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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suyab</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suyab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%B1" title="Суяб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суяб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suyab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak-Beschim" title="Ak-Beschim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ak-Beschim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suyab" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="سوی‌آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوی‌آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suyab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%95%BC%EB%B8%8C" title="수야브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수야브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suyab" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%B1" title="Суяб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Суяб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Суйаб – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суйаб" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujabas" title="Sujabas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sujabas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Suyab" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak-Besjim" title="Ak-Besjim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ak-Besjim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96" title="スイアブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スイアブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqbeshim" title="Oqbeshim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oqbeshim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiabe" title="Suiabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suiabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%B1" title="Суяб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суяб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujab" title="Sujab – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sujab" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%B1" title="Суяб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Суяб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suyab" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%B1" title="Суяб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суяб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="سۇياب – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇياب" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%8E%E8%91%89%E5%9F%8E" title="碎葉城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碎葉城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="View the content page [c]" 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Suyab&params=42_48_18.8_N_75_11_59.6_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°48′18.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°11′59.6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.805222°N 75.199889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.805222; 75.199889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">5th–11th-century Silk Road city in modern Kyrgyzstan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Suyab</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg/220px-BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg/330px-BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="323" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Suyab is located in Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Suyab is located in Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.44%;left:53.447%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Suyab"><img alt="Suyab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Kyrgyzstan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kyrgyzstan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suyab is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Suyab is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/250px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/375px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/500px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.891%;left:89.618%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Suyab"><img alt="Suyab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Suyab (West and Central Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Ordukent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region" title="Chüy Region">Chüy Region</a>, Kyrgyzstan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Suyab&params=42_48_18.8_N_75_11_59.6_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°48′18.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°11′59.6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.805222°N 75.199889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.805222; 75.199889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">5-6th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">11th century</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">In ruins</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Suyab</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سوی آب</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">碎葉</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">碎叶</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Suìyè</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Sui<sup>4</sup>-yeh<sup>4</sup></span></i> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: /suʌiH jiᴇp̚/), also known as <i>Ordukent</i> (modern-day <i>Ak-Beshim</i>), was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> city located some 50 km east from <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, and 8 km west southwest from <a href="/wiki/Tokmok" title="Tokmok">Tokmok</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(river)" title="Chu (river)">Chu</a> river valley, present-day <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. The ruins of this city, along with other acheological sites associated with the Silk Road, was inscribed in 2014 on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang%27an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor</a> World Heritage Site.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suyab&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdian</a> merchants sprang up along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in the 5th or 6th centuries. The name of the city derives from that of the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(river)" title="Chu (river)">Suyab River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Suyab_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suyab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose origin is Iranian (in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <i>suy</i> means "toward"+ <i>ab</i> for "water", "rivers").