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<span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hydrology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hydrology subsection</span> </button> <ul 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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation_–_threats_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chilika_Development_Authority_(CDA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilika_Development_Authority_(CDA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chilika Development Authority (CDA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilika_Development_Authority_(CDA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ameliorative_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ameliorative_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ameliorative actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ameliorative_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aqua_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aqua_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Aqua fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aqua_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eco-tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eco-tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eco-tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eco-tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_trap_and_scam_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_trap_and_scam_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tourist trap and scam reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_trap_and_scam_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Published accounts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Published_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Published accounts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Published_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chilika Lake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6" title="চিল্কা হ্ৰদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চিল্কা হ্ৰদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6" title="চিল্কা হ্রদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিল্কা হ্রদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="चिल्का झील – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चिल्का झील" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilka" title="Chilka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chilka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чилика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чилика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilika_Lake" title="Chilika Lake – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chilika Lake" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilika-See" title="Chilika-See – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chilika-See" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Chilka" title="Lago Chilka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lago Chilka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88iliko" title="Ĉiliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉiliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Chilika" title="Lac Chilika – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lac Chilika" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="चिलिका झील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिलिका झील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0" title="ಚಿಲ್ಕ ಸರೋವರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿಲ್ಕ ಸರೋವರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csilka-t%C3%B3" title="Csilka-tó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csilka-tó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ചിൽക്ക തടാകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിൽക്ക തടാകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="चिल्का सरोवर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिल्का सरोवर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilkameer" title="Chilkameer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chilkameer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilika" title="Chilika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chilika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6" title="ଚିଲିକା ହ୍ରଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚିଲିକା ହ୍ରଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2" title="ਚਿਲਕਾ ਝੀਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿਲਕਾ ਝੀਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="چلکا جھیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چلکا جھیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86ilka" title="Ćilka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ćilka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чилика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чилика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="चिल्का सरोवरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चिल्का सरोवरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱪᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilika_Lake" title="Chilika Lake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chilika Lake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilka" title="Chilka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chilka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="சில்கா ஏரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சில்கா ஏரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="చిలికా సరస్సు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిలికా సరస్సు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чиліка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чиліка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="چیلیکا جھیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیلیکا جھیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E6%B9%96" title="吉尔卡湖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉尔卡湖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chilika_Lake&params=19_43_N_85_19_E_region:IN_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°43′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°19′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.717°N 85.317°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.717; 85.317</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lagoon in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_too_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too long</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">length guidelines</a> and help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit">move details into the article's body</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Chilika</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Birds eyeview of Chilika Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg/264px-Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg/396px-Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg/528px-Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Birds eyeview of Chilika Lake</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Odisha_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Chilika Lake"><img alt="Location of Chilika Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/India_Odisha_relief_map.svg/256px-India_Odisha_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/India_Odisha_relief_map.svg/384px-India_Odisha_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/India_Odisha_relief_map.svg/512px-India_Odisha_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="860" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.245%;left:62.962%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chilika"><img alt="Location of Chilika Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Chilika</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chilika_Lake&params=19_43_N_85_19_E_region:IN_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°43′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°19′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.717°N 85.317°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.717; 85.317</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes" title="Lake">Lake type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">Brackish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">52 streams including the <a href="/wiki/Bhargavi_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhargavi river">Bhargavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daya_River" title="Daya River">Daya</a>, Makra, <a href="/wiki/Malaguni_River" title="Malaguni River">Malaguni</a> and Luna rivers<sup id="cite_ref-Tripati_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripati-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Old mouth at Arakhakuda, new mouth at <a href="/wiki/Satpada" title="Satpada">Satpada</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Catchment area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,560 km<sup>2</sup> (1,370 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">64.3 km (40.0 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_area" title="List of lakes by area">Surface area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">min.: 900 km<sup>2</sup> (347 sq mi)<br />max.: 1,165 km<sup>2</sup> (450 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">4.2 m (13.8 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_volume" title="List of lakes by volume">Water volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 km<sup>3</sup> (3,200,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">acre⋅ft</a>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">0 – 2 m (6.6 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lake_islands" title="Category:Lake islands">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">223 km<sup>2</sup> (86 sq mi):<br /> Badakuda, Breakfast, Honeymoon, Kalijai Island, Birds Island, Kanthapantha, Krushnaprasada (Old Parikuda), Nalabana, Nuapara, Somolo and Sanakuda.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balugaon" title="Balugaon">Balugaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satpada" title="Satpada">Satpada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parikud" title="Parikud">Parikud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rambha_(Odisha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambha (Odisha)">Rambha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data note"><sup id="cite_ref-Tripati_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripati-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohanty_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohanty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1981</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">229<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chilika Lake</b> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> lagoon in Asia and second largest <a href="/wiki/Coastal_lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal lagoon">coastal lagoon</a> in the world,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (October 2024)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chilika_Lake" title="Talk:Chilika Lake">discuss</a></i>]</sup> covering an area of over 1,100 square kilometres (420 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FED_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-invent_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spread over the <a href="/wiki/Puri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Puri District">Puri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khurda_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurda District">Khordha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganjam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganjam District">Ganjam</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> state on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">east coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Daya_River" title="Daya River">Daya River</a>, flowing into the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. </p><p>It has been listed as a tentative <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in India">World Heritage</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its salinity varies by region, from freshwater where rivers flow in, to oceanic salinity levels due to tidal influx. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golabai_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Golabai_plan.jpg/250px-Golabai_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Golabai_plan.jpg/375px-Golabai_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Golabai_plan.jpg/500px-Golabai_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Golabai Sasan excavation site</figcaption></figure> <p>Geological evidence indicates that Chilika Lake was part of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> during the later stages of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> period (1.8 million to 10,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>). </p><p>Excavations were conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> at <a href="/wiki/Golabai" title="Golabai">Golabai Sasan</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chilika_Lake&params=20_1_7_N_85_32_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°1′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°32′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.01861°N 85.54833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.01861; 85.54833</span></span></span></a></span></span>) north of Chilika lake in Khurdha district.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_322_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha_322-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golabai provides evidence of a sequence of Chilika area culture in three phases: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (c. 1600 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (c. 1400 BCE to c. 900 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (c. 900 BCE to c. 800 BCE). <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> traced the earliest level of Golbai to 2300 BCE. The site is located on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Malaguni_River" title="Malaguni River">Malaguni River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Daya_River" title="Daya River">Daya River</a>, which flows into Chilika Lake. This location, which gave access to the sea via Chilika Lake, gives evidence of the maritime activities of this region. The recovery of many woodworking <a href="/wiki/Adzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Adzes">adzes</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> shows that Golabal was a boat-building centre. Golabai is the only excavated site in Odisha where boat building has been revealed. This also indicates that Chilika lake was close to Golabai and it facilitated the maritime trade of people in the area during the ancient period.<sup id="cite_ref-Patra_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patra-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient texts say the southern sector of Chilika was a major <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbour</a> for maritime <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> (c. 209 BCE–after 170 BCE), the King of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a>, was known as the "Lord of the Sea".