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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Jumpaan_vitamin_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumpaan_vitamin_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jumpaan vitamin A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumpaan_vitamin_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setara_retinoids_dan_carotenoids_(IU)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setara_retinoids_dan_carotenoids_(IU)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Setara retinoids dan carotenoids (IU)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setara_retinoids_dan_carotenoids_(IU)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadangan_pengambilan_harian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadangan_pengambilan_harian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cadangan pengambilan harian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadangan_pengambilan_harian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_vitamin_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_vitamin_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sumber vitamin A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_vitamin_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungsi_metabolik_vitamin_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi_metabolik_vitamin_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fungsi metabolik vitamin A</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fungsi_metabolik_vitamin_A-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Fungsi metabolik vitamin A</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fungsi_metabolik_vitamin_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penglihatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penglihatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Penglihatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penglihatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan_gen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan_gen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pembentukan gen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan_gen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dermatologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dermatologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dermatologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dermatologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kekurangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kekurangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kekurangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kekurangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keracunan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keracunan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Keracunan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keracunan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bacaan lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vitamin A</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 87 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamien_A" title="Vitamien A – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vitamien A" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81" title="فيتامين ألف – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيتامين ألف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_vitamini" title="A vitamini – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="A vitamini" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2" title="ویتامین آ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویتامین آ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F" title="ভিটামিন এ – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিটামিন এ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina_A" title="Bitamina A – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bitamina A" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90" title="Витамин А – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витамин А" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C3%ADn_A" title="Vitamín A – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vitamín A" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitamin_A" title="Fitamin A – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fitamin A" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%AD" title="ވިޓަމިން އޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިޓަމިން އޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-vitamiin" title="A-vitamiin – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="A-vitamiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%91" title="Βιταμίνη Α – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιταμίνη Α" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamino_A" title="Vitamino A – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitamino A" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_bitamina" title="A bitamina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="A bitamina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2" title="ویتامین آ – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتامین آ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_vitamin" title="A vitamin – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="A vitamin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine_A" title="Vitamine A – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitamine A" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC_A" title="비타민 A – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비타민 A" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6_A" title="Վիտամին A – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիտամին A" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F" title="विटामिन ए – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विटामिन ए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-v%C3%ADtam%C3%ADn" title="A-vítamín – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="A-vítamín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_A" title="ויטמין A – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויטמין A" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಎ ಜೀವಸತ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎ ಜೀವಸತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_A" title="ვიტამინი A – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიტამინი A" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini_A" title="Vitamini A – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Vitamini A" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini_A" title="Vitamini A – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vitamini A" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminum_A" title="Vitaminum A – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitaminum A" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_vitam%C4%ABns" title="A vitamīns – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="A vitamīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminas_A" title="Vitaminas A – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vitaminas A" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/abumoi_mivytcuxu%27i" title="abumoi mivytcuxu'i – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="abumoi mivytcuxu'i" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-vitamin" title="A-vitamin – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A-vitamin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90" title="Витамин А – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витамин А" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%8E" title="ജീവകം എ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവകം എ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="अ-जीवनसत्त्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अ-जीवनसत्त्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_A" title="ვიტამინი A – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიტამინი A" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90" title="Витамин А – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Витамин А" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine_A" title="Vitamine A – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vitamine A" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F" title="भिटामिन ए – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भिटामिन ए" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3A" title="ビタミンA – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビタミンA" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%95" title="ଜୀବସାର କ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୀବସାର କ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%8F" title="ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਏ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ ਏ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%90" title="ويټامين اې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويټامين