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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Analog video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Digital video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_video_streams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_video_streams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics of video streams</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_video_streams-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of video streams subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_video_streams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_frames_per_second" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_frames_per_second"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Number of frames per second</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_frames_per_second-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlaced_vs._progressive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlaced_vs._progressive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Interlaced vs. progressive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlaced_vs._progressive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspect_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspect_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Aspect ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspect_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_model_and_depth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_model_and_depth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Color model and depth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_model_and_depth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Video quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_compression_method_(digital_only)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_compression_method_(digital_only)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Video compression method (digital only)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_compression_method_(digital_only)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereoscopic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereoscopic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Stereoscopic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereoscopic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog_video_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_video_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analog video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_video_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_video_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_video_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Digital video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_video_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Display standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Display_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Display standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Display_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Digital television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analog_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Analog television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Computer displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_encoding_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_encoding_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Digital encoding formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_encoding_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Video</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="فيديو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videu" title="Videu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Videu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93" title="ভিডিও – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিডিও" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-ti-oh" title="Bí-ti-oh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-ti-oh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Видео – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Видео" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B0" title="Відэа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Відэа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B0" title="Відэа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Відэа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidyo" title="Bidyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bidyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Видео – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видео" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADdeo" title="Vídeo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vídeo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideo" title="Fideo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fideo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotechnik" title="Videotechnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Videotechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotehnika" title="Videotehnika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Videotehnika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF" title="Βίντεο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίντεο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideo" title="Bideo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bideo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88" title="ویدئو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویدئو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A9o" title="Vidéo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vidéo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideo" title="Fideo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fideo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADse%C3%A1n" title="Físeán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Físeán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADdeo" title="Vídeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vídeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E9%A0%BB" title="視頻 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="視頻" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%A9i_(video)" title="Tĩi (video) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Tĩi (video)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="비디오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidiyo" title="Bidiyo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bidiyo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="वीडियो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वीडियो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ividiyo" title="Ividiyo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ividiyo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myndband" title="Myndband – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Myndband" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95" title="וידאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וידאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A9o" title="Vidéo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vidéo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бейнежазба – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бейнежазба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A9o" title="Vidéo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vidéo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AEdeyo" title="Vîdeyo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vîdeyo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Видео – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Видео" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaizdo_%C4%AFra%C5%A1ymas" title="Vaizdo įrašymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaizdo įrašymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide%C3%B3_(fogalom)" title="Videó (fogalom) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Videó (fogalom)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Видео – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Видео" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide%C3%B4" title="Videô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Videô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B" title="വീഡിയോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വീഡിയോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဗီဒီယို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီဒီယို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA" title="ビデオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビデオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A8o" title="Vidèo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vidèo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93" title="ਵੀਡੀਓ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੀਡੀਓ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ویډیو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویډیو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidio" title="Vidio – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vidio" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideo" title="Wideo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wideo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADdeo" title="Vídeo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyuq_rikch%27a" title="Kuyuq rikch'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuyuq rikch'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Видео – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видео" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotechnika" title="Videotechnika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Videotechnika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86" title="ڤیدیۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیدیۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Видео – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Видео" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிகழ்படம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிகழ்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B" title="వీడియో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వీడియో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD" title="วิดีโอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิดีโอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Видео – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Видео" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Відео – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відео" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ویڈیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویڈیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videyo" title="Videyo – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Videyo" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E9%A0%BB" title="視頻 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="視頻" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91" title="视频 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="视频" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%90" title="ווידעא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווידעא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%83%8F" title="視像 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="視像" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Video" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91" title="视频 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="视频" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedelengan" title="Dedelengan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dedelengan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34508#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic moving image</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the storage and reproduction medium. For their content and production, see <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Footage" title="Footage">Footage</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Video_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Video (disambiguation)">Video (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vidio" title="Vidio">Vidio</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Video" title="Special:EditPage/Video">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Video%22">"Video"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Video%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Video%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Video%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Video%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Video%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm/330px-seek%3D1-How_to_make_video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="330" height="186" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="How_to_make_video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:How_to_make_video.