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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biosfeer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosfeer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biosfeer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosfeer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vroegste_lewensvorme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroegste_lewensvorme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vroegste lewensvorme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroegste_lewensvorme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Galery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vroegste bekende lewensvorme</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 17 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A9" title="أقدم أشكال الحياة المعروفة – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أقدم أشكال الحياة المعروفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Πρωιμότερες γνωστές μορφές ζωής – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωιμότερες γνωστές μορφές ζωής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Earliest known life forms" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeras_formas_de_vida_conocidas" title="Primeras formas de vida conocidas – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primeras formas de vida conocidas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اولین شواهد حیات – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اولین شواهد حیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossiles_les_plus_anciens" title="Fossiles les plus anciens – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fossiles les plus anciens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B1%D6%87%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կյանքի ամենահին հայտնի ձևեր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կյանքի ամենահին հայտնի ձևեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentuk_kehidupan_paling_awal_yang_diketahui" title="Bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Байқалған ең ежелгі тіршілік формалары – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Байқалған ең ежелгі тіршілік формалары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentuk_kehidupan_paling_awal_yang_diketahui" title="Bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeiras_formas_de_vida_conhecidas" title="Primeiras formas de vida conhecidas – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeiras formas de vida conhecidas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cele_mai_timpurii_forme_de_via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Cele mai timpurii forme de viață – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cele mai timpurii forme de viață" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Самые ранние известные формы жизни – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самые ранние известные формы жизни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earliest known life forms" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yery%C3%BCz%C3%BCndeki_ilk_ya%C5%9Fam" title="Yeryüzündeki ilk yaşam – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeryüzündeki ilk yaşam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Найперші відомі форми життя – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Найперші відомі форми життя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%9F%A5%E6%9C%80%E5%8F%A4%E8%80%81%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="已知最古老的生命 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="已知最古老的生命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29572919#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&oldid=2430904" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Champagne_vent_white_smokers.jpg/260px-Champagne_vent_white_smokers.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Champagne_vent_white_smokers.jpg/390px-Champagne_vent_white_smokers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Champagne_vent_white_smokers.jpg/520px-Champagne_vent_white_smokers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Bewyse van moontlik die ouste <a href="/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe">lewensvorme</a> op <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">aarde</a> is ontdek in <a href="/wiki/Neerslag" title="Neerslag">neerslae</a> van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrotermiese_split&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrotermiese split (bladsy bestaan nie)">hidrotermiese splete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170301_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170301-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170301_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170301-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Die <b>vroegste bekende lewensvorme</b> op <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">aarde</a> is veronderstelde <a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">gefossileerde</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikro%C3%B6rganisme" title="Mikroörganisme">mikroörganismes</a> wat in <a href="/wiki/Neerslag" title="Neerslag">neerslae</a> van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrotermiese_split&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrotermiese split (bladsy bestaan nie)">hidrotermiese splete</a> ontdek is.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170301_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170301-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die vroegste tyd waarop <a href="/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe">lewensvorme</a> op aarde kon verskyn het, is minstens 3,77 miljard jaar gelede, moontlik so vroeg as 4,28 miljard<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170301_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170301-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of selfs 4,5 miljard jaar gelede<sup id="cite_ref-PHY-20180820_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHY-20180820-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20180820_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20180820-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – nie lank nadat <a href="/wiki/Oseaan" title="Oseaan">oseane</a> ontstaan het of die aarde 4,54 miljard jaar gelede gevorm het nie.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170301_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170301-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170301_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170301-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20170301_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20170301-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die vroegste "direkte" bewyse van lewe op aarde is die fossiele van <a href="/wiki/Mikro%C3%B6rganisme" title="Mikroörganisme">mikroörganismes</a> wat in 3,465 miljoen jaar oue <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilabara-kraton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilabara-kraton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Australiese rotse</a> aangetref word.<sup id="cite_ref-WU-20171218_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WU-20171218-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosfeer">Biosfeer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Biosfeer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biosfeer"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die aarde is tans die enigste plek in die <a href="/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal">heelal</a> waar sover bekend <a href="/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe">lewe</a> voorkom.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-1990_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alterman-2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alterman-2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die aarde se <a href="/wiki/Biosfeer" title="Biosfeer">biosfeer</a> strek tot minstens 19 km onder die aarde se oppervlak,<sup id="cite_ref-EA-20181211_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20181211-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA-20181211_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-20181211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TI-20181211_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TI-20181211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en tot minstens 76 km<sup id="cite_ref-SA-20191104_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-20191104-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> op in die <a href="/wiki/Aarde_se_atmosfeer" title="Aarde se atmosfeer">atmosfeer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SD-19980625-UG_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-19980625-UG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABM-20150112_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABM-20150112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en sluit grond, hidrotermiese splete en rotse in.<sup id="cite_ref-NC-20200402_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-20200402-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EA-20200402_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20200402-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verder is bevind die biosfeer strek tot 800 m onder die ys van <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20140820_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20140820-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FRB-20140820_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRB-20140820-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en sluit die diepste dele van die oseane in,<sup id="cite_ref-mariana_britannica_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariana_britannica-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tot rotse kilometers onder die seebodem.<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130314_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130314-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onder sekere toetstoestande is bevind lewensvorme kan <a href="/wiki/Panspermia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panspermia">in die vakuum van die buitenste ruimte oorleef</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dose_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dose-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horneck_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horneck-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die totale massa van die biosfeer word geraam op tot 4 biljoen (4 x 10<sup>12</sup>) ton <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AGCI-2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGCI-2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volgens een navorser kan ’n mens mikrobes oral aantref – "hulle is uiters aanpasbaar by toestande en oorleef waar ’n mens ook al is".