اې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witamina_A" title="Witamina A – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Witamina A" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_A" title="Витамин A – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витамин A" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_A" title="Vitamina A – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vitamina A" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_A" title="විටමින් A – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විටමින් A" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="وٽامن اي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وٽامن اي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C" title="ڤیتامین ئەی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیتامین ئەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90" title="Витамин А – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витамин А" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-vitamiini" title="A-vitamiini – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="A-vitamiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8F" title="உயிர்ச்சத்து ஏ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்ச்சத்து ஏ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="A витамины – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="A витамины" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E" title="విటమిన్ ఎ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విటమిన్ ఎ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="วิตามินเอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิตามินเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vitamin A" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_vitamini" title="A vitamini – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="A vitamini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_A" title="Витамин A – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Витамин A" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_A" title="Вітамін A – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітамін A" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81" title="حیاتین الف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتین الف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86_A" title="ۋىتامىن A – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىتامىن A" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamene_A" title="Vitamene A – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vitamene A" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina_A" title="Bitamina A – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bitamina A" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0A" title="维生素A – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维生素A" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BDA" title="維他命A – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維他命A" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0A" title="維生素A – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維生素A" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18225#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/All-trans-Retinol2.svg/540px-All-trans-Retinol2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/All-trans-Retinol2.svg/720px-All-trans-Retinol2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="141" /></a><figcaption>Struktur retinol, bentuk permakanan vitamin A paling biasa</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vitamin A</b> berkait dengan keluarga molekul yang mempunyai bentuk yang serupa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinoids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinoids (laman tidak wujud)">retinoids</a>, yang melengkapkan baki turutan vitamin. Bahagian pentingnya adalah kumpulan retinyl, yang boleh didapati dalam beberapa bentuk. Dalam makanan berasaskan sumber haiwan, bentuk utama vitamin A adalah bentuk jarang oktagon pastry <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a>, terutamanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinyl_palmitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinyl palmitate (laman tidak wujud)">retinyl palmitate</a>, yang ditukar kepada (<a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a>) <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a> dalam usus kecil. Vitamin A juga boleh wujud sebagai (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinal (laman tidak wujud)">retinal</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldehyde (laman tidak wujud)">aldehyde</a>, atau sebagai asid (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_retinoic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid retinoic (laman tidak wujud)">asid retinoic</a>). Awalan kepada vitamin (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provitamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provitamin (laman tidak wujud)">provitamin</a>) juga wujud dalam makanan berasaskan tumbuhan sebagai sebahagian ahli keluarga sebatian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carotenoid (laman tidak wujud)">carotenoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semua bentuk vitamin A memiliki cecincin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionone (laman tidak wujud)">beta-ionone</a> yang mana rantaian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoprene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoprene (laman tidak wujud)">isoprenoid</a> ditambat. Struktur ini penting bagi aktiviti vitamin.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pewarna kuning bata bagi <a href="/wiki/Lobak" title="Lobak">lobak</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-carotene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-carotene (laman tidak wujud)">beta-carotene</a> – boleh diwakili sebagai dua kumpulan retinyl bersambung, yang digunakan oleh badan bagi menyumbang kepada tahap Vitamin A. Kumpulan retinyl, apabila bergabung dengan protein khisus, merupakan satu-satunya penyerap cahaya utama dalam daya penglihatan (“visual perception”), dan nama sebatian berkait dengan <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> pada mata. Vitamin A boleh didapati dalam pelbagai bentuk: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a>, bentuk vitamin A yang diserap apabila memakan sumber makanan berasaskan haiwan, adalah <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> kuning, larut-lemak, yang penting bagi penglihatan dan pertumbuhan tulang. Oleh kerana bentuk alkohol adalah tidak stabil, vitamin ini biasanya dihasilkan dan diberikan dalam bentuk retinyl <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetate (laman tidak wujud)">acetate</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmitate (laman tidak wujud)">palmitate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">retinoid</a> lain, kelas sebatian kimia yang berkait secara kimia dengan vitamin A, digunakan dalam perubatan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jumpaan_vitamin_A">Jumpaan vitamin A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Jumpaan vitamin A" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jumpaan vitamin A"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jumpaan vitamin A mungkin bermula dari penyelidikan sejak 1906, yang menunjukkan bahawa factor lain selain <a href="/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">karbohidrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak">lemak</a> adalah perlu bagi mengekalkan kesihatan ternakan lembu..<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menjelang 1917 satu dari bahan ini dijumpai secara bebas oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_McCollum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elmer McCollum (laman tidak wujud)">Elmer McCollum</a> di Universiti Wisconsin–Madison, dan ahli kimia Lafayette Mendel dan Thomas Burr Osborne di <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Yale" title="Universiti Yale">Universiti Yale</a>. Oleh kerana "factor B larut-air " (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" title="Vitamin B">Vitamin B</a>) baru dijumpai, penyelidik memilih nama "factor A larut-lemak " (<b>vitamin A</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitamin A pertama kali disistesis pada 1947 oleh dua ahli kimia Belanda, David Adriaan van Dorp dan Jozef Ferdinand Arens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setara_retinoids_dan_carotenoids_(IU)"><span id="Setara_retinoids_dan_carotenoids_.28IU.29"></span>Setara retinoids dan carotenoids (IU)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Setara retinoids dan carotenoids (IU)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Setara retinoids dan carotenoids (IU)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oleh kerana sesetengah carotenoids boleh ditukar kepada vitamin A, cubaan telah dilakukan bagi menentukan jumlah dalam permakanan adalah sama dengan jumlah tertentu retinol, agar perbandingan boleh dilakukan mengenai kebaikan dalam makanan berbeza. Malangnya, keadaan mengelirukan kerana persamaan yang diterima telah bertukar. Untuk selama beberapa tahun, system persamaan yang telah digunakan di mana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_antarabangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unit antarabangsa (laman tidak wujud)">unit antarabangsa (“international unit – IU”)</a> bersamaan kepada 0.3 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrogram (laman tidak wujud)">μg</a> retinol, 0.6 μg β-carotene, atau 1.2 μg carotenoids provitamin-A yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemudian, unit yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Setanding_retinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Setanding retinol (laman tidak wujud)">setanding retinol (“retinol equivalent – RE”)</a> diperkenalkan. 