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm/How_to_make_video.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm/How_to_make_video.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm/How_to_make_video.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm/How_to_make_video.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm/How_to_make_video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm/How_to_make_video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/How_to_make_video.webm/How_to_make_video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_to_make_video.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A one-minute animated video showing an example of a media production process</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Video</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> medium for the recording, <a href="/wiki/Copying" title="Copying">copying</a>, playback, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, and display of <a href="/wiki/Moving_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Moving picture">moving</a> <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">visual</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video was first developed for <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical television</a> systems, which were quickly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) systems, which, in turn, were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat-panel displays</a> of several types. </p><p>Video systems vary in <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rate</a>, color capabilities, and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media, including <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio broadcasts">radio broadcasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_file_format" title="Video file format">computer files</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">network streaming</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>video</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <i>video</i> (I see).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_video">Analog video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analog video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTSC_Signal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NTSC_Signal.png/220px-NTSC_Signal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NTSC_Signal.png/330px-NTSC_Signal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NTSC_Signal.png/440px-NTSC_Signal.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> signal (analog)</figcaption></figure> <p>Video developed from facsimile systems developed in the mid-19th century. Early mechanical video scanners, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> as early as 1884, however, it took several decades before practical video systems could be developed, many decades after <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>. Film records using a sequence of miniature photographic images visible to the eye when the film is physically examined. Video, by contrast, encodes images electronically, turning the images into analog or digital electronic signals for transmission or recording.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Video technology was first developed for <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical television</a> systems, which were quickly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> systems. Video was originally exclusively <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live</a> technology. Live video cameras used an electron beam, which would scan a photoconductive plate with the desired image and produce a voltage signal proportional to the brightness in each part of the image. The signal could then be sent to televisions, where another beam would receive and display the image.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ginsburg" title="Charles Ginsburg">Charles Ginsburg</a> led an <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a> research team to develop one of the first practical <a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">video tape recorders</a> (VTR). In 1951, the first VTR captured live images from <a href="/wiki/Television_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Television camera">television cameras</a> by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a>. </p><p>Video recorders were sold for $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$300 per one-hour reel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorder</a> (VCR) decks and tapes into the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer market">consumer market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_video">Digital video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Digital video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video coding format</a></div> <p>Digital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, a much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the commercial introduction of the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> in 1997 and later the <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> technology allow even inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> to capture, store, edit, and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a> and allowing programmers and broadcasters to move to <a href="/wiki/Tapeless_production" title="Tapeless production">tapeless production</a>. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_broadcasting" title="Digital broadcasting">digital broadcasting</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">digital television transition</a> are in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Legacy_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy technology">legacy technology</a> in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">color gamuts</a>, along with the introduction of high-dynamic-range <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediate</a> data formats with improved <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a>, has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. Since 2013,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the use of <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> has surpassed the use of film cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_video_streams">Characteristics of video streams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics of video streams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_frames_per_second">Number of frames per second</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Number of frames per second"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></i>, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (<i>frame/s</i>) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> (France, Russia, parts of Africa, etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> standards (United States, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film is shot at a slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a <a href="/wiki/Persistence_of_vision" title="Persistence of vision">moving image</a> is about sixteen frames per second.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlaced_vs._progressive">Interlaced vs. progressive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interlaced vs. progressive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video can be <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a> or <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressive</a>. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is the optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> video displays without increasing the number of complete <a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a>. Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> compared to progressive scanning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In interlaced video, the horizontal <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan lines</a> of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively and captured as two <i>fields</i>: an <i>odd field</i> (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an <i>even field</i> (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NTSC, PAL, and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an <i>i</i> to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often described as <i>576i50</i>, where <i>576</i> indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, <i>i</i> indicates interlacing, and <i>50</i> indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, the overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple <a href="/wiki/Line_doubling" class="mw-redirect" title="Line doubling">line doubling</a>—artifacts, such as flickering or "comb" effects in moving parts of the image that appear unless special signal processing eliminates them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A procedure known as <a href="/wiki/Deinterlacing" title="Deinterlacing">deinterlacing</a> can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD, or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an <a href="/wiki/LCD_television" title="LCD television">LCD television</a>, digital <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projector</a>, or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce <a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">video quality</a> that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspect_ratio">Aspect ratio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aspect ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspect_ratios.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aspect_ratios.svg/250px-Aspect_ratios.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aspect_ratios.svg/375px-Aspect_ratios.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aspect_ratios.svg/500px-Aspect_ratios.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="101" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of common <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> (green) aspect ratios</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">Aspect ratio</a> describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are <a href="/wiki/Rectangular" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectangular">rectangular</a>, and this can be described by a ratio between width and height. The ratio of width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High-definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy ratio</a>) is 1.375:1.