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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascendancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascendancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ascendancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascendancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Spanish conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Site description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Site_description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Site description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Site_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Architectural styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Architectural groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_North_Platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_North_Platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Great North Platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_North_Platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Kukulcán_(El_Castillo)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Kukulcán_(El_Castillo)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.1</span> <span>Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Kukulcán_(El_Castillo)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Ball_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Ball_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.2</span> <span>Great Ball Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Ball_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.3</span> <span>Additional structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_Cenote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_Cenote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.4</span> <span>Sacred Cenote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_Cenote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chultun_of_Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chultun_of_Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Chultun of Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chultun_of_Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temple_of_the_Warriors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_the_Warriors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.1</span> <span>Temple of the Warriors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_the_Warriors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_of_a_Thousand_Columns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_of_a_Thousand_Columns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.2</span> <span>Group of a Thousand Columns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_of_a_Thousand_Columns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Mercado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Mercado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.3</span> <span>El Mercado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Mercado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osario_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osario_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Osario Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osario_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casa_Colorada_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casa_Colorada_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Casa Colorada Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casa_Colorada_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Central Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Chichen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Chichen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.6</span> <span>Old Chichen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Chichen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.7</span> <span>Other structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caves_of_Balankanche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caves_of_Balankanche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.8</span> <span>Caves of Balankanche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caves_of_Balankanche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photograph_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photograph_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Photograph gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photograph_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chichen Itza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="تشيتشن إيتزا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيتشن إيتزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7en-%C4%B0tsa" title="Çiçen-İtsa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çiçen-İtsa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="চিচেন ইৎজা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিচেন ইৎজা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%98%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен-Ица – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чичен-Ица" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD-%D0%86%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чычэн-Іца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чычэн-Іца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD-%D0%86%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чычэн-Іца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чычэн-Іца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен Ица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чичен Ица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%97%DE%A9%DE%97%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%93%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A7" title="ޗީޗެން އީޓްސާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޗީޗެން އީޓްސާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="चिचेन इट्जा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चिचेन इट्जा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BD_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC" title="Τσιτσέν Ιτζά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσιτσέν Ιτζά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88i%C4%89en_Ica" title="Ĉiĉen Ica – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉiĉen Ica" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="چیچن ایتزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چیچن ایتزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE" title="ચિચેન ઇત્ઝા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચિચેન ઇત્ઝા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%B2%B8%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%AC" title="치첸이트사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치첸이트사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D6%81%D5%A1" title="Չիչեն Իցա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չիչեն Իցա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="चीचेन इट्ज़ा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीचेन इट्ज़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94" title="צ'יצ'ן איצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'יצ'ן איצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಿಚೆನಿಟ್ಜ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿಚೆನಿಟ್ಜ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90" title="ჩიჩენ-იცა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩიჩენ-იცა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%98%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен-Ица – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чичен-Ица" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%8Denica" title="Čičenica – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čičenica" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%8Den_Ica" title="Čičen Ica – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čičen Ica" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="चिचेन इट्जा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चिचेन इट्जा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен Ица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чичен Ица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8" title="ചീച്ചൻ ഇറ്റ്സ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചീച്ചൻ ഇറ്റ്സ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="चिचेन इत्सा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिचेन इत्सा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90" title="ჩიჩენ-იცა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩიჩენ-იცა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="تشيتشن ايتزا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيتشن ايتزا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="چیچن ایتزا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چیچن ایتزا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен Ица – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чичен Ица" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="चिचेन इट्जा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिचेन इट्जा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1" title="チチェン・イッツァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チチェン・イッツァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen-itsa" title="Chichen-itsa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chichen-itsa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="چیچن ایتزا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چیچن ایتزا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%98%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен-Ица – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чичен-Ица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7en_Ica" title="Çiçen Ica – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çiçen Ica" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен Ица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чичен Ица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="சிச்சென் இட்சா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிச்சென் இட்சா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%98%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен-Ица – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чичен-Ица" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE" title="చిచేన్ ఇట్జా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిచేన్ ఇట్జా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ชิเชนอิตซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชิเชนอิตซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%86%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чичен-Іца – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чичен-Іца" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="چیچن ایتزا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیچن ایتزا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizginzyihcaz" title="Gizginzyihcaz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gizginzyihcaz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chichén Itzá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chichen Itza" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%90%B4%E4%BC%8A%E5%AF%9F" title="奇琴伊察 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奇琴伊察" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-Columbian Maya city in Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the station, see <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_railway_station" title="Chichén Itzá railway station">Chichén Itzá railway station</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chichén Itzá</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/220px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/330px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/440px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9771" data-file-height="5197" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo)</a> is the most famous of the buildings in Chichen Itza.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichen Itza is located in Mesoamerica"><img alt="Chichen Itza is located in Mesoamerica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/250px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/375px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/500px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.912%;left:83.77%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chichen Itza"><img alt="Chichen Itza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chichen_Itza&params=20_40_59_N_88_34_7_W_region:MX_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°40′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°34′7″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.68306°N 88.56861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.68306; -88.56861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">Late Classic to Early Postclassic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1988 <small>(12th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/483">483</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chichén Itzá</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (often spelled <i>Chichen Itza</i> in English and traditional Yucatec Maya) <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/Chichen-itza_pronunciaci%C3%B3n.ogg\/Chichen-itza_pronunciaci%C3%B3n.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Yucatec Maya pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Chichen-itza pronunciaci\u00f3n.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Chichen-itza_pronunciaci%C3%B3n.ogg/Chichen-itza_pronunciaci%C3%B3n.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Yucatec Maya pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen-itza_pronunciaci%C3%B3n.ogg" title="File:Chichen-itza pronunciación.