<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (150 CE), the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> geographer, referred to <a href="/wiki/Palur" class="mw-redirect" title="Palur">Palur</a> as the port <i>Paloura</i>, located close to the point of departure situated outside of the southern tip of the lake at Kantiagarh, from where ships bound for different parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> sailed. After 639, the Chinese pilgrims <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Fa-Hien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiuen-Tsang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiuen-Tsang">Hiuen-Tsang</a> mention a famous port "<i>Che-li-ta-loChing</i>" near the shore of the ocean which was a thoroughfare and resting place for seagoing traders and strangers from distant lands. This port was located at 'Chhatragarh' on the banks of Chilika Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Patra_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patra-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fourth-century legend, often told to explain the birth of Chilika, states that the pirate king, Raktabahu, planned to attack <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> with a huge fleet of ships. To avoid detection, he stealthily anchored out of sight, off the mouth to the sea. The deception was revealed by the ships' refuse floating to the shore, thus warning the town's people, who escaped with all their possessions. Raktabahu felt betrayed when he found an abandoned town and directed his fury towards the sea that had betrayed him. The sea parted to let the army march in, then surged back, drowned the army and formed the present lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohanty_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohanty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeological excavations discovered seventh-century ship anchors and stone memoirs dedicated to battle heroes at a village named Kanas, about 25 km (16 mi) north of Chilika on the banks of Nuna river, which flows into the lake. This gives evidence of a historic naval engagement off the coast. </p><p>A 10th-century text, the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a>, mentions Chilika Lake as an important centre of trade and commerce, and a shelter for ships sailing to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Singhala</a>, China and other countries. This suggests that the lake was then deep enough for berthing seagoing ships and had a channel to the sea big enough for loaded trading ships embarking to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Choud_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choud-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tripathy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripathy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villagers around Chilika Lake still observe an annual festival called "<i>Bali Yatra</i>" (Journey to <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>). </p><p>In 1803, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> entered the shores of the lake, reached Puri and occupied Odisha with the help of Fateh Muhammed. Fateh Muhammed, in turn, was rewarded by the British with <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(English_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freehold (English law)">freehold</a> of the areas of Malud and <a href="/wiki/Parikud" title="Parikud">Parikud</a>, of the present day Garh Krishnaprasad revenue block.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Over the years, poets including <a href="/wiki/Kabibar_Radhanath_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabibar Radhanath Ray">Kabibar Radhanath Ray</a> and Pandit <a href="/wiki/Godabarish_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Godabarish Mishra">Godavarish Mishra</a>, freedom fighters and Saints have extolled historicity of the lake as pertinent to its cultural, spiritual, religious and scenic aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choud_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choud-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Gopabandhu_Das" title="Gopabandhu Das">Gopabandhu Das</a>, a famous Odiya poet, became impatient to see the beauty of the march of colorful sights and sounds of Chilika lagoon while going by train. He asked the speeding train to stop for a moment so that he could enjoy the beauty. It is because of the beauty that arrests him much".<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasa_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lake is of <a href="/wiki/Estuarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine">estuarine</a> character in an <a href="/wiki/Ephemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeral">ephemeral</a> environment. Geological studies indicate that the coastline extended along the western shores of the lake in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> era with its northeastern region lying under the sea. That the coastline has moved eastward over the ages is supported by the fact that the nearby <a href="/wiki/Konarak_Sun_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Konarak Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a>, built originally on the seashore a few hundred years ago, is now about 3 km (2 mi), away from the coast. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">catchment area</a> of Chilika lake has a rock, sand and mud substratum. It contains a wide range of sedimentary particles such as clay, silt, sand, gravel and shell banks but the major part of the catchment area is silt. Around 1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> per year of sediment is deposited in Chilika lake by rivers Daya and several streams.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasa_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is conjectured that a rise in worldwide sea levels over the last 6,000–8,000 years occurred with a pause in the rise of sea level about 7,000 years ago, which could have resulted in the formation of a sandy beach near the coast at the Southern sector. With the rise in the sea level, the sand beach grew gradually, progressed seaward to the northeast and formed the spit of Chilika. A <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> unearthed from the southwestern edge of the spit indicates that the lake was formed about 3,500–4,000 years ago. The abrupt change in the direction of the coast north of the lake, strong winds shifting sand to the shore, longshore drift (<a href="/wiki/Littoral_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral drift">littoral drift</a>), the presence or absence of strong river and tidal currents in different areas are the reasons attributed for the growth of the spit.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White bands of <a href="/wiki/Coral#Evolution" title="Coral">coral</a> in the southern sector, at a height of 8 m (26 ft), above the present water level, shows that the area was once marine and that the water was much deeper than present.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronological development of the outer barrier spit of the lake has been dated by <a href="/wiki/Optically_stimulated_luminescence" title="Optically stimulated luminescence">Optically stimulated luminescence</a> studies of minerals. This was done on sixteen samples of the lake bed. The studies indicated doses of between 153 ± 3 m<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> and 2.23 ± 0.07 Gy, corresponding to ages from 40 years at the top of the spit to 300 years at the bottom. The youngest ages are consistent with the age of the overlying vegetation. A clearly defined period of > 4.0 km (2.5 mi) of barrier construction 40 years ago is identified. Prior to that the deposition rate was relatively constant for 300 years.'"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_topography">Geography and topography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography and topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilika_lake.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chilika_lake.png/250px-Chilika_lake.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chilika_lake.png/375px-Chilika_lake.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chilika_lake.png/500px-Chilika_lake.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>This map of Chilika Lake showing Nalaban Island, Chilika Bird Sanctuary, Dolphin Sanctuary, <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> town and Malud peninsula.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilka-S-c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chilka-S-c.jpg/250px-Chilka-S-c.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chilka-S-c.jpg/375px-Chilka-S-c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chilka-S-c.jpg/500px-Chilka-S-c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Chilika Lake-central & west<br />1958 Topographic map, 1:250,000</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilka-North-c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chilka-North-c.jpg/250px-Chilka-North-c.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chilka-North-c.jpg/375px-Chilka-North-c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chilka-North-c.jpg/500px-Chilka-North-c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Chilika Lake-east end</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilika_Lake_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chilika_Lake_4.jpg/250px-Chilika_Lake_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chilika_Lake_4.jpg/375px-Chilika_Lake_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chilika_Lake_4.jpg/500px-Chilika_Lake_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption>Chilika Lake</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satapada_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Satapada_2.jpg/250px-Satapada_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Satapada_2.jpg/375px-Satapada_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Satapada_2.jpg/500px-Satapada_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Jetty at Satapada, Chilika Lake, Odisha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilika_sea_side.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chilika_sea_side.png/250px-Chilika_sea_side.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chilika_sea_side.png/375px-Chilika_sea_side.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chilika_sea_side.png/500px-Chilika_sea_side.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Chilika Sea mouth</figcaption></figure> <p>Chilika Lake is a shallow <a href="/wiki/Estuary#Types_of_estuary" title="Estuary">bar-built estuary</a> with large areas of <a href="/wiki/Mudflats" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudflats">mudflats</a>. The western and southern margins of the lake are fringed by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a> hill range.<sup id="cite_ref-Tripathy_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripathy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several inland rivers, which bring silt into the lake, control the northern end of the lake. A 60 km (37 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Barrier_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier beach">barrier beach</a> called <b>Rejhansa</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed by northerly currents in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, resulted in the formation of this shallow lake and forms its eastern side. As an <a href="/wiki/Ephemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeral">ephemeral</a> lake, its water surface area varies from 1,165 km<sup>2</sup> (449.8 sq mi) in the summer <a href="/wiki/Monsoon#Southwest_monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season to 906 km<sup>2</sup> (349.8 sq mi) in the winter <a href="/wiki/Monsoon#Northeast_monsoon" title="Monsoon">dry season</a>. </p><p>The water spread area of the lagoon ranges between 1,165 and 906 square kilometres (450 and 350 sq mi) during the monsoon and summer respectively. A 32-kilometre (20 mi) long, narrow, outer channel connects the lagoon to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, near the village Motto. More recently a new mouth has been opened by Chilika Development Authority (CDA) which has brought a new lease of life to the lagoon. </p><p>The lake has numerous islands. The larger islands, separated by shallow channels, lie between the barrier and the main body of the lake. A total 42 km<sup>2</sup> (16 sq mi) of channels connect the lake with Bay of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Choud_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choud-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six major islands are <i>Parikud, Phulbari, Berahpura, Nuapara, Nalbana,</i> and <i>Tampara</i>. These islands, together with the <i>Peninsula of Malud</i>, constitute the <i>Krishnaprasad Revenue Block</i> of <a href="/wiki/Puri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Puri District">Puri District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-invent_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-home_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The north shore of the lake is part of <a href="/wiki/Khordha_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khordha District">Khordha District</a> and the western shore is part of <a href="/wiki/Ganjam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganjam District">Ganjam District</a>. Due to <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a>, the width of the barrier has fluctuated and the mouth to the sea has periodically been closed. The location of the mouth has also frequently shifted, generally towards the northeast. The mouth, which was 1.5 km (0.9 mi) wide in 1780, was only .75 km (0.5 mi) forty years later. The local fishermen, to maintain their livelihood, had to cut open the mouth to gain access to the sea for fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water depth of the lake varies from 0.9 to 2.6 ft (0.3 to 0.8 m) in the dry season to 5.9 to 13.8 ft (1.8 to 4.2 m) in the rainy season. The width of the old channel to the sea, now reported to be about 100 m (330 ft), is known as <b>Magarmukha</b> (Mouth of the Crocodile). The lake is divided into four separate zones namely, the southern, central, northern sectors and the outer channel area. A 32 km (19.9 mi) long outer channel connects the lake with the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> at Arakhuda village. The lake is pear-shaped and has a maximum length of 64.3 km (40.0 mi) with a mean width of 20.1 km (12.5 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-invent_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invent-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ajit_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another lake in India called <a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad Lake</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the longest lake (if the length is considered, 96.5 kilometres (60.0 mi) where the length of Chilika Lake is 64 kilometres (40 mi)) in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three hydrological subsystems control the hydrology of the lake. The land-based system comprises <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi River</a> on the northern side, 52 river channels from the western side and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> on the eastern side. Two of the three southern branches of the Mahanadi River that trifurcates at <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, feed the lake. 61% (850 m<sup>3</sup>/s (30,000 cu ft/s)) of the total freshwater inflow into the lake is contributed by these two branches. </p><p>The second drainage system which is non–perennial accounts for 39% (536 cubic metres per second (18,900 cu ft/s)) of the inflow. The important rivers of this drainage system are the Kansari, Kusumi, Janjira, and Tarimi rivers. The annual total surface freshwater input to the lake is estimated to be 1.76 cubic kilometres (1,430,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">acre⋅ft</a>) including direct precipitation over the lake contributing 0.87 cubic kilometres (710,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">acre⋅ft</a>) All the inland river systems disgorge an annual flow of about 0.375 million cubic metres (304 acre⋅ft) of freshwater which is estimated to carry 13 million metric tons of silt into the lake. On the northeast, a channel connects the lake to the Bay of Bengal. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Monsoon#Northeast_monsoon" title="Monsoon">tropical monsoon climate</a> prevails over the drainage basin area of the lake. The lake experiences South–west and North-east monsoons during June to September and November to December respectively with an average annual rainfall of 1,238.8 mm (48.77 in), with 72 rainy days. The maximum temperature of 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) and minimum temperature of 14 °C (57.2 °F) have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-about_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sediment_quality">Sediment quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sediment quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chilika Development Authority (CDA) established an organized system of water quality measurements and <a href="/wiki/Limnological" class="mw-redirect" title="Limnological">limnological</a> investigations indicating the following physico–chemical characteristics of the lake waters.<sup id="cite_ref-about_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Lake water is <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> – <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> ranging from 7.1 – 9.6 with total <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkalinity</a> matching the <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>. The southern part of the lake near Rambha has recorded the highest alkalinity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</a> survey indicates extreme shallow depths in the northern sector, with less than 1.5 m (5 ft) in a large area. The southern sector of the lake has recorded the maximum depth of 3.9 m (12.8 ft)</li> <li>High <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> due to strong mixing of overlying water with sediments is confirmed by observed transparency values ranging between 9 and 155 cm (0.30 and 5.09 ft).</li> <li>Salinity levels in the lake show wide temporal and spatial variation due to a complex blend of freshwater discharge, evaporation, wind condition and tidal inflow of seawater. The brackish nature of the lake is depicted by the 0 parts per thousand near the Daya River mouth to hyper-saline level of 42 ppt in the outlet channel during the dry period.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> values were between 3.3–18.9 mg/L.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">Phosphate</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (0–0.4 ppm), <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (10–60 ppm) and <a href="/wiki/Silicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicates">silicates</a> (1–8 ppm) are high in the north and northwest part of the lake where most of the rivers discharge into the lake with large amounts of silt and nutrients.</li> <li>The lake is broadly divided into four zones on the basis of salinity values, namely the southern, central, northern and outer channel. Tidal influx of seawater during monsoon is arrested by the strong influx of a large amount of fresh water from the northern and central zones. Brackish water conditions in the southern zone, even during monsoon, prevail due to low water exchange. Salinity in the southern zone decreases during the post-monsoon period and in winter as northern winds facilitate mixing of water with rest of the lake. During the summer, intrusion of salt water from the outer channel into the lake increases since water level of the lake is at its lowest level. A general increase in salinity of the central and northern zones occurs due to wind-induced mixing by the predominantly southern winds and salinity in the southern zone does not rise appreciably.<sup id="cite_ref-about_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt></dt> <dt>Sedimentation</dt></dl> <p>Adverse tidal exchange occurred due to the <a href="/wiki/Littoral_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral drift">littoral drift</a> along the coast line causing flow reduction and shifting of the lake mouth every year. Estimated <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a> due to this is on the order of 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a>. This adverse effect needed ameliorative actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajit_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sediment cores were collected from different locations of the lake. The result indicated spatial variation of sedimentation rate in three zones of the lake of 7.6 millimetres (0.30 in)/year (Northern Sector), 8.0 millimetres (0.31 in)/year (Central Sector) and 2.8 millimetres (0.11 in)/year (Southern Sector). The non–uniform sedimentation rate along with the porosity and water content of the sediment cores were also analysed which indicated the lake had different deposition zones, with comparatively higher sedimentation rate in Northern and Central Sector and a slow rate in the Southern Sector.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_–_threats_and_management"><span id="Conservation_.E2.80.93_threats_and_management"></span>Conservation – threats and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conservation – threats and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, during Indira Gandhi's tenure as Prime Minister of India, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance">wetland of international importance</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> due to its rich <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> as shown by the facts that:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Over a million migratory waterfowl and shorebirds winter here.</li> <li>Over 400 vertebrate species have been recorded.</li> <li>As an estuarine lagoon, it supports a unique assemblage of marine, brackish and freshwater species.</li> <li>Several rare and endangered species are found in the region.</li> <li>The lake supports fisheries that are the lifeline of the community.</li> <li>The lake is of great value in preserving genetic diversity.</li> <li>There is an Increase in <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> and aquaculture activities.<sup id="cite_ref-montrex_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montrex-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-award_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, the ecosystem of the lake encountered several problems and threats such as: </p> <ul><li>Siltation due to littoral drift and sediments from the inland river systems</li> <li>Shrinkage of water surface area</li> <li>Choking of the inlet channel as well as shifting of the mouth connecting to the sea</li> <li>Decrease in salinity and fishery resources</li> <li>Proliferation of freshwater invasive species and</li> <li>An overall loss of biodiversity with decline in productivity adversely affecting the livelihood of the community that depended on it</li> <li>Fights between fishermen and non-fishermen communities about fishing rights in the lake and consequent court cases</li></ul> <p>The expansion of commercial aquaculture of prawn has contributed to the decline of the lakes fisheries and bird population.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerted action was initiated by the Odisha State Government with support from the Government of India to adopt adaptive conservation and management actions.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFind_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFind-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ajit_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1993, the problems in Chilika were severe that the lake was put under "The Montreux Record" as the lake was considered to have "undergone, to be undergoing, or to be likely to undergo change in its ecological character brought about by human action". The purpose was to stimulate remedial measures for the lake's conservation, supplemented with adequate monitoring. It was expected that such an action would benefit from the advice from Ramsar Advisory Mission and other identified technical assistance programs. </p><p>In summary, siltation from upstream led to shrinkage of the water surface area, decrease of salinity and growth of invasive freshwater aquatic weed infestation, all of which had a negative impact on the habitat of wildlife and fishery resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasa_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilika_Development_Authority_(CDA)"><span id="Chilika_Development_Authority_.28CDA.29"></span>Chilika Development Authority (CDA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chilika Development Authority (CDA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, the Government of Odisha, concerned by the degradation of the lake's ecosystem and cognizant of significant numbers of people who were dependent upon the lake's resources, set up the CDA. The CDA was set up for restoration and overall development of the lake under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Societies_Registration_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Societies Registration Act">Indian Societies Registration Act</a> as a parastatal body under the administrative jurisdiction of the Forest and Environment Department, with the following charter: </p> <ul><li>To protect the Lake ecosystem with all its genetic diversity</li> <li>To formulate the management plan for Integrated Resource Management and wise use of the lake's resources by the community depending on it</li> <li>To execute multidimensional and multidisciplinary developmental activities either itself or through other agencies</li> <li>To collaborate with various national and international institutions for development of the lake<sup id="cite_ref-Ajit_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The governing body of the Authority is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Odisha">Chief Minister of Odisha</a> State and has people's representatives (<a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a>), representatives of the fisherfolk communities and secretaries of the key departments, experts and eminent scientists as its members. </p><p>In 1998, an executive committee constituted with financial authority, supplemented with financial support from the Tenth and Eleventh Finance Commissions of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>, gave support to the management initiatives taken up by CDA. This facilitated a coordinated approach to plan and implement effective ameliorative management actions. </p><p>An Integrated Management Plan was implemented with financial support of Rs 570 million (US$12.7 million) out of "special problem grants" recommended by the Finance Commissions. Hydrobiological monitoring was supported under the Odisha Water Resources Consolidation Project of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, to the extent of Rs 10 million (US$220,000). A strong support network was created with 7 state government organizations, 33 NGOs, 3 national government ministries, 6 other organizations, 11 international organizations, 13 research institutions and 55 different categories of community groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajit_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, a collaboration of Indian and Japanese experts led to a friendly relationship between Chilika lake and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Saroma" title="Lake Saroma">Saroma Lake</a> in Japan called <i>Sister Wetlands</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasa_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ameliorative_actions">Ameliorative actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ameliorative actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considering the threats faced by the lake, the national wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs committee of the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, also identified the lake as a priority site for conservation and management.<sup id="cite_ref-about_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ameliorative actions were taken by the CDA to restore the ecosystem and to improve the socio-economic conditions of the communities living around the lake and on its islands involved the following. </p> <ul><li>Opening the lake mouth</li></ul> <p>The effective ameliorative action was the hydrological intervention of opening the new lake mouth and channel to the sea through the barrier beach at Satapura. This improved the spatial and temporal salinity gradients of the lake to maintain the unique characteristics of an estuarine eco-system. This intervention was undertaken after detailed scientific studies, including 3-dimensional mathematical modeling and hydraulics studies on a model prototype, were carried out by the Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune and <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Oceanography,_India" title="National Institute of Oceanography, India">National Institute of Oceanography</a>, Goa. In September 2000, the desiltation of the channel connecting the lake to the sea and opening of a new mouth to restore the natural flows of water and salinity levels was carried out. These actions resulted in a notable increase in the lake's fish yield and a reduction of freshwater weeds. The new mouth reduced the length of the outflow channel by 18 kilometres (11 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-award_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rest_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rest-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opening of the new mouth provided a favorable increased salinity regime throughout the lake with less fluctuations and improved water clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasa_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other measures included: </p> <ul><li>Catchments management in "participatory micro-watershed management in a whole ecosystem approach".</li> <li>Protection of bird habitat and of bird species.</li> <li>Economic incentives to the local population to stop poaching of birds.</li> <li>Measures to improve the socio–economic conditions, such as training programmes to develop eco-tourism.</li> <li>Provision of solar streetlight systems to island villages.</li> <li>Development of a ferry service for isolated villages.</li> <li>Construction of landing facilities for fisherfolk, as well as education and environmental awareness activities.</li></ul> <p>In 2002, Chilika was taken out of the Montreux Record, in light of the improved conditions of the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-montrex_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montrex-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-award_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilika lake is the first Ramsar site in Asia to be removed from the Montreux record.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasa_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In November 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Wetland_Conservation_Award" title="Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award">Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award</a> was presented to the Chilika Development Authority for "outstanding achievements in the field of restoration and wise use of wetlands and effective participation of local communities in these activities".<sup id="cite_ref-montrex_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montrex-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-award_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puruskar, constituted by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forests">Ministry of Environment and Forests</a>, Government of India awarded the prestigious Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Award–2002 to the Chilika Development Authority for the outstanding contribution of conservation and restoration of the Chilika lake eco-system.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilika_Bhubaneswar.me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chilika_Bhubaneswar.me.jpg/220px-Chilika_Bhubaneswar.me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chilika_Bhubaneswar.me.jpg/330px-Chilika_Bhubaneswar.me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chilika_Bhubaneswar.me.jpg/440px-Chilika_Bhubaneswar.me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Migratory birds at Chilika lake</figcaption></figure> <p>The ecological richness of the lake is of value in preserving the genetic diversity because of the multiplicity of its habitat, <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> (see photo gallery).