<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van al die <a href="/wiki/Spesie" title="Spesie">spesies</a> lewenvorme wat al op aarde bestaan het, het meer as 5 miljard,<sup id="cite_ref-Book-Biology_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-Biology-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of meer as 99%, na raming <a href="/wiki/Uitsterwing" title="Uitsterwing">uitgesterf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sommige ramings van die huidige aantal spesies op aarde wissel van 10 miljoen tot 14 miljoen,<sup id="cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> waarvan sowat 1,2 miljoen aangeteken is en meer as 86 persent onbeskryf is.<sup id="cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoS-20110823-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ’n Wetenskaplike verslag van Mei 2016 raam egter dat daar tans ’n biljoen (10<sup>12</sup>) spesies op aarde is, waarvan net ’n duisendste van ’n persent beskryf is.<sup id="cite_ref-NSF-2016002_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-2016002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daarbenewens is daar ’n geraamde 10 kwintiljoen (10 x 10<sup>30</sup>) individuele <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virusse</a> (insluitende die verwante <a href="/wiki/Virus#Verdeling" title="Virus">virions</a>) op aarde; dit is die <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologiese</a> entiteit wat die volopste is,<sup id="cite_ref-NRM-2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRM-2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en sommige bioloë beskou hulle as lewensvorme.<sup id="cite_ref-SA-20080808_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-20080808-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar is meer individuele virusse as al die geraamde <a href="/wiki/Ster" title="Ster">sterre</a> in die heelal;<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20200415_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20200415-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en hulle is waarskynlik weer meer as die sandkorrels op al die aarde se strande.<sup id="cite_ref-SWIN-20020201_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWIN-20020201-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit is bekend dat sowat 200 virussoorte <a href="/wiki/Siekte" title="Siekte">siektes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mens" title="Mens">mense</a> veroorsaak.<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20200415_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20200415-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ander moontlike virusagtige vorme, sommige <a href="/wiki/Patogeen" title="Patogeen">siekteverwekkend</a>, wat ’n kleiner kans het om as lewend beskou te word en baie kleiner en moontlik primitiewer as virusse is, sluit in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viro%C3%AFed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroïed (bladsy bestaan nie)">viroïede</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viruso%C3%AFed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virusoïed (bladsy bestaan nie)">virusoïede</a> en <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MB-20190813_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MB-20190813-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="width: 484px; margin: 0 auto;background-color: white"> <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: white"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 202px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PIA23551-MarsRover-OldEarthFossilsStudied-20190819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PIA23551-MarsRover-OldEarthFossilsStudied-20190819.jpg/200px-PIA23551-MarsRover-OldEarthFossilsStudied-20190819.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PIA23551-MarsRover-OldEarthFossilsStudied-20190819.jpg/300px-PIA23551-MarsRover-OldEarthFossilsStudied-20190819.jpg 1.5x, 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codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm/NASA-MarsScienceTeams-StudyAncientLifeInAustralia.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Wetenskaplikes van <a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a> bestudeer vroegste bekende lewensvorme op aarde. </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vroegste_lewensvorme">Vroegste lewensvorme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroegste lewensvorme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Vroegste lewensvorme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die aarde is sowat 4,54 miljard jaar oud;<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1997_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die vroegste onbetwisbare bewys van lewe op aarde is van 3,5 miljard jaar gelede.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Origin2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar is bewys dat lewe reeds 4,5 miljoen jaar gelede kon begin het.<sup id="cite_ref-PHY-20180820_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHY-20180820-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20180820_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20180820-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Halobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/220px-Halobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prokarioot" title="Prokarioot">prokariotiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikro%C3%B6rganisme" title="Mikroörganisme">mikrobes</a>, is die eerste keer ontdek in ekstreme omgewings soos hidrotermiese splete.</figcaption></figure> <p>’n Verslag van Desember 2017 berig 3,465 miljard jaar oue rotse in Australië het eens mikroörganismes bevat; dit is die eerste "direkte" bewys van lewe op aarde.<sup id="cite_ref-WU-20171218_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WU-20171218-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ’n Publikasie van 2013 het die ontdekking aangekondig van <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiese_mat" title="Mikrobiese mat">mikrobiesemat</a>-<a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">fossiele</a> in 3,48 miljoen jaar oue <a href="/wiki/Sandsteen" title="Sandsteen">sandsteen</a> in Wes-Australië.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20131113_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20131113-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TG-20131113-JP_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-20131113-JP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bewyse van biogenetiese <a href="/wiki/Grafiet" title="Grafiet">grafiet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en moontlik <a href="/wiki/Stromatoliet" title="Stromatoliet">stromatoliete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160831_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160831-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20160922_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20160922-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is ontdek in 3,7 miljard jaar oue rotse in Suidwes-<a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a> en is in 2014 in die tydskrif <i>Nature</i> aangekondig. Moontlike "oorblyfsels van lewe" is in 4,1 miljard jaar oue rotse in Wes-Australië ontdek en in 2015 beskryf.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151019_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Porous_chondriteIDP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Porous_chondriteIDP.jpg/250px-Porous_chondriteIDP.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Porous_chondriteIDP.jpg/500px-Porous_chondriteIDP.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Volgens die teorie van <a href="/wiki/Panspermia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panspermia">panspermia</a> het lewe op aarde dalk gekom van biologiese materiaal wat deur <a href="/wiki/Ruimtestof" title="Ruimtestof">ruimtestof</a><sup id="cite_ref-ARX-20171106_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARX-20171106-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Meteoriet" title="Meteoriet">meteoriete</a> hierheen gebring is.<sup id="cite_ref-SA-20180110_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-20180110-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In ’n studie van 2016 is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die <a href="/wiki/Mees_onlangse_gemeenskaplike_voorsaat" title="Mees onlangse gemeenskaplike voorsaat">mees onlangse universele gemeenskaplike voorsaat</a> 3,5 miljard tot 3,8 miljard jaar gelede in <a href="/wiki/Diepsee" title="Diepsee">diepsese</a> hidrotermiese splete kon voorgekom het.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Maart 2017 is aangekondig dat gefossileerde mikroörganismes in neerslae van hidrotemiese splete in ’n antieke seebodem in die Nuvvuagittuq-gordel van <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, ontdek is. Dit kan tot 4,28 miljard oud wees en sal die vroegste bewys van lewe op aarde wees – dit beteken lewe het ontstaan feitlik onmiddellik ná die vorming van oseane 4,41 miljard jaar gelede.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170301_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170301-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20170301_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20170301-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sommige navorsers meen selfs lewe kon byna 4,5 miljoen jaar gelede begin het.<sup id="cite_ref-PHY-20180820_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHY-20180820-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20180820_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20180820-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die bioloog Stephen Blair Hedges meen: "As lewe relatief vinnig op aarde begin het . . . kan dit algemeen in die heelal wees."<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151019_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wat lewe op land betref, het wetenskaplikes in 2019 die ontdekking van ’n gefossileerde <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">fungus</a> met die naam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ourasphaira_giraldae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ourasphaira giraldae (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ourasphaira giraldae</a></i> in Noord-Kanada aangekondig; Dit kon volgens hulle ’n miljard jaar gelede op land gegroei het, lank voordat <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plante</a> op land voorgekom het.