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> was a large <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Maya_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya city">city built by the Maya people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Terminal Classic</a> period. The <a href="/wiki/Archeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological site">archeological site</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Tin%C3%BAm_Municipality" title="Tinúm Municipality">Tinúm Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chichén Itzá was a major focal point in the Northern <a href="/wiki/Maya_Lowlands" title="Maya Lowlands">Maya Lowlands</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Late Classic</a> (c. AD 600–900) through the Terminal Classic (c. AD 800–900) and into the early portion of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Postclassic</a> period (c. AD 900–1200). The site exhibits a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">architectural</a> styles, reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico and of the <a href="/wiki/Puuc" title="Puuc">Puuc</a> and Chenes styles of the Northern Maya lowlands. The presence of central Mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central Mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non-Maya styles more as the result of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a>. </p><p>Chichén Itzá was one of the largest Maya cities and it was likely to have been one of the mythical great cities, or <i><a href="/wiki/Tollan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollan">Tollans</a></i>, referred to in later <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city may have had the most diverse population in the Maya world, a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller99p26_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller99p26-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ruins of Chichén Itzá are federal property, and the site's stewardship is maintained by Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia</a> (National Institute of Anthropology and History). The land under the monuments had been privately owned until 29 March 2010, when it was purchased by the state of Yucatán.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chichén Itzá is one of the most visited archeological sites in Mexico with over 2.6 million tourists in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-visitors_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visitors-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_orthography">Name and orthography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adela_Breton_-_Ruins_at_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_Mexico_Depicts_east_facade_of_Monjas_-_(MeisterDrucke-1020179).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adela_Breton_-_Ruins_at_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_Mexico_Depicts_east_facade_of_Monjas_-_%28MeisterDrucke-1020179%29.jpg/220px-Adela_Breton_-_Ruins_at_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_Mexico_Depicts_east_facade_of_Monjas_-_%28MeisterDrucke-1020179%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adela_Breton_-_Ruins_at_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_Mexico_Depicts_east_facade_of_Monjas_-_%28MeisterDrucke-1020179%29.jpg/330px-Adela_Breton_-_Ruins_at_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_Mexico_Depicts_east_facade_of_Monjas_-_%28MeisterDrucke-1020179%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adela_Breton_-_Ruins_at_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_Mexico_Depicts_east_facade_of_Monjas_-_%28MeisterDrucke-1020179%29.jpg/440px-Adela_Breton_-_Ruins_at_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_Mexico_Depicts_east_facade_of_Monjas_-_%28MeisterDrucke-1020179%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Elaborate stone facades in Chichen Itza's "Monjas" complex in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>The Maya name "Chichen Itza" means "At the mouth of the well of the Itza." This derives from <i>chi'</i>, meaning "mouth" or "edge", and <i>chʼen</i> or <i>chʼeʼen</i>, meaning "well". <i>Itzá</i> is the name of an ethnic-lineage group that gained political and economic dominance of the northern peninsula. One possible translation for Itza is "enchanter (or enchantment) of the water,"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i>its</i> (itz), "sorcerer", and <i>ha</i>, "water".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name is spelled <i>Chichén Itzá</i> in Spanish, and the accents are sometimes maintained in other languages to show that both parts of the name are stressed on their final syllable. Other references prefer the modern <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Maya</a> orthography, <i>Chichʼen Itzaʼ</i> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="myn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">[tʃitʃʼen<span class="wrap"> </span>itsáʔ]</a></span>). This form preserves the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> distinction between <i>chʼ</i> and <i>ch</i>, since the base word <i>chʼeʼen</i> (which, however, is not stressed in Maya) begins with a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">postalveolar</a> ejective <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> consonant. Traditional Yucatec Maya spelling in Latin letters, used from the 16th through mid 20th century, spelled it as "Chichen Itza" (as accents on the last syllable are usual for the language, they are not indicated as they are in Spanish). The word "Itzaʼ" has a high tone on the "a" followed by a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (indicated by the apostrophe).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Evidence in the <a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a> books indicates another, earlier name for this city prior to the arrival of the Itza hegemony in northern Yucatán. While most sources agree the first word means seven, there is considerable debate as to the correct translation of the rest. This earlier name is difficult to define because of the absence of a single standard of orthography, but it is represented variously as <i>Uuc Yabnal</i> ("Seven Great House"),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Uuc Hab Nal</i> ("Seven Bushy Places"),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Uucyabnal</i> ("Seven Great Rulers")<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Uc Abnal</i> ("Seven Lines of Abnal").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name, dating to the Late Classic Period, is recorded both in the book of Chilam Balam de Chumayel and in hieroglyphic texts in the ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006458_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006458-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pist%C3%A9,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Pisté, Yucatán">Pisté, Yucatán</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chichen_Itza-16.jpg/220px-Chichen_Itza-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chichen_Itza-16.jpg/330px-Chichen_Itza-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chichen_Itza-16.jpg/440px-Chichen_Itza-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3767" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of a small portion of Chichen Itza</figcaption></figure> <p>Chichén Itzá is located in the eastern portion of <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán state</a> in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006456_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006456-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern Yucatán Peninsula is <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a>, and the rivers in the interior all run underground. There are four visible, natural sink holes, called <a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">cenotes</a>, that could have provided plentiful water year round at Chichen, making it attractive for settlement. Of these cenotes, the "<a href="/wiki/Cenote_Sagrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenote Sagrado">Cenote Sagrado</a>" or "Sacred Cenote" (also variously known as the Sacred Well or Well of Sacrifice), is the most famous.<sup id="cite_ref-Coggins_1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coggins_1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, scientists determined that there is a hidden cenote under the <a href="/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">Temple of Kukulkan</a>, which has never been seen by archeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-ChavezRene2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChavezRene2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to post-Conquest sources (Maya and Spanish), pre-Columbian Maya sacrificed objects and human beings into the cenote as a form of worship to the Maya rain god <a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert_Thompson" title="Edward Herbert Thompson">Edward Herbert Thompson</a> dredged the Cenote Sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts of gold, <a href="/wiki/Jade_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Jade use in Mesoamerica">jade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, as well as human remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Coggins_1992_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coggins_1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of human remains taken from the Cenote Sagrado found that they had wounds consistent with human sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_organization">Political organization</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen-Itza-1000-Warriors-Columns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chichen-Itza-1000-Warriors-Columns.jpg/220px-Chichen-Itza-1000-Warriors-Columns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chichen-Itza-1000-Warriors-Columns.jpg/330px-Chichen-Itza-1000-Warriors-Columns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chichen-Itza-1000-Warriors-Columns.jpg/440px-Chichen-Itza-1000-Warriors-Columns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Columns in the Temple of a Thousand Warriors</figcaption></figure> <p>Several archeologists in the late 1980s suggested that unlike previous Maya polities of the Early Classic, Chichén Itzá may not have been governed by an individual ruler or a single <a href="/wiki/Dynastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic">dynastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a>. Instead, the city's political organization could have been structured by a "<i>multepal</i>" system, which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> ruling lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This theory was popular in the 1990s, but in recent years, the research that supported the concept of the "multepal" system has been called into question, if not discredited. The current belief trend in Maya scholarship is toward the more traditional model of the Maya kingdoms of the Classic Period <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">southern lowlands in Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <p>Chichén Itzá was a major economic power in the northern Maya lowlands during its apogee.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participating in the water-borne circum-peninsular trade route through its port site of Isla Cerritos on the north coast,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chichen Itza was able to obtain locally unavailable resources from distant areas such as <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Obsidian use in Mesoamerica">obsidian</a> from central Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica">gold</a> from southern Central America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between AD 900 and 1050 Chichén Itzá expanded to become a powerful regional capital controlling north and central Yucatán. It established Isla Cerritos as a trading port.