<sup id="cite_ref-WWFind_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFind-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Survey_of_India" title="Zoological Survey of India">Zoological Survey of India</a> (ZSI) surveyed the lake between 1985 and 1988 and identified 800 animal species, including many rare, endangered and vulnerable species, but excluding terrestrial insects. </p><p>The threatened animal species identified are <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green sea turtle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">EN</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">VU</a>), <a href="/wiki/Orcaella_brevirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcaella brevirostris">Irrawaddy dolphin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">EN</a>), blackbuck (NT), <a href="/wiki/Eurynorhynchus_pygmeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurynorhynchus pygmeus">Spoon billed sandpiper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">CR</a>), <a href="/wiki/Barkudia_insularis" title="Barkudia insularis">Chilika limbless skink</a> (CR) and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">fishing cat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">VU</a>). 24 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> species were reported. 37 species of <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a> are also reported.<sup id="cite_ref-WWFind_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFind-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fish_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent surveys revealed 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera and 120 families. This represents about one fourth of the vascular plant species of the Odisha state where some 2900 species altogether are found. The flora is dominated by aquatic and sub-aquatic plants with <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> as the dominant plant family followed by <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a>. Certain species were found to be characteristic of specific islands. Important species identified are:<sup id="cite_ref-WWFind_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFind-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ajit_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">Leguminosae</a>, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae</li> <li>Endemic <i><a href="/wiki/Cassipourea" title="Cassipourea">Cassipourea</a> ceylanica</i></li> <li>Five species of <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a></li> <li>Wild plants of horticultural importance and interesting plant groups such as insectivorous plants, <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithophyte" title="Lithophyte">lithophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> associates, such as <i>Aegiceras corniculatus</i>, <i>Excoecaria agalloch</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salvadora_persica" title="Salvadora persica">Salvadora persica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_pinnata" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongamia pinnata">Pongamia pinnata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Colubrina" title="Colubrina">Colubrina</a> asiatica</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capparis" title="Capparis">Capparis</a> roxburghii</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Macrotyloma" title="Macrotyloma">Macrotyloma</a> ciliatum</i> and many others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown-headed_Gull_Chroicocephalus_brunnicephalus_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Brown-headed_Gull_Chroicocephalus_brunnicephalus_3.jpg/220px-Brown-headed_Gull_Chroicocephalus_brunnicephalus_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Brown-headed_Gull_Chroicocephalus_brunnicephalus_3.jpg/330px-Brown-headed_Gull_Chroicocephalus_brunnicephalus_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Brown-headed_Gull_Chroicocephalus_brunnicephalus_3.jpg/440px-Brown-headed_Gull_Chroicocephalus_brunnicephalus_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="3159" /></a><figcaption>Brown-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus)</figcaption></figure> <p>Chilika Lake is the largest wintering ground for <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> birds, on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_sub-continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian sub-continent">Indian sub-continent</a>. The lake is home to a number of <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> species of plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-about_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWFind_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFind-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">hotspots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in the country. Some species listed in the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> Red List of threatened animals inhabit the lake for at least part of their life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lagoon hosts over 160 species of birds in the peak migratory season. Birds from as far as the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> and other remote parts of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kirghiz steppes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> come here. These birds travel great distances; some of them possibly travel as much as 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi) to reach Chilika Lake. </p><p>Birds like <a href="/wiki/White-bellied_sea_eagle" title="White-bellied sea eagle">White bellied sea eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greylag_geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Greylag geese">greylag geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purple_moorhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple moorhen">purple moorhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacanidae" title="Jacanidae">jacana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamingos" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingos">flamingos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Egrets">egrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_heron" title="Grey heron">grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purple_heron" title="Purple heron">purple herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storks" class="mw-redirect" title="Storks">storks</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_ibis" title="White ibis">white ibis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoonbills" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoonbills">spoonbills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahminy_Duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahminy Duck">brahminy ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoveler_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoveler duck">shovellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pintails" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintails">pintails</a>, and more are found here. </p><p>Migratory water fowl arrive here from as far as the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal Lake">Baikal Lake</a> and remote parts of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakah,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakah, Iran">Lakah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Choud_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choud-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A census conducted in the winter of 1997-98 recorded about 2 million birds in the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a survey, 45 percent of the birds are terrestrial in nature, 32 percent are <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>, and 23 percent are <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a>. The lagoon is also home to 14 types of <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptors</a>. Around 152 rare and endangered <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphins</a> have also been reported. Plus, the lagoon supports about 37 species of <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, nearly 840,000 birds visited the lake, out of which 198,000 were spotted in Nalbana Island. On 5 Jan 2008, a bird census involving 85 wildlife officials counted 900,000 birds of which 450,000 were sighted in Nalabana. Removal of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> of freshwater aquatic plants, especially <a href="/wiki/Water_hyacinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hyacinth">water hyacinth</a>, due to restoration of salinity, is a contributing factor for the recent increasing attraction of birds to the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Choud_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choud-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birds_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birds-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Nalbana Bird Sanctuary</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nalbana_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nalbana Bird Sanctuary">Nalbana Bird Sanctuary</a></div> <p>Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake. Nalbana means <i>a weed-covered island</i> In the <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia language</a>. It is a major island in the center of the lake and has an area of 15.53 km<sup>2</sup> (6.00 sq mi)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2009)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chilika_Lake#Dubious" title="Talk:Chilika Lake">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. The island gets submerged during the monsoon season. As the monsoon recedes in the winter, lake levels decrease and the island is exposed, birds flock to the island in large numbers to feed on its extensive <a href="/wiki/Mudflats" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudflats">mudflats</a>. Nalbana was notified in 1987 and declared a bird sanctuary in 1973 under the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act of 1972">Wildlife Protection Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Choud_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choud-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aqua_fauna">Aqua fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aqua fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per the Chilika Development Authority's (CDA) updated data (2002), 323 aquatic species, which includes 261 fish species, 28 <a href="/wiki/Prawns" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawns">prawns</a> and 34 <a href="/wiki/Crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabs">crabs</a> are reported out of which sixty five species breed in the lake. 27 species are freshwater fishes and two genera of prawns. The remaining species migrate to the sea to breed. 21 species of <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herrings</a> and sardines of the family <a href="/wiki/Clupeidae" title="Clupeidae">Clupeidae</a> are reported. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">Microalgae</a>, marine seaweeds, <a href="/wiki/Sea_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea grass">sea grasses</a>, fish and crab also flourish in the brackish water of the Chilika Lagoon. Recovery of seagrass beds in recent years is a welcoming trend which may eventually result in re-colonization of endangered <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallago_attu_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wallago_attu_1.jpg/250px-Wallago_attu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Wallago_attu_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wallago_attu" title="Wallago attu">Wallago attu</a> – A common type of fish in the lake</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1998–2002, 40 fish species were recorded here for the first time and following the reopening of the lake mouth in 2000, six <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> species have reappeared, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanos_chanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanos chanos">Milk fish</a> (Seba khainga),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalops_cyprinoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalops cyprinoides">Indo-Pacific tarpon</a> (Panialehio),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elops_machnata" title="Elops machnata">Ten pounder</a> (Nahama),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparidae" title="Sparidae">Bream</a> (Kala khuranti),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilsa">Hilsa</a> (Tenuealosa) ilisha (ilishi) and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinomugil" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinomugil">Mullet</a> <i>R. corsula</i> (Kekenda)<sup id="cite_ref-WWFind_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWFind-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fish_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt></dt> <dt>Commercial fisheries</dt></dl> <p>The lake is an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> with large fishery resources. It sustains more than 150,000 fisher–folk living in 132 villages on the shore and islands.<sup id="cite_ref-fish_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-home_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For centuries fisher folk evolved exclusive rights of fishing through a complex system of partitioning the fisheries of the lake and developed a range of fishing techniques, nets and gear.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the British rule, in 1897–98, fishermen community enjoyed exclusive fisheries rights in the lake. The fisheries of the lake were part of the Zamindari estates of <a href="/wiki/Khallikote" title="Khallikote">Khallikote</a>, Parikud, Suna Bibi, Mirza Taher Baig and the Chaudhary families of Bhungarpur and the Khas Mahal areas of Khurda, lying within the kingdoms of the Rajas of Parikud and Khallikote. The zamindars (Landlords) leased out the fisheries exclusively to the local fisherfolk.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">zamindari</a> (land lordship) system in 1953, traditional fishing areas continued to be leased out to cooperatives of local fishermen. Fishing, particularly, prawn fishing, became remunerative with outside interest playing an important role. But in 1991, when the government of Odisha proposed a leasing policy that would have resulted in the auction of leases to the highest bidder, the Fishermen's cooperatives challenged the order in court. The High Court of Odisha ordered the Government to enact changes that would protect the interests of traditional fishermen and since then no new leases have been reported. This has resulted in a chaotic regime in which powerful vested interests from outside dominate, and the local people have been subordinated.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ompok" title="Ompok">Butter catfish</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wallago_attu" title="Wallago attu">Wallago attu</a></i> are the most common type of fish found in the lake. 11 species of fish, 5 species of prawn and 2 crab species are commercially important. The commercially important prawn are <a href="/wiki/Giant_tiger_prawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant tiger prawn">giant tiger prawn</a> (<i>Metapenaeus monoceros</i>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_prawn" title="Indian prawn">Indian prawn</a> (<i>Penaeus indicus</i>), <i>Metapenaeus monoceros</i> (Speckled shrimp), <i>Metapenaeus affinis</i> (Pink prawn) and <i>Metapenaeus dobson</i> (Kadal shrimp). <a href="/wiki/Scylla_serrata" title="Scylla serrata">Mangrove crab</a> is an important commercial crab.