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190522_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190522-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20190522_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190522-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Julie 2018 het wetenskaplikes aangekondig die vroegste lewe op land kon <a href="/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie">bakterieë</a> van 3,22 miljard jaar gelede gewees het.<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20180723_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20180723-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mei 2017 is bewyse van mikrobiese lewe op land dalk gevind in 3,48 miljard jaar oue <a href="/w/index.php?title=Druipsteen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druipsteen (bladsy bestaan nie)">druipsteen</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Pilbara-kraton" title="Pilbara-kraton">Pilbara-kraton</a> van Wes-Australië.<sup id="cite_ref-PO-20170509_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PO-20170509-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EA-20190926_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20190926-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Januarie 2018 is in ’n studie bevind 4,5 miljard jaar oue meteoriete wat op aarde ontdek is, het vloeibare <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> bevat, asook prebiotiese komplekse organiese stowwe wat bestanddele vir lewe kan wees.<sup id="cite_ref-SA-20180110_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-20180110-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galery">Galery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Galery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Galery"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stromatoliete wat gevrom kon gewees het deur mikrobes wat wat na bo beweeg het om te verhoed dat dit deur sediment vesmoor word.[45]"><img alt="Stromatoliete wat gevrom kon gewees het deur mikrobes wat wat na bo beweeg het om te verhoed dat dit deur sediment vesmoor word.[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg/262px-Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg/394px-Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg/524px-Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stromatoliet" title="Stromatoliet">Stromatoliete</a> wat gevrom kon gewees het deur mikrobes wat wat na bo beweeg het om te verhoed dat dit deur <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> vesmoor word.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20160922_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20160922-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Stromatolites.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stromatoliete wat deur sianobakterieë agtergelaat is is een van die oudste fossiele van lewe op aarde."><img alt="Stromatoliete wat deur sianobakterieë agtergelaat is is een van die oudste fossiele van lewe op aarde." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpg/289px-Stromatolites.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpg/435px-Stromatolites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stromatoliete wat deur <a href="/wiki/Sianobakterie" title="Sianobakterie">sianobakterieë</a> agtergelaat is is een van die oudste fossiele van lewe op aarde.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Runzelmarken.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gekreukelde sedimentstrukture wat onder mikrobe-matte by getystreke gevorm is.[56]"><img alt="Gekreukelde sedimentstrukture wat onder mikrobe-matte by getystreke gevorm is.[56]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Runzelmarken.jpg/500px-Runzelmarken.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Runzelmarken.jpg/960px-Runzelmarken.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3332" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gekreukelde sedimentstrukture wat onder mikrobe-matte by getystreke gevorm is.<sup id="cite_ref-Porada2008_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porada2008-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie">Lewe op aarde</a></b></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sabaa_Nissan_Militiaman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="0,2 m. j. gelede Mense"><img alt="0,2 m. j. gelede Mense" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sabaa_Nissan_Militiaman.jpg/120px-Sabaa_Nissan_Militiaman.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sabaa_Nissan_Militiaman.jpg/250px-Sabaa_Nissan_Militiaman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Mens" title="Mens">0,2 m. j. gelede<br />Mense</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Oxalis-pes-caprae-16c-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="180 m. j. gelede Blomme"><img alt="180 m. j. gelede Blomme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oxalis-pes-caprae-16c-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/250px-Oxalis-pes-caprae-16c-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oxalis-pes-caprae-16c-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/330px-Oxalis-pes-caprae-16c-Zachi-Evenor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="1706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Blom" title="Blom">180 m. j. gelede<br />Blomme</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 66px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 64px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2-mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="200 m. j. gelede Soogdiere"><img alt="200 m. j. gelede Soogdiere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2-mirror.jpg/96px-Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2-mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2-mirror.jpg/144px-Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2-mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2-mirror.jpg/192px-Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2-mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Soogdier" title="Soogdier">200 m. j. gelede<br />Soogdiere</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:AlamosaurusDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="240 m. j. gelede Dinosourusse"><img alt="240 m. j. gelede Dinosourusse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AlamosaurusDB.jpg/168px-AlamosaurusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AlamosaurusDB.jpg/253px-AlamosaurusDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AlamosaurusDB.jpg/337px-AlamosaurusDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Dinosourus" title="Dinosourus">240 m. j. gelede<br />Dinosourusse</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3 500 m. j. gelede Suurstof"><img alt="3 500 m. j. gelede Suurstof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/180px-Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/269px-Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/359px-Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3755" data-file-height="2513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">3 500 m. j. gelede<br />Suurstof</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Halobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4 000 m. j. gelede Mikrobes"><img alt="4 000 m. j. gelede Mikrobes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/134px-Halobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/201px-Halobacteria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/268px-Halobacteria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Mikro%C3%B6rganisme" title="Mikroörganisme">4 000 m. j. gelede<br />Mikrobes</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4 410 m. j. gelede Water"><img alt="4 410 m. j. gelede Water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/180px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/270px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/360px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">4 410 m. j. gelede<br />Water</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4 540 m. j. gelede Aarde"><img alt="4 540 m. j. gelede Aarde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/120px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/180px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/240px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">4 540 m. j. gelede<br />Aarde</a></small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20170301-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170301_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170301_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170301_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170301_1-3">1,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFDodd2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dodd, Matthew S. (2 Maart 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/1/ppnature21377_Dodd_for%20Symplectic.pdf">"Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>543</b> (7643): 60–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.543...60D">2017Natur.543...60D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature21377">10.1038/nature21377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28252057">28252057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+early+life+in+Earth%27s+oldest+hydrothermal+vent+precipitates&rft.volume=543&rft.issue=7643&rft.pages=60-64&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28252057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature21377&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.543...60D&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F112179%2F1%2Fppnature21377_Dodd_for%2520Symplectic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20170301-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20170301_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20170301_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20170301_2-2">2,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zimmer, Carl (1 Maart 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html">"Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest"</a>. <i>New York Times</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104080331/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 4 Januarie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Maart</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientists+Say+Canadian+Bacteria+Fossils+May+Be+Earth%27s+Oldest&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHY-20180820-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PHY-20180820_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PHY-20180820_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PHY-20180820_3-2">3,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2018" class="citation web cs1">Staff (20 Augustus 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-08-timescale-evolution-life-earth.html">"A timescale for the origin and evolution of all of life on Earth"</a>. <i>Phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 Augustus</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=A+timescale+for+the+origin+and+evolution+of+all+of+life+on+Earth&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2018-08-timescale-evolution-life-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20180820-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20180820_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20180820_4-1">4,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20180820_4-2">4,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFBettsPutickClarkWilliams2018" class="citation journal cs1">Betts, Holly C.; Putick, Mark N.; Clark, James W.; Williams, Tom A.; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; Pisani, Davide (20 Augustus 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152910">"Integrated genomic and fossil evidence illuminates life's early evolution and eukaryote origin"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>2</b> (10): 1556–1562. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0644-x">10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152910">6152910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30127539">30127539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Integrated+genomic+and+fossil+evidence+illuminates+life%27s+early+evolution+and+eukaryote+origin&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1556-1562&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6152910%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30127539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0644-x&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Holly+C.&rft.au=Putick%2C+Mark+N.&rft.au=Clark%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Tom+A.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Philip+C.J.&rft.au=Pisani%2C+Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6152910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-20170301-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-20170301_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-20170301_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ghosh, Pallab (1 Maart 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39117523">"Earliest evidence of life on Earth 'found"</a>. <i>BBC News</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101054547/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39117523">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 1 Januarie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Maart</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Earliest+evidence+of+life+on+Earth+%27found&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Pallab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-39117523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WU-20171218-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WU-20171218_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WU-20171218_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFTyrell2017" class="citation web cs1">Tyrell, Kelly April (18 Desember 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wisc.edu/oldest-fossils-ever-found-show-life-on-earth-began-before-3-5-billion-years-ago/">"Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago"</a>. <i>University of Wisconsin–Madison</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Desember</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.atitle=Oldest+fossils+ever+found+show+life+on+Earth+began+before+3.5+billion+years+ago&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft.aulast=Tyrell&rft.aufirst=Kelly+April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wisc.edu%2Foldest-fossils-ever-found-show-life-on-earth-began-before-3-5-billion-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-2017_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-2017_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFSchopfKitajimaSpicuzzaKudryavtsev2017" class="citation journal cs1">Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5776830">"SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>115</b> (1): 53–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115...53S">2018PNAS..115...53S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1718063115">10.1073/pnas.1718063115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5776830">5776830</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255053">29255053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=SIMS+analyses+of+the+oldest+known+assemblage+of+microfossils+document+their+taxon-correlated+carbon+isotope+compositions&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-58&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5776830%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29255053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1718063115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115...53S&rft.aulast=Schopf&rft.aufirst=J.+William&rft.au=Kitajima%2C+Kouki&rft.au=Spicuzza%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Kudryavtsev%2C+Anatolly+B.&rft.au=Valley%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5776830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-1990-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-1990_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham1990" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Robert W. (Februarie 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148.pdf">"Extraterrestrial Life in the Universe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a></i> (NASA Technical Memorandum 102363). Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nasa&rft.atitle=Extraterrestrial+Life+in+the+Universe&rft.date=1990-02&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19900013148.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alterman-2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alterman-2009_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFAltermann2009" class="citation book cs1">Altermann, Wladyslaw (2009). "From Fossils to Astrobiology – A Roadmap to Fata Morgana?". In Seckbach, Joseph; Walsh, Maud (reds.). <i>From Fossils to Astrobiology: Records of Life on Earth and the Search for Extraterrestrial Biosignatures</i>. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 12. Dordrecht, Nederland; Londen: Springer Science+Business Media. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4020-8836-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4020-8836-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-8836-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LCCN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LCCN (identifier) (bladsy bestaan nie)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008933212">2008933212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Fossils+to+Astrobiology+%E2%80%93+A+Roadmap+to+Fata+Morgana%3F&rft.btitle=From+Fossils+to+Astrobiology%3A+Records+of+Life+on+Earth+and+the+Search+for+Extraterrestrial+Biosignatures&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Nederland%3B+Londen&rft.series=Cellular+Origin%2C+Life+in+Extreme+Habitats+and+Astrobiology&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008933212&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8836-0&rft.aulast=Altermann&rft.aufirst=Wladyslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-20181211-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EA-20181211_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFDeep_Carbon_Observatory2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deep Carbon Observatory (10 Desember 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/tca-lid120318.php">"Life in deep Earth totals 15 to 23 billion tons of carbon – hundreds of times more than humans – Deep Carbon Observatory collaborators, exploring the 'Galapagos of the deep,' add to what's known, unknown, and unknowable about Earth's most pristine ecosystem"</a>. <i>EurekAlert!</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610174104/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/tca-lid120318.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Desember</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&rft.atitle=Life+in+deep+Earth+totals+15+to+23+billion+tons+of+carbon+%E2%80%93+hundreds+of+times+more+than+humans+%E2%80%93+Deep+Carbon+Observatory+collaborators%2C+exploring+the+%27Galapagos+of+the+deep%2C%27+add+to+what%27s+known%2C+unknown%2C+and+unknowable+about+Earth%27s+most+pristine+ecosystem&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.au=Deep+Carbon+Observatory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2018-12%2Ftca-lid120318.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA-20181211-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SA-20181211_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFDockrill2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dockrill, Peter (11 Desember 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-lift-lid-on-massive-biosphere-of-life-hidden-under-earth-s-surface">"Scientists Reveal a Massive Biosphere of Life Hidden Under Earth's Surface"</a>. <i>Science Alert</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610115848/https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-lift-lid-on-massive-biosphere-of-life-hidden-under-earth-s-surface">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Desember</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Alert&rft.atitle=Scientists+Reveal+a+Massive+Biosphere+of+Life+Hidden+Under+Earth%27s+Surface&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Dockrill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2Fscientists-lift-lid-on-massive-biosphere-of-life-hidden-under-earth-s-surface&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TI-20181211-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TI-20181211_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFGabbatiss2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabbatiss, Josh (11 Desember 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209215458/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/deep-life-microbes-underground-bacteria-earth-surface-carbon-observatory-science-study-a8677521.html">"Massive 'deep life' study reveals billions of tonnes of microbes living far beneath Earth's surface"</a>. <i>The Independent</i> (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/deep-life-microbes-underground-bacteria-earth-surface-carbon-observatory-science-study-a8677521.