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg/220px-Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg/330px-Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg/440px-Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Ballcourt structures</figcaption></figure> <p>The layout of Chichén Itzá site core developed during its earlier phase of occupation, between 750 and 900 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-CobosPalma0405p531_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobosPalma0405p531-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its final layout was developed after 900 AD, and the 10th century saw the rise of the city as a regional capital controlling the area from central Yucatán to the north coast, with its power extending down the east and west coasts of the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">hieroglyphic</a> date discovered at Chichen Itza is equivalent to 832 AD, while the last known date was recorded in the Osario temple in 998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006457_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006457-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3></div> <p>The Late Classic city was centered upon the area to the southwest of the Xtoloc cenote, with the main architecture represented by the substructures now underlying the Las Monjas and Observatorio and the basal platform upon which they were built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006461_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006461-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascendancy">Ascendancy</h3></div> <p>Chichén Itzá rose to regional prominence toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Early Classic</a> period (roughly 600 AD). It was, however, toward the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capital, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands. The ascension of Chichen Itza roughly correlates with the decline and fragmentation of the major centers of the southern Maya lowlands. </p><p>As Chichén Itzá rose to prominence, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Yaxuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaxuna">Yaxuna</a> (to the south) and <a href="/wiki/Coba" title="Coba">Coba</a> (to the east) were suffering decline. These two cities had been mutual allies, with Yaxuna dependent upon Coba. At some point in the 10th century Coba lost a significant portion of its territory, isolating Yaxuna, and Chichen Itza may have directly contributed to the collapse of both cities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_civilization" title="Category:Maya civilization">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #50C578;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Maya civilization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a Mayan stone carving with elaborate decoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/260px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/390px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/520px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/12px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/18px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/24px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya_civilization" title="Template talk:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to some colonial Mayan sources (e.g., the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel), <a href="/wiki/Hunac_Ceel" title="Hunac Ceel">Hunac Ceel</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a>, conquered Chichén Itzá in the 13th century. Hunac Ceel supposedly prophesied his own rise to power. According to custom at the time, individuals thrown into the Cenote Sagrado were believed to have the power of prophecy if they survived. During one such ceremony, the chronicles state, there were no survivors, so Hunac Ceel leaped into the Cenote Sagrado, and when removed, prophesied his own ascension. </p><p>While there is some archeological evidence that indicates Chichén Itzá was at one time looted and sacked,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by Mayapan, at least not when Chichén Itzá was an active urban center. Archeological data now indicates that Chichen Itza declined as a regional center by 1100, before the rise of Mayapan. Ongoing research at the site of Mayapan may help resolve this chronological conundrum. </p><p>After Chichén Itzá elite activities ceased, the city may not have been abandoned. When the Spanish arrived, they found a thriving local population, although it is not clear from Spanish sources if these Maya were living in Chichen Itza proper, or a nearby settlement. The relatively high population density in the region was a factor in the conquistadors' decision to locate a capital there.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to post-Conquest sources, both Spanish and Maya, the <a href="/wiki/Cenote_Sagrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenote Sagrado">Cenote Sagrado</a> remained a place of pilgrimage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_conquest">Spanish conquest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a></div> <p>In 1526, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a> (a veteran of the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for a charter to conquer Yucatán. His first campaign in 1527, which covered much of the Yucatán Peninsula, decimated his forces but ended with the establishment of a small fort at <a href="/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen" title="Playa del Carmen">Xaman Haʼ</a>, south of what is today <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>. Montejo returned to Yucatán in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> on the west coast.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent his son, Francisco Montejo The Younger, in late 1532 to conquer the interior of the Yucatán Peninsula from the north. The objective from the beginning was to go to Chichén Itzá and establish a capital.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montejo the Younger eventually arrived at Chichén Itzá, which he renamed Ciudad Real. At first he encountered no resistance, and set about dividing the lands around the city and awarding them to his soldiers. The Maya became more hostile over time, and eventually they laid siege to the Spanish, cutting off their supply line to the coast, and forcing them to barricade themselves among the ruins of the ancient city. Months passed, but no reinforcements arrived. Montejo the Younger attempted an all-out assault against the Maya and lost 150 of his remaining troops. He was forced to abandon Chichén Itzá in 1534 under cover of darkness. By 1535, all Spanish had been driven from the Yucatán Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montejo eventually returned to Yucatán and, by recruiting Maya from Campeche and Champoton, built a large <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indio-Spanish</a> army and conquered the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish crown later issued a land grant that included Chichen Itza and by 1588 it was a working cattle ranch.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_du_palais_des_Nonnes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_du_palais_des_Nonnes.jpg/220px-Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_du_palais_des_Nonnes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_du_palais_des_Nonnes.jpg/330px-Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_du_palais_des_Nonnes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_du_palais_des_Nonnes.jpg/440px-Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_du_palais_des_Nonnes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Chichen Itza in 1859–1860 by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Charnay" title="Désiré Charnay">Désiré Charnay</a>, before vegetation was removed</figcaption></figure> <p>Chichén Itzá entered the popular imagination in 1843 with the book <i>Incidents of Travel in Yucatan</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a> (with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Frederick Catherwood</a>). The book recounted Stephens' visit to Yucatán and his tour of Maya cities, including Chichén Itzá. The book prompted other explorations of the city. In 1860, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Charnay" title="Désiré Charnay">Désiré Charnay</a> surveyed Chichén Itzá and took numerous photographs that he published in <i>Cités et ruines américaines</i> (1863). </p><p>Visitors to Chichén Itzá during the 1870s and 1880s came with photographic equipment and recorded more accurately the condition of several buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Le_Plongeon" title="Augustus Le Plongeon">Augustus Le Plongeon</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Alice_Dixon_Le_Plongeon" title="Alice Dixon Le Plongeon">Alice Dixon Le Plongeon</a> visited Chichén, and excavated a statue of a figure on its back, knees drawn up, upper torso raised on its elbows with a plate on its stomach. Augustus Le Plongeon called it "Chaacmol" (later renamed "<a href="/wiki/Chac_Mool" class="mw-redirect" title="Chac Mool">Chac Mool</a>", which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in Mesoamerica). <a href="/wiki/Teobert_Maler" class="mw-redirect" title="Teobert Maler">Teobert Maler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Maudslay" title="Alfred Maudslay">Alfred Maudslay</a> explored Chichén in the 1880s and both spent several weeks at the site and took extensive photographs. Maudslay published the first long-form description of Chichen Itza in his book, <i>Biologia Centrali-Americana</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_Maler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Castillo_Maler.jpg/220px-Castillo_Maler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Castillo_Maler.jpg/330px-Castillo_Maler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Castillo_Maler.jpg/440px-Castillo_Maler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>The Kukulcán Temple, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Teobert_Maler" class="mw-redirect" title="Teobert Maler">Teobert Maler</a>, 1892</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1894, the United States Consul to Yucatán, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert_Thompson" title="Edward Herbert Thompson">Edward Herbert Thompson</a>, purchased the <a href="/wiki/Hacienda_Chich%C3%A9n" title="Hacienda Chichén">Hacienda Chichén</a>, which included the ruins of Chichen Itza. For 30 years, Thompson explored the ancient city. His discoveries included the earliest dated carving upon a lintel in the Temple of the Initial Series and the excavation of several graves in the Osario (High Priest's Temple). Thompson is most famous for dredging the Cenote Sagrado (Sacred Cenote) from 1904 to 1910, where he recovered artifacts of gold, copper and carved jade, as well as the first-ever examples of what were believed to be pre-Columbian Maya cloth and wooden weapons. Thompson shipped the bulk of the artifacts to the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum at Harvard University</a>. </p><p>In 1913, the Carnegie Institution accepted the proposal of archeologist <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Morley" title="Sylvanus Morley">Sylvanus G. Morley</a> and committed to conduct long-term archeological research at Chichen Itza.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexican Revolution and the following government instability, as well as World War I, delayed the project by a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_Project_staff_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chichen_Itza_Project_staff_1924.jpg/220px-Chichen_Itza_Project_staff_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chichen_Itza_Project_staff_1924.jpg/330px-Chichen_Itza_Project_staff_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chichen_Itza_Project_staff_1924.jpg/440px-Chichen_Itza_Project_staff_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Chichen Itza, Carnegie Project staff, 1924: left to right, J.O. Kilmartin, engineer, U.S. Geological Survey; Monroe Amsden, assistant archeologist; <a href="/wiki/Earl_H._Morris" title="Earl H. Morris">Earl H. Morris</a>, archeologist in charge of excavations; <a href="/wiki/Ann_Axtell_Morris" title="Ann Axtell Morris">Ann Axtell Morris</a>, artist; <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Morley" title="Sylvanus Morley">S.G. Morley</a>, Carnegie Institution associate in charge</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1923, the Mexican government awarded the Carnegie Institution a ten-year permit (later extended by another ten years) to allow U.S. archeologists to conduct extensive excavation and restoration of Chichen Itza.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnegie researchers excavated and restored the Temple of Warriors and the Caracol, among other major buildings. At the same time, the Mexican government excavated and restored El Castillo (Temple of Kukulcán) and the Great Ball Court.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_excavation_ChichenItza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2009_excavation_ChichenItza.JPG/220px-2009_excavation_ChichenItza.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2009_excavation_ChichenItza.JPG/330px-2009_excavation_ChichenItza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2009_excavation_ChichenItza.JPG/440px-2009_excavation_ChichenItza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Excavations next to the Temple of Kukulcán ("El Castillo") began in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1926, the Mexican government charged Edward Thompson with theft, claiming he stole the artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado and smuggled them out of the country. The government seized the Hacienda Chichén. Thompson, who was in the United States at the time, never returned to Yucatán. He wrote about his research and investigations of the Maya culture in a book <i>People of the Serpent</i> published in 1932. He died in New Jersey in 1935. In 1944 the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that Thompson had broken no laws and returned Chichen Itza to his heirs. The Thompsons sold the hacienda to tourism pioneer Fernando Barbachano Peon.<sup id="cite_ref-Usborne_2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usborne_2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been two later expeditions to recover artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado, in 1961 and 1967. The first was sponsored by the National Geographic, and the second by private interests. Both projects were supervised by Mexico's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Anthropology and History">National Institute of Anthropology and History</a> (INAH). INAH has conducted an ongoing effort to excavate and restore other monuments in the archeological zone, including the Osario, Akab Dzib, and several buildings in Chichén Viejo (Old Chichen). </p><p>In 2009, to investigate construction that predated El Castillo, Yucatec archeologists began excavations adjacent to El Castillo under the direction of Rafael (Rach) Cobos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site_description">Site description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_Plan_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chichen_Itza_Plan_EN.png/220px-Chichen_Itza_Plan_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chichen_Itza_Plan_EN.png/330px-Chichen_Itza_Plan_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chichen_Itza_Plan_EN.png/440px-Chichen_Itza_Plan_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="4607" /></a><figcaption>A map of central Chichen Itza</figcaption></figure> <p>Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities, with the relatively densely clustered <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">architecture</a> of the site core covering an area of at least 5 square kilometers (1.9 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller scale residential architecture extends for an unknown distance beyond this.