Norfolk: The sleepy English county that was the Dubai of the Middle Ages

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<article class="grid">   <header class="grid-col grid-col-12 tpl-article__layout tpl-article__layout--header " data-test="article-header"> <div class="grid-col grid-col-12 tpl-article__layout-logos sponsored-reskin--small"> </div>  <div class="grid-col grid-col-12 tpl-article__layout tpl-article__layout--header site-header__breadcrumbs-article-reskin " data-test="tpl-article-navigation"> <div class="primary-secondary-channel-name__wrapper"> <a class="primary-channel-name" href="/travel/"> Travel </a> <div class="primary-secondary--separator"> <svg data-test="breadcrumb-chevron-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="7" height="10" viewBox="0 0 7 10" fill="none"> <path d="M1 1L5 5L1 9" stroke="#767676" stroke-width="1.5"/> </svg> </div> <svg class="primary-secondary--arrow " viewBox="0 0 13 7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path id="Vector 356" d="M1 0.749911L6.49999 6.25L12 0.749912" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.17857" stroke-linejoin="bevel"/> </svg>  <a class="secondary-channel-name" href="/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/"> UK </a> </div> </div> <h1 class="e-headline u-heading-1 article-betterliving__header " data-js="article-betterliving-header" data-test="headline"> The sleepy English county that was the Dubai of the Middle Ages </h1> <p class="e-standfirst u-heading-4 " data-test="standfirst"> With its flint cottages and low-key seaside resorts, Norfolk was once both the wealthiest area of England and a global powerhouse </p> <div class=" tpl-action__below-header">  <button id="save-article-icon-A3mRkkLKTZqh" class="e-save-article " data-test="save-article" data-save-article='{ "id": "A3mRkkLKTZqh", "text": { "save": "Save", "saved": "Saved" } }'> <svg class="e-save-article__icon" width="12" height="16" viewBox="0 0 12 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Save</title> <path d="M1.25 0.625H10.75C11.0952 0.625 11.375 0.904822 11.375 1.25V13.9775C11.375 14.4421 10.8861 14.7443 10.4705 14.5365L6.83853 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data-js="provider-name">email</p> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <span class="grid-col grid-col-12 tpl-article__separator tpl-article__separator--double tpl-article__separator--hide-lg" aria-hidden="true"></span> </aside> <div class="grid-col grid-col-12 u-full-bleed u-full-bleed--reset-sm tpl-article__lead-asset tpl-article__lead-asset--medium" data-lead-asset-layout="medium" data-test="article-lead-asset"> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class=" "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569764_17322098166120_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqZCAs_UO4E1NchwqSOXfgrXGTJFJS74MYhNY6w3GNbO8.jpeg?imwidth=1280" media="( min-width: 1600px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569764_17322098166120_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqZCAs_UO4E1NchwqSOXfgrXGTJFJS74MYhNY6w3GNbO8.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569764_17322098166120_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqZCAs_UO4E1NchwqSOXfgrXGTJFJS74MYhNY6w3GNbO8.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569764_17322098166120_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqZCAs_UO4E1NchwqSOXfgrXGTJFJS74MYhNY6w3GNbO8.jpeg?imwidth=350&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569764_17322098166120_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqZCAs_UO4E1NchwqSOXfgrXGTJFJS74MYhNY6w3GNbO8.jpeg?imwidth=350" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569764_17322098166120_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqZCAs_UO4E1NchwqSOXfgrXGTJFJS74MYhNY6w3GNbO8.jpeg?imwidth=680" class="article-body-image__source" alt="Norfolk was once the wealthiest area of England " fetchpriority="high" data-test="article-body-image-source" width="2250" height="1405"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator e-caption--hide-small-screens " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> Norfolk was once one of the great global centres of industry </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: Alamy </span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="grid-col grid-col-12 tpl-article__layout tpl-article__layout--content "> <div class=" " data-js="article-body" data-test="tpl-article-body-recipe"> <div class="tpl-layout__mobile"> <div class="tpl-layout__mobile-byline"> <span class="e-byline e-byline--multi" data-test="byline"> <span class="e-byline__meta"> <span class="e-byline__details"> <a href="/authors/n/nf-nj/nick-trend/" class="e-byline__link" data-test="byline-link" rel="author"> <span class="e-byline__author" data-test="author-name">Nick Trend</span> </a> <span class="e-byline__job-title" data-test="author-job-title"> Chief Consumer and Culture Editor </span> <div class="tpl-date__mobile outsideByline">  <time class="e-published-date u-meta " datetime="2024-11-23T11:00+0000" data-test="time"> 23 November 2024 11:00am GMT </time> </div> </span> <img class="responsive e-byline-comment__author-image " src="/content/dam/Author%20photos/Nick%20Trend%20Dec%202021-xlarge.png?imwidth=100" alt="Nick Trend"/> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text " data-test="article-body-text"> <p>How do the nouveau riche celebrate their new-found status? They spend their money extravagantly and ostentatiously. And whether they are private individuals or flourishing communities, what they like to spend it on most is buildings. Expensive edifices, designed to impress and awe. The grander, the higher, the shinier the better.