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixels</a> on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the <a href="/wiki/CCIR_601" class="mw-redirect" title="CCIR 601">CCIR 601</a> digital video standard and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The <a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">720 by 480 pixel</a> raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Vertical_video" title="Vertical video">vertical video</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Meeker" title="Mary Meeker">Mary Meeker</a>, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm <a href="/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins_Caufield_%26_Byers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers">Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers</a>, highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report – growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>'s are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads.<sup id="cite_ref-Constine_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constine-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_model_and_depth">Color model and depth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Color model and depth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YUV_UV_plane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/YUV_UV_plane.svg/200px-YUV_UV_plane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/YUV_UV_plane.svg/300px-YUV_UV_plane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/YUV_UV_plane.svg/400px-YUV_UV_plane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Example of U-V color plane, Y value=0.5</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">color model</a> uses the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically, <a href="/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</a> is used in NTSC television, <a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">YUV</a> is used in PAL television, <a href="/wiki/YDbDr" title="YDbDr">YDbDr</a> is used by SECAM television, and <a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> is used for digital video.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on the <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a> expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">chroma subsampling</a> (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block, and the same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_quality">Video quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Video quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a> can be measured with formal metrics like <a href="/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">peak signal-to-noise ratio</a> (PSNR) or through <a href="/wiki/Subjective_video_quality" title="Subjective video quality">subjective video quality</a> assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> recommendation <a href="/w/index.php?title=BT.500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BT.500 (page does not exist)">BT.500</a>. One of the standardized methods is the <i>Double Stimulus Impairment Scale</i> (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an <i>unimpaired</i> reference video, followed by an <i>impaired</i> version of the same video. The expert then rates the <i>impaired</i> video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_compression_method_(digital_only)"><span id="Video_compression_method_.28digital_only.29"></span>Video compression method (digital only)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Video compression method (digital only)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">Video compression</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed video</a> delivers maximum quality, but at a very high <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video#Data_rates" title="Uncompressed video">data rate</a>. A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a <a href="/wiki/Group_of_pictures" title="Group of pictures">group of pictures</a> (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">redundancy</a>. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Intraframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraframe">intraframe</a> compression</i> and is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image compression</a>. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Interframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Interframe">interframe</a> compression</i>, including <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a> and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>, used for <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, Blu-ray, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a>, used for <a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a>, mobile phones (3GP), and the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereoscopic">Stereoscopic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stereoscopic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_coding" title="Stereoscopic video coding">Stereoscopic video</a> for <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a> and other applications can be displayed using several different methods:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Two channels: a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using <a href="/wiki/Light_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Light polarization">light-polarizing filters</a> 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a>, where one channel is overlaid with two color-coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcasts or recent anaglyph releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple red/cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.</li> <li>One channel with alternating left and right frames for the corresponding eye, using <a href="/wiki/LCD_shutter_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD shutter glasses">LCD shutter glasses</a> that synchronize to the video to alternately block the image for each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> applications, such as in a <a href="/wiki/Cave_Automatic_Virtual_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave Automatic Virtual Environment">Cave Automatic Virtual Environment</a>, but reduces effective video framerate by a factor of two.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats<span class="anchor" id="Video_formats"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from. </p><p>For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_connectors" title="List of video connectors">List of video connectors</a>). A given physical link can carry certain <a href="#Display_standards">display standards</a> that specify a particular refresh rate, <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a>. </p><p>Many analog and digital <a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">recording formats</a> are in use, and digital <a href="/wiki/Video_clip" title="Video clip">video clips</a> can also be stored on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer file system">computer file system</a> as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage device</a> or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video coding format</a>, for which a number is available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_video_2">Analog video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Analog video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analog video is a video signal represented by one or more <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signals</a>. Analog color video signals include <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a> (Y) and <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case among others with <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>, it is called <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a>. Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two-channel <a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a> (YC) and multi-channel <a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">component video</a> formats. </p><p>Analog video is used in both consumer and professional <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a> applications. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite-video-cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Composite video (single channel RCA)"><img alt="Composite video (single channel RCA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Composite-video-cable.jpg/120px-Composite-video-cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Composite-video-cable.jpg/180px-Composite-video-cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Composite-video-cable.jpg/240px-Composite-video-cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a><br />(single channel RCA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="S-Video (2-channel YC)"><img alt="S-Video (2-channel YC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg/120px-Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg/180px-Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg/240px-Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a><br />(2-channel YC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Component-cables.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Component video (3-channel YPbPr)"><img alt="Component video (3-channel YPbPr)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Component-cables.jpg/120px-Component-cables.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Component-cables.jpg/180px-Component-cables.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Component-cables.jpg/240px-Component-cables.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component video</a><br />(3-channel <a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SCART_20050724_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SCART"><img alt="SCART" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SCART_20050724_002.jpg/120px-SCART_20050724_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SCART_20050724_002.jpg/180px-SCART_20050724_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SCART_20050724_002.jpg/240px-SCART_20050724_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/SCART" title="SCART">SCART</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vga-cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VGA"><img alt="VGA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vga-cable.jpg/120px-Vga-cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vga-cable.jpg/180px-Vga-cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vga-cable.jpg/240px-Vga-cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3.5mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="TRRS"><img alt="TRRS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/3.5mm.jpg/120px-3.5mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/3.5mm.jpg/180px-3.5mm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/3.5mm.jpg/240px-3.5mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">TRRS</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D4_video_connector.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="D-Terminal"><img alt="D-Terminal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/D4_video_connector.jpg/94px-D4_video_connector.