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the Castillo pyramid, and the Las Monjas, Osario and Main Southwest groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006456_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006456-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site contains many fine stone buildings in various states of preservation, and many have been restored. The buildings were connected by a dense network of paved causeways, called <i><a href="/wiki/Sacbe" title="Sacbe">sacbeob</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeologists have identified over 80 <i>sacbeob</i> criss-crossing the site,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006456_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006456-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extending in all directions from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these stone buildings were originally painted in red, green, blue and purple colors. Pigments were chosen according to what was most easily available in the area. The site must be imagined as a colorful one, not like it is today. Just like Gothic cathedrals in Europe, colors provided a greater sense of completeness and contributed greatly to the symbolic impact of the buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architecture encompasses a number of styles, including the Puuc and Chenes styles of the northern Yucatán Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buildings of Chichen Itza are grouped in a series of architectonic sets, and each set was at one time separated from the other by a series of low walls. The three best known of these complexes are the Great North Platform, which includes the monuments of the Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo), Temple of Warriors and the Great Ball Court; The Osario Group, which includes the pyramid of the same name as well as the Temple of Xtoloc; and the Central Group, which includes the Caracol, Las Monjas, and Akab Dzib. </p><p>South of Las Monjas, in an area known as Chichén Viejo (Old Chichén) and only open to archeologists, are several other complexes, such as the Group of the Initial Series, Group of the Lintels, and Group of the Old Castle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_styles">Architectural styles</h3></div> <p>The Puuc-style architecture is concentrated in the Old Chichen area, and also the earlier structures in the Nunnery Group (including the Las Monjas, Annex and La Iglesia buildings); it is also represented in the Akab Dzib structure.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puuc-style building feature the usual mosaic-decorated upper façades characteristic of the style but differ from the architecture of the Puuc heartland in their block masonry walls, as opposed to the fine veneers of the Puuc region proper.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p563_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p563-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least one structure in the Las Monjas Group features an ornate façade and masked doorway that are typical examples of Chenes-style architecture, a style centered upon a region in the north of <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> state, lying between the Puuc and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bec" title="Río Bec">Río Bec</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those structures with sculpted hieroglyphic script are concentrated in certain areas of the site, with the most important being the Las Monjas group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006457_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006457-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_groups">Architectural groups</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_North_Platform">Great North Platform</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temple_of_Kukulcán_(El_Castillo)"><span id="Temple_of_Kukulc.C3.A1n_.28El_Castillo.29"></span>Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo)</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">El Castillo, Chichen Itza</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen-Itza-Serpent-Effect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chichen-Itza-Serpent-Effect.jpg/201px-Chichen-Itza-Serpent-Effect.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chichen-Itza-Serpent-Effect.jpg/302px-Chichen-Itza-Serpent-Effect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chichen-Itza-Serpent-Effect.jpg/402px-Chichen-Itza-Serpent-Effect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The descent of the serpent effect demonstrated at Kukulcán during the night show with artificial lighting</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChichenItzaEquinox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ChichenItzaEquinox.jpg/183px-ChichenItzaEquinox.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ChichenItzaEquinox.jpg/275px-ChichenItzaEquinox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ChichenItzaEquinox.jpg/366px-ChichenItzaEquinox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The descent of the serpent effect observed at Kukulcán during the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">spring equinox</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Dominating the North Platform of Chichen Itza is the <i>Temple of <a href="/wiki/Kukulc%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukulcán">Kukulcán</a></i> (a Maya <a href="/wiki/Feathered_Serpent_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathered Serpent (deity)">feathered serpent deity</a> similar to the Aztec <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a>). The temple was identified by the first Spaniards to see it, as <i>El Castillo</i> ("the castle"), and it regularly is referred to as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">step pyramid</a> stands about 30 meters (98 ft) high and consists of a series of nine square terraces, each approximately 2.57 meters (8.4 ft) high, with a 6-meter (20 ft) high temple upon the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-GarciaSalgado10p118_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarciaSalgado10p118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trono_de_Jaguar_en_El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trono_de_Jaguar_en_El_Castillo%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg/220px-Trono_de_Jaguar_en_El_Castillo%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trono_de_Jaguar_en_El_Castillo%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg/330px-Trono_de_Jaguar_en_El_Castillo%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trono_de_Jaguar_en_El_Castillo%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg/440px-Trono_de_Jaguar_en_El_Castillo%2C_Chichen_Itza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>The Jaguar Throne inside the Temple of Kukulcán ("El Castillo") pyramid is red and inlaid with jade</figcaption></figure> <p>The sides of the pyramid are approximately 55.3 meters (181 ft) at the base and rise at an angle of 53°, although that varies slightly for each side.<sup id="cite_ref-GarciaSalgado10p118_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarciaSalgado10p118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four faces of the pyramid have protruding stairways that rise at an angle of 45°.<sup id="cite_ref-GarciaSalgado10p118_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarciaSalgado10p118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Talud-tablero" title="Talud-tablero">talud</a></i> walls of each terrace slant at an angle of between 72° and 74°.<sup id="cite_ref-GarciaSalgado10p118_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarciaSalgado10p118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the base of the balustrades of the northeastern staircase are carved heads of a serpent.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mesoamerican cultures periodically superimposed larger structures over older ones,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Temple of Kukulcán is one such example.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p565_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p565-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1930s, the Mexican government sponsored an excavation of the temple. After several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid. By digging from the top, they found another temple buried below the current one.<sup id="cite_ref-Willard_1941_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willard_1941-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inside the temple chamber was a Chac Mool statue and a throne in the shape of Jaguar, painted red and with spots made of inlaid jade.<sup id="cite_ref-Willard_1941_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willard_1941-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid's stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists. In 2006, INAH closed the throne room to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-DiarioYucatan3Mar06_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiarioYucatan3Mar06-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autumn_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">Autumn equinoxes</a>, in the late afternoon, the northwest corner of the pyramid casts a series of triangular shadows against the western balustrade on the north side that evokes the appearance of a serpent wriggling down the staircase, which some scholars have suggested is a representation of the feathered-serpent deity, Kukulcán.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a widespread belief that this light-and-shadow effect was achieved on purpose to record the equinoxes, but the idea is highly unlikely: it has been shown that the phenomenon can be observed, without major changes, during several weeks around the equinoxes, making it impossible to determine any date by observing this effect alone.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Great_Ball_Court">Great Ball Court</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen-Itza-Ballcourt-Panorama-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chichen-Itza-Ballcourt-Panorama-2010.jpg/220px-Chichen-Itza-Ballcourt-Panorama-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chichen-Itza-Ballcourt-Panorama-2010.jpg/330px-Chichen-Itza-Ballcourt-Panorama-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chichen-Itza-Ballcourt-Panorama-2010.jpg/440px-Chichen-Itza-Ballcourt-Panorama-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5444" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>The Great Ball Court</figcaption></figure> <p>Archeologists have identified in Chichen Itza thirteen <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballcourt" title="Mesoamerican ballcourt">ballcourts</a> for playing the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Great Ball Court about 150 meters (490 ft) to the north-west of the Castillo is the most impressive. It is the largest and best preserved ball court in ancient Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It measures 168 by 70 meters (551 by 230 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-PinaChan8093p42_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinaChan8093p42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parallel platforms flanking the main playing area are each 95 meters (312 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-PinaChan8093p42_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinaChan8093p42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls of these platforms stand 8 meters (26 ft) high;<sup id="cite_ref-PinaChan8093p42_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinaChan8093p42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set high up in the center of each of these walls are rings carved with intertwined feathered serpents.<sup id="cite_ref-PinaChan8093p42_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinaChan8093p42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the base of the high interior walls are slanted benches with sculpted panels of teams of ball players.