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 9 Februarie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Desember</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Massive+%27deep+life%27+study+reveals+billions+of+tonnes+of+microbes+living+far+beneath+Earth%27s+surface&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Gabbatiss&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fdeep-life-microbes-underground-bacteria-earth-surface-carbon-observatory-science-study-a8677521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA-20191104-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SA-20191104_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFLoeb2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Loeb, Abraham (4 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/did-life-from-earth-escape-the-solar-system-eons-ago/">"Did Life from Earth Escape the Solar System Eons Ago? – There's no proof that it happene – but it's not impossible"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527223504/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/did-life-from-earth-escape-the-solar-system-eons-ago/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Did+Life+from+Earth+Escape+the+Solar+System+Eons+Ago%3F+%E2%80%93+There%27s+no+proof+that+it+happene+%E2%80%93+but+it%27s+not+impossible&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.aulast=Loeb&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fobservations%2Fdid-life-from-earth-escape-the-solar-system-eons-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SD-19980625-UG-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SD-19980625-UG_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Georgia1998" class="citation web cs1">University of Georgia (25 Augustus 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/08/980825080732.htm">"First-Ever Scientific Estimate Of Total Bacteria On Earth Shows Far Greater Numbers Than Ever Known Before"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=First-Ever+Scientific+Estimate+Of+Total+Bacteria+On+Earth+Shows+Far+Greater+Numbers+Than+Ever+Known+Before&rft.date=1998-08-25&rft.au=University+of+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F1998%2F08%2F980825080732.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABM-20150112-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ABM-20150112_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFHadhazy2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hadhazy, Adam (12 Januarie 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/extreme-life/life-might-thrive-dozen-miles-beneath-earths-surface/">"Life Might Thrive a Dozen Miles Beneath Earth's Surface"</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125915/https://www.astrobio.net/extreme-life/life-might-thrive-dozen-miles-beneath-earths-surface/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Augustus 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Maart</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Life+Might+Thrive+a+Dozen+Miles+Beneath+Earth%27s+Surface&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.aulast=Hadhazy&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fextreme-life%2Flife-might-thrive-dozen-miles-beneath-earths-surface%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NC-20200402-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NC-20200402_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki,_Yohey2020" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki, Yohey (2 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118141">"Deep microbial proliferation at the basalt interface in 33.5–104 million-year-old oceanic crust"</a>. <i>Communications Biology</i>. <b>3</b> (136): 136. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-020-0860-1">10.1038/s42003-020-0860-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118141">7118141</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32242062">32242062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.atitle=Deep+microbial+proliferation+at+the+basalt+interface+in+33.5%E2%80%93104+million-year-old+oceanic+crust&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=136&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7118141%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32242062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42003-020-0860-1&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Yohey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7118141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-20200402-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EA-20200402_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Tokyo2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">University of Tokyo (2 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uot-dol033020.php">"Discovery of life in solid rock deep beneath sea may inspire new search for life on Mars – Bacteria live in tiny clay-filled cracks in solid rock millions of years old"</a>. <i>EurekAlert!</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515042559/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uot-dol033020.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+life+in+solid+rock+deep+beneath+sea+may+inspire+new+search+for+life+on+Mars+%E2%80%93+Bacteria+live+in+tiny+clay-filled+cracks+in+solid+rock+millions+of+years+old&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft.au=University+of+Tokyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2020-04%2Fuot-dol033020.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20140820-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20140820_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFFox2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Douglas (20 Augustus 2014). "Lakes under the ice: Antarctica's secret garden". <i>Nature</i>. <b>512</b> (7514): 244–246. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.512..244F">2014Natur.512..244F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F512244a">10.1038/512244a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25143097">25143097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lakes+under+the+ice%3A+Antarctica%27s+secret+garden&rft.volume=512&rft.issue=7514&rft.pages=244-246&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25143097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F512244a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.512..244F&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRB-20140820-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FRB-20140820_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFMack2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mack, Eric (20 Augustus 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2014/08/20/life-confirmed-under-antarctic-ice-is-space-next/">"Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next?"</a>. <i>Forbes</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222005517/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2014/08/20/life-confirmed-under-antarctic-ice-is-space-next/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 Desember 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">21 Augustus</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Life+Confirmed+Under+Antarctic+Ice%3B+Is+Space+Next%3F&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fericmack%2F2014%2F08%2F20%2Flife-confirmed-under-antarctic-ice-is-space-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mariana_britannica-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mariana_britannica_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/place/Pacific-Ocean">Mariana Trench</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.title=Mariana+Trench&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPacific-Ocean&rft.source=%5B%5BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D&rft.publisher=%5B%5BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D"> </span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-20130317-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20130317_21-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20130317_21-1">21,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20130317_21-2">21,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Choi, Charles Q. (17 Maart 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html">"Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth"</a>. <i>LiveScience</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513234554/https://www.livescience.com/27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 13 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 Maart</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveScience&rft.atitle=Microbes+Thrive+in+Deepest+Spot+on+Earth&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-20130314-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20130314_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFOskin2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oskin, Becky (14 Maart 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html">"Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor"</a>. <i>LiveScience</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527054105/https://www.livescience.com/27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 Maart</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveScience&rft.atitle=Intraterrestrials%3A+Life+Thrives+in+Ocean+Floor&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Oskin&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dose-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dose_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFDoseBieger-DoseDillmannGill1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dose, K.; Bieger-Dose, A.; Dillmann, R.; Gill, M.; Kerz, O.; Klein, A.; Meinert, H.; Nawroth, T.; Risi, S.; Stridde, C. (1995). "ERA-experiment "space biochemistry"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Advances in Space Research</i>. <b>16</b> (8): 119–129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AdSpR..16..119D">1995AdSpR..16..119D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0273-1177%2895%2900280-R">10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11542696">11542696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=ERA-experiment+%22space+biochemistry%22&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=119-129&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11542696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0273-1177%2895%2900280-R&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995AdSpR..16..119D&rft.aulast=Dose&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Bieger-Dose%2C+A.&rft.au=Dillmann%2C+R.&rft.au=Gill%2C+M.