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/D4_video_connector.jpg/141px-D4_video_connector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/D4_video_connector.jpg/188px-D4_video_connector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/D-Terminal" title="D-Terminal">D-Terminal</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_video_2">Digital video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Digital video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a> signal formats have been adopted, including <a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">serial digital interface</a> (SDI), <a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">Digital Visual Interface</a> (DVI), <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Multimedia_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Definition Multimedia Interface">High-Definition Multimedia Interface</a> (HDMI) and <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> Interface. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BNC_connector_(male).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Serial digital interface (SDI)"><img alt="Serial digital interface (SDI)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg/120px-BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg/180px-BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg/240px-BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">Serial digital interface</a> (SDI)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvi-cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Digital Visual Interface (DVI)"><img alt="Digital Visual Interface (DVI)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dvi-cable.jpg/120px-Dvi-cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dvi-cable.jpg/180px-Dvi-cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dvi-cable.jpg/240px-Dvi-cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">Digital Visual Interface</a> (DVI)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDMI-Connector.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HDMI"><img alt="HDMI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HDMI-Connector.jpg/120px-HDMI-Connector.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HDMI-Connector.jpg/180px-HDMI-Connector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HDMI-Connector.jpg/240px-HDMI-Connector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Displayport-cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DisplayPort"><img alt="DisplayPort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Displayport-cable.jpg/120px-Displayport-cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Displayport-cable.jpg/180px-Displayport-cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Displayport-cable.jpg/240px-Displayport-cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport_medium">Transport medium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial television</a> as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in a closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using <a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">serial digital interface</a> (SDI). See <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_connectors" title="List of video connectors">List of video connectors</a> for information about physical connectors and related signal standards. </p><p>Video may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance, <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2022" title="SMPTE 2022">SMPTE 2022</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2110" title="SMPTE 2110">SMPTE 2110</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Display_standards">Display standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Display standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Display_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Display technology">Display technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of common resolutions">List of common resolutions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_television">Digital television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Digital television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a> broadcasts use the <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video coding formats</a> and include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a> – United States, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> (DVB) – <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> – <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-Tb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-Tb">ISDB-Tb</a> – uses the MPEG-4 video coding format – <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">Digital multimedia broadcasting</a> (DMB) – <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_television">Analog television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Analog television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> broadcast standards include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a> (FCS) – US, Russia; obsolete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">Multiplexed Analogue Components</a> (MAC) – Europe; obsolete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding</a> (MUSE) – Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">EDTV-II "Clear-Vision"</a> - NTSC extension, Japan</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> – <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a> – PAL variation, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-N" class="mw-redirect" title="PAL-N">PAL-N</a> – PAL variation, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a> – PAL extension, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-343" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-343">RS-343</a> (military)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> – <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">CCIR System A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">CCIR System B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">CCIR System G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">CCIR System H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">CCIR System I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">CCIR System M</a></li></ul> <p>An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a <i>blanking interval</i> or <i>blanking region</i>; the horizontal and vertical <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch and back porch</a> are the building blocks of the blanking interval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_displays">Computer displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Computer displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">Computer display standards</a> specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of common resolutions">list of common resolutions</a> is available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording">Recording</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg/220px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg/330px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg/440px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> video cassette tape</figcaption></figure> <p>Early television was almost exclusively a live medium, with some programs recorded to film for historical purposes using <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a>. The analog <a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">video tape recorder</a> was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers, or consumers; or were important historically.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VERA_videotape_format" class="mw-redirect" title="VERA videotape format">VERA</a> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> experimental format ca. 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%22_Quadruplex_videotape" class="mw-redirect" title="2" Quadruplex videotape">2" Quadruplex videotape</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a> 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_videotape" title="Type A videotape">1" Type A videotape</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ-1" title="EIAJ-1">1/2" EIAJ</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> 3/4" (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">1/2" Cartrivision</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avco" title="Avco">Avco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">VCR, VCR-LP, SVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_inch_type_B_videotape" class="mw-redirect" title="1 inch type B videotape">1" Type B videotape</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1%22_Type_C_videotape" class="mw-redirect" title="1" Type C videotape">1" Type C videotape</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVC_videotape_format" title="IVC videotape format">2" Helical Scan Videotape</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Video_Corporation" title="International Video Corporation">IVC</a>) (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (Sony) (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> (<a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>) (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>) (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">1/4" CVC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Funai" title="Funai">Funai</a>) (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a> (Sony) (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a> (<a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>) (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDVS" class="mw-redirect" title="HDVS">HDVS</a> (Sony) (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-SonyFmt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SonyFmt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video8" class="mw-redirect" title="Video8">Video8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>) (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam_SP" class="mw-redirect" title="Betacam SP">Betacam SP</a> (Sony) (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> (<a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>) (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelvision" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixelvision">Pixelvision</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fisher-Price" title="Fisher-Price">Fisher-Price</a>) (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UniHi_1/2%22_HD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UniHi 1/2" HD (page does not exist)">UniHi 1/2" HD</a> (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-SonyFmt_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SonyFmt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi8" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi8">Hi8</a> (Sony) (mid-1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (<a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>) (1994)</li></ul> </div> <p>Digital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betacam_IMX" class="mw-redirect" title="Betacam IMX">Betacam IMX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (<a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Theater">D-Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D1_(Sony)" class="mw-redirect" title="D1 (Sony)">D1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2_(video_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 (video format)">D2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D3_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="D3 (video)">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D5_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="D5 HD">D5 HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR" title="D6 HDTV VTR">D6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S</a> D9 (<a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Betacam" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (including DVC-Pro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProHD" title="ProHD">ProHD</a> (<a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiniDV">MiniDV</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Optical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc</a> (CBHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (was <a href="/wiki/Super_Density_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Density Disc">Super Density Disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD_Forum" title="DVD Forum">DVD Forum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a> (UMD) (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">Enhanced Versatile Disc</a> (EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (<a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD-VMD" class="mw-redirect" title="HD-VMD">HD-VMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">Capacitance Electronic Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">Laserdisc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Corporation of America">MCA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc" title="Television Electronic Disc">Television Electronic Disc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teldec" title="Teldec">Teldec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">VHD</a> (<a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_encoding_formats">Digital encoding formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Digital encoding formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Video codec</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></div><p>A video codec is <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> that <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">decompresses</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a>. In the context of video compression, <i><a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>encoder</i> and <i>decoder</i>, while a device that only compresses is typically called an <i><a href="/wiki/Encoder_(digital)" title="Encoder (digital)">encoder</a></i>, and one that only decompresses is a <i>decoder</i>. The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video coding format</a>. The compression is typically <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a>, meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_601" class="mw-redirect" title="CCIR 601">CCIR 601</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> + <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.265" class="mw-redirect" title="H.265">H.265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-JPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="M-JPEG">M-JPEG</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> + <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a>-<a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/SMPTE" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_video-related_articles" title="Index of video-related articles">Index of video-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">Video editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">Videography</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Video format</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">Telecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">Timecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_capture" title="Volumetric capture">Volumetric capture</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Video usage</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">Closed-circuit television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulldome" title="Fulldome">Fulldome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_video" title="Interactive video">Interactive video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_feedback" title="Video feedback">Video feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_sender" title="Video sender">Video sender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_synthesizer" title="Video synthesizer">Video synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Video screen recording software</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandicam" title="Bandicam">Bandicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CamStudio" title="CamStudio">CamStudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camtasia" title="Camtasia">Camtasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zight_App" title="Zight App">Zight App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraps" title="Fraps">Fraps</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/190789775"><i>Handbook of image and video processing</i></a> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-053361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-053361-2"><bdi>978-0-08-053361-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/190789775">190789775</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123924/https://www.worldcat.org/title/190789775">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+image+and+video+processing&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F190789775&rft.isbn=978-0-08-053361-2&rft.aulast=Bovik&rft.aufirst=Alan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F190789775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Steve (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499054489"><i>Digital compositing for film and video</i></a>. Boston: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-050436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-050436-0"><bdi>978-0-08-050436-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499054489">499054489</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123924/https://www.worldcat.org/title/499054489">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+compositing+for+film+and+video&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499054489&rft.isbn=978-0-08-050436-0&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F499054489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Blain (2013). <i>Cinematography: Theory and Practice: Image Making for Cinematographers and Directors</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">159–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136047381" title="Special:BookSources/9781136047381"><bdi>9781136047381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinematography%3A+Theory+and+Practice%3A+Image+Making+for+Cinematographers+and+Directors&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136047381&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Blain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2013" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/815408915"><i>Digital Video Processing for Engineers : a Foundation for Embedded Systems Design</i></a>. Suhel Dhanani. Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415761-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415761-3"><bdi>978-0-12-415761-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/815408915">815408915</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123924/https://www.worldcat.org/title/815408915">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Video+Processing+for+Engineers+%3A+a+Foundation+for+Embedded+Systems+Design&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F815408915&rft.isbn=978-0-12-415761-3&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F815408915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBing2010" class="citation book cs1">Bing, Benny (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/672322796"><i>3D and HD broadband video networking</i></a>. Boston: Artech House. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60807-052-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60807-052-7"><bdi>978-1-60807-052-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/672322796">672322796</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123924/https://www.worldcat.org/title/672322796">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=3D+and+HD+broadband+video+networking&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F672322796&rft.isbn=978-1-60807-052-7&rft.aulast=Bing&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F672322796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStump2022" class="citation book cs1">Stump, David (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1233023513"><i>Digital cinematography : fundamentals, tools, techniques, and workflows</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46885-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46885-8"><bdi>978-0-429-46885-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233023513">1233023513</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123928/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1233023513">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+cinematography+%3A+fundamentals%2C+tools%2C+techniques%2C+and+workflows&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1233023513&rft.isbn=978-0-429-46885-8&rft.aulast=Stump&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1233023513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constine-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constine_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstine,_Josh2015" class="citation news cs1">Constine, Josh (May 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/gallery/best-of-meeker/">"The Most Important Insights From Mary Meeker's 2015 Internet Trends Report"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150804234031/http://techcrunch.com/gallery/best-of-meeker/">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=The+Most+Important+Insights+From+Mary+Meeker%27s+2015+Internet+Trends+Report&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft.au=Constine%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2Fgallery%2Fbest-of-meeker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiDrewLiu2021" class="citation book cs1">Li, Ze-Nian; Drew, Mark S.; Liu, Jiangchun (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1243420273"><i>Fundamentals of multimedia</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">108–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62124-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62124-7"><bdi>978-3-030-62124-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1243420273">1243420273</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123925/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1243420273">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+multimedia&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1243420273&rft.isbn=978-3-030-62124-7&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Ze-Nian&rft.au=Drew%2C+Mark+S.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jiangchun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1243420273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2019" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Sreeparna (2019). "Video in Multimedia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098279086"><i>Elements of multimedia</i></a>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-43320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-43320-7"><bdi>978-0-429-43320-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1098279086">1098279086</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123925/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1098279086">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Video+in+Multimedia&rft.btitle=Elements+of+multimedia&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1098279086&rft.isbn=978-0-429-43320-7&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Sreeparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1098279086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Beach2008" class="citation book cs1">Andy Beach (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1302274863"><i>Real World Video Compression</i></a>. Peachpit Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-208951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-208951-7"><bdi>978-0-13-208951-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302274863">1302274863</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123925/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1302274863">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+World+Video+Compression&rft.pub=Peachpit+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302274863&rft.isbn=978-0-13-208951-7&rft.au=Andy+Beach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1302274863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanz1996" class="citation book cs1">Sanz, Jorge L. C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840292528"><i>Image Technology : Advances in Image Processing, Multimedia and Machine Vision</i></a>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-58288-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-58288-2"><bdi>978-3-642-58288-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/840292528">840292528</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825124015/https://www.worldcat.org/title/840292528">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+Technology+%3A+Advances+in+Image+Processing%2C+Multimedia+and+Machine+Vision&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F840292528&rft.isbn=978-3-642-58288-2&rft.aulast=Sanz&rft.aufirst=Jorge+L.