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one panel, one of the players has been decapitated; the wound emits streams of blood in the form of wriggling snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-PinaChan8093p44_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinaChan8093p44-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one end of the Great Ball Court is the <b>North Temple</b>, also known as the <b>Temple of the Bearded Man</b> (<i>Templo del Hombre Barbado</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200283_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200283-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the south end is another, much bigger temple, but in ruins. </p><p>Built into the east wall are the <i>Temples of the Jaguar</i>. The <i>Upper Temple of the Jaguar</i> overlooks the ball court and has an entrance guarded by two, large columns carved in the familiar feathered serpent motif. Inside there is a large mural, much destroyed, which depicts a battle scene. </p><p>In the entrance to the <i>Lower Temple of the Jaguar</i>, which opens behind the ball court, is another Jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration. The outer columns and the walls inside the temple are covered with elaborate bas-relief carvings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Additional_structures">Additional structures</h5></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tzompantli" title="Tzompantli">Tzompantli</a></i>, or <i>Skull Platform</i> (<i>Plataforma de los Cráneos</i>), shows the clear cultural influence of the central <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Plateau" title="Mexican Plateau">Mexican Plateau</a>. Unlike the <i>tzompantli</i> of the highlands, however, the skulls were impaled vertically rather than horizontally as at <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-01-03_Tzompantli_in_Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_anagoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichén Itzá; tzompantli or Skull Platform"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2014-01-03_Tzompantli_in_Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_anagoria.jpg/1200px-2014-01-03_Tzompantli_in_Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_anagoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2014-01-03_Tzompantli_in_Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_anagoria.jpg/1800px-2014-01-03_Tzompantli_in_Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_anagoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2014-01-03_Tzompantli_in_Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_anagoria.jpg/2400px-2014-01-03_Tzompantli_in_Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_anagoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="20938" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-01-03_Tzompantli_in_Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_anagoria.jpg" title="File:2014-01-03 Tzompantli in Chichén Itzá anagoria.jpg"> </a></div>Chichén Itzá; <i><a href="/wiki/Tzompantli" title="Tzompantli">tzompantli</a></i> or Skull Platform</div></div></div> <p>The <i>Platform of the Eagles and the Jaguars</i> (<i>Plataforma de Águilas y Jaguares</i>) is immediately to the east of the Great Ballcourt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200283_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200283-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is built in a combination Maya and <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> styles, with a staircase ascending each of its four sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sides are decorated with panels depicting eagles and jaguars consuming human hearts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This <i>Platform of Venus</i> is dedicated to the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its interior archeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the purpose of which is unknown. This platform is located north of El Castillo, between it and the Cenote Sagrado.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200283_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200283-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Temple of the Tables</i> is the northernmost of a series of buildings to the east of El Castillo. Its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms, called "atlantes." </p><p>The <i>Steam Bath</i> is a unique building with three parts: a waiting gallery, a water bath, and a steam chamber that operated by means of heated stones. </p><p><i>Sacbe Number One</i> is a causeway that leads to the Cenote Sagrado, is the largest and most elaborate at Chichen Itza. This "white road" is 270 meters (890 ft) long with an average width of 9 meters (30 ft). It begins at a low wall a few meters from the Platform of Venus. According to archeologists there once was an extensive building with columns at the beginning of the road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sacred_Cenote">Sacred Cenote</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Cenote" title="Sacred Cenote">Sacred Cenote</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Cenotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mexico_Cenotes.jpg/220px-Mexico_Cenotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mexico_Cenotes.jpg/330px-Mexico_Cenotes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mexico_Cenotes.jpg/440px-Mexico_Cenotes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Cenote" title="Sacred Cenote">Sacred Cenote</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> plain, with no rivers or streams. The region is pockmarked with natural <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a>, called cenotes, which expose the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> to the surface. One of the most impressive of these is the Cenote Sagrado, which is 60 meters (200 ft) in diameter<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200285_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200285-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surrounded by sheer cliffs that drop to the water table some 27 meters (89 ft) below. </p><p>The Cenote Sagrado was a place of pilgrimage for ancient Maya people who, according to ethnohistoric sources, would conduct sacrifices during times of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200285_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200285-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeological investigations support this as thousands of objects have been removed from the bottom of the cenote, including material such as gold, carved jade, copal, pottery, flint, <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, shell, wood, rubber, cloth, as well as skeletons of children and men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200285_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200285-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cogginsp26_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogginsp26-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chultun_of_Children">Chultun of Children</h4></div> <p>In 1967, while building an airstrip 200 meters north of the Cenote Sagrado, workers found a small cave system that contained the remains of more than 100 children, a majority between the ages of three and six. DNA testing in the 2020s found that the remains exclusively came from males. Archaeologists have concluded that because the remains came from individuals of a narrow range of age and sex, and that DNA testing found some were related (including two pairs of identical twins), the remains had been part of a"ritual event." Although the remains show no evidence of sacrifice, some researchers believe that may have been part of the ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarquera2024_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarquera2024-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallardo2023_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallardo2023-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Temple_of_the_Warriors"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temple_of_the_Warriors">Temple of the Warriors</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_los_Guerreros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Templo_de_los_Guerreros.jpg/203px-Templo_de_los_Guerreros.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Templo_de_los_Guerreros.jpg/305px-Templo_de_los_Guerreros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Templo_de_los_Guerreros.jpg/406px-Templo_de_los_Guerreros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1520" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Temple of the Warriors ("Templo de los Guerreros")</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen-Itza-Chac-Mool-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chichen-Itza-Chac-Mool-2010.jpg/181px-Chichen-Itza-Chac-Mool-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chichen-Itza-Chac-Mool-2010.jpg/272px-Chichen-Itza-Chac-Mool-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chichen-Itza-Chac-Mool-2010.jpg/362px-Chichen-Itza-Chac-Mool-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="2549" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of the Temple of the Warriors, showing a statue of <a href="/wiki/Chacmool" title="Chacmool">Chacmool</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Temple of the Warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors. This complex is analogous to Temple B at the Toltec capital of Tula, and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions. The one at Chichen Itza, however, was constructed on a larger scale. At the top of the stairway on the pyramid's summit (and leading toward the entrance of the pyramid's temple) is a Chac Mool. </p><p>This temple encases or entombs a former structure called The Temple of the Chac Mool. The archeological expedition and restoration of this building was done by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institution of Washington">Carnegie Institution of Washington</a> from 1925 to 1928. A key member of this restoration was <a href="/wiki/Earl_H._Morris" title="Earl H. Morris">Earl H. Morris</a>, who published the work from this expedition in two volumes entitled <i>Temple of the Warriors</i>. Watercolors were made of murals in the Temple of the Warriors that were deteriorating rapidly following exposure to the elements after enduring for centuries in the protected enclosures being discovered. Many depict battle scenes and some even have tantalizing images that lend themselves to speculation and debate by prominent Maya scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Michael D. Coe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Miller_(art_historian)" title="Mary Miller (art historian)">Mary Miller</a>, regarding possible contact with Viking sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Group_of_a_Thousand_Columns">Group of a Thousand Columns</h5></div> <p>Along the south wall of the Temple of Warriors are a series of what are today exposed columns, although when the city was inhabited these would have supported an extensive roof system. The columns are in three distinct sections: A west group, that extends the lines of the front of the Temple of Warriors. A north group runs along the south wall of the Temple of Warriors and contains pillars with carvings of soldiers in bas-relief; </p><p>A northeast group, which apparently formed a small temple at the southeast corner of the Temple of Warriors, contains a rectangular decorated with carvings of people or gods, as well as animals and serpents. The northeast column temple also covers a small marvel of engineering, a channel that funnels all the rainwater from the complex some 40 meters (130 ft) away to a rejollada, a former cenote. </p><p>To the south of the Group of a Thousand Columns is a group of three, smaller, interconnected buildings. The <b>Temple of the Carved Columns</b> is a small elegant building that consists of a front gallery with an inner corridor that leads to an altar with a Chac Mool. There are also numerous columns with rich, bas-relief carvings of some 40 personages. </p><p>A section of the upper façade with a motif of x's and o's is displayed in front of the structure. The <b>Temple of the Small Tables</b> which is an unrestored mound. And the <b>Thompson's Temple</b> (referred to in some sources as <b>Palace of Ahau Balam Kauil</b> ), a small building with two levels that has friezes depicting Jaguars (<i>balam</i> in Maya) as well as glyphs of the Maya god Kahuil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="El_Mercado">El Mercado</h5></div> <p>This square structure anchors the southern end of the Temple of Warriors complex. It is so named for the shelf of stone that surrounds a large gallery and patio that early explorers theorized was used to display wares as in a marketplace. Today, archeologists believe that its purpose was more ceremonial than commercial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Osario_Group">Osario Group</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HighPriestTemple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/HighPriestTemple.JPG/204px-HighPriestTemple.JPG" decoding="async" width="204" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/HighPriestTemple.JPG/306px-HighPriestTemple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/HighPriestTemple.JPG/408px-HighPriestTemple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Osario pyramid</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ossuary_stairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ossuary_stairs.jpg/180px-Ossuary_stairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ossuary_stairs.jpg/270px-Ossuary_stairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ossuary_stairs.jpg/360px-Ossuary_stairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Osario staircase</div></div></div></div></div> <p>South of the North Group is a smaller platform that has many important structures, several of which appear to be oriented toward the second largest cenote at Chichen Itza, Xtoloc. </p><p><b>The Osario</b> itself, like the Temple of Kukulkan, is a step-pyramid temple dominating its platform, only on a smaller scale. Like its larger neighbor, it has four sides with staircases on each side. There is a temple on top, but unlike Kukulkan, at the center is an opening into the pyramid that leads to a natural cave 12 meters (39 ft) below. Edward H. Thompson excavated this cave in the late 19th century, and because he found several skeletons and artifacts such as jade beads, he named the structure <b>The High Priests' Temple.