&rft.au=Kerz%2C+O.&rft.au=Klein%2C+A.&rft.au=Meinert%2C+H.&rft.au=Nawroth%2C+T.&rft.au=Risi%2C+S.&rft.au=Stridde%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horneck-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Horneck_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFHorneck_G.Eschweiler,_U.Reitz,_G.Wehner,_J.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Horneck G.; Eschweiler, U.; Reitz, G.; Wehner, J.; Willimek, R.; Strauch, K. (1995). "Biological responses to space: results of the experiment "Exobiological Unit" of ERA on EURECA I". <i>Adv. Space Res</i>. <b>16</b> (8): 105–118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AdSpR..16..105H">1995AdSpR..16..105H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0273-1177%2895%2900279-N">10.1016/0273-1177(95)00279-N</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11542695">11542695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adv.+Space+Res.&rft.atitle=Biological+responses+to+space%3A+results+of+the+experiment+%22Exobiological+Unit%22+of+ERA+on+EURECA+I&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=105-118&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11542695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0273-1177%2895%2900279-N&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995AdSpR..16..105H&rft.au=Horneck+G.&rft.au=Eschweiler%2C+U.&rft.au=Reitz%2C+G.&rft.au=Wehner%2C+J.&rft.au=Willimek%2C+R.&rft.au=Strauch%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGCI-2015-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AGCI-2015_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agci.org/classroom/biosphere/index.php">"The Biosphere: Diversity of Life"</a>. <i>Aspen Global Change Institute</i> (in Engels). Basalt, CO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224194748/http://www.agci.org/classroom/biosphere/index.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 Desember 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 Julie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aspen+Global+Change+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Biosphere%3A+Diversity+of+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agci.org%2Fclassroom%2Fbiosphere%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book-Biology-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Book-Biology_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFKunin,_W.E.Gaston,_Kevin1996" class="citation book cs1">Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, reds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq#v=onepage"><i>The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare – common differences</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0412633805" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0412633805"><bdi>978-0412633805</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">26 Mei</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity%3A+Causes+and+consequences+of+rare+%E2%80%93+common+differences&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0412633805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LHnCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110%26lpg%3DPA110%26dq%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFStearnsStearnsStearns2000" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S. C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent#v=onepage"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. preface x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-300-08469-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-300-08469-6"><bdi>978-0-300-08469-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">30 Mei</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.pages=preface+x&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08469-6&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&rft.au=Stearns%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BHeC-tXIB4C%26q%3D99%2520percent%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFNovacek2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">"Prehistory's Brilliant Future"</a>. <i>New York Times</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611200207/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Desember</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prehistory%27s+Brilliant+Future&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft.aulast=Novacek&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fprehistorys-brilliant-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFG._MillerScott_Spoolman2012" class="citation book cs1">G. Miller; Scott Spoolman (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62"><i>Environmental Science – Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-133-70787-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-133-70787-5"><bdi>978-1-133-70787-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Desember</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Science+%E2%80%93+Biodiversity+Is+a+Crucial+Part+of+the+Earth%27s+Natural+Capital&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-133-70787-5&rft.au=G.+Miller&rft.au=Scott+Spoolman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYEJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLoS-20110823-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFMoraTittensorAdlSimpson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 Augustus 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">"How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (8): e1001127. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">3160336</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886479">21886479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=How+many+species+are+there+on+Earth+and+in+the+ocean%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1001127&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21886479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Tittensor%2C+D.P.&rft.au=Adl%2C+S.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+A.G.&rft.au=Worm%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF-2016002-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NSF-2016002_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staff (2 Mei 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446">"Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species"</a>. <i>National Science Foundation</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610223839/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 Mei</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft.atitle=Researchers+find+that+Earth+may+be+home+to+1+trillion+species&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D138446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRM-2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NRM-2005_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsRohwer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards RA, Rohwer F (Junie 2005). "Viral metagenomics". <i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i>. <b>3</b> (6): 504–10. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1163">10.1038/nrmicro1163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15886693">15886693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Viral+metagenomics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=504-10&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1163&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15886693&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Rohwer%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA-20080808-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SA-20080808_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFVillarreal2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villarreal, Luis P. (8 Augustus 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-viruses-alive-2004/">"Are Viruses Alive? - Although viruses challenge our concept of what "living" means, they are vital members of the web of life"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610130838/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-viruses-alive-2004/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Are+Viruses+Alive%3F+-+Although+viruses+challenge+our+concept+of+what+%22living%22+means%2C+they+are+vital+members+of+the+web+of+life&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Villarreal&rft.aufirst=Luis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fare-viruses-alive-2004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20200415-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20200415_34-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20200415_34-1">34,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFWu2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wu, Katherine J. (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/factors-allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus/">"There are more viruses than stars in the universe. Why do only some infect us? - More than a quadrillion quadrillion individual viruses exist on Earth, but most are not poised to hop into humans. Can we find the ones that are?"</a>. <i>National Geographic Society</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528154701/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/factors-allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 28 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=There+are+more+viruses+than+stars+in+the+universe.+Why+do+only+some+infect+us%3F+-+More+than+a+quadrillion+quadrillion+individual+viruses+exist+on+Earth%2C+but+most+are+not+poised+to+hop+into+humans.+Can+we+find+the+ones+that+are%3F&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Katherine+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2F2020%2F04%2Ffactors-allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWIN-20020201-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SWIN-20020201_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFMackie2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mackie, Glen (1 Februarie 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html">"To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand"</a>. <i>Swinburne University of Technology</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426104818/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 26 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swinburne+University+of+Technology&rft.atitle=To+see+the+Universe+in+a+Grain+of+Taranaki+Sand&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastronomy.swin.edu.au%2F~gmackie%2Fbillions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MB-20190813-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MB-20190813_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staff (13 Augustus 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@nehamicrobio83/difference-among-virus-virion-viroid-virusoid-and-prion-a01f22f06825">"Difference among virus, virion, viroid, virusoid and prion"</a>. <i>Microbiology Easy Notes</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612024400/https://medium.com/@nehamicrobio83/difference-among-virus-virion-viroid-virusoid-and-prion-a01f22f06825">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+Easy+Notes&rft.atitle=Difference+among+virus%2C+virion%2C+viroid%2C+virusoid+and+prion&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40nehamicrobio83%2Fdifference-among-virus-virion-viroid-virusoid-and-prion-a01f22f06825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS1997-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS1997_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">"Age of the Earth"</a>. <i>United States Geological Survey</i> (in Engels). 