</p><p>Today we see it in Shanghai, <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/dubai/">Dubai</a>, Qatar and Abu Dhabi. In the 1930s it was <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/">New York</a> and Chicago. Seven hundred years ago, it was <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/east-anglia/norfolk/articles/norfolk-expert-travel-guide/">Norfolk</a> that was having its moment. And it was a long one at that – a phase which burned brightly throughout pretty much the entire Middle Ages.</p><p>Yes, that quiet rural backwater of sleepy by-roads, flint cottages and low-key seaside resorts was once both the wealthiest area of England and a European economic powerhouse. Comfortably England’s most populous county, Norfolk was home to half a million people in the 14th century, comprising some ten per cent of the national population. Norwich itself was a boom town. By 1525 it was the second richest city in the country after London, while King’s Lynn was eighth.</p> </div> </div> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class="article-body-image__source "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569745_17322103611330_trans_NvBQzQNjv4Bq3Z7i_2nUjuO-XXgVmfiyhMbHf4DfgeegiUIPq8ZyLgk.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569745_17322103611330_trans_NvBQzQNjv4Bq3Z7i_2nUjuO-XXgVmfiyhMbHf4DfgeegiUIPq8ZyLgk.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569745_17322103611330_trans_NvBQzQNjv4Bq3Z7i_2nUjuO-XXgVmfiyhMbHf4DfgeegiUIPq8ZyLgk.jpeg?imwidth=480&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569745_17322103611330_trans_NvBQzQNjv4Bq3Z7i_2nUjuO-XXgVmfiyhMbHf4DfgeegiUIPq8ZyLgk.jpeg?imwidth=480" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569745_17322103611330_trans_NvBQzQNjv4Bq3Z7i_2nUjuO-XXgVmfiyhMbHf4DfgeegiUIPq8ZyLgk.jpeg?imwidth=350" loading="lazy" alt="Norwich's magnificent Romanesque Cathedral is open to visitors of all faiths" width="2500" height="1562"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> Norwich’s magnificent Romanesque Cathedral is open to visitors of all faiths </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: Alamy </span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text " data-test="article-body-text"> <p>The money came largely from commerce, manufacturing and agriculture. Exports of Norfolk-made worsted cloth and linens and trade in wool, dyes, timber, iron and luxury goods thrived for centuries. And the county’s long coastline was also a huge asset to the local economy. Its ports had direct access to the most important trading cities of the Low Countries and they supported a fishing industry of national significance. And it was the national leader in sheep farming. Norfolk’s contribution to the 1341-42 wool tax made up more than an eighth of the total for all England, two-and-a-half times as much as that of any other county.</p><p>William the Conqueror and his barons had made an early impression, quickly identifying the wealth available in this already prosperous county and demonstrating their intent with an astonishingly ambitious cathedral and castles. And as Norfolk continued to prosper, its own people were also keen to impress.</p><p>Merchants and landowners built fabulous houses and financed an extraordinary proliferation of monasteries, established to ensure that hundreds of masses were sung to help save their souls. Sadly, only a handful of those grand medieval residences survive – most were knocked down and rebuilt in the 17th or 18th centuries. And only the ruins of the priories remain, thanks to Henry VIII’s brutal Dissolution.</p> </div> </div> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class="article-body-image__source "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569752_17322097011950_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf_4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569752_17322097011950_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf_4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569752_17322097011950_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf_4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=480&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569752_17322097011950_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf_4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=480" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569752_17322097011950_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf_4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=350" loading="lazy" alt="Castle Acre Priory is one of Norfolk's best medieval landmarks " width="2500" height="1567"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> Castle Acre Priory is one of Norfolk’s best medieval landmarks </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: Getty </span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text " data-test="article-body-text"> <p>But the story of Norfolk’s centuries of prosperity is still enshrined in its churches. Nearly all were reconstructed and aggrandised in the decades after the Black Death in 1349. This particular building boom seems to have been driven both by intense piety – which probably stemmed from the devastation of the plague – and civic rivalry between neighbouring parishes vying to outdo each other. Either way, the result is one of the richest collections of medieval churches in Europe built by some of the most talented masons and mason-architects of the time.