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish landings in the lake, which fluctuated in the past, have recorded a remarkable recovery after the opening of the new mouth and <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> of silt –choked old mouth Magarmukh in 2000–2001, resulted in a better intermixing of the tidal influx from the sea and freshwater inflow from rivers. Against an all time lowest landing of fish and prawn of 1,269 t (1,399 short tons) in 1995–96, the all-time high is reported to be 11,878 t (13,093 short tons) during 2001–2002 resulting in an estimated per capita income for the fisher folk of Rs 19,575 (about US$392) during the year.<sup id="cite_ref-fish_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Odisha" title="Government of Odisha">Government of Odisha</a> have issued a notification banning the lease of Chilika Lake for Culture Fishery.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Dolphins</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC_0764f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DSC_0764f.jpg/220px-DSC_0764f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DSC_0764f.jpg/330px-DSC_0764f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DSC_0764f.jpg/440px-DSC_0764f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Dolphin of Chilika</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphin</a> (<i>Orcaella brevirostris</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">flagship species</a> of Chilika lake. Chilika is home to the only known population of Irrawaddy dolphins in India<sup id="cite_ref-Suraria_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suraria-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of only two lagoons in the world that are home to this species.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is classified as Endangered according to International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). </p><p>A small population of <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">Bottlenose dolphins</a>, also migrate into the lagoon from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FED_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilika fishermen state that when Irrawaddy dolphins and bottlenose dolphins meet in the outer channel, the former get frightened and are forced to return toward the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_244_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha_244-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Irrawaddy dolphins used to be sighted only along the inlet channel and in a limited portion of the central sector of the lake. After the opening of the new mouth at Satapada in 2000, they are now well distributed in the central and the southern sector of the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of dolphins sighted has varied from 50 to 170. A 2006 census counted 131 dolphins and the 2007 census revealed 138 dolphins. Out of the 138 dolphins, 115 were adults, 17 adolescents and six calves. 60 adults were spotted in the outer channel followed by 32 in the central sector and 23 in the southern sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dolphin tourism provides an important alternative source of income for many local residents. There are four tourist associations in Satapada employing three hundred and sixty 9-HP long-tail motor boats taking tourists to a 25 km<sup>2</sup> (9.7 sq mi) area of the lake for dolphin watching. About 500 fishing families are involved in this business.<sup id="cite_ref-Suraria_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suraria-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Odisha Tourism Department and the Dolphin Motorboat Association, an NGO at Satpada, report about 40,000 tourists visit Chilika every year for dolphin watching. October–January, and May–June are the peak season for tourists at Chilika, with a maximum 600-700 per day during December–January. The Dolphin Motorboat Association has 75 8-passenger motorboats for dolphin watching. Tourists pay Rs. 250 for 60–90 minutes per trip(approx ₹4k for 10 people with 3.5 hours in a private boat in 2018). Besides the Association, the Odisha Tourism Department organises "dolphin-watch" for tourists. Even during monsoon, about 100 tourists/day visit the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_244_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha_244-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boat based dolphin watching tours impact dolphin behavior and cause several accidental dolphin deaths each year.<sup id="cite_ref-D’Lima_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D’Lima-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CDA conducts an annual census of dolphin deaths. They report 15 deaths in 2003–04, 11 in 2004–05, 8 in 2005-06 and 5 in 2006–07. 40% of the 2006-07 deaths were by mechanised boats.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Whale_and_Dolphin_Conservation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society">Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society</a> has been conducting a science-based community education project to conserve the Irrawaddy dolphins and Chilika Lake. They have determined the primary cause of mortality for this population of dolphins is floating gill nets and hook line fisheries and the secondary cause is boat strikes from increasing unmanaged tourism activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Suraria_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suraria-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irrawaddy dolphins have a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic relationship</a> of co-operative fishing with the traditional fishermen. Fishermen recall when they would call out to the dolphins, to drive fish into their nets.<sup id="cite_ref-D’Lima_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D’Lima-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castnet fishing with the help of Irrawaddy dolphins in upper reaches of the Ayeyawady River has been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_attractions">Major attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Major attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 15 km<sup>2</sup> Nalaban Island is within the Lagoon and is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands. It was declared a bird sanctuary under the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> Protection Act in 1973. It is the heart of the park where one can see thousands of birds descending during the migratory season. The island disappears during monsoon season due to inundation, and post-monsoon, the island emerges again. </p><p>The lake harbours 225 species of fish, a variety of phytoplankton, algae and aquatic plants, and also supports over 350 species of non-aquatic plants. The other areas where high concentrations of birds are recorded are Gerasara, Parikud Island, and the western shores of the northern sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eco-tourism">Eco-tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eco-tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The open air and scenic natural flora and fauna of the lake are an attraction for <a href="/wiki/Eco-tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-tourism">eco-tourism</a>. This is expected to provide a degree of alternate employment to the local community and generate environmental awareness, among local residents as well as visitors, about the conservation and wise use of the lake's natural resources. The locations within the lake identified for such activity are: </p> <ul><li><b>Rambha Bay</b> at the southern end of the lake with the group of islands including: <ul><li><i><b>The Becon Island</b></i>, with an architectural conical pillar (to put a light on the top) built by Mr. Snodgrass, the then collector of <a href="/wiki/Ganjam" title="Ganjam">Ganjam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, on a mass of rock in the Rambha Bay near Ghantasila hill. It has scenic water spread surrounded by the Eastern Ghat.</li> <li><i><b>The Breakfast Island</b></i>, pear-shaped, known as "Sankuda island", with remnants of a dilapidated bungalow constructed by the King of Kalikote, has rare plants and is full of greenery with appealing flora.</li> <li><i><b>Honeymoon Island</b></i>, 5 km (3 mi) from Rambha <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">Jetty</a>, known as Barkuda Island, with clear waters has abundant red and green macro <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> in the bed is also known for the limbless <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a>, an endemic species found here.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Somolo and Dumkudi islands</b>, located in the Central and Southern sectors of the lake, in the backdrop of scenic <a href="/wiki/Khalikote" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalikote">Khalikote</a> hill range, are inundated remnants of the Eastern Ghats with rich flora and fauna and also known for sighting of Irrawaddy dolphins.</li> <li><b>Birds' island</b>, located in the southern sector of the lake has huge exposed hanging rocks, are painted white due to <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> of the droppings of the birds and is known for rich algal communities and few mangrove species and also migratory birds in winter.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Parikud" title="Parikud">Parikud</a></b> is a group of composite islands in the Garh Krishnaprasad Block for nature lovers and provides an avian spectacle during winter season</li> <li><b>Kalijai Temple</b> located on an island is considered to be the abode of the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Kalijai" title="Kalijai">Kalijai</a>. This temple is located at a hill which is surrounded by blue water bears. Local people of Chilika refer to goddess as the reigning deity of the lagoon</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Satapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Satapada">Satapada</a></b> village, at the new mouth of the lake, provides a view of the Lake and also views of the dolphins. Hundreds of boats here provide tours of the lake for tourists.</li> <li><b>Barunkuda</b>, a small island situated near Magarmukh, the mouth of the lake, has a temple of Lord <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>.</li> <li><b>Nabagraha</b> is an ancient deity located along the outer channel.</li> <li><b>Chourbar <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> Temple</b> is located near Alupatna village, along the outer channel.</li> <li><b> Manikapatna</b>, located on the outer channel has historical evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> which was used for trade with Far East and also has the Bhabakundeswar temple of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Shiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shiva">Lord Shiva</a>, an old <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a> whose entrance door is made of the jaws of the <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a>.</li> <li><b>Sand-Bar and Mouth of the Lake</b> is a striking and un-explored stretch of 30 km (20 mi) of empty <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> across the sand bar which separates the Lake from the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ecotour_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecotour-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangalajodi" title="Mangalajodi">Mangalajodi</a></b> a famous bird sanctuary for sighting migratory birds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourist_trap_and_scam_reports">Tourist trap and scam reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourist trap and scam reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently Chilika Lake has gathered a reputation to be a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_trap" title="Tourist trap">tourist trap</a> where a number of individuals run pearl and gemstone scams.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVQH6sPyW68">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travelscams.org/asia/india/chilika-lake-gemstone-scam-in-india/">Chilika Lake gemstone scam in India</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access">Access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilka_Rail_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chilka_Rail_Station.jpg/250px-Chilka_Rail_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chilka_Rail_Station.jpg/375px-Chilka_Rail_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chilka_Rail_Station.jpg/500px-Chilka_Rail_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Chilika railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>The lake is connected by road to <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> through <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_16_(India)" title="National Highway 16 (India)">National Highway No 16</a>. <a href="/wiki/Satpada" title="Satpada">Satpada</a> town on the eastern bank of the lake is about 50 km (30 mi) by road southwest of the city of <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> and at a distance of 100 km (60 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>, the capital of Odisha, which is also the nearest airport. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge railway">broad gauge railway</a> line of the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Eastern Railway (India)">South Eastern Railway</a> from Kolkata skirts along the western bank of the lake passing through <a href="/wiki/Balugaon" title="Balugaon">Balugaon</a>, Chilika and <a href="/wiki/Rambha_(Odisha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambha (Odisha)">Rambha</a> stations.<sup id="cite_ref-about_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the lake precincts, Odisha Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (OTDC) and the Revenue Department of the state government offer boat cruises. Private operators also provide country boats on hire to various islands in the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-reach_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reach-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are OTDC Guest houses at Barkul, Rambha, Satapada & several hotels at Balugaon. Before entering into the Nalbana Bird Sanctuary one has to obtain an entry permit. The entry permit has to be produced at entry/exit points, at check gates as and whenever requested by officials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_accounts">Published accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Published accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Akanksha_Damini_Joshi" title="Akanksha Damini Joshi">Akanksha Damini Joshi</a>'s film, <a href="/wiki/Chilika_Bank$" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilika Bank$">Chilika Bank$</a> (2008) tells the story via a banyan tree on the banks of lake Chilika tracing the ecological changes in the lake over four decades. From 1970s, when it was exposed to poaching by the outsiders, through 1980s when the lake was over-fished, to 1990s when the aqua culture ponds became a common sight, and finally the first decade of the 21st century when the environmental interference that was made to protect the lake ended up becoming its greatest threat.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joshi's film maps the destruction of the lake and its abuse for the past four decades. The locals have been looted of their life support system with migration now being their only recourse. The film provides account of how uncontrolled human intervention has turned the lake, which was a sustainable livelihood resource, into a mere waterbody that tourists can dip their feet into.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film produced by <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Broadcasting_Trust" title="Public Service Broadcasting Trust">Public Service Broadcasting Trust</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was honored with the Livelihood Award at the CMS Vatavaran Environment and Wildlife Film Festival, New Delhi in 2009. It was recipient of the First Prize at <a href="/wiki/Jeevika:_Asia_Livelihood_Documentary_Festival" title="Jeevika: Asia Livelihood Documentary Festival">Jeevika</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Asia Documentary Film Festival. Chilika Bank$ was screened in the Indian Panorama section of the <a href="/wiki/40th_International_Film_Festival_of_India" title="40th International Film Festival of India">40th International Film Festival of India (IFFI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> 2009 in the non-feature film category.