</b> Archeologists today believe neither that the structure was a tomb nor that the personages buried in it were priests. </p><p>The <b>Temple of Xtoloc</b> is a recently restored temple outside the Osario Platform is. It overlooks the other large cenote at Chichen Itza, named after the Maya word for iguana, "Xtoloc." The temple contains a series of pilasters carved with images of people, as well as representations of plants, birds, and mythological scenes. </p><p>Between the Xtoloc temple and the Osario are several aligned structures: The <b>Platform of Venus</b>, which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to Kukulkan (El Castillo), the <b>Platform of the Tombs</b>, and a small, round structure that is unnamed. These three structures were constructed in a row extending from the Osario. Beyond them the Osario platform terminates in a wall, which contains an opening to a sacbe that runs several hundred feet to the Xtoloc temple. </p><p>South of the Osario, at the boundary of the platform, there are two small buildings that archeologists believe were residences for important personages. These have been named as the <b>House of the Metates</b> and the <b>House of the Mestizas</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Casa_Colorada_Group">Casa Colorada Group</h4></div> <p>South of the Osario Group is another small platform that has several structures that are among the oldest in the Chichen Itza archeological zone. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichanchob_-_Chichen_Itza_-_Flickr_-_pinemikey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chichanchob_-_Chichen_Itza_-_Flickr_-_pinemikey.jpg/220px-Chichanchob_-_Chichen_Itza_-_Flickr_-_pinemikey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chichanchob_-_Chichen_Itza_-_Flickr_-_pinemikey.jpg/330px-Chichanchob_-_Chichen_Itza_-_Flickr_-_pinemikey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chichanchob_-_Chichen_Itza_-_Flickr_-_pinemikey.jpg/440px-Chichanchob_-_Chichen_Itza_-_Flickr_-_pinemikey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Chichanchob</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Casa Colorada</b> (Spanish for "Red House") is one of the best preserved buildings at Chichen Itza. Significant red paint was still present in the days of the 19th century explorers. Its Maya name is <i>Chichanchob</i>, which according to INAH may mean "small holes". In one chamber there are extensive carved hieroglyphs that mention rulers of Chichen Itza and possibly of the nearby city of Ek Balam, and contain a Maya date inscribed which correlates to 869 AD, one of the oldest such dates found in all of Chichen Itza. </p><p>In 2009, INAH restored a small ball court that adjoined the back wall of the Casa Colorada.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Casa Colorada is in a good state of preservation, other buildings in the group, with one exception, are decrepit mounds. One building is half standing, named <b>La Casa del Venado</b> (House of the Deer). This building's name has been long used by the local Maya, and some authors mention that it was named after a deer painting over stucco that doesn't exist anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Group">Central Group</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_itza_la_iglesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chichen_itza_la_iglesia.jpg/220px-Chichen_itza_la_iglesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chichen_itza_la_iglesia.jpg/330px-Chichen_itza_la_iglesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chichen_itza_la_iglesia.jpg/440px-Chichen_itza_la_iglesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>A small temple bearing many masks in the Las Monjas complex ("La Iglesia")</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chichen_Itza_4.jpg/220px-Chichen_Itza_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chichen_Itza_4.jpg/330px-Chichen_Itza_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chichen_Itza_4.jpg/440px-Chichen_Itza_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7334" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>The observatory temple ("El Caracol")</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Las Monjas</b> is one of the more notable structures at Chichen Itza. It is a complex of Terminal Classic buildings constructed in the Puuc architectural style. The Spanish named this complex <i>Las Monjas</i> ("The Nuns" or "The Nunnery"), but it was a governmental palace. Just to the east is a small temple (known as the <i>La Iglesia</i>, "The Church") decorated with elaborate masks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200284_48-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200284-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200287_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200287-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Las Monjas group is distinguished by its concentration of hieroglyphic texts dating to the Late to Terminal Classic. These texts frequently mention a ruler by the name of <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCak%CA%BCupakal" title="Kʼakʼupakal">Kʼakʼupakal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006457_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006457-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006460_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006460-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/El_Caracol,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Caracol, Chichen Itza">El Caracol</a></b> ("The Snail") is located to the north of <i>Las Monjas</i>. It is a round building on a large square platform. It gets its name from the stone spiral staircase inside. The structure, with its unusual placement on the platform and its round shape (the others are rectangular, in keeping with Maya practice), is theorized to have been a proto-observatory with doors and windows aligned to astronomical events, specifically around the path of Venus as it traverses the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Akab_Dzib" title="Akab Dzib">Akab Dzib</a></b> is located to the east of the Caracol. The name means, in Yucatec Mayan, "Dark Writing"; "dark" in the sense of "mysterious". An earlier name of the building, according to a translation of glyphs in the Casa Colorada, is <i>Wa(k)wak Puh Ak Na</i>, "the flat house with the excessive number of chambers", and it was the home of the administrator of Chichén Itzá, kokom Yahawal Choʼ Kʼakʼ.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>INAH completed a restoration of the building in 2007. It is relatively short, only 6 meters (20 ft) high, and is 50 meters (160 ft) in length and 15 meters (49 ft) wide. The long, western-facing façade has seven doorways. The eastern façade has only four doorways, broken by a large staircase that leads to the roof. This apparently was the front of the structure, and looks out over what is today a steep, dry, cenote. </p><p>The southern end of the building has one entrance. The door opens into a small chamber and on the opposite wall is another doorway, above which on the lintel are intricately carved glyphs—the "mysterious" or "obscure" writing that gives the building its name today. Under the lintel in the doorjamb is another carved panel of a seated figure surrounded by more glyphs. Inside one of the chambers, near the ceiling, is a painted hand print. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Chichen">Old Chichen</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_TresDinteles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chichen_Itza_TresDinteles.jpg/220px-Chichen_Itza_TresDinteles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chichen_Itza_TresDinteles.jpg/330px-Chichen_Itza_TresDinteles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chichen_Itza_TresDinteles.jpg/440px-Chichen_Itza_TresDinteles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4299" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>"Temple of 3 Lintels" in Chichen Viejo group</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Old Chichen</b> (or <b>Chichén Viejo</b> in Spanish) is the name given to a group of structures to the south of the central site, where most of the Puuc-style architecture of the city is concentrated.<sup id="cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharerTraxler06p562-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the Initial Series Group, the Phallic Temple, the Platform of the Great Turtle, the Temple of the Owls, and the Temple of the Monkeys. </p><p>This section of the site has been closed to tourism for years while archaeological excavations and restorations were ongoing, and is planned to reopen to visitors in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_structures">Other structures</h4></div> <p>Chichen Itza also has a variety of other structures densely packed in the ceremonial center of about 5 square kilometers (1.9 sq mi) and several outlying subsidiary sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caves_of_Balankanche">Caves of Balankanche</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balakanche1_cyark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Balakanche1_cyark.jpg/220px-Balakanche1_cyark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Balakanche1_cyark.jpg/330px-Balakanche1_cyark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Balakanche1_cyark.jpg/440px-Balakanche1_cyark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Composite <a href="/wiki/3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">laser scan</a> image of Chichen Itza's Cave of Balankanche, showing how the shape of its great limestone column is strongly evocative of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_world_tree" title="Mesoamerican world tree">World Tree</a> in Maya mythological belief systems, data from a <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>/<a href="/wiki/CyArk" title="CyArk">CyArk</a> research partnership</figcaption></figure> <p>Approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) south east of the Chichen Itza archeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as <a href="/wiki/Balankanche" title="Balankanche">Balankanche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Gruta de Balankanche</i>), <b>Balamkaʼancheʼ</b> in Yucatec Maya). In the caves, a large selection of ancient pottery and idols may be seen still in the positions where they were left in pre-Columbian times. </p><p>The location of the cave has been well known in modern times. Edward Thompson and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tozzer" title="Alfred Tozzer">Alfred Tozzer</a> visited it in 1905. A.S. Pearse and a team of biologists explored the cave in 1932 and 1936. E. Wyllys Andrews IV also explored the cave in the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Shook" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Shook">Edwin Shook</a> and R.E. Smith explored the cave on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution</a> in 1954, and dug several trenches to recover potsherds and other artifacts. Shook determined that the cave had been inhabited over a long period, at least from the Preclassic to the post-conquest era.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 September 1959, José Humberto Gómez, a local guide, discovered a false wall in the cave. Behind it he found an extended network of caves with significant quantities of undisturbed archeological remains, including pottery and stone-carved <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censers</a>, stone implements and jewelry. INAH converted the cave into an underground museum, and the objects after being catalogued were returned to their original place so visitors can see them <i>in situ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief,_lower_terrace_columns,_Temple_of_the_Warriors_(8287896013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Relief%2C_lower_terrace_columns%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors_%288287896013%29.jpg/130px-Relief%2C_lower_terrace_columns%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors_%288287896013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Relief%2C_lower_terrace_columns%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors_%288287896013%29.jpg/195px-Relief%2C_lower_terrace_columns%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors_%288287896013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Relief%2C_lower_terrace_columns%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors_%288287896013%29.jpg/260px-Relief%2C_lower_terrace_columns%2C_Temple_of_the_Warriors_%288287896013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>1938 painting of one of the reliefs found on lower terrace columns of the Temple of the Warriors, by Octavio Medellin</figcaption></figure> <p>Chichen Itza is one of the most visited archeological sites in Mexico; in 2017 it was estimated to have received 2.1 million visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism has been a factor at Chichen Itza for more than a century. John Lloyd Stephens, who popularized the Maya Yucatán in the public's imagination with his book <i>Incidents of Travel in Yucatan</i>, inspired many to make a pilgrimage to Chichén Itzá. Even before the book was published, Benjamin Norman and Baron <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_von_Friedrichsthal" title="Emanuel von Friedrichsthal">Emanuel von Friedrichsthal</a> traveled to Chichen after meeting Stephens, and both published the results of what they found. Friedrichsthal was the first to photograph Chichen Itza, using the recently invented <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Edward Thompson in 1894 purchased the Hacienda Chichén, which included Chichen Itza, he received a constant stream of visitors. In 1910 he announced his intention to construct a hotel on his property, but abandoned those plans, probably because of the Mexican Revolution. </p><p>In the early 1920s, a group of Yucatecans, led by writer/photographer Francisco Gomez Rul, began working toward expanding tourism to Yucatán. They urged Governor Felipe Carrillo Puerto to build roads to the more famous monuments, including Chichen Itza. In 1923, Governor Carrillo Puerto officially opened the highway to Chichen Itza. Gomez Rul published one of the first guidebooks to Yucatán and the ruins. </p><p>Gomez Rul's son-in-law, Fernando Barbachano Peon (a grandnephew of former Yucatán Governor <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barbachano" title="Miguel Barbachano">Miguel Barbachano</a>), started Yucatán's first official tourism business in the early 1920s. He began by meeting passengers who arrived by steamship at Progreso, the port north of Mérida, and persuading them to spend a week in Yucatán, after which they would catch the next steamship to their next destination. In his first year Barbachano Peon reportedly was only able to convince seven passengers to leave the ship and join him on a tour. In the mid-1920s Barbachano Peon persuaded Edward Thompson to sell 5 acres (20,000 m<sup>2</sup>) next to Chichen for a hotel. In 1930, the Mayaland Hotel opened, just north of the Hacienda Chichén, which had been taken over by the Carnegie Institution.