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first recorded by Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> who traveled in the area in 629:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><i>Traveling 500 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a> to the north west of Great Qing Lake, we arrive at the city of the Suye River. The city is 6 or 7 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a> in circuit; various Hu ("barbarian") merchants here came from surrounding nations congregate and dwell. The soil is favorable for red millet and for grapes; the woods are not thick, the climate is windy and cold; the people wear garments of twilled wool. Traveling from Suye westward, there are a great number of isolated towns; in each there is a chieftain; these are not dependent on one another, but all are in submission to the <a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></i>.</p></blockquote> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabgu_Qaghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tong Yabgu Qaghan">Tong Yabgu Qaghan</a>, Suyab was the principal capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> also had a summer capital in <a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a> near the springs north of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Talas_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Talas Valley">Talas Valley</a>, the capitals are being noted as the westernmost capital of Western Turkic Khaganate.<sup id="cite_ref-Tong_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tong-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a sort of <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a>, with the Sogdians responsible for economical prosperity and the <a href="/wiki/Gokturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturks">Gokturks</a> in charge of the city's military security. </p><p>Following the downfall of the khaganate, Suyab was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, of which it was a western military outpost between 648 and 719. A Chinese fortress was built there in 679, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> flourished. According to some accounts, the great poet <a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (Li Po) was born in Suyab.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese traveler <a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a>, who visited Suyab in 751, found among the ruins a still-functioning Buddhist monastery, where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princess_Jiaohe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princess Jiaohe (page does not exist)">Princess Jiaohe</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huaidao" title="Ashina Huaidao">Ashina Huaidao</a>, used to dwell.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suyab was one of the Four Garrisons of <a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a> until 719, when it was handed over to <a href="/wiki/Sulu_khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu khan">Sulu Khagan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turgesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgesh">Turgesh</a>, appointed by the Tang court as the "Loyal and Obedient Qaghan".<sup id="cite_ref-Suyab_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suyab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Sulu's murder in 738, the town was promptly retaken by Tang Chinese forces, along with <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Talas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort was strategically important during the wars between the Tang dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>. In 766, the city fell to a <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Qarluq</a> ruler, allied with the nascent <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>. </p><p>Of the subsequent history of Suyab there is little record, especially after the Chinese evacuated the Four Garrisons in 787. <a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a> states that Suyab provided 80,000 warriors for the Qarluq army and that it was governed by a man known as "King of Heroes".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-Alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudud al-Alam">Hudud al-Alam</a>, completed in 983, lists Suyab as a city of 20,000 inhabitants. It is believed to have been supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a> in the early 11th century and was abandoned soon thereafter. </p><p>The area around Suyab briefly returned to China under the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> during the 18th century, but was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a> in 1864, along with <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a>. It became part of the Russian Empire's <a href="/wiki/Semirechye_Oblast" title="Semirechye Oblast">Semirechye Oblast</a>; following the completion of <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">national delimitation</a> in Soviet Central Asia in 1936, Suyab was assigned into the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_site">Archaeological site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suyab&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeological site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century the ruins at Ak-Beshim were erroneously identified with <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan">Kara-Khitans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Barthold" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Barthold">Wilhelm Barthold</a>, who visited the site in 1893–94, also lent his support to this identification.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although excavations started in 1938, it was not until the 1950s that it was determined that the site had been abandoned as early as the 11th century and therefore would not be identical with Balasagun, which had flourished until the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archaeological site of Suyab covers some 30 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>. As a testimony to Suyab's diverse and vibrant culture, the site encompasses remains of Chinese fortifications, Nestorian Christian churches, Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuaries</a>, and Turkic <a href="/wiki/Balbal_(kurgan_stelae)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balbal (kurgan stelae)">balbals</a>. The site is particularly rich in finds of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> statues and stelae.