</p><p>Back then, these churches stood at the centre of thriving communities. They were fabulously decorated with frescoes and panel paintings, sculpture and carvings, stained glass and intricate brass work and lit by hundreds of candles. Reformation and revolution stripped away most of those interiors, but the stonework, the knapped flints and the heavily embellished oak timbers of the roofs – all often of astonishing quality and finesse – remain.</p><p>Now, those parish churches rest mostly silent and empty. Bats flutter in the belfries, the graveyards are colonised by cow parsley. But they are deeply moving places to visit. The sun streams through the windows onto the tombs of those who financed them and the crenellated towers stand sentinel over the graves of the communities that made them so many centuries ago.</p><h2 class="u-heading-size-large u-heading-style-normal">10 of Norfolk’s medieval glories</h2><p>Nearly every village in Norfolk has a medieval church; here are some of the other reminders of the high-points of its history, from the Norman conquest to the Reformation.</p><h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">1. Norwich</h2><p>One of the great Norman buildings of England, Norwich Cathedral was founded in 1096 and further aggrandised in the 15th century. We don’t know the height of the original spire. It was completed in 1297 but blew down in a storm in 1361-2, but the current version, probably dating from 1485 is, at 96m, the second highest in England after Salisbury. Other highlights include the cloister and dozens of carved and painted stone bosses which decorate the network of ribs supporting the roof of the nave.</p> </div> </div> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class="article-body-image__source "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/22/TELEMMGLPICT000401569721_17322745594460_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqtGQB12KHxxQCrwnTZkX0nwgWqwm85JEWpGVhFb46TTg.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/22/TELEMMGLPICT000401569721_17322745594460_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqtGQB12KHxxQCrwnTZkX0nwgWqwm85JEWpGVhFb46TTg.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/22/TELEMMGLPICT000401569721_17322745594460_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqtGQB12KHxxQCrwnTZkX0nwgWqwm85JEWpGVhFb46TTg.jpeg?imwidth=480&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/22/TELEMMGLPICT000401569721_17322745594460_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqtGQB12KHxxQCrwnTZkX0nwgWqwm85JEWpGVhFb46TTg.jpeg?imwidth=480" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/22/TELEMMGLPICT000401569721_17322745594460_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqtGQB12KHxxQCrwnTZkX0nwgWqwm85JEWpGVhFb46TTg.jpeg?imwidth=350" loading="lazy" alt="Strangers Hall Norwich" width="2500" height="1563"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> Strangers Hall is named after the immigrant Flemish weavers who arrived in Norwich in the 14th century </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: alamy </span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text " data-test="article-body-text"> <p>Apart from the cathedral, key surviving medieval buildings in Norwich include its Norman castle, built by William the Conqueror, now a museum, and dozens of ancient churches. But it is the city’s medieval halls which reflect most directly its prosperous mercantile past. Strangers Hall, named after immigrant Flemish weavers, dates to 1320. The treasure box of a Guildhall with its superb flint work, was built in 1414, while the Dragon Hall was built a decade later by one of the richest men in the city – Robert Toppes – as a trading warehouse.</p><h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">2. Castle Acre Priory</h2><p>The substantial ruins of this <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/castle-acre-castle-acre-priory" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">11th-12th century Cluniac priory church</a> and the monastic buildings which surrounded it are the most impressive in the East of England. And the setting in the river valley by this small town near Swaffham is idyllic. On the other side of the Castle Acre are also the earthworks from the original Norman motte-and-bailey castle.</p><h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">3. Binham Priory</h2><p>The nave of this former Benedictine Abbey survived the Reformation intact because it was converted into a <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/binham-priory" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">parish church</a>. It was an ambitious and pioneering building. The great west window (made in 1226-1244), now bricked up to prevent it collapsing, is the earliest surviving use of bar tracery<em> </em>in Britain. This technique for making the internal frames of large windows revolutionised the aesthetics of church building. It had been developed in France only about a decade earlier and was to be used at Westminster Abbey, a few years after Binham.