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F840292528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkmekciogluFernandoWorrall2013" class="citation book cs1">Ekmekcioglu, Erhan; Fernando, Anil; Worrall, Stewart (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/844775006"><i>3DTV : processing and transmission of 3D video signals</i></a>. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-70573-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-70573-5"><bdi>978-1-118-70573-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844775006">844775006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123926/https://www.worldcat.org/title/844775006">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=3DTV+%3A+processing+and+transmission+of+3D+video+signals&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F844775006&rft.isbn=978-1-118-70573-5&rft.aulast=Ekmekcioglu&rft.aufirst=Erhan&rft.au=Fernando%2C+Anil&rft.au=Worrall%2C+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F844775006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockMcNally2013" class="citation book cs1">Block, Bruce A.; McNally, Phillip (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858027807"><i>3D storytelling : how stereoscopic 3D works and how to use it</i></a>. Burlington, MA: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-03881-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-03881-5"><bdi>978-1-136-03881-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858027807">858027807</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123926/https://www.worldcat.org/title/858027807">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=3D+storytelling+%3A+how+stereoscopic+3D+works+and+how+to+use+it&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858027807&rft.isbn=978-1-136-03881-5&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rft.au=McNally%2C+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F858027807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozer2013" class="citation book cs1">Tozer, E.P.J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1300579454"><i>Broadcast engineer's reference book</i></a> (1st ed.). New York. pp. <span class="nowrap">470–</span>476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-02417-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-02417-7"><bdi>978-1-136-02417-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1300579454">1300579454</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825125511/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1300579454">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadcast+engineer%27s+reference+book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E470-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1300579454&rft.isbn=978-1-136-02417-7&rft.aulast=Tozer&rft.aufirst=E.P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1300579454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizziJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Pizzi, Skip; Jones, Graham (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879025861"><i>A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers</i></a> (4th ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90683-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90683-4"><bdi>978-1-317-90683-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879025861">879025861</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825125510/https://www.worldcat.org/title/879025861">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broadcast+Engineering+Tutorial+for+Non-Engineers.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879025861&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90683-4&rft.aulast=Pizzi&rft.aufirst=Skip&rft.au=Jones%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F879025861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SonyFmt-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SonyFmt_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SonyFmt_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/xdcam/solutions/Sony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf">"Sony HD Formats Guide (2008)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pro.sony.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306093659/http://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/xdcam/solutions/Sony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pro.sony.com&rft.atitle=Sony+HD+Formats+Guide+%282008%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpro.sony.com%2Fbbsccms%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fmicro%2Fxdcam%2Fsolutions%2FSony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2015" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Peter (2015). "Video Recording Formats". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958102392"><i>Multiskilling for television production</i></a>. Alan Bermingham, Chris Wherry. New York: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051230-3"><bdi>978-0-08-051230-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958102392">958102392</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825125517/https://www.worldcat.org/title/958102392">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Video+Recording+Formats&rft.btitle=Multiskilling+for+television+production&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958102392&rft.isbn=978-0-08-051230-3&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F958102392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerskin2020" class="citation book cs1">Merskin, Debra L., ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130315057"><i>The Sage international encyclopedia of mass media and society</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7551-9"><bdi>978-1-4833-7551-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1130315057">1130315057</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603202806/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1130315057">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sage+international+encyclopedia+of+mass+media+and+society&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1130315057&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-7551-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1130315057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghanbari-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghanbari_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhanbari2003" class="citation book cs1">Ghanbari, Mohammed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1"><i>Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">Institution of Engineering and Technology</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852967102" title="Special:BookSources/9780852967102"><bdi>9780852967102</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808084018/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Codecs%3A+Image+Compression+to+Advanced+Video+Coding&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Institution+of+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780852967102&rft.aulast=Ghanbari&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XuU8T3ooOAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Video" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Video">Video</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Video" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Video">Video</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Video</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Video">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/video_fdd.shtml">Format Descriptions for Moving Images</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_video_standards45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analog_video" title="Template:Analog video"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analog_video" title="Template talk:Analog video"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analog_video" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analog video"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_video_standards45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Analog_video">Analog video</a> standards</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video (Y/C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component video</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_video_formats33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_F" title="CCIR System F">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9_aspect_ratio" title="14:9 aspect ratio">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_storage_formats86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats" title="Template talk:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_storage_formats86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video storage formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Analog_video">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">VERA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Ampex 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Sony 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_videotape" title="Type A videotape">Type A</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_videotape_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai videotape format">Akai</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ-1" title="EIAJ-1">EIAJ-1</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">Cartrivision</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Philips VCR</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Cord" title="V-Cord">V-Cord</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(videocassette_format)" title="VX (videocassette format)">VX (videocassette format)</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVC_videotape_format" title="IVC videotape format">IVC</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape" title="Type B videotape">Type B</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">Type C</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_VK" title="Akai VK">Akai VK</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Video Cassette Recording</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">Compact Video Cassette</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">M (videocassette format)</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SP" title="Betacam">Betacam SP</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MII_(videocassette_format)" title="MII (videocassette