CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91793fc2c908f8d0',cH: 'nUfQ2IgWlZZVOEHllEZp0MskutvbLq2IHetMNOBtcSs-1740502799-1.2.1.1-pO2CL5Nu2shEk.CGCuhr2gMmMOXd93bHQv6VIRJhv_mJbk9ZEoxOesAOfTRF7EPA',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=young%20drivers&__cf_chl_tk=KlR1RTLC4ZRYmyppy3twBG7tggYoPpaOiY.uUXznYyY-1740502799-1.0.1.1-NuZ8573XyBMDO6cgGYvAS9RWqvSCjtldGMMdOuAZI9k",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740502799',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=young%20drivers&__cf_chl_f_tk=KlR1RTLC4ZRYmyppy3twBG7tggYoPpaOiY.uUXznYyY-1740502799-1.0.1.1-NuZ8573XyBMDO6cgGYvAS9RWqvSCjtldGMMdOuAZI9k",md: "MUwcXbI.SetvDiuPq8IKI1_.NoP6gHxd04SLfs7MX.E-1740502799-1.2.1.1-DIykpKBBH0xF_XhnaRmNcaTcT_BotVp1v9ylXU.kHreQFf3lBTFkfzUxK3dPiCJY9Wqho5WugwyeVJGG6DtoWqitg36BnN1cYUGj1Jj9YXlc8wTL2fObfxwy2ZVjGHGditG63jwVQixE83zx7MQBxN8vEyO49zJzsiFCL0GLJS_wbcSAgIvfVsQvYitqjFznqRKbfsKzN5cK7_kMReODyrRpa5C4wErVdaX.9w5yV.w3gBEkA2Rz9X4Su_itdIEuhSGvaN9SHG91rzYD9LIZhBTdEmiVGIWTSopdVEDh2Nhrwnbd4s2TPAqTdFpay52.V62HbMZ_RMMc0_Fs5fO7WEzz.IW5mzNpNM.HuyIgzQEY0wypYFlbbNy65zMp0t1jWIsh9mbdlUJDOwtQ9QNJO36zR64DaelwToysYy8hTLAZGMUv22fDy.LMGp2hkSYK21oWBGQqk_hxh2jdCODRq4Cfxq.StnsfG1pKVhHSlI3QP8n4bfNXFmGkR5RgSxbuyC0mhWJHdSKMAdIAKVEdewKTO_NkWLjvC8Y7IcopaHtXo6EIPo4hfUYo5PraAz2d4dIl_q4SbW3In7i0aACb0gwj6FaedbI4P710jl1FY2uoDGFbNBu2OLfrNuDmoFE6VI5RepYceWZnzd7wWTnNkcSvNFhxBZbzUIBHG4oWhuCFjRAPEEGTh6mYqIORu2vsgQiXY2ltSNFPCBWYt5HzDLmLsR5abxVhPfWZNfUmpxJuTnV26c7Wx0KNZiIJDPOJ5cMn5m8XJ4YQfK5qw__ycSRvNXR788DLj_ZLe.lJHyP9P.gb1Mr1T2Io3Qo1Icrem1ne0T_FjTxI8fF8U02raq06_FpcdaC0kzbqfR1d1N7iKOvzKLGBayOqE.rdO0KWDxkkLUBaOwRYvO8jvQR0TGkaQlRkbRk.iLeaAHJqXCmsGONF8jQqZYGGPCMLhCe6BEwCpi.f6sJPY2t8ZAkMtRPAEbcqR4ZEPly3AKeE04qWPZP731ngTH6DbTb_1HUhAbY00p9Cw.tnu8egqYX57JyItsYFmuRhsbnWE60siOap6627llHPR54ThyaIzvSja2c3ieDhWJ4zc2Tw2K9GQAgfJzhJJUe4Bln11kcX5sj.fAJSFgFxwY5NGwTs4._YjoulRUlkz71UuPRQo6OnRrfY7sT5_TdMocy9cStDgtSZRG5Pqym5NqtI1T2Kr1DSBs88K14D9UP14vFmO0tiD60e4MQCZkbCpkVZkwm_74vzJaLBBFuE5bTfq_xIDKnImbtIECPnGsgnavHwL6xsNum0fWZJQnrmjjwfK47qgPzZaAwQpsfN1UtCvYiFlMll5Tfo1plZ0.Aa_L3hmVVd4Dt_7tWNDWGmMe9PRuT99NGrzrHiE.eGuxmGQN69CBR9JPWRa6QoMPyRV7ZS2jnajHsM7vrOAAYe4KYfE_0iL954cECRhAgzf8b1xPyvcnpTATQ62gZ_3P6W6RCY2pD90LJ0UK8R1IXLSH8OWcFEnBCOgpE10mCvj5jfrOV6FcU6Dq3Bvx1sOFDmXRTX5YCSiYYmCz3ZAuHqtRqmiWQcrPb8AzhVbgBj8.rLcN7nVTSy0hBjNIkyhkiO.t1GAJAhjKeyS76C7vVaxCaYvH9Zq4AGl7LVb_KWtBEHYrh3crmgVAM84nlVNdEaWHtatGpRM1QeM4K6vZPS2Oty7gd2mwk9KTAA8eRzLPuREc0v1TxWrrW0YTREWypH6u0hgt9qCX6WwZyRmJXAs8LTFFhYQAZKZSXEs9tIvjxlX_GTL.sUFv0.qf6Vp61Wd8O7Qquf5zT7232sihqYZzfaXh48XLs0U9OP6sKE16fayij.zzoSYUl4nGn9yYqApmLUer9klveDi7uqgSEz5dSvlDlPK1yZcaY4HsTvERIs1KmCr3hGdyYokGYfWfu4EkysrdvyM9kws.YXduYnu2Fn6opD04E",mdrd: "r0eUU3K0RpUcVKH7FiWDu2TtrWF.t1EWMTfsrOhAt5s-1740502799-1.2.1.1-2g5tZn3xF0U08TFPehhKZHOOOTHao8iKdasUbNwNoXh_wQkydUZ1WrrjcspQLzIwi5Fp6sb4hDDykmiLj62HtpRPOJTegylExQvSDs.r0sEprGTiw57ijMrPeyiaZaDBH4.Et4P8EFRZ0_le1LfNJ5nBOZDJQbL11OnrFcF.LVN1pGzWt96k5BaB9ogjeGb0qp5CGMBO5j2MrEJde7Kp.UIgM14E7SycI5df4ej6q0W8._7NeJHcNHVmjlEpahGnGnNXseob_aDkBZcYJtSMX19GoJ2phT_wA.l5WeVF70nlior0NmEmkSmx4gHU27e1RJiHF66BB6wxVgYi80qRYEw9dBdIBs3Pm_Bal7sSCC8L6v0a_Ar6KGcRuU_oGq6F3iDxRLs8ogJt5Imv36CIdeXGOFsWVgGn.jbQ69gYs_A.WV30UD_x883RNAmvqe0ZrAZ5Ep3HqhstPQ2FZtX75ZWi.vvvhpZhlsr4cZHnwpBS3iRA2K8T7xuXMkFWFhVpffHzFWw2FJSbqXXPuEbPa_sy0JWg.vHPFlnbA6QT3RDjCpqe0mc6ktbaxoeu6bwsr1UsuOI2wDX6nva6jnkbcb77zzAOmWDxqccPA0ekQRP567uu2hsT.8FNVGz_w6s24_SBKRPZKKYaKOXa9B0XOaXS1tc6bfimymRhz0TT5tNvrX84RU0eyIVKISa9x6NUsBrLnkxm65SONsg_DZMLVIoDbV25HZKmKzWxio4trAwiK7j7.wI5.5kHKL4XlC2CaLItBawEHnRXIi.Iozbu_vJ1i42F3Iqv34p3797ecrqD0pKei9ZZJEwmdxeQXgRNXVnBMJdavNenjddJqM.Pi4wqvLrjz6gGay48ABVzFo.8kqkxVFxxZJ3UV_NHCetkoDNWyhFgcQn7XJNd2O9kt_gW_V4SnRhkXCrXGKk1AGk0aVLIMfBdrcNzDRBdVJTtjVWff6wq06fwvb2fOBwwj8R0ObaMhnGAVxbyz.9dDSi9XU8HlR89X_xZlskHft0kXARocc9lZhKDGdvgtab9mYnIyUKFc83WLjmluxbktuzj9.0tbESCKPg5VT38N_8.oHqhFkowWLgJJDYfkimqXFPqLIbq_tlTlnigbCKIQXkEJKEyfiyKluorsSeSQmsR1G3nHG8wbGMp5I27PxIvrdqowIFj8xoDocz4DjcuJebSAytyXstGeAQB4u5yZiGVDQFwrR11UXehFlQWKIU6Iv2uGdKq4X6M7CLMf7fBJUuQ_OlJJV2P9YiPTIVGjYFXf1Mag3bQ6uB4z8_v3EdhXgishxjsS6eBfI7S.YyjHy65VSUg0i5aH7fpJI5lI9JXmhzxk2VrzgfnfjVStOkpVxe5ZfiCgy9o7NzMz65HbU5RjCxWwlEbVWnDqqCPgRlLKEK6fRAMBjnw099rppMR5fuRvw6aIhkWLCM8qeFdFfDnLSdkcjiKOZhhgpDGGBUm01Ld8b8f.O1maWJnBUmCYw5M03HWPqWhbXpNSxJ4fOyRcqEcVm5utpeSWX_2x0TwU68YTHW_iUNRWGgI4I.f6p3daQ.Q4cRFZFL4m.IvLIJNhmvMHUFwMImbUHymv8LIxwim_8lgqYAhzr5_yr0Rh3mPcAP9t703OXcPieB0NRZbfh9rhJJwCZasxMKsnZ1Q2XxBtdGTEq1gP6LgeHYICnJrh9jOnvORT9919Vz27oDQ82OPNPTgZCAJX7qeWiVjRJs9aWHxiqZHccR8GtVy8GhmtKTlFdaEWTTt4.FG9Z4iLC9oeyrcUb5mjMRLDUrDkk_kTpChLGTo1ByKE34xrjTT8wUyxi70GBvVMoCPQ5XnbCy3RqziSjqnOu9IFCsNdRHMe29Bk3N3N8xke3CRiv9uepAGfLerQHaaQuX1UEkaTQQIxBsNF.ufzySQcKZokZg_p2kYBQgPEuUcD5DDfFhB_vKQKMR5c4DydhDrwUNvP_sVEw6qX9_PtD.eP5.N"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91793fc2c908f8d0';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=young%20drivers&__cf_chl_rt_tk=KlR1RTLC4ZRYmyppy3twBG7tggYoPpaOiY.uUXznYyY-1740502799-1.0.1.1-NuZ8573XyBMDO6cgGYvAS9RWqvSCjtldGMMdOuAZI9k" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>