</p> </div> </div> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class="article-body-image__source "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569760_17322108216580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569760_17322108216580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569760_17322108216580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=480&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569760_17322108216580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=480" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569760_17322108216580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=350" loading="lazy" alt="Binham Priory is among the most complete and impressive monastic ruins in Norfolk" width="2500" height="1567"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> Binham Priory is among the most complete and impressive monastic ruins in Norfolk </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: Alamy </span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text " data-test="article-body-text"> <h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">4. Castle Rising</h2><p>The fabulous, elaborately-decorated <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://castlerising.co.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">stone keep</a> of this Norman stronghold dates from about 1140 and is one of the best preserved of its type in the country. It stands largely intact and still surrounded by massive defensive earthworks. When you see its full glory as you emerge through the gatehouse, I guarantee it will take your breath away.</p><h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">5. Great Yarmouth</h2><p>In the 14th and 15th centuries <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://visitgreatyarmouth.co.uk/things-to-do/great-yarmouths-medieval-town-wall-p1377501" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Great Yarmouth</a> was one of the fishing capitals of Europe, supplying London with vast quantities of cured herring, which were one of the most important staples of the time. The town was badly damaged by German bombs and now it is a fading seaside resort, but a few relics of its glory days survive, including sections of the 23ft-high town wall – one of the best preserved medieval enclosures in England – which was built between 1285-1400 and strengthened in the 15th and 16th centuries.</p> </div> </div> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class="article-body-image__source "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000402353808_17322098948040_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwdYTTR51fT9VxUmcmfEva0A.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000402353808_17322098948040_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwdYTTR51fT9VxUmcmfEva0A.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000402353808_17322098948040_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwdYTTR51fT9VxUmcmfEva0A.jpeg?imwidth=480&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000402353808_17322098948040_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwdYTTR51fT9VxUmcmfEva0A.jpeg?imwidth=480" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000402353808_17322098948040_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwdYTTR51fT9VxUmcmfEva0A.jpeg?imwidth=350" loading="lazy" alt="Visitors to Great Yarmouth can still see sections of the 23ft-high town wall was built between 1285-1400 " width="2500" height="1556"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> Great Yarmouth’s 23ft-high town wall was built between 1285-1400 </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: Getty </span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text " data-test="article-body-text"> <h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">6. St Nicholas, Kings Lynn</h2><p>When construction started in about 1400, <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://visitchurches.org.uk/visit/church-listing/st-nicholas-chapel-kings-lynn.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">St Nicholas</a> was one of the biggest building projects in Europe. This enormous church, some 200ft long, with one of the earliest “angel roofs” to be constructed after the one in Westminster Hall, is not even technically a parish church. It was built as a chapel of ease by the thriving fishing and trading community of North Lynn, when it was one of the most important ports in England.</p> </div> </div> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class="article-body-image__source "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569762_17322108843480_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf0Rf_Wk3V23H2268P_XkPxc.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569762_17322108843480_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf0Rf_Wk3V23H2268P_XkPxc.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569762_17322108843480_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf0Rf_Wk3V23H2268P_XkPxc.jpeg?imwidth=480&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569762_17322108843480_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf0Rf_Wk3V23H2268P_XkPxc.jpeg?imwidth=480" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569762_17322108843480_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqpVlberWd9EgFPZtcLiMQf0Rf_Wk3V23H2268P_XkPxc.jpeg?imwidth=350" loading="lazy" alt="St Nicholas was once one of the biggest building projects in Europe" width="2500" height="1563"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> St Nicholas’ was once one of the biggest building projects in Europe </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: Alamy </span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text " data-test="article-body-text"> <h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">7. Caister Castle</h2><p>Sir John Fastolf, the immensely wealthy soldier and landowner later lampooned by Shakespeare as Falstaff, built this <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://caistercastle.co.uk/castle" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">moated castle</a> between 1432 and 1446. Although now a ruined shell, the castle’s 90ft-high round tower remains intact and can still be climbed by visitors.