format)">MII</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">S-VHS-C</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi8" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi8">Hi8</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvi" title="Ruvi">Ruvi</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D1</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_(video)" title="D-2 (video)">D2</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-3_(video)" title="D-3 (video)">D3</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCT_(videocassette_format)" title="DCT (videocassette format)">DCT (videocassette format)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Digital_Betacam" title="Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D5_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="D5 HD">D5</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S (D9)</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SX" title="Betacam">Betacam SX</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8 (D8)</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#MPEG_IMX" title="Betacam">MPEG IMX</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">UniHi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units" title="Type B videotape">BCH 1000</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR" title="D6 HDTV VTR">D6 HDTV VTR</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR" title="HDCAM">HDCAM SR</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videodisc" title="Videodisc">Videodisc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder" title="Ampex">Ampex-HS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc" title="Television Electronic Disc">TeD</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">CED</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">VHD</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserfilm" title="Laserfilm">Laserfilm</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">VSD</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1996</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD#CVD" title="Super Video CD">CVD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">EVD</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">PVD (Personal Video Disc)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#Hi-Vision_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">Hi-Vision LD</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">High-Definition Versatile Disc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray Disc</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">MiniBD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2006</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media agnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCAM" title="DV (video format)">DVCAM</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO50" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO50</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO_HD" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO HD</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tapeless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CamCutter" title="CamCutter">CamCutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Editcam" title="Editcam">Editcam</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video" title="Game Boy Advance Video">GBA-TV</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVC-Intra" title="AVC-Intra">AVC-Intra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">TOD</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFrame_(video_format)" title="IFrame (video format)">iFrame</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAVC" title="XAVC">XAVC</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">Solid state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM#SxS" title="XDCAM">SxS</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video recorded to film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film#Standard_8_mm_variants" title="Standard 8 mm film">8mm magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_8_film" title="Super 8 film">Super 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicam" title="Electronicam">Electronicam kinescope</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Video_Recording" title="Electronic Video Recording">Electronic Video Recording</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Online_video_and_sharing_platforms170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Online_video_and_sharing_platforms170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Online video</a> and sharing platforms</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/56.com" title="56.com">56.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Amazon Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparat" title="Aparat">Aparat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">Apple TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AcFun" title="AcFun">AcFun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibili" title="Bilibili">Bilibili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_(Bangladeshi_streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Binge (Bangladeshi streaming service)">Binge (Bangladeshi streaming service)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioscope_(Live_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioscope (Live TV)">Bioscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitChute" title="BitChute">BitChute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_BD" title="Bongo BD">Bongo BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightcove" title="Brightcove">Brightcove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzznet" title="Buzznet">Buzznet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorki" title="Chorki">Chorki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHZZK" title="CHZZK">CHZZK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudLibrary" title="CloudLibrary">cloudLibrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daum_(web_portal)" title="Daum (web portal)">Daum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Streaming" title="Endeavor Streaming">Endeavor Streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Film_Detective" title="The Film Detective">The Film Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmOn" title="FilmOn">FilmOn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotki" title="Fotki">Fotki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc.#History" title="Adobe Inc.">Frame.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funny_or_Die" title="Funny or Die">Funny or Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funshion" title="Funshion">Funshion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">hoopla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan#Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Japan">GyaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IQIYI" title="IQIYI">iQIYI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanopy" title="Kanopy">Kanopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le.com" title="Le.com">Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_TV" title="Mango TV">Mango TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici.tv" title="Medici.tv">Medici.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWATCH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeWATCH">meWATCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niconico" title="Niconico">Niconico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a>/Odysee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PictureBox_Films" title="PictureBox Films">PictureBox Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutube" title="Rutube">Rutube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SchoolTube" title="SchoolTube">SchoolTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showroom_(streaming_service)" title="Showroom (streaming service)">Showroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOOP" title="SOOP">SOOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeacherTube" title="TeacherTube">TeacherTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Channel" title="Teaching Channel">Teaching Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telly_Inc." title="Telly Inc.">Telly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThePlatform" title="ThePlatform">thePlatform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee_(streaming_service)" title="Toffee (streaming service)">Toffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudou" title="Tudou">Tudou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBOX7" class="mw-redirect" title="VBOX7">VBOX7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_Video" title="Tencent Video">WeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xigua_Video" title="Xigua Video">Xigua Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunlei" title="Xunlei">Xunlei Kankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youku" title="Youku">Youku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zattoo" title="Zattoo">Zattoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rental and <br />purchase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aha_(streaming_service)" title="Aha (streaming service)">Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_Media" title="Fandango Media">Fandango</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_at_Home" title="Fandango at Home">Fandango at Home</a></li></ul></li> <li>Google <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(service)" title="Google TV (service)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube Movies & TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Microsoft Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movies_Anywhere" title="Movies Anywhere">Movies Anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_TV" title="Rakuten TV">Rakuten TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Core" title="Sony Pictures Core">Sony Pictures Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_(Bangladeshi_streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Binge (Bangladeshi streaming service)">Binge (Bangladeshi streaming service)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioscope_(Live_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioscope (Live TV)">Bioscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_BD" title="Bongo BD">Bongo BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorki" title="Chorki">Chorki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee_(streaming_service)" title="Toffee (streaming service)">Toffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adober_Studios" title="Adober Studios">Chicken Pork Adobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azubu" title="Azubu">Azubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Store" title="BBC Store">BBC Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blip.tv" title="Blip.tv">Blip.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break.com" title="Break.com">Break.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CinemaNow" title="CinemaNow">CinemaNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisuki_(website)" title="Daisuki (website)">Daisuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Movies_Anywhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Movies Anywhere">Disney Movies Anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearnet" title="Fearnet">Fearnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmStruck" title="FilmStruck">FilmStruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flixster" title="Flixster">Flixster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Wrestling_Network" title="Global Wrestling Network">Global Wrestling Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Google Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitbox_(service)" title="Hitbox (service)">Hitbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imeem" title="Imeem">imeem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMesh" title="IMesh">iMesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_AppUp" title="Intel AppUp">Intel AppUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In2TV" title="In2TV">In2TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joost" title="Joost">Joost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin.tv" title="Justin.tv">Justin.