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944, Barbachano Peon purchased all of the Hacienda Chichén, including Chichen Itza, from the heirs of Edward Thompson.<sup id="cite_ref-Usborne_2007_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usborne_2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around that same time the Carnegie Institution completed its work at Chichen Itza and abandoned the Hacienda Chichén, which Barbachano turned into another seasonal hotel. </p><p>In 1972, Mexico enacted the Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicas, Artísticas e Históricas (Federal Law over Monuments and Archeological, Artistic and Historic Sites) that put all the nation's pre-Columbian monuments, including those at Chichen Itza, under federal ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were now hundreds, if not thousands, of visitors every year to Chichen Itza, and more were expected with the development of the Cancún resort area to the east. </p><p>In the 1980s, Chichen Itza began to receive an influx of visitors on the day of the spring equinox. Today several thousand show up to see the light-and-shadow effect on the Temple of Kukulcán during which the feathered serpent appears to crawl down the side of the pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tour guides will also demonstrate a unique the acoustical effect at Chichen Itza: a handclap before the staircase of the El Castillo pyramid will produce by an echo that resembles the chirp of a bird, similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Quetzal" title="Quetzal">quetzal</a> as investigated by <a href="/wiki/Nico_F._Declercq" title="Nico F. Declercq">Declercq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chichen Itza, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, is the second-most visited of Mexico's archeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archeological site draws many visitors from the popular tourist resorts in <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, who make a day trip on tour buses. </p><p>In 2007, Chichen Itza's Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo) was named one of the <a href="/wiki/New_Seven_Wonders_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="New Seven Wonders of the World">New Seven Wonders of the World</a> after a worldwide vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindustan_times_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_times-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that the vote was sponsored by a commercial enterprise, and that its methodology was criticized, the vote was embraced by government and tourism officials in Mexico who projected that as a result of the publicity the number of tourists to Chichen would double by 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing publicity re-ignited debate in Mexico over the ownership of the site, which culminated on 29 March 2010 when the state of Yucatán purchased the land upon which the most recognized monuments rest from owner Hans Juergen Thies Barbachano.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>INAH, which manages the site, has closed a number of monuments to public access. While visitors can walk around them, they can no longer climb them or go inside their chambers. Climbing access to El Castillo was closed after a San Diego, California, woman fell to her death in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-DiarioYucatan3Mar06_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiarioYucatan3Mar06-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photograph_gallery">Photograph gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Mayan_observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Caracol, observatory of Chichen Itza"><img alt="El Caracol, observatory of Chichen Itza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Mayan_observatory.jpg/180px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Mayan_observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Mayan_observatory.jpg/270px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Mayan_observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Mayan_observatory.jpg/360px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Mayan_observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">El Caracol, observatory of Chichen Itza</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_the_Warriors,_Chichen_Itza1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of the Warriors in 1986 - The Temple of the Big Tables, immediately to the left, was unrestored at that time"><img alt="Temple of the Warriors in 1986 - The Temple of the Big Tables, immediately to the left, was unrestored at that time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza1986.jpg/401px-Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza1986.jpg/601px-Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza1986.jpg/801px-Temple_of_the_Warriors%2C_Chichen_Itza1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple of the Warriors in 1986 - The Temple of the Big Tables, immediately to the left, was unrestored at that time</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Goal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone Ring located 9 m (30 ft) above the floor of the Great Ballcourt"><img alt="Stone Ring located 9 m (30 ft) above the floor of the Great Ballcourt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Goal.jpg/364px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Goal.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Goal.jpg/546px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Goal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Goal.jpg/728px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_Goal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone Ring located 9 m (30 ft) above the floor of the Great Ballcourt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Platform_of_Venus_Chichen_Itza_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Platform of Venus in the Great Plaza"><img alt="Platform of Venus in the Great Plaza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Platform_of_Venus_Chichen_Itza_02.JPG/360px-Platform_of_Venus_Chichen_Itza_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Platform_of_Venus_Chichen_Itza_02.JPG/540px-Platform_of_Venus_Chichen_Itza_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Platform_of_Venus_Chichen_Itza_02.JPG/720px-Platform_of_Venus_Chichen_Itza_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Platform of Venus in the Great Plaza</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kukulcán pyramid"><img alt="Kukulcán pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_pyramid.jpg/360px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_pyramid.jpg/540px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_pyramid.jpg/720px-Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1_pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kukulcán pyramid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza-27527-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic mask on the western face of La Iglesia"><img alt="Mosaic mask on the western face of La Iglesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chichen_Itza-27527-13.jpg/360px-Chichen_Itza-27527-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chichen_Itza-27527-13.jpg/540px-Chichen_Itza-27527-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chichen_Itza-27527-13.jpg/720px-Chichen_Itza-27527-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic mask on the western face of <i>La Iglesia</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen-Itz%C3%A1_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elaborate mosaic masks"><img alt="Elaborate mosaic masks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chichen-Itz%C3%A1_16.jpg/404px-Chichen-Itz%C3%A1_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chichen-Itz%C3%A1_16.jpg/606px-Chichen-Itz%C3%A1_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chichen-Itz%C3%A1_16.jpg/807px-Chichen-Itz%C3%A1_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elaborate mosaic masks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_head_at_the_base_of_El_Castillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A feathered serpent sculpture at the base of one of the stairways of Kukulcán (El Castillo)"><img alt="A feathered serpent sculpture at the base of one of the stairways of Kukulcán (El Castillo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Serpent_head_at_the_base_of_El_Castillo.jpg/438px-Serpent_head_at_the_base_of_El_Castillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Serpent_head_at_the_base_of_El_Castillo.jpg/657px-Serpent_head_at_the_base_of_El_Castillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Serpent_head_at_the_base_of_El_Castillo.jpg/877px-Serpent_head_at_the_base_of_El_Castillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2075" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A feathered serpent sculpture at the base of one of the stairways of Kukulcán (El Castillo)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Las_Monjas_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_-_Frederick_Catherwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Las Monjas (Chichen Itza) in 1843 by Frederick Catherwood.[81]"><img alt="Las Monjas (Chichen Itza) in 1843 by Frederick Catherwood.[81]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Las_Monjas_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_-_Frederick_Catherwood.jpg/372px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Las_Monjas_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_-_Frederick_Catherwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Las_Monjas_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_-_Frederick_Catherwood.jpg/559px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Las_Monjas_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_-_Frederick_Catherwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Las_Monjas_Chichen_Itza_Yucatan_-_Frederick_Catherwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Las Monjas (Chichen Itza) in 1843 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Frederick Catherwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/30px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/45px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/60px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/21px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/31px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/42px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/100456_Chichen_Itza" class="mw-redirect" title="100456 Chichen Itza">100456 Chichen Itza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_sorted_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country">List of archeoastronomical sites sorted by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesoamerican_pyramids" title="List of Mesoamerican pyramids">List of Mesoamerican pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Toltec_controversy_at_Chichen_Itza" title="Maya–Toltec controversy at Chichen Itza">Maya–Toltec controversy at Chichen Itza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">chee-<span style="font-size:90%">CHEN</span> eet-<span style="font-size:90%">SAH</span></i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Chichén Itzá</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[tʃiˈtʃen<span class="wrap"> </span>iˈtsa]</a></span>, often with the emphasis reversed in English to <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHEE</span>-chen <span style="font-size:90%">EET</span>-sə</i></a>; from <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a>: <i lang="yua">Chiʼchʼèen Ìitshaʼ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="myn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">[tɕʰiʔtɕʼèːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ìːtsʰaʔ]</a></span> (<a href="#CITEREFBarrera_Vásquez1980">Barrera Vásquez 1980</a>) "at the mouth of the well of the <a href="/wiki/Itza_people" title="Itza people">Itza</a> people"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning the legal basis of the ownership of Chichen and other sites of patrimony, see Breglia (2006), in particular Chapter 3, "Chichen Itza, a Century of Privatization". Regarding ongoing conflicts over the ownership of Chichen Itza, see Castañeda (2005). Regarding purchase, see "Yucatán: paga gobierno 220 mdp por terrenos de Chichén Itzá," La Jornada, 30 March 2010, retrieved 30 March 2010 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/03/30/index.php?section=cultura&article=a06n1cu">jornada.unam.mx</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Uuc Yabnal</i> becomes <i>Uc Abnal</i>, meaning the "Seven Abnals" or "Seven Lines of Abnal" where Abnal is a family name, according to Ralph L. Roys (<a href="#CITEREFRoys1967">Roys 1967</a>, p. 133n7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a>: <i lang="myn">sakbʼe</i>, meaning "white way/road". Plural form is <i>sacbeob</i> (or in modern Maya orthography, <i>sakbʼeobʼ</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A popular explanation is that the objective of the game was to pass a ball through one of the rings, however in other, smaller ball courts there is no ring, only a post.