1 RE bersamaan dengan 1 μg retinol, 2 μg β-carotene dilarutkan dalam minyak (sebagai pil tambahan), 6 μg β-carotene dalam makanan biasa (kerana ia tidak diserap sebaik pil tambahan), dan 12 μg samaada <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-carotene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-carotene (laman tidak wujud)">α-carotene</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-cryptoxanthin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-cryptoxanthin (laman tidak wujud)">β-cryptoxanthin</a> dalam makanan. </p><p>Bagaimanapun, penyelidikan lanjut menunjukkan bahaya penyerapan carotenoids provitamin-A hanya separuh dari apa yang difikirkan dahulu, dengan itu pada 2001 US “Institute of Medicine” mencadangkan unit baru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Setanding_aktiviti_retinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Setanding aktiviti retinol (laman tidak wujud)">setanding aktiviti retinol (“retinol activity equivalent – RAE”)</a>. 1 μg RAE bersamaan dengan 1 μg retinol, 2 μg of β-carotene dalam minyak, 12 μg beta-carotene "permakanan", atau 24 μg permakanan carotenoids provitamin-A yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bahan dan persekitaran kimianya </th> <th>Mikrogram setanding retinol per mikrogram bahan </th></tr> <tr> <td>retinol </td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-carotene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-carotene (laman tidak wujud)">beta-carotene</a>, larut dalam minyak </td> <td align="right">1/2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>beta-carotene, permakanan biasa </td> <td align="right">1/12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>alpha-carotene, permakanan biasa </td> <td align="right">1/24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>beta-cryptoxanthin, permakanan biasa </td> <td align="right">1/24 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Disebabkan penghasilan retinol melalui provitamins oleh badan manusia dikawal oleh jumlah retinol terdapat bagi badan, penukaran ini khusus hanya bagi manusia yang mengalami kekurangan vitamin A. Penyerapan provitamins juga sebahagian besarnya bergantung kepada jumlah lipid yang dimakan bersama provitamin; lipid meningkatkan penyerapan provitamin.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satu rumusan yang boleh diambil daripada penyelidikan baru adalah buah dan sayuran tidak begitu berkesan membekalkan vitamin A sebagaiman yang pernah difikirkan—dalam kata lain, Kandungan IU yang dilaporkan hanya bernilai separuh dari jumlah IU yang sama dalam tambahan larut-lemak. Ini adalah penting bagi <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabun_malam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabun malam (laman tidak wujud)">Rabun malam</a> boleh dihalang di negara di mana sedikit daging atau makanan ditambah vitamin A boleh didapati.) Contoh permakanan <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> bagi satu hari yang membekalkan vitamin A yang mencukupi telah diterbitkan oleh ’’Food and Nutrition Board ’’(muka surat 120<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Sebaliknya, nilai rujukan bagi retinol atau yang standing dengannya, yang diberikan oleh ’’National Academy of Sciences’’, telah berkurangan. RDA (bagi lelaki dewasa) pada 1968 adalah 5000 IU (1500 μg retinol). Pada 1974 RDA ditetapkan kepada 1000 RE (1000 μg retinol), di mana kini Dietary Reference Intake adalah 900 RAE (900 μg atau 3000 IU retinol). Ini bersamaan dengan 1800 μg β-carotene tambahan (3000 IU) atau 10800 μg β-carotene dalam makanan (18000 IU). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cadangan_pengambilan_harian">Cadangan pengambilan harian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Cadangan pengambilan harian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Cadangan pengambilan harian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Vitamin A</b> <br />Rujukan Pengambilan Permakanan<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kumpulan Tahap usia </th> <th><b>RDA</b>/AI* <p>μg/sehari </p> </th> <th>UL <p>μg/sehari </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bayi</b> <p>0–6 bulan<br />7–12 bulan </p> </td> <td><br />400*<br />500* </td> <td><br />600<br />600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kanak-kanak</b> <p>1–3 tahun<br />4–8 tahun </p> </td> <td><br />300<br />400 </td> <td><br />600<br />900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lelaki</b> <p>9–13 years<br />14–18 tahun<br />19 - >70 tahun </p> </td> <td><br />600<br />900<br />900 </td> <td><br />1700<br />2800<br />3000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Wanita</b> <p>9–13 years<br />14–18 tahun<br />19 - >70 tahun </p> </td> <td><br />600<br />700<br />700 </td> <td><br />1700<br />2800<br />3000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Hamil</b> <p><19 tahun<br />19 - >50 tahun </p> </td> <td><br />750<br />770 </td> <td><br />2800<br />3000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Menyusu</b> <p><19 tahun<br />19 - >50 tahun </p> </td> <td><br />1200<br />1300 </td> <td><br />2800<br />3000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowances<br /> AI* = Adequate Intakes<br /> UL = Upper Limit </p><p>(Ambil perhatian bahawa had merujuk kepada bentuk <a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">retinoid</a> sintatik dan semulajadi vitamin A. Bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carotene (laman tidak wujud)">Carotene</a> dari sumber permakanan tidak beracun.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Menurut Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, "RDA di set bagi memenuhi keperluan hampir kesemua (97 hingga 98 peratus) individual dalam kumpulan. Bagi bayi sihat menyusu, AI adalah pengambilan purata. AI bagi tahap usia lain dan kumpulan jantina dipercayai mencakupi keperluan kesemua individual dalam kumpulan, tetapi kekurangan data menghalang bagi menyatakan dengan yakin peratusan individu yang dirangkumi oleh pengambilan ini."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sumber_vitamin_A">Sumber vitamin A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber vitamin A" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber vitamin A"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vitamin A terdapat secara semulajadi dalam banyak jenis makanan: </p> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hati" title="Hati">hati</a> (lembu, babi, ayam, ayam belanda, ikan) (21649 μg/IU 433%)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubi_keledek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubi keledek">ubi keledek</a> (20870 μg/IU 417%)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobak_merah" title="Lobak merah">lobak</a> (16705 μg/IU 334%)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Daun <a href="/wiki/Brokoli" title="Brokoli">brokoli</a> (800 μg 89%) - Acc. to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/">USDA database</a>. Bunga brokoli kurang sedikit; lihat nota.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale" class="mw-disambig" title="Kale">kale</a> (681 μg 76%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentega" title="Mentega">mentega</a> (684 μg 76%)</li> <li>Bayam hijau (469 μg 52%)</li> <li>Sayur-sayuran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labu" title="Labu">Labu</a> (369 μg 41%)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collard_greens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collard greens (laman tidak wujud)">collard greens</a> (333 μg 37%)</li> <li>Tembikai madu (169 μg 19%)</li> <li>Telor (140 μg 16%)</li> <li>Aprikot (96 μg 11%)</li> <li>Betik (55 μg 6%)</li> <li>Mangga (38 μg 4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pea">pea</a> (38 μg 4%)</li> <li>Brokoli (31 μg 3%)</li> <li>Kundur ("winter squash")</li></ul> </div> <p>Nota: Nilai dalam kurungan adalah setara retinol dan peratusan bagi lelaki dewasa RDA ("Recommended Dietary Allowance") per 100g. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungsi_metabolik_vitamin_A">Fungsi metabolik vitamin A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Fungsi metabolik vitamin A" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fungsi metabolik vitamin A"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vitamin A memainkan peranan dalam pelbagai fungsi di seluruh tubuh, seperti: </p> <ul><li>Penglihatan</li> <li>Penyalinan Gen</li> <li>Fungsi imunisasi</li> <li>Perkembangan janin dan pembiakan</li> <li>Metabolis tulang</li> <li>Hematopoiesis</li> <li>Kesihatan kulit</li> <li>Aktiviti antioksidan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penglihatan">Penglihatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Penglihatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penglihatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peranan vitamin A dalam kitaran penglihatan adalah khusus berkait dengan bentuk retinal. Dalam mata, 11-<i>cis</i>-retinal terikat kepada rodopsin (rods) dan iodopsin (kon) pada sisa lysine kekal (“conserved lysine residues”). Apabila cahaya memasuki mata 11-<i>cis</i>-retinal menjadi isomerized kepada bentuk all-"trans". Retinal all-"trans" terpisah dari opsin dalam beberapa langkah berturutan yang dikenali sebagai pelunturan. <a href="/wiki/Isomerisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomerisasi">Isomerisasi</a> ini memicu isyarat saraf sepanjang saraf penglihatan kepada pusat penglihatan di otak. Apabila kitaran ini lengkap, retinal all-"trans" boleh dikitar dan ditukar kembali kepada bentuk retinal 11-"cis" melalui siri tindak balas enzim. Tambahan lagi, sesetengah retinal all-"trans" mungkin ditukar kepada bentuk retinol all-"trans" dan kemudiannya diangkut melalui protein pengikat- retinol (IRBP) ke sel epitelial pewarna. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esterifikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esterifikasi (laman tidak wujud)">Esterifikasi</a> lanjut kepada retinil esters all-"trans" membenarkan bentuk akhir ini disimpan dalam sel epitelial pewarna bagi digunakan semula apabila diperlukan.<sup id="cite_ref-Combs2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penukaran akhir retinal-11-<i>cis</i> akan mengikat kepada opsin bagi membentuk rhodopsin dalam retina. Rhodopsin diperlukan bagi melihat hitam dan putih dan juga bagi melihat waktu malam. Ini merupakan punca kekurangan vitamin A akan menghalang pembentukan rhodopsin dan mendorong kepada rabun malam.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuire2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuire2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembentukan_gen">Pembentukan gen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembentukan gen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembentukan gen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vitamin A, dalam bentuk asid retinoik, memainkan peranan penting dalam pembentukan gen. Apabila retinol telah diserap oleh sel, ia boleh dioksida kepada retinal (oleh retinol dehydrogenases) dan kemudian retinal boleh di oksida kepada asid retinoic (melalui retinal oxidase). Perubahan retinal kepada asid retinoic adalah langkah tidak boleh diundur, bererti penghasilan asid retinoic dikawal ketat, disebabkan aktivitinya sebagai ligand bagi penerima nuklear (“nuclear receptors”).<sup id="cite_ref-Combs2008_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asid retinoic mampu mengikat dua penerima nuklear bagi memulakan (atau mengekang) pembentukan gen: Penerima asid retinoic “(retinoic acid receptors – RAR”) atau penerima "X" retinoid (“retinoid "X" receptors –RXRs”). RAR dan RXR perlu dimerize sebelum ia mampu mengikat kepada DNA. RAR akan membentuk heterodimer dengan RXR (RAR-RXR), tetapi ia sukar membentuk homodimer (RAR-RAR). Sebaliknya, RXR mudah membentuk homodimer (RXR-RXR) dan akan membentuk heterodimer dengan kebanyakan penerima nuclear yang lain, termasuk penerima hormone thyroid (“thyroid hormone receptor - RXR-TR”), penerima Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> (RXR-VDR), penerima pengaktif-pengganda peroksisom ("peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - RXR-PPAR) dan penerima "X" hati (RXR-LXR).<sup id="cite_ref-Stipanuk2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stipanuk2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RAR-RXR heterodimer mengenali tindak balas asid retinoid unsur (RAREs) pada DNA manakala RXR-RXR homodimer mengenali tindak balas retinoid "X" unsur (RXREs) pada DNA. Heterodimers RXR yang lain akan mengikat pada pelbagai unsur tindak balas lain pada DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Combs2008_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apabila sahaja asid retinoic terikat pada penerima dan dimerization telah berlaku, penerima menjalani pertukaran pematuhan (“conformational change” yang menyebabkan sesama-pemendam (“co-repressors”) menyingkir daripada penerima. Rakan pengaktif kemudian boleh mengikat pada kompleks penerima, yang mungkin membantu melonggarkan struktur chromatin daripada histones atau mungkin bertindak balas dengan mesin transkripsi.<sup id="cite_ref-Stipanuk2006_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stipanuk2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penerima kemudiannya boleh mengikat pada unsure tindak balas pada DNA dan naikkawal (“upregulate”) atau turun kawal (“downregulate”) gambaran gen sasaran, seperti protin pengikat retinol selular (“cellular retinol-binding protein – CRBP”) termasuk juga gen yang mengkod bagi penerima itu sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-Combs2008_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dermatologi">Dermatologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Dermatologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dermatologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vitamin A kelihatannya berfungsi bagi mengekalkan kulit sihat normal. Mekanisma di belakang agen therepeutik retinoid dalam rawatan penyakit dermatologi sedang dikaji. Bagi rawatan jerawat, dadah yang paling berkesan adalah 13-cis asid retinoic (isotretinoin). Sungguhpun tindakan mekanismanya kekal tidak diketahui, ia satu-satunya retinoid yang mengurangkan saiz dan pengeluaran kelenjar sebum. Isotretinoin mengurangkan bilangan bacteria dalam kedua-dua liang dan permukaan kulit. Ini dipercayai terhasil akibat pengurangan sebum, sumber zat bagi bakteria. Isotretinoin mengurangkan keradangan dengan mengekang tindak balas chemotatic oleh monosit dan neutrophils.<sup id="cite_ref-Combs2008_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isotretinoin juga dibuktikan memulakan perubahan kelanjar sebum; memicu perubahan dalam penonjolan gen yang menyebabkan apoptosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isotretinoin merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teratogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teratogen (laman tidak wujud)">teratogen</a> dan kegunaanya terhad kepada penyeliaan perubatan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kekurangan">Kekurangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Kekurangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kekurangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kekurangan vitamin A dianggarkan menjejaskan jutaan kanak-kanak diseluruh dunia. Sekitar 250,000-500,000 kanak-kanak dinegara membangun menjadi buta setiap tahun akibat kekurangan vitamin A, dengan kejadian terbanyak di Asia Tenggara dan Afrika.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Badan Kesihatan Sedunia (“World Health Organization – WHO”), kekurangan vitamin A adalah terkawal di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>, tetapi di negara membangunkekurangan vitamin A adalah kebimbangan besar. Dengan kekurangan vitamin A yang meluas, WHO telah melaksanakan beberapa usaha bagi vitamin A tambahan bagi negara membangun. Sesetengah strategi ini termasuk pengambilan vitamin A melalui gabungan penyusuan, melalui permakanan, pengukuhan makanan, dan tambahan. Melalui usaha WHO dan rakan kongsinya, dianggarkan sekitar 1.25 juta kematian sejak 1998 di 40 negara akibat kekurangan vitamin A telah dihalang.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kekurangan vitamin A boleh berlaku sebagai kekurangan utama atau kedua. Kekurangan utama berlaku dikalangan dewasa dan kanak-kanak yang tidak mengambil sayuran hijau dan kuning yang mencukupi, buah, dan hati. Berhenti menyusu awal juga meningkatkan risiko kekurangan vitamin A. Kekurangan vitamin A kedua dikaitkan dengan kecacatan penyerapan kronik lipids, penghasilan dan pembebasan hempedu terencat, permakanan lemak rendah, dan pendedahan kronik kepada oksida, seperti asap rokok. Vitamin A merupakan vitamin larut-lemak dan bergantung kepada kelarutan micelar bagi pengagihan pada usus kecil, yang mengakibatkan penggunaan vitamin A rendah akibat permakanan rendah lemak. Kekurangan zink turut melemahkan penyerapan, pengangkutan, dan metabolis vitamin A kerana ia penting bagi pensistesis protein pengangkut vitamin A dan pengoksidaan retinol kepada retinal. Dikalangan penduduk kebuluran, pengambilan rendah vitamin A dan zinc meningkatkan risiko kekurangan vitamin A dan mendorong kepada kejadian physiologi teruk.