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film has garnered multiple television screenings on India's public broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>'s various channels. </p><p>The film was an Official Selection at the Film South Asia, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Rodos EcoFilms International Festival,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in 2010 and the 4th Samsung Women's International Film Festival, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chilika Banks is displayed in various renowned university libraries like the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, de facto the National Library of United States of America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanderlings_Im_IMG_9382.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanderling, Calidris alba"><img alt="Sanderling, Calidris alba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sanderlings_Im_IMG_9382.jpg/120px-Sanderlings_Im_IMG_9382.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sanderlings_Im_IMG_9382.jpg/180px-Sanderlings_Im_IMG_9382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sanderlings_Im_IMG_9382.jpg/240px-Sanderlings_Im_IMG_9382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sanderling" title="Sanderling">Sanderling</a>, <i>Calidris alba</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terek_Sandpiper_I_IMG_9379.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus"><img alt="Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Terek_Sandpiper_I_IMG_9379.jpg/120px-Terek_Sandpiper_I_IMG_9379.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Terek_Sandpiper_I_IMG_9379.jpg/180px-Terek_Sandpiper_I_IMG_9379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Terek_Sandpiper_I_IMG_9379.jpg/240px-Terek_Sandpiper_I_IMG_9379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Terek_sandpiper" title="Terek sandpiper">Terek sandpiper</a>, <i>Xenus cinereus</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kentish_plover_I2_IMG_9384.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus"><img alt="Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kentish_plover_I2_IMG_9384.jpg/120px-Kentish_plover_I2_IMG_9384.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kentish_plover_I2_IMG_9384.jpg/180px-Kentish_plover_I2_IMG_9384.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kentish_plover_I2_IMG_9384.jpg/240px-Kentish_plover_I2_IMG_9384.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kentish_plover" title="Kentish plover">Kentish plover</a>, <i>Charadrius alexandrinus</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northernshoveler-Chilika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata"><img alt="Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Northernshoveler-Chilika.jpg/120px-Northernshoveler-Chilika.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Northernshoveler-Chilika.jpg/180px-Northernshoveler-Chilika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Northernshoveler-Chilika.jpg/240px-Northernshoveler-Chilika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4239" data-file-height="3028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Northern_shoveler" title="Northern shoveler">Northern shoveler</a>, <i>Spatula clypeata</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Flamingos_I3_-_Chilika_IMG_9295.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser Flamingos, Phoenicopterus minor"><img alt="Lesser Flamingos, Phoenicopterus minor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lesser_Flamingos_I3_-_Chilika_IMG_9295.jpg/120px-Lesser_Flamingos_I3_-_Chilika_IMG_9295.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lesser_Flamingos_I3_-_Chilika_IMG_9295.jpg/180px-Lesser_Flamingos_I3_-_Chilika_IMG_9295.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lesser_Flamingos_I3_-_Chilika_IMG_9295.jpg/240px-Lesser_Flamingos_I3_-_Chilika_IMG_9295.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lesser Flamingos, <i> Phoenicopterus minor</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Migratory_Flamingos_at_Chilika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Migratory Flamingos at Chilika"><img alt="Migratory Flamingos at Chilika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Migratory_Flamingos_at_Chilika.jpg/120px-Migratory_Flamingos_at_Chilika.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Migratory_Flamingos_at_Chilika.jpg/180px-Migratory_Flamingos_at_Chilika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Migratory_Flamingos_at_Chilika.jpg/240px-Migratory_Flamingos_at_Chilika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Migratory Flamingos at Chilika</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_tailed_Goodwit_at_Chilika_I5_IMG_9350.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa"><img alt="Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Black_tailed_Goodwit_at_Chilika_I5_IMG_9350.jpg/120px-Black_tailed_Goodwit_at_Chilika_I5_IMG_9350.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Black_tailed_Goodwit_at_Chilika_I5_IMG_9350.jpg/180px-Black_tailed_Goodwit_at_Chilika_I5_IMG_9350.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Black_tailed_Goodwit_at_Chilika_I5_IMG_9350.jpg/240px-Black_tailed_Goodwit_at_Chilika_I5_IMG_9350.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_godwit" title="Black-tailed godwit">Black-tailed godwit</a>, <i>Limosa limosa</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pied_Kingfisher_at_Chilika_I_IMG_9396.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis"><img alt="Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pied_Kingfisher_at_Chilika_I_IMG_9396.jpg/120px-Pied_Kingfisher_at_Chilika_I_IMG_9396.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pied_Kingfisher_at_Chilika_I_IMG_9396.jpg/180px-Pied_Kingfisher_at_Chilika_I_IMG_9396.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pied_Kingfisher_at_Chilika_I_IMG_9396.jpg/240px-Pied_Kingfisher_at_Chilika_I_IMG_9396.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pied_kingfisher" title="Pied kingfisher">Pied kingfisher</a>, <i>Ceryle rudis</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CorroboreeSeaEagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White-bellied sea eagle"><img alt="White-bellied sea eagle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CorroboreeSeaEagle.jpg/120px-CorroboreeSeaEagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CorroboreeSeaEagle.jpg/180px-CorroboreeSeaEagle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CorroboreeSeaEagle.jpg/240px-CorroboreeSeaEagle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_sea_eagle" title="White-bellied sea eagle">White-bellied sea eagle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parikuda_Iseland_Chilika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parikuda Island"><img alt="Parikuda Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parikuda_Iseland_Chilika.jpg/120px-Parikuda_Iseland_Chilika.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parikuda_Iseland_Chilika.jpg/180px-Parikuda_Iseland_Chilika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parikuda_Iseland_Chilika.jpg/240px-Parikuda_Iseland_Chilika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parikuda Island</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balugaon_on_Chilika,_Odisha,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balugaon"><img alt="Balugaon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Balugaon_on_Chilika%2C_Odisha%2C_India.jpg/120px-Balugaon_on_Chilika%2C_Odisha%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Balugaon_on_Chilika%2C_Odisha%2C_India.jpg/180px-Balugaon_on_Chilika%2C_Odisha%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Balugaon_on_Chilika%2C_Odisha%2C_India.jpg/240px-Balugaon_on_Chilika%2C_Odisha%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Balugaon" title="Balugaon">Balugaon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Crab_at_Chilika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Crab at Chilika"><img alt="Red Crab at Chilika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Red_Crab_at_Chilika.jpg/120px-Red_Crab_at_Chilika.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Red_Crab_at_Chilika.jpg/180px-Red_Crab_at_Chilika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Red_Crab_at_Chilika.jpg/240px-Red_Crab_at_Chilika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red Crab at Chilika</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_satellite_imagery_of_Chilika_lake,_Odisha.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial satellite imagery of Chilika lake"><img alt="Aerial satellite imagery of Chilika lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aerial_satellite_imagery_of_Chilika_lake%2C_Odisha.JPG/120px-Aerial_satellite_imagery_of_Chilika_lake%2C_Odisha.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aerial_satellite_imagery_of_Chilika_lake%2C_Odisha.JPG/180px-Aerial_satellite_imagery_of_Chilika_lake%2C_Odisha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aerial_satellite_imagery_of_Chilika_lake%2C_Odisha.JPG/240px-Aerial_satellite_imagery_of_Chilika_lake%2C_Odisha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial satellite imagery of Chilika lake</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tripati-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tripati_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tripati_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTripatiA._P._Patnaik2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tripati, Sila; 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P. Patnaik (10 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/feb102008/386.pdf">"Stone anchors along the coast of Chilika Lake: New light on the maritime activities of Orissa, India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>94</b> (3). Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences: 386–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Stone+anchors+along+the+coast+of+Chilika+Lake%3A+New+light+on+the+maritime+activities+of+Orissa%2C+India&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386-390&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft.aulast=Tripati&rft.aufirst=Sila&rft.au=A.+P.+Patnaik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fcurrsci%2Ffeb102008%2F386.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChilika+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohanty-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohanty_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohanty_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohantyDr._Sanjaya_Narayan_Otta2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mohanty, Prof. Prafulla Kumar; Dr. Sanjaya Narayan Otta (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410031710/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/June-2008/engpdf/Pages21-26.pdf">"Dolphins of Chilika"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Orissa Review</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventory+of+wetlands&rft.pages=314-318&rft.pub=Govt.+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvfor.nic.in%2Fdivisions%2Fcsurv%2FWetland%2520Inventory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChilika+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040922/http://www.boat-duesseldorf.com/cipp/md_boot/custom/pub/content,oid,29113/lang,2/ticket,g_u_e_s_t/~/New_Caledonia_-_at_the_heart_of_the_world%25E2%2580%2599s_biggest_lagoon%253C_02.11%253E.html">"New Caledonia - at the heart of the world's biggest lagoon</02.11>"</a>. <i>boat-duesseldorf.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boat-duesseldorf.com/cipp/md_boot/custom/pub/content,oid,29113/lang,2/ticket,g_u_e_s_t/~/New_Caledonia_-_at_the_heart_of_the_world%25E2%2580%2599s_biggest_lagoon%253C_02.11%253E.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmsouthasia.org/film/chilika-bank/">the original</a> on 24 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHILIKA+BANK%24&rft.pub=FILM+SOUTHASIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmsouthasia.org%2Ffilm%2Fchilika-bank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChilika+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecofilms.gr/program_10_en.htm">"Rodos EcoFilms"</a>. ecofilms.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rodos+EcoFilms&rft.pub=ecofilms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecofilms.gr%2Fprogram_10_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChilika+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.varindia.com/news/samsung-celebrates-4th-international-women-filmfest-in-chennai">"Samsung celebrates 4th International Women Film-Fest in Chennai"</a>. VARINDIA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samsung+celebrates+4th+International+Women+Film-Fest+in+Chennai&rft.pub=VARINDIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.varindia.com%2Fnews%2Fsamsung-celebrates-4th-international-women-filmfest-in-chennai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChilika+Lake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Lake&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chilika_Lake" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chilika Lake">Chilika Lake</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chilika_Lake#Q2047322" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Chilika Lake">Chilika_Lake</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210221/http://www.wdcs.org/submissions_bin/consprojectirr.pdf">Irrawaddy dolphin — India</a>. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagetoursorissa.com/chilika-lake/">Chilika Lake - Heritage Tours Odisha (Recognised by Odisha Tourism & Ministry of Tourism Government of India)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207100917/http://www.chilika.com/mouth.htm">Opening of new mouth and IRS 1D LISS III Image of Chilika Lagoon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013160324/http://www.iwlearn.net/publications/ll/chilikalagoon_2005.pdf">Figure 1 Chilika Lagoon Basin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070923113741/http://orissa-tourism.com/IMAGES/map/bmchilika.jpg">Tourist locations in the lagoon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odisha" title="Template:Odisha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odisha" title="Template talk:Odisha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odisha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odisha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Odisha_State_of_Odisha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orissa_Flag(INDIA).