</p><h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">8. Wymondham Abbey</h2><p>This <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://wymondhamabbey.org.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">extraordinary building</a> began life as an early medieval Benedictine priory which was radically developed in the 14th-15th centuries when the parish nave was doubled in size and the roof raised. In 1447 the monastery was granted abbey status and the huge bulk of the west tower – over 140ft high and out of all proportion to the rest of the building – was added.</p> </div> </div> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class="article-body-image__source "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569728_17322104357620_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569728_17322104357620_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569728_17322104357620_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=480&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569728_17322104357620_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=480" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569728_17322104357620_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=350" loading="lazy" alt="Wymondham Abbey is the town's Anglican Parish Church" width="2500" height="1560"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> Wymondham Abbey is the town’s Anglican Parish Church </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: Alamy </span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text " data-test="article-body-text"> <h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">9. Walsingham Abbey</h2><p>A vision of the Virgin Mary in 1061 and the miraculous appearance of a replica of the Nazareth home of Joseph, Mary and Jesus gradually established Walsingham as one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Europe. The popularity of its shrine and the Augustinian monastery attached to it took a leap up when Henry III began visiting in 1216, the first of seven monarchs to come here up to and including Henry VIII. The towering arch of the east end of the <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://walsinghamabbey.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ruined priory church</a> is the only substantial survival, but it gives a sense of the sheer scale of the original building.</p><h2 class="u-heading-size-medium u-heading-style-normal">10. Oxburgh Hall</h2><p>One of the few surviving of the once many grand medieval mansions, the red-brick Oxburgh Hall near Swaffham was built in the last quarter of the 15th century. It has a huge turreted gatehouse and a splendid moat and is now in the care of the <a class="ck-custom-link" href="https://nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/norfolk/oxburgh-estate" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">National Trust</a>.</p> </div> </div> <figure data-js="article-body-image" data-test="article-body-image" class="article-body-image section"> <div class="article-body-image__container"> <picture class="article-body-image__source "> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569769_17322099592580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwSX5rhseiWKOo9p9OQ-ymek.jpeg?imwidth=960" media="( min-width: 1280px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569769_17322099592580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwSX5rhseiWKOo9p9OQ-ymek.jpeg?imwidth=680" media="( min-width: 768px )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569769_17322099592580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwSX5rhseiWKOo9p9OQ-ymek.jpeg?imwidth=480&imdensity=2" media="( min-width: 350px ) and ( -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2 )"/> <source srcset="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569769_17322099592580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwSX5rhseiWKOo9p9OQ-ymek.jpeg?imwidth=480" media="( min-width: 350px )"/> <img src="/content/dam/travel/2024/11/21/TELEMMGLPICT000401569769_17322099592580_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwSX5rhseiWKOo9p9OQ-ymek.jpeg?imwidth=350" loading="lazy" alt="Oxburgh Hall was built in the last quarter of the 15th century" width="2500" height="1563"/> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="e-caption u-meta e-caption--has-separator " data-js="caption"> <span data-test="caption"> Oxburgh Hall was built in the last quarter of the 15th century </span> <span class="e-caption__credit" data-test="credit"> <span class="e-caption__credit-description">Credit</span>: Alamy </span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="html-embed section" data-test="html-embed"> <span></span> <div id="wrp-83e4cd15-a274-41cb-a58a-7fb3fedb6676" class="wrp-83e4cd15-a274-41cb-a58a-7fb3fedb6676 part-wrp" style=""><iframe id="83e4cd15-a274-41cb-a58a-7fb3fedb6676" data-type="particle" src="https://cf-particle-html.eip.telegraph.co.uk/83e4cd15-a274-41cb-a58a-7fb3fedb6676.html?direct=true&id=83e4cd15-a274-41cb-a58a-7fb3fedb6676&template=articleRendererHTML" class="tmg-particle breakout-box