<sup id="cite_ref-Combs2008_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kajian di <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> menunjukkan pengurangan besar kematian malaria dengan tambahan gabungan vitamin A dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinc (laman tidak wujud)">zinc</a> bagi kanak-kanak.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18237394_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18237394-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oleh kerana fungsi unik kumpulan retinyl adalah penyerapan cahaya dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protin_retinylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protin retinylidene (laman tidak wujud)">protin retinylidene</a>, salah satu tanda-tanda awal dan khusus bagi <a href="/wiki/Kekurangan_vitamin_A" title="Kekurangan vitamin A">kekurangan vitamin A</a> adalah penglihatan cacat, terutama dalam cahaya samara - <a href="/wiki/Retinol#penglihatan_malam_rabun_malam" title="Retinol">Retinol</a>. Kekurangan berkekalan menimbulkan siri perubahan, yang paling teruk pada mata. Sesetengah perubahan okular dirujuk sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerophthalmia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xerophthalmia (laman tidak wujud)">xerophthalmia</a>. </p><p>Oleh kerana fungsi unik kumpulan retinyl adalah penyerapan cahaya dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protin_retinylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protin retinylidene (laman tidak wujud)">protin retinylidene</a>, salah satu tanda-tanda awal dan khusus bagi <a href="/wiki/Kekurangan_vitamin_A" title="Kekurangan vitamin A">kekurangan vitamin A</a> adalah penglihatan cacat, terutama dalam cahaya samara - <a href="/wiki/Retinol#penglihatan_malam_rabun_malam" title="Retinol">Retinol#penglihatan malam rabun malam</a>. Kekurangan berkekalan menimbulkan siri perubahan, yang paling teruk pada mata. Sesetengah perubahan okular dirujuk sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerophthalmia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xerophthalmia (laman tidak wujud)">xerophthalmia</a>. Pertama sekali berlaku kekeringan pada conjunctiva (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xerosis (laman tidak wujud)">xerosis</a>) kerana lacrimal dan epithelium penghasir lendir normal kini diganti oleh keratinized epithelium. Ini diikuti dengan penebalan sisa keratin dalam kepingan lutcahaya kecil (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_Bitot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik Bitot (laman tidak wujud)">titik Bitot</a>) dan, akhirnya, hakisan pada permukaan kornel kasar dengan pelembutan dan kemusnahan kornea (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Keratomalacia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keratomalacia (laman tidak wujud)">keratomalacia</a>) dan buta sepenuhnya.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16513513_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16513513-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perubahan lain termasuk kecacatan daya ketahanan, hipokeratosis (ketulin putih pada helaian folik rambut), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keratosis_pilaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keratosis pilaris (laman tidak wujud)">keratosis pilaris</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous_metaplasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squamous metaplasia (laman tidak wujud)">squamous metaplasia</a> pada lapisan epithelium pada bahagian atas laluan pernafasan dan pundi kencing menjadi keratinized epithelium. Berkait dengan pergigian, kekurangan Vitamin A mendorong kepada enamel hypoplasia. </p><p>Bekalan Vitamin A yang mencukupi adalah penting terutama bagi wanita yang mengandung dan menyusukan anak, kerana kekurangan tidak boleh diganti dengan tambahan lepas lahir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Postnatal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postnatal (laman tidak wujud)">postnatal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keracunan">Keracunan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Keracunan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Keracunan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervitaminosis_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypervitaminosis A (laman tidak wujud)">Hypervitaminosis A</a></div> <p>Oleh kerana vitamin A adalah larut-lemak, menyingkir sebarang lebihan yang diambil melalui permakanan adalah lebih sukar berbanding vitamin B dan C yang larut-air. Oleh itu, keracunan vitamin A boleh terhasil. Ini boleh mendorong kepada mual, jaundise, resah, anorexia (jangan dikelirukan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorexia_nervosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anorexia nervosa (laman tidak wujud)">anorexia nervosa</a>, masalah permakanan), muntah, penglihatan kabur, sakit kepala, sakit otot dan perut dan lemah, mengantuk dan status mental berubah. </p><p>Keracunan akut biasanya berlaku pada dos 25,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International unit (laman tidak wujud)">IU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> dari berat badan, dengan keracunan kronik berlaku pada 4,000 IU/kg berat badan sehari bagi tempoh 6–15 bulan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagaimanapun, keracunan hati boleh berlaku pada tahap serendah 15,000 IU sehari sehingga 1.4 juta IU sehari, dengan purata harian dos keracunan pada 120,000 IU sehari. Bagi mereka dengan kegagalan ginjal 4000 IU mampu menyebabkan kerosakan teruk. Tambahan lagi pengambilan alkohol melampau boleh meningkatkan keracunan. Kanak-kanak boleh mencecah tahap keracunan pada 1500IU/kg dari berat badan.<sup id="cite_ref-Penniston2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penniston2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam kes kronik, kehilangan rambut, kulit kering, kekeringan selaput lendir, demam, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, lesu, kehilangan berat badan, keretakan tulang, anemia, dan cirit-birit boleh menjadi bukti selain tanda-tanda yang dikaitkan dengan keracunan tidak serious.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ianya telah dijangka bahawa 75% orang mungkin mengambil lebih dari yang disyorkan RDA untuk vitamin A pada kadar tetap di negara membangun. Pengambilan dua kali ganda RDA bagi vitamin A prabentuk secara kronik mungkin dikaitkan dengan osteoporosis dan keretakan tulang pinggul. Ini mungkin disebabkan fakta bahawa vitamin A melampau mampu menghalang tugas protein tertentu yang bergantung kepada vitamin K. Ini boleh secara hipotesis mengurangkan keberkesanan vitamin D, yang terbukti mempunyai peranan bagi menghalang osteoporosis dan juga bergantung kepada vitamin K bagi penggunaan yang betul<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pengambilan vitamin A yang tinggi telah dikaitkan dengan keretakan tulang tiba-tiba pada haiwan. Kajian struktur sel telah mengaitkan peningkatan semula tulang dengan pengambilan vitamin A yang tinggi. Interaksi ini muungkin berlaku kerana vitamin A dan D mungkin bersaing bagi penerima yang sama dan kemudian bertindak balas dengan hormon parathyroid yang mengawal kalsium.<sup id="cite_ref-Penniston2006_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penniston2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malah, kajian oleh Forsmo <i>et al.</i> menunjukkan kaitan antara kekurangan kepadatan mineral tulang adn pengambilan vitamin A yang terlampau banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsmo2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsmo2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kesan keracunan vitamin A telah ditunjukkan memberi kesan buruk kepada perkembangan fetus. Dos therapeutik yang digunakan bagi rawatan jerawat telah dibuktikan menjejaskan aktiviti saraf sel cephalic. Janin amat sensetif kepada keracunan vitamin A semasa tempoh organogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Combs2008_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keracunan ini hanya berlaku dengan vitamin A prabentuk (retinoid) (seperti dari hati). Bentuk carotenoid (seperti beta-carotene yang dijumpai pada lobak), tidak menunjukkan simptom sebegitu, tetapi permakanan berlebihan beta-carotene boleh mendorong kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carotenodermia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carotenodermia (laman tidak wujud)">carotenodermia</a>, yang menyebabkan perubahan warna kulit kepada kuning-bata-kuning.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15575851_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15575851-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9830271_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9830271-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16556283_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16556283-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penyelidik telah berjaya mencipta bentuk larut-air bagi vitamin A, yang mereka percaya mampu mengurangkan potensi keracunan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagaimanapun dalam kajian 2003 mendapati vitamin A larut-air adalah dianggarkan 10 kali ganda lebih beracun berbanding vitamin larut-lemak.