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Odisha"><img alt="Emblem of Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/24px-Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/36px-Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/48px-Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Odisha" title="Emblem of Odisha">Emblem of Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bande_Utkala_Janani" title="Bande Utkala Janani">Bande Utkala Janani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Sacred fig</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Tor_tor" title="Tor tor">Mahanadi mahseer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg/100px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg/150px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg/200px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Odisha" title="Government of Odisha">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Odisha" title="List of governors of Odisha">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Odisha" title="List of chief ministers of Odisha">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Legislative_Assembly" title="Odisha Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Odisha_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_High_Court" title="Orissa High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Police" title="Odisha Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Odisha" title="Elections in Odisha">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Odisha" title="Politics of Odisha">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Odisha Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Odisha" title="List of rulers of Odisha">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murunda_dynasty" title="Murunda dynasty">Murunda dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala_dynasty" title="Nala dynasty">Nala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathara_dynasty" title="Mathara dynasty">Mathara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitrbhakta_dynasty" title="Pitrbhakta dynasty">Pitrbhakta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailodbhava_dynasty" title="Shailodbhava dynasty">Shailodbhava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanja_dynasty" title="Bhanja dynasty">Bhanja dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_Tributary_States" title="Orissa Tributary States">Orissa Tributary States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Sammilani" title="Utkal Sammilani">Utkal Sammilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_sites_in_Odisha" title="Historic sites in Odisha">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Maritime history of Odisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Odisha" title="Geography of Odisha">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Odisha" title="Flora and fauna of Odisha">Flora and Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Odisha" title="Forests in Odisha">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhjat_Hills" title="Garhjat Hills">Garhjat Hills</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chilika Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deomali_(mountain)" title="Deomali (mountain)">Deomali (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kalam_Island" title="Abdul Kalam Island">Abdul Kalam Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Odisha" title="List of districts of Odisha">Districts</a><br />by<br /><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Odisha">division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angul_district" title="Angul district">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangir_district" title="Balangir district">Balangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargarh_district" title="Bargarh district">Bargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debagarh_district" title="Debagarh district">Debagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhenkanal_district" title="Dhenkanal district">Dhenkanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharsuguda_district" title="Jharsuguda district">Jharsuguda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendujhar_district" title="Kendujhar district">Kendujhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpur_district" title="Sambalpur district">Sambalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarnapur_district" title="Subarnapur district">Subarnapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundergarh_district" title="Sundergarh district">Sundergarh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balasore_district" title="Balasore district">Balasore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrak_district" title="Bhadrak district">Bhadrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack_district" title="Cuttack district">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagatsinghpur_district" title="Jagatsinghpur district">Jagatsinghpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajpur_district" title="Jajpur district">Jajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrapara_district" title="Kendrapara district">Kendrapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordha_district" title="Khordha district">Khordha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj_district" title="Mayurbhanj district">Mayurbhanj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayagarh_district" title="Nayagarh district">Nayagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_district" title="Puri district">Puri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudh_district" title="Boudh district">Boudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajapati_district" title="Gajapati district">Gajapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjam_district" title="Ganjam district">Ganjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahandi_district" title="Kalahandi district">Kalahandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandhamal_district" title="Kandhamal district">Kandhamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraput_district" title="Koraput district">Koraput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkangiri_district" title="Malkangiri district">Malkangiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabarangpur_district" title="Nabarangpur district">Nabrangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuapada_district" title="Nuapada district">Nuapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayagada_district" title="Rayagada district">Rayagada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Odisha_by_population" title="List of cities in Odisha by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angul" title="Angul">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangir" title="Balangir">Balangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbil" title="Barbil">Barbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargarh" title="Bargarh">Bargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baripada" title="Baripada">Baripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrak" title="Bhadrak">Bhadrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanipatna" title="Bhawanipatna">Bhawanipatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampur" title="Berhampur">Berhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhenkanal" title="Dhenkanal">Dhenkanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajpur" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharsuguda" title="Jharsuguda">Jharsuguda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeypore" title="Jeypore">Jeypore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joda" title="Joda">Joda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrapara" title="Kendrapara">Kendrapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendujhar" title="Kendujhar">Kendujhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordha" title="Khordha">Khordha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradeep" title="Paradeep">Paradeep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcher" title="Talcher">Talcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampur_Patta" title="Berhampur Patta">Berhampur Patta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomkai_sari" title="Bomkai sari">Bomkai sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalapathar_Parda_%26_Fabrics" title="Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics">Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjam_Kewda_Flower" title="Ganjam Kewda Flower">Ganjam Kewda Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjam_Kewda_Rooh" title="Ganjam Kewda Rooh">Ganjam Kewda Rooh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalpur_Tussar_Fabrics" title="Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics">Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habaspuri_sari" title="Habaspuri sari">Habaspuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandua" title="Khandua">Khandua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konark_stone_carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Konark stone carving">Konark stone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotpad_Handloom_fabrics" title="Kotpad Handloom fabrics">Kotpad Handloom fabrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Ikat" title="Odisha Ikat">Odisha Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Pattachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipili_appliqu%C3%A9_work" title="Pipili appliqué work">Pipili appliqué work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Odisha Rasagola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari" title="Sambalpuri sari">Sambalpuri sari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Odisha" title="Category:Odisha">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Odisha" title="Arts of Odisha">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Odisha" title="Cuisine of Odisha">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Odisha" title="Culture of Odisha">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Day" title="Odisha Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Odisha" title="Education in Odisha">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_of_Odisha" title="Festivals of Odisha">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Orissa_Official_Language_Act,_1954" title="The Orissa Official Language Act, 1954">Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_literature" title="Odia literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Grammar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Odisha" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Odisha" title="Sports in Odisha">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Odisha" title="Tourism in Odisha">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrography_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waters_of_South_Asia" title="Template:Waters of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waters_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Waters of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waters_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waters of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrography_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hydrography of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inland rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_River" title="Bagmati River">Bagmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betwa_River" title="Betwa River">Betwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagirathi_River" title="Bhagirathi River">Bhagirathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambal_River" title="Chambal River">Chambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaghara River">Ghaghara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Karnataka)" title="Kali River (Karnataka)">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luni_River" title="Luni River">Luni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahananda_River" title="Mahananda River">Mahananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankosh_River" title="Sankosh River">Sankosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharda_River" title="Sharda River">Sharda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inland lakes, deltas, etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Lake" title="Dal Lake">Dal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pookode_Lake" title="Pookode Lake">Pookode Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roopkund" title="Roopkund">Skeleton Lake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chilika Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powai_Lake" title="Powai Lake">Lake Powai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borith_Lake" title="Borith Lake">Borith Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiful_Muluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Saiful Muluk">Saiful Muluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosaikunda" title="Gosaikunda">Gosaikunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_Sagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam Sagar">Nizam Sagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hills Lake">Red Hills Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="Pulicat Lake">Pulicat Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coastal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Bay" title="Palk Bay">Palk Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes of Bangladesh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_India" title="Category:Lakes of India">India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Nepal" title="Category:Lakes of Nepal">Nepal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Lakes of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Lakes of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reservoirs_in_India" title="Category:Reservoirs in India">Reservoirs and dams in India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Reservoirs_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Reservoirs in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers of Bangladesh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Bhutan" title="Category:Rivers of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_India" title="Category:Rivers of India">India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nepal" title="Category:Rivers of Nepal">Nepal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Rivers of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Rivers of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrography_of_Odisha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrography_of_Odisha" title="Template:Hydrography of Odisha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrography_of_Odisha" title="Template talk:Hydrography of Odisha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrography_of_Odisha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrography of Odisha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrography_of_Odisha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhargavi_River" title="Bhargavi River">Bhargavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baitarani_River" title="Baitarani River">Baitarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmani_River" title="Brahmani River">Brahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budhabalanga_River" title="Budhabalanga River">Budhabalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_River" title="Daya River">Daya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_River" title="Devi River">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamra_River" title="Dhamra River">Dhamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib_River" title="Ib River">Ib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indravati_River" title="Indravati River">Indravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadua_River" title="Kadua River">Kadua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkai_River" title="Kharkai River">Kharkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuakhai_River" title="Kuakhai River">Kuakhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koina_River" title="Koina River">Koina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolab_River" title="Kolab River">Kolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushabhadra_River" title="Kushabhadra River">Kushabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaguni_River" title="Malaguni River">Malguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagavali_River" title="Nagavali River">Nagavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ong_River" title="Ong River">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushikulya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rushikulya">Rushikulya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankh_River" title="Sankh River">Sankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Karo_River" title="South Karo River">South Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Koel_River" title="South Koel River">South Koel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_River" title="Subarnarekha River">Subarnarekha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surubalijora" title="Surubalijora">Surubalijora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_River" title="Tel