wrp-83e4cd15-a274-41cb-a58a-7fb3fedb6676 " title="Travel - onward journey - UK guide" data-business-type="editorial" loading="eager" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allow="web-share" style="width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border: none; position: relative; display: block; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></iframe><div style="display: none;" class="particle-newsletter-overlay"></div></div><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cf-particle-html.eip.telegraph.co.uk/83e4cd15-a274-41cb-a58a-7fb3fedb6676/css/articleRendererHTML.css"> </div> <div id="recipe-enabled" data-recipe-enabled="true"></div> </div> <div class="u-separator-top--loose u-separator--branded">  <aside id="comment" class="comment" data-comment-config="{"authorMode":false,"articleCommentingConfig":true,"convConfig":{"articleId":"A3mRkkLKTZqh","viafouraEnvironmentId":"00000000-0000-4000-8000-010fdf3f0a45"}}" data-js="comment" aria-label="Commenting" data-test="join-conversation-section"> <div class="comment__header-container" data-js="comment-header-container" data-test="comment-header-container"> <h2 class="comment__header">Join the conversation</h2>  <div class="comments__social">  <button class="comments__button comment__show-button e-button e-button--large e-button--centered-text" data-js="comment-load" data-label-loading="Loading..." data-test="comment-load" data-event="showComments"> <div class="comment__show-text">Show <span class="e-comment-count__number" data-js="comment-count"> </span> comments <svg class="e-button__icon comment__toggle-icon e-button__icon--right e-button__icon--large" viewBox="0 0 13 7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path id="Vector 356" d="M1 0.749911L6.49999 6.25L12 0.749912" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.17857" stroke-linejoin="bevel"/> </svg> </div> </button> <div class="comment__policy-container comment__policy-mobile"> <div class="comment__policy" data-test="comment-policy"> The Telegraph values your comments but kindly requests all posts are on topic, constructive and respectful. 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/content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401473675_17316015467050_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=480 480w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401473675_17316015467050_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=640 640w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401473675_17316015467050_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=680 680w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401473675_17316015467050_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=960 960w" data-sizes="100vw" data-alt="The Golden Eagle Silk Road Express is expected to launch next September " data-width="25000000" data-height="15669800" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7';" srcset=" 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/content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401473675_17316015467050_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=680 680w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401473675_17316015467050_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqRo0U4xU-30oDveS4pXV-Vv4Xpit_DMGvdp2n7FDd82k.jpeg?imwidth=960 960w" data-js="LazyImage" sizes="100vw" alt="The Golden Eagle Silk Road Express is expected to launch next September " loading="lazy" width="25000000" height="15669800"/> </div> </figure> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="grid-col grid-col-12 grid-col-sm-4 grid-column-4"> <section class="article-list article-list--collection-list " data-test="article-list-collection-list" data-type-track="collection-list"> <ul class="article-list__list grid horizontal-scroll__five-items " data-test="article-list-list" data-js="scroll-target"> <li class="article-list__item article-list__item--0 collection-list__item collection-list__item--0 grid-col grid-col-sm-12 grid-col-12 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data-srcset=" /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=160 160w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=210 210w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=320 320w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=350 350w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=480 480w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=640 640w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=680 680w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=960 960w" data-sizes="100vw" data-alt="A Spirit Airlines aircraft" data-width="20285000" data-height="12680600" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7';" srcset=" /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=160 160w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=210 210w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=320 320w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=350 350w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=480 480w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=640 640w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=680 680w, /content/dam/travel/2024/11/14/TELEMMGLPICT000401702304_17315959886660_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqcpKmACzDd7nmWKgtg3UGDlJ9mHFxfA8-9rsHnkgXyv8.jpeg?imwidth=960 960w" data-js="LazyImage" sizes="100vw" alt="A Spirit Airlines 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Norfolk: The sleepy English county that was the Dubai of the Middle Ages