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14668278_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14668278-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kajian 2006 mendapati bahawa kanak-kanak yang diberikan vitamin A dan D larut-air, yang biasanya larut-lemak, mengalami asthma dua kali ganda berbanding kumpulan kawalan yang mengambil vitamin larut-lemak.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17157660_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17157660-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dos tinggi Vitamin A yang kronik mampu menyebabkan sindrom "pseudotumor cerebri".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindrom ini termasuk sakit kepala, penglihatan kabur dan kekeliruan. Ia dikaitkan dengan peningkatan tekanan intraserebral.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_carotene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta carotene (laman tidak wujud)">Beta carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinoids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinoids (laman tidak wujud)">Retinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervitaminosis_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypervitaminosis A (laman tidak wujud)">Hypervitaminosis A</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-encyclo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolyn Berdanier. 1997. Advanced Nutrition Micronutrients. pp 22-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4x_Retinoid_Therapy.asp?sitearea=">American Cancer Society: Retinoid Therapy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovery-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFWolf2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf, George (2001-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780470015902/els/article/a0003419/current/html">"Discovery of Vitamin A"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Life Sciences</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpg.els.0003419">10.1038/npg.els.0003419</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2007-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+Vitamin+A&rft.date=2001-04-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpg.els.0003419&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrw.interscience.wiley.com%2Femrw%2F9780470015902%2Fels%2Farticle%2Fa0003419%2Fcurrent%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/SR20_doc.pdf">Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509200102/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/SR20_doc.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-05-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=USDA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USDA (laman tidak wujud)">USDA</a>, Feb. 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI//DRI_Vitamin_A/82-161_150.pdf">Chapter 4, Vitamin A</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529070947/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI//DRI_Vitamin_A/82-161_150.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-05-29 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10590">Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, hickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100320132058/http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10590">Diarkibkan</a> 2010-03-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Nutrition_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Food and Nutrition Board (laman tidak wujud)">Food and Nutrition Board</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Medicine (laman tidak wujud)">Institute of Medicine</a>, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NW Solomons, M Orozco. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthyeatingclub.org/APJCN/volume12/vol12.3/fullArticles/SolomonsVit.pdf">Alleviation of Vitamin A deficiency with palm fruit and its products</a></i>. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529070818/http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/webtablevitamins.pdf">"Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/webtablevitamins.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 2008-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2009-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes%3A+Vitamins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iom.edu%2FObject.File%2FMaster%2F7%2F296%2Fwebtablevitamins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/vitamin-A-sources.php">"Sources of vitamin A"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2007-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sources+of+vitamin+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitamins-supplements.org%2Fvitamin-A-sources.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminA#safety">"Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University: Vitamin A Safety"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2007-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+Pauling+Institute+at+Oregon+State+University%3A+Vitamin+A+Safety&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flpi.oregonstate.edu%2Finfocenter%2Fvitamins%2FvitaminA%23safety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine. National Academies. (2001) "Dietary Reference Intakes"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/pork-products/2195/2">http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/pork-products/2195/2</a> Pork liver, raw - USDA based nutrition data</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2383/2">http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2383/2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2672/2">http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2672/2</a> Carrot, raw - USDA based nutrition data</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The RAE value in the USDA data for broccoli leaves is similar to the IU value for broccoli florets, which implies rather improbably that the leaves have about 20 times as much beta-carotene. It is possible that there was an error in the table.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combs2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Combs2008_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combs2008_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combs2008_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combs2008_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combs2008_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combs2008_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combs2008_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCombs2008" class="citation book cs1">Combs, Gerald F. (2008). <i>The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health</i> (ed. 3rd). Burlington: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780121834937" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780121834937"><bdi>9780121834937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vitamins%3A+Fundamental+Aspects+in+Nutrition+and+Health&rft.place=Burlington&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780121834937&rft.aulast=Combs&rft.aufirst=Gerald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuire2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGuire2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2007" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, Michelle (2007). <i>Nutritional sciences: from fundamentals to food</i>. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0534537170" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0534537170"><bdi>0534537170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutritional+sciences%3A+from+fundamentals+to+food&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Thomson%2FWadsworth&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0534537170&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stipanuk2006-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stipanuk2006_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stipanuk2006_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStipanuk2006" class="citation book cs1">Stipanuk, Martha H. (2006). <i>Biochemical, Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition</i> (ed. 2nd). Philadelphia: Saunders. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978116002093" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978116002093"><bdi>978116002093</bdi></a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: length (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemical%2C+Physiological+and+Molecular+Aspects+of+Human+Nutrition&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Stipanuk&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2008_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, A. M. (2008). "Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mediates 13-<i>cis</i> retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of human sebaceous gland cells". <i>Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>118</b> (4): 1468–1478. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI33869">10.1172/JCI33869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Neutrophil+gelatinase-associated+lipocalin+mediates+13-cis+retinoic+acid-induced+apoptosis+of+human+sebaceous+gland+cells&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1468-1478&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI33869&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina.asp">"Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin A"</a>. <i>National Institute of Health</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2008-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Health&rft.atitle=Office+of+Dietary+Supplements.+Vitamin+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov%2Ffactsheets%2Fvitamina.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/vad/en/index.html">"Micronutrient Deficiencies-Vitamin A"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2008-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Micronutrient+Deficiencies-Vitamin+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnutrition%2Ftopics%2Fvad%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18237394-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18237394_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZeba_AN,_Sorgho_H,_Rouamba_N2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zeba AN, Sorgho H, Rouamba N; dll. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutritionj.com/content/7/1/7">"Major reduction of malaria morbidity with combined vitamin A and zinc supplementation in young children in Burkina Faso: a randomized double blind trial"</a>. <i>Nutr J</i>. <b>7</b>: 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2891-7-7">10.1186/1475-2891-7-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18237394">18237394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutr+J&rft.atitle=Major+reduction+of+malaria+morbidity+with+combined+vitamin+A+and+zinc+supplementation+in+young+children+in+Burkina+Faso%3A+a+randomized+double+blind+trial&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-2891-7-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18237394&rft.au=Zeba+AN%2C+Sorgho+H%2C+Rouamba+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nutritionj.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16513513-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16513513_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRoncone_DP2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roncone DP (2006). "Xerophthalmia secondary to alcohol-induced malnutrition". <i>Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.)</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 124–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.optm.2006.01.005">10.1016/j.optm.2006.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16513513">16513513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optometry+%28St.+Louis%2C+Mo.%29&rft.atitle=Xerophthalmia+secondary+to+alcohol-induced+malnutrition&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=124-33&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.optm.2006.01.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16513513&rft.au=Roncone+DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStrobel_M,_Tinz_J,_Biesalski_HK2007" class="citation journal cs1">Strobel M, Tinz J, Biesalski HK (2007). "The importance of beta-carotene as a source of vitamin A with special regard to pregnant and breastfeeding women". <i>Eur J Nutr</i>. 46 Suppl 1: I1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00394-007-1001-z">10.1007/s00394-007-1001-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17665093">17665093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Nutr&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+beta-carotene+as+a+source+of+vitamin+A+with+special+regard+to+pregnant+and+breastfeeding+women&rft.volume=46+Suppl+1&rft.pages=I1-20&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00394-007-1001-z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17665093&rft.au=Strobel+M%2C+Tinz+J%2C+Biesalski+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz_C,_Engel_U,_Kreienberg_R,_Biesalski_HK2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schulz C, Engel U, Kreienberg R, Biesalski HK (2007). "Vitamin A and beta-carotene supply of women with gemini or short birth intervals: a pilot study". <i>Eur J Nutr</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 12–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00394-006-0624-9">10.1007/s00394-006-0624-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17103079">17103079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Nutr&rft.atitle=Vitamin+A+and+beta-carotene+supply+of+women+with+gemini+or+short+birth+intervals%3A+a+pilot+study&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-20&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00394-006-0624-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17103079&rft.au=Schulz+C%2C+Engel+U%2C+Kreienberg+R%2C+Biesalski+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbloom" class="citation web cs1">Rosenbloom, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic638.htm">"Toxicity, Vitamin"</a>. <i>eMedicine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMedicine&rft.atitle=Toxicity%2C+Vitamin&rft.aulast=Rosenbloom&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicine.com%2Femerg%2Ftopic638.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameters: <code class="cs1-code">|accessyear=</code> dan <code class="cs1-code">|accessmonthday=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penniston2006-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penniston2006_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penniston2006_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPenniston2006" class="citation journal cs1">Penniston, Kristina L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/2/191">"The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (laman tidak wujud)">Am. J. Clin. Nutr.</a></i> <b>83</b> (2): 191–201. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469975">16469975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&rft.atitle=The+acute+and+chronic+toxic+effects+of+vitamin+A&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-201&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16469975&rft.aulast=Penniston&rft.aufirst=Kristina+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F83%2F2%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|day=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEledrisi" class="citation web cs1">Eledrisi, Mohsen S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2382.htm">"Vitamin A Toxicity"</a>. <i>eMedicine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMedicine&rft.atitle=Vitamin+A+Toxicity&rft.aulast=Eledrisi&rft.aufirst=Mohsen+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicine.com%2Fmed%2Ftopic2382.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameters: <code class="cs1-code">|accessyear=</code> dan <code class="cs1-code">|accessmonthday=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMasterjohn" class="citation web cs1">Masterjohn, C (Dec 4 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145139">"Vitamin D toxicity redefined: vitamin K and the molecular mechanism"</a>. <i>Medical Hypotheses</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+Hypotheses&rft.atitle=Vitamin+D+toxicity+redefined%3A+vitamin+K+and+the+molecular+mechanism.&rft.chron=Dec+4+2006&rft.aulast=Masterjohn&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F17145139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsmo2008-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forsmo2008_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFForsmo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Forsmo, Siri (2008). "Childhood Cod Liver Oil Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in a Population-based Cohort of Peri- and Postmenopausal Women: The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Epidemiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Epidemiology (laman tidak wujud)">Am. J. Epidemiol.</a></i> <b>167</b> (4): 406–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwm320">10.1093/aje/kwm320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18033763">18033763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Epidemiol.