River">Tel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telen_River" title="Telen River">Telen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamsadhara_River" title="Vamsadhara River">Vamsadhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshupa_Lake" title="Anshupa Lake">Anshupa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjia_Lake" title="Kanjia Lake">Kanjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampara_Lake" title="Tampara Lake">Tampara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterfalls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badaghagara_Waterfall" title="Badaghagara Waterfall">Badaghagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barehipani_Falls" title="Barehipani Falls">Barehipani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduma_Waterfalls" title="Duduma Waterfalls">Duduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokarichanchara" title="Dokarichanchara">Dokarichanchara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phurlijharan" title="Phurlijharan">Phurlijharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joranda_Falls" title="Joranda Falls">Joranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandadhar_Falls,_Kendujhar" title="Khandadhar Falls, Kendujhar">Khandadhar, Kendujhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandadhar_Falls,_Sundagarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khandadhar Falls, Sundagarh">Khandadhar, Sundagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koilighugar_Waterfall" title="Koilighugar Waterfall">Koilighugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaghagara_Waterfall" title="Sanaghagara Waterfall">Sanaghagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hot springs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taptapani" title="Taptapani">Taptapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deulajhari" title="Deulajhari">Deulajhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri_(hot_spring)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atri (hot spring)">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarabalo" title="Tarabalo">Tarabalo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandipur,_Odisha" title="Chandipur, Odisha">Chandipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahirmatha_Beach" title="Gahirmatha Beach">Gahirmatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalpur-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopalpur-on-Sea">Gopalpur-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konark_Beach" title="Konark Beach">Konark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_Beach" title="Puri Beach">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talasari_Beach" title="Talasari Beach">Talsari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deras_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Deras Dam">Deras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirakud_Dam" title="Hirakud Dam">Hirakud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaput_Dam" title="Jalaput Dam">Jalaput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandira_Dam" title="Mandira Dam">Mandira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengali_Dam" title="Rengali Dam">Rengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolab_Dam" title="Kolab Dam">Upper Kolab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_Bridge,_Boudh" title="Mahanadi Bridge, Boudh">Mahanadi Bridge, Boudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mahanadi_Rail_Bridge" title="Second Mahanadi Rail Bridge">Second Mahanadi Rail Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_Setu" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harbours/ports/proposed ports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astaranga" title="Astaranga">Astaranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamra_Port" title="Dhamra Port">Dhamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalpur_port" title="Gopalpur port">Gopalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradip_Port" title="Paradip Port">Paradip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_port" title="Subarnarekha port">Subarnarekha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Odisha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Odisha" title="Template:Protected areas of Odisha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Odisha" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Odisha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Odisha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Odisha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Odisha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protected areas of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biosphere reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simlipal_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Simlipal Biosphere Reserve">Simlipal Biosphere Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhitarkanika_National_Park" title="Bhitarkanika National Park">Bhitarkanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlipal_National_Park" title="Simlipal National Park">Similipal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baisipalli_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary">Baisipalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balimela_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Balimela Wildlife Sanctuary">Balimela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balukhand-Konark_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary">Balukhand-Konark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhitarkanika_Mangroves" title="Bhitarkanika Mangroves">Bhitarkanika Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandaka_Elephant_Sanctuary" title="Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary">Chandaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debrigarh_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary">Debrigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahirmatha_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary">Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadgarh_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary">Hadgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapilasa_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kapilasa Wildlife Sanctuary">Kapilasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlapat_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary">Karlapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondakameru_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kondakameru Wildlife Sanctuary">Kondakameru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotgarh_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kotgarh Wildlife Sanctuary">Kotgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuldiha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary">Kuldiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhari_Valley_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary">Lakhari Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandankanan_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary">Nandankanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptasajya_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptasajya Wildlife Sanctuary">Saptasajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkosia_Tiger_Reserve" title="Satkosia Tiger Reserve">Satkosia Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunabeda_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunabeda Tiger Reserve">Sunabeda Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushakothi_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Ushakothi Wildlife Sanctuary">Ushakothi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bird sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chilika Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbana_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nalbana Bird Sanctuary">Nalbana Bird Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandankanan_Zoological_Park" title="Nandankanan Zoological Park">Nandankanan Zoological Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ramsar_sites_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="Template:Ramsar sites in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="Template talk:Ramsar sites in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsar sites in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramsar_sites_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar sites in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolleru_Lake" title="Kolleru Lake">Kolleru Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipor_Bil" title="Dipor Bil">Deepor Beel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary">Kanwar Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Lake" title="Nanda Lake">Nanda Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary">Khijadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Sarovar_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary">Nalsarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thol_Lake" title="Thol Lake">Thol Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadhvana_Wetland" title="Wadhvana Wetland">Wadhvana Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_National_Park" title="Sultanpur National Park">Sultanpur National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhindawas_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Taal" title="Chandra Taal">Chandra Taal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sagar" title="Maharana Pratap Sagar">Pong Dam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renuka_Lake" title="Renuka Lake">Renuka Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokersar" title="Hokersar">Hokera Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygam_Wetland_Conservation_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve (page does not exist)">Hygam Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shallbugh_Wetland_Conservation_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve (page does not exist)">Shallbugh Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinsar_Lake" title="Surinsar Lake">Surinsar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mansar_Lake" title="Mansar Lake">Mansar Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wular_Lake" title="Wular Lake">Wular Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathittu_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary">Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamkotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad-Kol Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Moriri" title="Tso Moriri">Tsomoriri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Kar" title="Tso Kar">Tso Kar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhoj_Wetland" title="Bhoj Wetland">Bhoj Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_National_Park" title="Madhav National Park">Sakhya Sagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirpur_Lake" title="Sirpur Lake">Sirpur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Sagar" title="Yashwant Sagar">Yashwant Sagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandur_Madhmeshwar_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary">Nandur Madhameshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonar_Lake" title="Lonar Lake">Lonar Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Creek" title="Thane Creek">Thane Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loktak_Lake" title="Loktak Lake">Loktak Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palak_Dil" title="Palak Dil">Pala Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshupa_Lake" title="Anshupa Lake">Anshupa Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhitarkanika_Mangroves" title="Bhitarkanika Mangroves">Bhitarkanika Mangroves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chilika Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirakud_Dam" title="Hirakud Dam">Hirakud Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkosia_Gorge" title="Satkosia Gorge">Satkosia Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampara_Lake" title="Tampara Lake">Tampara Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beas_Conservation_Reserve" title="Beas Conservation Reserve">Beas Conservation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harike_Wetland" title="Harike Wetland">Harike Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjli_Wetland" title="Kanjli Wetland">Kanjli Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keshopur-Miani_Community_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve (page does not exist)">Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary">Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropar_Wetland" title="Ropar Wetland">Ropar Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhar_Salt_Lake" title="Sambhar Salt Lake">Sambhar Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitrangudi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary">Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Park" title="Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park">Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Calimere" title="Point Calimere">Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirankulam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary">Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karikili_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Karikili Bird Sanctuary">Karikili Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koonthankulam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary">Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallikaranai_wetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallikaranai wetland">Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichavaram" title="Pichavaram">Pichavaram Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suchindram_Theroor_Birds_Sanctuary" title="Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary">Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamarthandapuram_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary">Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduvoor_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary">Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanthangal_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary">Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellode_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Vellode Bird Sanctuary">Vellode Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembannur_Wetland_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembannur Wetland Complex">Vembannur Wetland Complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudrasagar_Lake" title="Rudrasagar Lake">Rudrasagar Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhira_Sanctuary" title="Bakhira Sanctuary">Bakhira Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiderpur_Wetland" title="Haiderpur Wetland">Haiderpur Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabganj_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary">Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati_Arga_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary">Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Saman Bird Sanctuary">Saman Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaspur_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Samaspur Bird Sanctuary">Samaspur Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Sandi Bird Sanctuary">Sandi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarsai_Nawar_Wetland" title="Sarsai Nawar Wetland">Sarsai Nawar Jheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetham_Lake" title="Keetham Lake">Sur Sarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Canal" title="Ganges Canal">Upper Ganga River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Asan_Barrage" title="Asan Barrage">Asan Barrage</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Kolkata_Wetlands" title="East Kolkata Wetlands">East Kolkata Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarban Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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