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href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Noreia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Noreia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreia_(Noricum)" title="Noreia (Noricum) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Noreia (Noricum)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Noreia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreya" title="Noreya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noreya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noreia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Noreia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Noreia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Норея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Норея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreja" title="Noreja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Noreja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Норея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Норея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q701206#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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Gnosticism, see <a href="/wiki/Norea" title="Norea">Norea</a>. For the moth genus, see <a href="/wiki/Noreia_(moth)" title="Noreia (moth)"><i>Noreia</i> (moth)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Noreia" title="Special:EditPage/Noreia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Noreia%22">"Noreia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Noreia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Noreia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Noreia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Noreia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Noreia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noricum_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Noricum_1907.jpg/300px-Noricum_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Noricum_1907.jpg/450px-Noricum_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Noricum_1907.jpg/600px-Noricum_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Roman province of Noricum, 1907 map</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Noreia</b> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">lost city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a>, most likely in southern <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. While according to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> it is known to have been the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, it was already referred to as a lost city by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (AD 23 – AD 79). The location of Noreia has not been verified by modern researchers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevance">Relevance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noreia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relevance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom of Noricum was a major provider of weaponry for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> armies from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army_of_the_mid-Republic" title="Roman army of the mid-Republic">mid-Republic</a> onwards. Especially the <a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">Roman swords</a> were made of the best-quality steel then available, the <i><a href="/wiki/Noric_steel" title="Noric steel">chalybs Noricus</a></i>, from this region. The strength of iron is determined by its <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> content. The <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> produced in the Greco-Roman world generally contained only minimal traces of carbon and was too soft for tools and weapons. It thus needed to be <a href="/wiki/Carburisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carburisation">carburised</a> to at least 1.5% carbon content. The main Roman method of achieving this was to repeatedly heat the wrought iron to a temperature of over 800 C (i.e. to "white heat") and hammer it in a <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> fire, causing the iron to absorb carbon from the charcoal.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique had been developed empirically, as there is no evidence that ancient iron producers understood the chemistry involved. The rudimentary methods of carburisation used rendered the quality of the iron ore critical to the production of good steel. The ore needed to be rich in <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (an element which remains essential in modern steelmaking processes), but also to contain very little, or preferably zero, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, whose presence would compromise the steel's hardness.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchwald_2005_124_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchwald_2005_124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ore mined in <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Carinthia</a> (S. Noricum) fulfills both criteria to an unusual degree.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Celtic peoples of Noricum (predominantly the <a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Taurisci</a> tribe) empirically discovered that their ore made superior steel around 500 BC and established a major steel-making industry around it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Magdalensberg" title="Magdalensberg">Magdalensberg</a>, a major production and trading centre was established, where a large number of specialised blacksmiths crafted a range of metal products, especially weapons. The finished products were mostly exported southwards, to <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>, a Roman colony founded in 180 BC. </p><p>From 200 BC onwards, it appears that the tribes of Noricum were gradually united in a native Celtic kingdom, known to the Romans as the <i>regnum Noricum</i>, with its capital at this uncertain location called Noreia. Noricum became a key ally of the Roman Republic, providing a reliable supply of high-quality weapons and tools in return for Roman military protection. Although there was no formal treaty of military alliance, the Norici could count on Roman military support, as demonstrated in 113 BC, when a vast host of <a href="/wiki/Teutones" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutones">Teutones</a> invaded Noricum. In response to a desperate appeal by the Norici, the Roman consul <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_113_BC)" title="Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 113 BC)">Gnaeus Papirius Carbo</a> rushed an army over the Alps and attacked the Germans near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noreia" title="Battle of Noreia">Noreia</a> (although, in the event, he was heavily defeated). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noreia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek chronicler <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (64/63 BC – c. AD 24), as well as the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> (c. AD 95 – c. AD 165), report on the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noreia" title="Battle of Noreia">Battle of Noreia</a>" in 113 BC between a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> army under consul <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_113_BC)" title="Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 113 BC)">Gnaeus Papirius Carbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutoni</a> tribes. It is not known whether the location of the battle and the capital of Noricum are the same city. Nevertheless, based on ancient distance specifications, 18th century publications located Noreia near <a href="/wiki/Murau" title="Murau">Murau</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neumarkt_in_Steiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumarkt in Steiermark">Neumarkt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, which, however, has been continually put into question. Upon excavations in Sankt Margarethen near <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlen" title="Mühlen">Mühlen</a> in Styria, the residents in 1930 even changed the name of the village to Noreia, though further research showed that the finds are the remains of a medieval settlement. </p><p>As the handed-down distance from <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> – 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadia</a> – more likely indicate a place in present-day <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, several scholars assume that Noreia can be identified with excavated Celtic-Roman settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Magdalensberg" title="Magdalensberg">Magdalensberg</a> or in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Zollfeld" title="Zollfeld">Zollfeld</a> plain. Other theories assume a location in the Carinthian <a href="/wiki/Glan_(Gurk)" title="Glan (Gurk)">Glan</a> valley at a sanctuary of the local mother goddess <i>Noreia</i> near <a href="/wiki/Liebenfels" title="Liebenfels">Liebenfels</a>, erected in the 2nd century AD. Other localisation attempts include the ancient Gurina settlement near <a href="/wiki/Dellach" title="Dellach">Dellach</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Noric_steel" title="Noric steel">ore mining</a> area of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCttenberg,_Austria" title="Hüttenberg, Austria">Hüttenberg</a>. Another possibility, favoured today, is the Gracarca mountain beside <a href="/wiki/Lake_Klopein" title="Lake Klopein">Lake Klopein</a> in Carinthia, where a prehistoric hilltop settlement and several graves of Celtic princes have been found. </p><p>It is also possible that there is more than one location named "Noreia", which possibly just denotes a "Noric city". There seem to be two identical entries in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a></i>, a 12th century copy of a Late Roman road map. On the map an older Noreia, about 3.5 km in diameter, and a new city of the same name, measuring 7.5 by 3.4 km, can be found in the region of modern Styria. It is more probable, though, that the double entry of a Roman station called Noreia is a copyist's error. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noreia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Karin Erika Haas-Trummer, <i>Noreia. Von der fiktiven Keltensiedlung zum mittelalterlichen Adelssitz. Eine historische und archäologische Spurensuche bis 1600</i>, Wien - Köln - Weimar 2007.</li> <li>Stefan Seitschek, "Noreia - Viele Antworten, keine Lösung", <i>Keltische Forschungen</i> 3 (2008), 221-244.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noreia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Healy (1978) 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchwald_2005_124-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buchwald_2005_124_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchwald (2005) 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchwald (2005) 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Healy (1978) 236</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noreia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noreia.at/Mam.html">www.noreia.at: Noreia - Research, history, and mythology</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218015949/http://noreia-norici.at/">www.noreia-norici.at</a> Gottfried Wernig, A-9341 Strassburg.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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