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from several Buddhist temples, there were a <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorian</a> church and cemetery from the 7th century, and probably also a 10th-century monastery with frescoes and inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur script">Uyghur scripts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suyab&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suyab&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suyab&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442/multiple=1&unique_number=1985">"Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 Apr</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Silk+Roads%3A+the+Routes+Network+of+Chang%27an-Tianshan+Corridor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1442%2Fmultiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuyab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suyab-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suyab_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suyab_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xue (1998), p. 136-140, 212-215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talaschu.org/index.php?ID=about,en">Transboundary Chu-Talas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ji (1985), p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ye. I. Lubo-Lesnichenko. <i>Svedeniya kitaiskikh pismennykh istochnikov o Suyabe (Gorodishche Ak-Beshim)</i>. [<i>Information of Chinese Written Sources about Suyab (Ak-Beshim)</i>]. // <i>Suyab Ak-Beshim</i>. St. Petersburg, 2002. Pages 115-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Soviet Encyclopaedia">Great Soviet Encyclopaedia</a>, 3rd ed. Article "Turkic Khaganate".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tong-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tong_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xue (1992), p. 284-285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhongguo fu li hui, Chung-kuo fu li hui. <i>China Reconstructs</i>. China Welfare Institute, 1989. Page 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forte A. <i>An Ancient Chinese Monastery Excavated in Kirgizia</i> // Central Asiatic Journal, 1994. Volume 38. No. 1. Pages 41-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cui (2005), p. 244-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zongzheng, Xue (1992), p. 596-597, 669</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zongzheng, Xue (1992), p. 686</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolle (1990), p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/2/200611/1129_336_40626.shtml">"葛剑雄：唐朝是中亚竞争的失败者(图)"</a>. <i>ifeng.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ifeng.com&rft.atitle=%E8%91%9B%E5%89%91%E9%9B%84%EF%BC%9A%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E8%80%85%28%E5%9B%BE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2F2%2F200611%2F1129_336_40626.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuyab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dy.163.com/v2/article/detail/F462BO9S05452OBQ.html">"1864年《勘分西北界约记》，失去44万平方公里，含此五大旅游胜地"</a>. 30 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1864%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8A%E5%8B%98%E5%88%86%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E7%95%8C%E7%BA%A6%E8%AE%B0%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%B1%E5%8E%BB44%E4%B8%87%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E5%90%AB%E6%AD%A4%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E8%83%9C%E5%9C%B0&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdy.163.com%2Fv2%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2FF462BO9S05452OBQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuyab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Бартольд В.В.</a> Отчет о поездке в Среднюю Азию с археологической целью ("report on an archaeological campaign in Central Asia"), collected writings, vol. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Г.Л. Семенов. Ак-Бешим и города Семиречья. // Проблемы политогенза кыргызской государственности. ("Ak-Beshi and the cities of Semirechya - problems of politogenesis in the Kyrgyz statehood") – Бишкек: АРХИ, 2003. – с. 218-222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Горячева В.Д., Перегудова С.Я. Буддийские памятники Киргизии ("Buddhist monuments of Kyrgyzstan"), pp. 187-188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyzlasov L.R. <i>Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya na gorodishche Ak-Beshim v 1953-54 gg.</i> [<i>Archaeological Exploration of Ak-Beshim in 1953-54.</i>]. // Proceedings of the Kama Archaeological Expedition. Vol. 2. Moscow, 1959. Pages 231-233.<br />Semyonov G.I. <i>Monastyrskoe vino Semirechya</i> [<i>The Wine of <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semirechye</a> Monasteries</i>]. // <i>Hermitage Readings in Memory of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Piotrovsky" title="Boris Piotrovsky">Boris Piotrovsky</a></i>. St. Petersburg, 1999. Pages 70-74.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suyab&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cui, Mingde (2005). <i>The History of Chinese Heqin</i>. Beijing: People's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-01-004828-2" title="Special:BookSources/7-01-004828-2">7-01-004828-2</a>.</li> <li>Nicolle, David (1990). <i>Attila and the Nomad Hordes</i>. Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-996-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-996-6">0-85045-996-6</a>.</li> <li>Ji, Xianlin(1985). <i>Journey to the West in the Great Tang Dynasty</i>. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press.</li> <li>Xue, Zongzheng (1998). <i>Anxi and Beiting Protectorates: A Research on Frontier Policy in Tang Dynasty's Western Boundary</i>. Harbin: Heilongjiang Education Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5316-2857-0" title="Special:BookSources/7-5316-2857-0">7-5316-2857-0</a>.</li> <li>Xue, Zongzheng (1992). <i>A History of Turks</i>. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5004-0432-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-5004-0432-8">7-5004-0432-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suyab&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tokmok.info/980-suyab-ili-gorodische-ak-beshim.html">Суяб или городище Ак-Бешим</a> ("Suyab, or the fortified settlement Ak-Beshim") <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Template:Göktürks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Template talk:Göktürks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Göktürks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Göktürks371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (552–581)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–630)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_Qaghan" title="Yami Qaghan">Yami Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibi_Khan" title="Shibi Khan">Shibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xichun" title="Ashina Xichun">Chulo Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illig_Qaghan" title="Illig Qaghan">Illig Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilibi_Khan" title="Qilibi Khan">Qilibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebi_Khan" title="Chebi Khan">Chebi Qaghan</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Jiesheshuai" title="Ashina Jiesheshuai">Ashina Jiesheshuai</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Funian" title="Ashina Funian">Ashina Funian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_She%27er" title="Ashina She'er">Ashina She'er</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Nishufu" title="Ashina Nishufu">Ashina Nishufu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Wenfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Wenfu (page does not exist)">Ashide Wenfu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Fengji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Fengji (page does not exist)">Ashide Fengji</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shibobi" title="Ashina Shibobi">Ashina Shibobi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–657)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tardu" title="Tardu">Tardu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshana_Qaghan" title="Heshana Qaghan">Heshana Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy_Yabghu_Khagan" title="Sy Yabghu Khagan">Sy Yabghu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Kulug_Shad" title="El Kulug Shad">El Kulug Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Irbis_Ishbara_Yabgu_Qaghan" title="Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan">Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Hallig</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bagha_Shad" title="Bagha Shad">Bagha Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ri_Shad" title="Böri Shad">Böri Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duzhi" title="Ashina Duzhi">Ashina Duzhi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuizi" title="Ashina Tuizi">Ashina Tuizi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (682–744)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan" title="Ilterish Qaghan">Ilterish Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inel_Qaghan" title="Inel Qaghan">Inel Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilg%C3%A4_Qa%C7%A7an" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilgä Qaǧan">Bilgä Qaǧan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoll%C4%B1g_Khagan" title="Yollıg Khagan">Yollıg Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengri_Qaghan" title="Tengri Qaghan">Tengri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutluk_Yabgu_Khagan" title="Kutluk Yabgu Khagan">Kutluk Yabgu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zmi%C5%9F_Khagan" title="Özmiş Khagan">Özmiş Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shi" title="Ashina Shi">Ashina Shi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duoxifu" title="Ashina Duoxifu">Ashina Duoxifu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kulun_Beg" title="Kulun Beg">Kulun Beg</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk" title="Tonyukuk">Tonyukuk</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Qutlu%C4%9F_S%C3%A4b%C3%A4g_Qatun" title="Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun">Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Bilga_Khatun" title="El Bilga Khatun">El Bilga Khatun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Kunling Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Mishe" title="Ashina Mishe">Ashina Mishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Yuanqing" title="Ashina Yuanqing">Ashina Yuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xian" title="Ashina Xian">Ashina Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Zhen" title="Ashina Zhen">Ashina Zhen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mengchi Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Buzhen" title="Ashina Buzhen">Ashina Buzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huseluo" title="Ashina Huseluo">Ashina Huseluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huaidao" title="Ashina Huaidao">Ashina Huaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashina_Xin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashina Xin (page does not exist)">Ashina Xin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a> (625-758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a> (665–870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb" title="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb">Shoroon Bumbagar tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turks in the Tang military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cl%C3%BC%C5%9F_system" title="Ülüş system">Ülüş system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk_inscriptions" title="Tonyukuk inscriptions">Tonyukuk inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongin_inscription" title="Ongin inscription">Ongin inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyn_Tamgan_Tarhan_inscription" title="Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription">Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_bodun" title="Qara bodun">Qara bodun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk wars<br /> and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gol-Zarriun" title="Battle of Gol-Zarriun">Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars">Göktürk–Persian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Perso-Turkic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_civil_war" title="Göktürk civil war">Göktürk civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang Eastern Turk campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang Western Turk campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Khitans#The_Li-Sun_rebellion_and_the_Turks" title="History of the Khitans">Li-Sun rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolchu" title="Battle of Bolchu">Battle of Bolchu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Bagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudun" title="Tudun">Tudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishad" title="Ishad">Ishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elteber" title="Elteber">Elteber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_family_tree" title="Göktürk family tree">Göktürk family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashide" title="Ashide">Ashide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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