9 Julie 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613084247/https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 13 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">10 Januarie</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Age+of+the+Earth&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fgeotime%2Fage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". <i>Special Publications, Geological Society of London</i>. <b>190</b> (1): 205–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GSLSP.190..205D">2001GSLSP.190..205D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14">10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Publications%2C+Geological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Earth+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+a+problem+%28mostly%29+solved&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205-221&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GSLSP.190..205D&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Origin1_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFSchopfKudryavtsevCzajaTripathi2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._William_Schopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. William Schopf (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schopf, J. William</a>; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (5 Oktober 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". <i>Precambrian Research</i>. <b>158</b> (3–4): 141–155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PreR..158..141S">2007PreR..158..141S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.009">10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0301-9268">0301-9268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Precambrian+Research&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Archean+life%3A+Stromatolites+and+microfossils&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=141-155&rft.date=2007-10-05&rft.issn=0301-9268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PreR..158..141S&rft.aulast=Schopf&rft.aufirst=J.+William&rft.au=Kudryavtsev%2C+Anatoliy+B.&rft.au=Czaja%2C+Andrew+D.&rft.au=Tripathi%2C+Abhishek+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Origin2_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFSchopf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schopf, J. William (29 Junie 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578735">"Fossil evidence of Archaean life"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>361</b> (1470): 869–885. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1834">10.1098/rstb.2006.1834</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578735">1578735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754604">16754604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Fossil+evidence+of+Archaean+life&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=1470&rft.pages=869-885&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1578735%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16754604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1834&rft.aulast=Schopf&rft.aufirst=J.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1578735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20131113-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20131113_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316195741/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html">"Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom"</a>. <i>Excite</i> (in Engels). Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 16 Maart 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Excite&rft.atitle=Oldest+fossil+found%3A+Meet+your+microbial+mom&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20131113%2FDAA1VSC01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG-20131113-JP-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TG-20131113-JP_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFPearlman2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pearlman, Jonathan (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10445788/Oldest-signs-of-life-on-Earth-found.html">"Oldest signs of life on Earth found"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (in Engels). Londen: Telegraph Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507045923/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10445788/Oldest-signs-of-life-on-Earth-found.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 Desember</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Oldest+signs+of+life+on+Earth+found&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Pearlman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F10445788%2FOldest-signs-of-life-on-Earth-found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20131208-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20131208_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFOhtomoKakegawaIshidaNagase2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (Januarie 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c293044eed458e8149a0d7c6dc8a34a9bbffc9d5">"Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks"</a>. <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 25–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatGe...7...25O">2014NatGe...7...25O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2025">10.1038/ngeo2025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+biogenic+graphite+in+early+Archaean+Isua+metasedimentary+rocks&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-28&rft.date=2014-01&rft.issn=1752-0894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo2025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatGe...7...25O&rft.aulast=Ohtomo&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft.au=Kakegawa%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Ishida%2C+Akizumi&rft.au=Nagase%2C+Toshiro&rft.au=Rosing%2C+Minik+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fc293044eed458e8149a0d7c6dc8a34a9bbffc9d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20160831-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20160831_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFWade2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wade, Nicholas (31 Augustus 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/science/oldest-fossils-on-earth.html">"World's Oldest Fossils Found in Greenland"</a>. <i>New York Times</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712140019/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/science/oldest-fossils-on-earth.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Julie 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">31 Augustus</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Fossils+Found+in+Greenland&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F01%2Fscience%2Foldest-fossils-on-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20160922-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20160922_45-0">45,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20160922_45-1">45,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFAllwood2016" class="citation journal cs1">Allwood, Abigail C. (22 September 2016). "Evidence of life in Earth's oldest rocks". <i>Nature</i>. <b>537</b> (7621): 500–5021. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature19429">10.1038/nature19429</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27580031">27580031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+life+in+Earth%27s+oldest+rocks&rft.volume=537&rft.issue=7621&rft.pages=500-5021&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature19429&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27580031&rft.aulast=Allwood&rft.aufirst=Abigail+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-20151019-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20151019_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFBellBoehnkeHarrisonMao2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Elizabeth; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; Mao, Wendy L. (24 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351">"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>112</b> (47): 14518–14521. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214518B">2015PNAS..11214518B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112">10.1073/pnas.1517557112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351">4664351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26483481">26483481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Potentially+biogenic+carbon+preserved+in+a+4.1+billion-year-old+zircon&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=14518-14521&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4664351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26483481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11214518B&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Boehnke%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Harrison%2C+T.+Mark&rft.au=Mao%2C+Wendy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4664351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARX-20171106-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ARX-20171106_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFBerera2017" class="citation journal cs1">Berera, Arjun (6 November 2017). "Space dust collisions as a planetary escape mechanism". <i>Astrobiology</i>. <b>17</b> (12): 1274–1282. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01895">1711.01895</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AsBio..17.1274B">2017AsBio..17.1274B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2017.1662">10.1089/ast.2017.1662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29148823">29148823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=Space+dust+collisions+as+a+planetary+escape+mechanism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1274-1282&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1711.01895&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29148823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2017.1662&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017AsBio..17.1274B&rft.aulast=Berera&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA-20180110-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SA-20180110_48-0">48,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SA-20180110_48-1">48,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Queenie H. S. et al. (10 Januarie 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5770164">"Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>4</b> (1, eaao3521): eaao3521. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciA....4O3521C">2018SciA....4O3521C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aao3521">10.1126/sciadv.aao3521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5770164">5770164</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29349297">29349297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Organic+matter+in+extraterrestrial+water-bearing+salt+crystals&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%2C+eaao3521&rft.pages=eaao3521&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5770164%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29349297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aao3521&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018SciA....4O3521C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5770164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissSousaMrnjavacNeukirchen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Madeline C.; Sousa, Filipa L.; Mrnjavac, Natalia; Neukirchen, Sinje; Roettger, Mayo; Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal; Martin, William F. (September 2016). "The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor". <i>Nature Microbiology</i>. <b>1</b> (9): 16116. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2016.116">10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2058-5276">2058-5276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27562259">27562259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+physiology+and+habitat+of+the+last+universal+common+ancestor&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=16116&rft.date=2016-09&rft.issn=2058-5276&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27562259&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2016.116&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Madeline+C.&rft.au=Sousa%2C+Filipa+L.&rft.au=Mrnjavac%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Neukirchen%2C+Sinje&rft.au=Roettger%2C+Mayo&rft.au=Nelson-Sathi%2C+Shijulal&rft.au=Martin%2C+William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20151019-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20151019_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borenstein, Seth (19 Oktober 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/e6be2537b4cd46ffb9c0585bae2b2e51">"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406013725/https://apnews.com/e6be2537b4cd46ffb9c0585bae2b2e51">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 Oktober</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Hints+of+life+on+what+was+thought+to+be+desolate+early+Earth&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fe6be2537b4cd46ffb9c0585bae2b2e51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20190522-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20190522_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zimmer, Carl (22 Mei 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/science/fungi-fossils-plants.html">"How Did Life Arrive on Land? A Billion-Year-Old Fungus May Hold Clues – A cache of microscopic fossils from the Arctic hints that fungi reached land long before plants"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323122253/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/science/fungi-fossils-plants.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Maart 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">23 Mei</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Did+Life+Arrive+on+Land%3F+A+Billion-Year-Old+Fungus+May+Hold+Clues+%E2%80%93+A+cache+of+microscopic+fossils+from+the+Arctic+hints+that+fungi+reached+land+long+before+plants.&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F22%2Fscience%2Ffungi-fossils-plants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20190522-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20190522_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFLoronFrançoisRainbirdTurner2019" class="citation journal cs1">Loron, Corentin C.; François, Camille; Rainbird, Robert H.; Turner, Elizabeth C.; Borensztajn, Stephan; Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (22 Mei 2019). "Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada". <i>Nature</i>. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. <b>570</b> (7760): 232–235. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.570..232L">2019Natur.570..232L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1217-0">10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31118507">31118507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Early+fungi+from+the+Proterozoic+era+in+Arctic+Canada&rft.volume=570&rft.issue=7760&rft.pages=232-235&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1217-0&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31118507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.570..232L&rft.aulast=Loron&rft.aufirst=Corentin+C.&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois%2C+Camille&rft.au=Rainbird%2C+Robert+H.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Elizabeth+C.&rft.au=Borensztajn%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Javaux%2C+Emmanuelle+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20180723-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20180723_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFHomann,_Martin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Homann, Martin; et al. (23 Julie 2018). "Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago". <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>11</b> (9): 665–671. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatGe..11..665H">2018NatGe..11..665H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-018-0190-9">10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Microbial+life+and+biogeochemical+cycling+on+land+3%2C220+million+years+ago&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=665-671&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-018-0190-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatGe..11..665H&rft.au=Homann%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PO-20170509-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PO-20170509_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2017" class="citation news cs1">Staff (9 Mei 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html">"Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48-billion-year-old Australian rocks"</a>. <i>Phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">13 Mei</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Oldest+evidence+of+life+on+land+found+in+3.48-billion-year-old+Australian+rocks&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-20190926-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EA-20190926_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_New_South_Wales2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">University of New South Wales (26 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-09/uons-eso092519.php">"Earliest signs of life: Scientists find microbial remains in ancient rocks"</a>. <i>EurekAlert!</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519022449/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-09/uons-eso092519.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&rft.atitle=Earliest+signs+of+life%3A+Scientists+find+microbial+remains+in+ancient+rocks&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.au=University+of+New+South+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2019-09%2Fuons-eso092519.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porada2008-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Porada2008_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFPorada_H.Ghergut_J.Bouougri_El_H.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Porada H.; Ghergut J.; Bouougri El H. (2008). "Kinneyia-Type Wrinkle Structures – Critical Review And Model Of Formation". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PALAIOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PALAIOS (bladsy bestaan nie)">PALAIOS</a></i>. <b>23</b> (2): 65–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Palai..23...65P">2008Palai..23...65P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2110%2Fpalo.2006.p06-095r">10.2110/palo.2006.p06-095r</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PALAIOS&rft.atitle=Kinneyia-Type+Wrinkle+Structures+%E2%80%93+Critical+Review+And+Model+Of+Formation.&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-77&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2110%2Fpalo.2006.p06-095r&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Palai..23...65P&rft.au=Porada+H.&rft.au=Ghergut+J.&rft.au=Bouougri+El+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVroegste+bekende+lewensvorme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skakels">Skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vroegste_bekende_lewensvorme&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715055239/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=1&src=0">Biota</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051222163318/http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/1.htm">Lewe</a> (Systema Naturae 2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14772">Vitae</a> (BioLib)</li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="species:Main Page">Wikispecies</a> – ’n gratis woordeboek van die lewe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=earliest+known+life+forms&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR9YXu36HbAhXyuFkKHXUFAmkQ_AUICigB&biw=1800&bih=961">Google Images: die vroegste bekende lewensvorme</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="102" /></a></span> Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik uit die <span class="plainlinks"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" class="extiw" title="en:Earliest known life forms">Engelse Wikipedia</a> vertaal.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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