&rft.atitle=Childhood+Cod+Liver+Oil+Consumption+and+Bone+Mineral+Density+in+a+Population-based+Cohort+of+Peri-+and+Postmenopausal+Women%3A+The+Nord-Tr%C3%B8ndelag+Health+Study&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=406-411&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwm320&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18033763&rft.aulast=Forsmo&rft.aufirst=Siri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15575851-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15575851_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSale_TA,_Stratman_E2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sale TA, Stratman E (2004). "Carotenemia associated with green bean ingestion". <i>Pediatr Dermatol</i>. <b>21</b> (6): 657–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0736-8046.2004.21609.x">10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21609.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15575851">15575851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatr+Dermatol&rft.atitle=Carotenemia+associated+with+green+bean+ingestion&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=657-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0736-8046.2004.21609.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15575851&rft.au=Sale+TA%2C+Stratman+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9830271-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9830271_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNishimura_Y,_Ishii_N,_Sugita_Y,_Nakajima_H1998" class="citation journal cs1">Nishimura Y, Ishii N, Sugita Y, Nakajima H (1998). "A case of carotenodermia caused by a diet of the dried seaweed called Nori". <i>J. Dermatol</i>. <b>25</b> (10): 685–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9830271">9830271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Dermatol.&rft.atitle=A+case+of+carotenodermia+caused+by+a+diet+of+the+dried+seaweed+called+Nori&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=685-7&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9830271&rft.au=Nishimura+Y%2C+Ishii+N%2C+Sugita+Y%2C+Nakajima+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16556283-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16556283_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTakita_Y,_Ichimiya_M,_Hamamoto_Y,_Muto_M2006" class="citation journal cs1">Takita Y, Ichimiya M, Hamamoto Y, Muto M (2006). "A case of carotenemia associated with ingestion of nutrient supplements". <i>J. Dermatol</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 132–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1346-8138.2006.00028.x">10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00028.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16556283">16556283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Dermatol.&rft.atitle=A+case+of+carotenemia+associated+with+ingestion+of+nutrient+supplements&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-4&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1346-8138.2006.00028.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16556283&rft.au=Takita+Y%2C+Ichimiya+M%2C+Hamamoto+Y%2C+Muto+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Science News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120708163709/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n13_v135/ai_7502207">Vitamin A laurt-air menunjukkan potensi yang baik.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14668278-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14668278_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMyhre_AM,_Carlsen_MH,_Bøhn_SK,_Wold_HL,_Laake_P,_Blomhoff_R2003" class="citation journal cs1">Myhre AM, Carlsen MH, Bøhn SK, Wold HL, Laake P, Blomhoff R (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14668278">"Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations"</a>. <i>Am. J. Clin. Nutr</i>. <b>78</b> (6): 1152–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14668278">14668278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&rft.atitle=Water-miscible%2C+emulsified%2C+and+solid+forms+of+retinol+supplements+are+more+toxic+than+oil-based+preparations&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1152-9&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14668278&rft.au=Myhre+AM%2C+Carlsen+MH%2C+B%C3%B8hn+SK%2C+Wold+HL%2C+Laake+P%2C+Blomhoff+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14668278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17157660-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17157660_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKull_I,_Bergström_A,_Melén_E2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kull I, Bergström A, Melén E; dll. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(06)01775-1/abstract">"Early-life supplementation of vitamins A and D, in water-soluble form or in peanut oil, and allergic diseases during childhood"</a>. <i>J. Allergy Clin. Immunol</i>. <b>118</b> (6): 1299–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2006.08.022">10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17157660">17157660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Allergy+Clin.+Immunol.&rft.atitle=Early-life+supplementation+of+vitamins+A+and+D%2C+in+water-soluble+form+or+in+peanut+oil%2C+and+allergic+diseases+during+childhood&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1299-304&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2006.08.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17157660&rft.au=Kull+I%2C+Bergstr%C3%B6m+A%2C+Mel%C3%A9n+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacionline.org%2Farticle%2FS0091-6749%2806%2901775-1%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBrazis_PW2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brazis PW (2004). "Pseudotumor cerebri". <i>Current neurology and neuroscience reports</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 111–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11910-004-0024-6">10.1007/s11910-004-0024-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14984682">14984682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+neurology+and+neuroscience+reports&rft.atitle=Pseudotumor+cerebri&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11910-004-0024-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14984682&rft.au=Brazis+PW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AJ Giannini, RL Gilliland. The Neurologic, Neurogenic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Handbook. New Hyde Park, NY. Medical Examination Publishing Co., 1982,pp. 182-183.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjut">Bacaan lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Bacaan lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bacaan lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLitwack2007" class="citation book cs1">Litwack, Gerald (2007). <i>Vitamin A</i>. Vitamins and Hormones. <b>75</b>. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780127098753" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780127098753"><bdi>9780127098753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitamin+A&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.series=Vitamins+and+Hormones&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780127098753&rft.aulast=Litwack&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Vitamin%20A">Vitamin+A</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Tajuk_Subjek_Perubatan" title="Tajuk Subjek Perubatan">Tajuk Subjek Perubatan</a> (MeSH) di Perpustakaan Perubatan Negara AS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitaminA.org">vitaminA.org</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&oldid=6343385">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_A&oldid=6343385</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_errors:_ISBN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: ISBN (laman tidak wujud)">CS1 errors: ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_errors:_access-date_without_URL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: access-date without URL (laman tidak wujud)">CS1 errors: access-date without URL</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1:_Nilai_isi_padu_panjang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1: Nilai isi padu panjang (laman tidak wujud)">CS1: Nilai isi padu panjang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Vitamin" title="Kategori:Vitamin">Vitamin</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_empty_unknown_parameters" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: empty unknown parameters">CS1 errors: empty unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Kategori:CS1 errors: explicit use of et al.">CS1 errors: explicit use of et al.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_dates" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: dates">CS1 errors: dates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_templat_hatnote_yang_menyasarkan_halaman_yang_tidak_wujud" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan templat hatnote yang menyasarkan halaman yang tidak wujud">Rencana dengan templat hatnote yang menyasarkan halaman yang tidak wujud</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 15:38, 17 Oktober 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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