ethiopian-patients-with-multi-drug-resistant-tuberculosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151034.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6250</span> Outcome of Using Penpat Pinyowattanasilp Equation for Prediction of 24-Hour Uptake, First and Second Therapeutic Doses Calculation in Graves’ Disease Patient</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyarat%20Parklug">Piyarat Parklug</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Busaba%20Supawattanaobodee"> Busaba Supawattanaobodee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Penpat%20Pinyowattanasilp"> Penpat Pinyowattanasilp</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The radioactive iodine thyroid uptake (RAIU) has been widely used to differentiate the cause of thyrotoxicosis and treatment. Twenty-four hours RAIU is routinely used to calculate the dose of radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy; however, 2 days protocol is required. This study aims to evaluate the modification of Penpat Pinyowattanasilp equation application by the exclusion of outlier data, 3 hours RAIU less than 20% and more than 80%, to improve prediction of 24-hour uptake. The equation is predicted 24 hours RAIU (P24RAIU) = 32.5+0.702 (3 hours RAIU). Then calculating separation first and second therapeutic doses in Graves’ disease patients. Methods; This study was a retrospective study at Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Inclusion were Graves’ disease patients who visited RAI clinic between January 2014-March 2019. We divided subjects into 2 groups according to first and second therapeutic doses. Results; Our study had a total of 151 patients. The study was done in 115 patients with first RAI dose and 36 patients with second RAI dose. The P24RAIU are highly correlated with actual 24-hour RAIU in first and second therapeutic doses (r = 0.913, 95% CI = 0.876 to 0.939 and r = 0.806, 95% CI = 0.649 to 0.897). Bland-Altman plot shows that mean differences between predictive and actual 24 hours RAI in the first dose and second dose were 2.14% (95%CI 0.83-3.46) and 1.37% (95%CI -1.41-4.14). The mean first actual and predictive therapeutic doses are 8.33 ± 4.93 and 7.38 ± 3.43 milliCuries (mCi) respectively. The mean second actual and predictive therapeutic doses are 6.51 ± 3.96 and 6.01 ± 3.11 mCi respectively. The predictive therapeutic doses are highly correlated with the actual dose in first and second therapeutic doses (r = 0.907, 95% CI = 0.868 to 0.935 and r = 0.953, 95% CI = 0.909 to 0.976). Bland-Altman plot shows that mean difference between predictive and actual P24RAIU in the first dose and second dose were less than 1 mCi (-0.94 and -0.5 mCi). This modification equation application is simply used in clinical practice especially patient with 3 hours RAIU in range of 20-80% in a Thai population. Before use, this equation for other population should be tested for the correlation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equation" title="equation">equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Graves%E2%80%99disease" title=" Graves’disease"> Graves’disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=24-hour%20uptake" title=" 24-hour uptake"> 24-hour uptake</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108895/outcome-of-using-penpat-pinyowattanasilp-equation-for-prediction-of-24-hour-uptake-first-and-second-therapeutic-doses-calculation-in-graves-disease-patient" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108895.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6249</span> Proteomic Evaluation of Sex Differences in the Plasma of Non-human Primates Exposed to Ionizing Radiation for Biomarker Discovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christina%20Williams">Christina Williams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehari%20Weldemariam"> Mehari Weldemariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ann%20M.%20Farese"> Ann M. Farese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20J.%20MacVittie"> Thomas J. MacVittie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maureen%20A.%20Kane"> Maureen A. Kane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiation exposure results in dose-dependent and time-dependent multi-organ damage. Drug development of medical countermeasures (MCM) for radiation-induced injury occurs under the FDA Animal Rule because human efficacy studies are not ethical or feasible. The FDA Animal Rule requires the representation of both sexes and describes several uses for biomarkers in MCM drug development studies. Currently, MCMs are limited and there is no FDA-approved biomarker for any radiation injury. Sex as a variable is essential to identifying biomarkers and developing effective MCMs for acute radiation exposure (ARS) and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE). These studies aim to address the death of information on sex differences that have not been determined by studies that included only male, single-sex cohorts. Studies have reported differences in radiosensitivity according to sex. As such, biomarker discovery for radiation-induced damage must consider sex as a variable. This study evaluated the plasma proteomic profile of Rhesus macaque non-human primates after different exposures and doses, as well as time points after radiation. Exposures and doses included total body irradiation between 5-7.5 Gy and partial body irradiation with 5% bone marrow sparing at 9, 9.5 and 10 Gy. Timepoints after irradiation included days 1, 3, 60, and 180, which encompassed both acute radiation syndromes and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure. Bottom-up proteomic analyses of plasma included equal numbers of males and females. In the control animals, few proteomic differences are observed between the sexes. In the irradiated animals, there are a few sex differences, with changes mostly consisting of proteins upregulated in the female animals. Multiple canonical pathways were upregulated in irradiated animals relative to the control animals when subjected to pathway analysis, but differential responses between the sexes are limited. These data provide critical baseline differences according to sex and establish sex differences in non-human primate models relevant to drug development of MCM under the FDA Animal Rule. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionizing%20radiation" title="ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sex%20differences" title=" sex differences"> sex differences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20proteomics" title=" plasma proteomics"> plasma proteomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomarker%20discovery" title=" biomarker discovery"> biomarker discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171393/proteomic-evaluation-of-sex-differences-in-the-plasma-of-non-human-primates-exposed-to-ionizing-radiation-for-biomarker-discovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20organ%20doses&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20organ%20doses&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20organ%20doses&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20organ%20doses&page=5">5</a></li> <li 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