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveLeak" title="LiveLeak">LiveLeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoveFilm" title="LoveFilm">LoveFilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaupload" title="Megaupload">Megaupload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUZU.TV" title="MUZU.TV">MUZU.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacafe" title="Metacafe">Metacafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyVideo" title="MyVideo">MyVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Menu#Nintendo_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wii Menu">Nintendo Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Video" title="Nintendo Video">Nintendo Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovi_(Nokia)" title="Ovi (Nokia)">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openfilm" title="Openfilm">Openfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openload" title="Openload">Openload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_TV" title="Pandora TV">Pandora TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7plus" title="7plus">PLUS7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presto_(streaming_company)" title="Presto (streaming company)">Presto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickflix" title="Quickflix">Quickflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox" title="Redbox">Redbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revver" title="Revver">Revver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashcast" title="Smashcast">Smashcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Connect" title="Sony Connect">Sony Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage6" title="Stage6">Stage6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight_Networks" title="Starlight Networks">Starlight Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamworks_International" title="Streamworks International">Streamworks International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Deluxe" title="Super Deluxe">Super Deluxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV_Store" title="TalkTalk TV Store">TalkTalk TV Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Top_TV" title="Tank Top TV">Tank Top TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchVision" title="TouchVision">TouchVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilulilu" title="Trilulilu">Trilulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(content_delivery)" title="Triton (content delivery)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TroopTube" title="TroopTube">TroopTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toons.TV" title="Toons.TV">Toons.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twango" title="Twango">Twango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraViolet_(website)" title="UltraViolet (website)">UltraViolet</a></li> <li>Total Access <a href="/wiki/Impact_Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact Wrestling">Impact Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vdio" title="Vdio">Vdio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_(website)" title="Vessel (website)">Vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viddler" title="Viddler">Viddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidme" title="Vidme">Vidme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vongo_(video_on_demand_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vongo (video on demand service)">Vongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Archive_Collection" title="Warner Archive Collection">Warner Archive Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeShow" title="WeShow">WeShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Windows Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Classics_on_Demand" title="WWE Classics on Demand">WWE Classics on Demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_compression_methods223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compression_methods" title="Template talk:Compression methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_compression_methods223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">Byte pair encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/842_(compression_algorithm)" title="842 (compression algorithm)">842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZJB" class="mw-redirect" title="LZJB">LZJB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZRW" title="LZRW">LZRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski" title="Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski">LZSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZWL" title="LZWL">LZWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform" title="Burrows–Wheeler transform">BWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_tree_weighting" title="Context tree weighting">CTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_mixing" title="Context mixing">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Markov_compression" title="Dynamic Markov compression">DMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-Pair" title="Re-Pair">Re-Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">LDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move-to-front_transform" title="Move-to-front transform">MTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_by_partial_matching" title="Prediction by partial matching">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Stac" title="Lempel–Ziv–Stac">LZS</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + context <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZSS + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA/LZH</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Range <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">LZMA</a></li> <li>LZHAM</li></ul></li> <li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_sine_transform" title="Discrete sine transform">DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Predictive type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">μ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_modulation" title="Delta modulation">DM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">FT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">PSNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhunen%E2%80%93Lo%C3%A8ve_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhunen–Loève theorem">KLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(image_processing)" title="Pyramid (image processing)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_zerotrees_of_wavelet_transforms" title="Embedded zerotrees of wavelet transforms">EZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Characteristics_of_video_streams">Video characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Independent_production185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Independent_production" title="Template:Independent production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Independent_production" title="Template talk:Independent production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Independent_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Independent production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent_production185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent production</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_of_webcomics" title="Business of webcomics">business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic_Co-ops" title="Minicomic Co-ops">Co-ops</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">shops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Record label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">Netlabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source label</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_radio" title="Independent radio">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">Cassette culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker (MOD) music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podsafe" title="Podsafe">Podsafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">Underground music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Amateur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">Home movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">Amateur film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">'50s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">'60s–'70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">'80s–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">Midnight movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave_cinema" title="No wave cinema">No wave cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">Double feature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_coding" title="Cowboy coding">Cowboy coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_patch" title="Unofficial patch">Unofficial patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warez_scene" title="Warez scene">Warez scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">developers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">Open-source video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Food</li><li>Drinks</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_soft_drink" title="Independent soft drink">Independent soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_art" title="Indie art">Indie art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Amateur photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_environment" title="Visionary environment">Visionary environment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Indie RPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_circuit" title="Independent circuit">Independent circuit <span style="font-size:85%;">(wrestling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent TV station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(magazine)" title="Make (magazine)"><i>Make</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(magazine)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maker_Faire" title="Maker Faire">Maker Faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34508#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1843" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34508#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1843" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34508#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1166452/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4063466-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Video recording"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92003035">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vidéo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933779d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vidéo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933779d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="videotechnika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127097&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000051593&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558512305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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