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Quetzil Castaneda (1996) In The Museum of Maya Culture (University of Minnesota Press) for a book length study of tourism at Chichen, including a chapter on the equinox ritual. For a 90-minute ethnographic documentary of new age spiritualism at the Equinox see Jeff Himpele and Castaneda (1997)[Incidents of Travel in Chichen Itza] (Documentary Educational Resources).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figure is attributed to Francisco López Mena, director of the Consejo de Promoción Turística de México (CPTM – Council for the Promotion of Mexican Tourism).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharerTraxler06p562-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SharerTraxler06p562_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharerTraxler2006">Sharer & Traxler 2006</a>, p. 562</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller99p26-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller99p26_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1999">Miller 1999</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visitors-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visitors_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708021202/http://www.estadisticas.inah.gob.mx/">"Estadística de Visitantes"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/INAH" class="mw-redirect" title="INAH">INAH</a>. 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Folan <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mediateca.inah.gob.mx/islandora_74/islandora/object/articulo:7562">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECano200287-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECano200287_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCano2002">Cano 2002</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006460-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsorio_León2006460_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsorio_León2006">Osorio León 2006</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAveni1997">Aveni 1997</a>, pp. 135–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVossKremer2000">Voss & Kremer 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yucatanahora.mx/la-serie-inicial-complejo-urbano-maya-en-chichen-itza-abrira-en-2024/">"La 'Serie inicial' complejo urbano maya en Chichen Itzá abrirá en 2024"</a>. 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+%27Serie+inicial%27+complejo+urbano+maya+en+Chichen+Itz%C3%A1+abrir%C3%A1+en+2024&rft.date=2023-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyucatanahora.mx%2Fla-serie-inicial-complejo-urbano-maya-en-chichen-itza-abrira-en-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1961">Andrews 1961</a>, pp. 28–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1970">Andrews 1970</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2017/10/yucatan-cultural-attractions-poised-to-break-annual-visitors-record/">"Yucatan cultural attractions are poised to break annual visitors record"</a>. <i>The Yucatan Times</i>. 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Yucatan+Times&rft.atitle=Yucatan+cultural+attractions+are+poised+to+break+annual+visitors+record&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyucatantimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2Fyucatan-cultural-attractions-poised-to-break-annual-visitors-record%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmquistKailbourn2000">Palmquist & Kailbourn 2000</a>, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadeira1931">Madeira 1931</a>, pp. 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreglia2006">Breglia 2006</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2004">Ball 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSECTUR2006">SECTUR 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindustan_times-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_times_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043832/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World">"The New Seven Wonders of the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 8 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World&rft.date=2007-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FStoryPage%2FStoryPage.aspx%3Fid%3Dc7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1%26ParentID%3Df702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825%26MatchID1%3D4488%26TeamID1%3D8%26TeamID2%3D10%26MatchType1%3D1%26SeriesID1%3D1120%26PrimaryID%3D4488%26Headline%3DThe%2Bnew%2BSeven%2BWonders%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEFE2007">EFE 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoffil_Gómez2010">Boffil Gómez 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/15453">"Las Monjas, Chichen Itza, Yucatan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></i>. 1843.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum&rft.atitle=Las+Monjas%2C+Chichen+Itza%2C+Yucatan&rft.date=1843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fobjects%2F15453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsE._Wyllys_Andrews_V.Fernando_Robles_Castellanos2003" class="citation journal cs1">Andrews, Anthony P.; E. Wyllys Andrews V.; Fernando Robles Castellanos (January 2003). "The Northern Maya Collapse and its Aftermath". <i>Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. <b>14</b> (1). New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 151–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095653610314103X">10.1017/S095653610314103X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5361">0956-5361</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/88518111">88518111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162992099">162992099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Maya+Collapse+and+its+Aftermath&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-156&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F88518111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162992099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0956-5361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS095653610314103X&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P.&rft.au=E.+Wyllys+Andrews+V.&rft.au=Fernando+Robles+Castellanos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1961" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, E. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15942-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-15942-5"><bdi>0-471-15942-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35559005">35559005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stairways+to+the+Stars%3A+Skywatching+in+Three+Great+Ancient+Cultures&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35559005&rft.isbn=0-471-15942-5&rft.aulast=Aveni&rft.aufirst=Anthony+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, Philip (14 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2004/041213/full/news041213-5.html">"News: Mystery of 'chirping' pyramid decoded"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature News">Nature News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews041213-5">10.1038/news041213-5</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bastarrachea Manzano, Juan Ramón; Brito Sansores, William (eds.). <i>Diccionario maya Cordemex: maya-español, español-maya</i>. with collaborations by Refugio Vermont Salas, David Dzul Góngora, and Domingo Dzul Poot. Mérida, Mexico: Ediciones Cordemex. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7550928">7550928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+maya+Cordemex%3A+maya-espa%C3%B1ol%2C+espa%C3%B1ol-maya&rft.place=M%C3%A9rida%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Ediciones+Cordemex&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7550928&rft.aulast=Barrera+V%C3%A1squez&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish and Yucatec Maya)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1937" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Hermann (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030311155114/http://www.elasticcreative.com/stream/meso/CAA21/chapter1.pdf"><i>Studies on the Inscriptions of Chichen Itza</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Contributions to American Archaeology, No.21. Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institution of Washington">Carnegie Institution of Washington</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3143732">3143732</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elasticcreative.com/stream/meso/CAA21/chapter1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 March 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Inscriptions+of+Chichen+Itza&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.series=Contributions+to+American+Archaeology%2C+No.21&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3143732&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elasticcreative.com%2Fstream%2Fmeso%2FCAA21%2Fchapter1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoffil_Gómez2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boffil Gómez, Luis A. (30 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/03/30/index.php?section=cultura&article=a06n1cul">"Yucatán compra 80 has en la zona de Chichén Itzá"</a> [Yucatán buys 80 hectares in the Chichen Itza zone]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Jornada" title="La Jornada">La Jornada</a></i> (in Spanish). Mexico City: DEMOS, Desarollo de Medios, S.A. de C.V<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Jornada&rft.atitle=Yucat%C3%A1n+compra+80+has+en+la+zona+de+Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft.aulast=Boffil+G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Luis+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornada.unam.mx%2F2010%2F03%2F30%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3Dcultura%26article%3Da06n1cul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2005" class="citation book cs1">Boot, Erik (2005). <i>Continuity and Change in Text and Image at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico: A Study of the Inscriptions, Iconography, and Architecture at a Late Classic to Early Postclassic Maya Site</i>. CNWS Publications no. 135. Leiden, The Netherlands: CNWS Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5789-100-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-5789-100-X"><bdi>90-5789-100-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60520421">60520421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+Text+and+Image+at+Chichen+Itza%2C+Yucatan%2C+Mexico%3A+A+Study+of+the+Inscriptions%2C+Iconography%2C+and+Architecture+at+a+Late+Classic+to+Early+Postclassic+Maya+Site&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.series=CNWS+Publications+no.+135&rft.pub=CNWS+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60520421&rft.isbn=90-5789-100-X&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreglia2006" class="citation book cs1">Breglia, Lisa (2006). <i>Monumental Ambivalence: The Politics of Heritage</i>. 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Norman, OK: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0961-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0961-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-0961-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/208428">208428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvanus+Morley+and+the+World+of+the+Ancient+Mayas&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F208428&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-0961-9&rft.aulast=Brunhouse&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCano2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cano, Olga (January–February 2002). 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Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 80–87. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0188-8218">0188-8218</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29789840">29789840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arqueolog%C3%ADa+Mexicana&rft.atitle=Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1%2C+Yucat%C3%A1n+%28Gu%C3%ADa+de+viajeros%29&rft.volume=IX&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=80-87&rft.date=2002-01%2F2002-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29789840&rft.issn=0188-8218&rft.aulast=Cano&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastañeda1996" class="citation book cs1">Castañeda, Quetzil E. 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Minneapolis, MN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2672-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2672-3"><bdi>0-8166-2672-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34191010">34191010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Museum+of+Maya+Culture%3A+Touring+Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34191010&rft.isbn=0-8166-2672-3&rft.aulast=Casta%C3%B1eda&rft.aufirst=Quetzil+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finmuseumofmayacu00cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastañeda2005" class="citation journal cs1">Castañeda, Quetzil E. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/press/an/infocus/Heritage_In_Focus/Castaneda.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Reprinted online as "Tourism "Wars" in the Yucatán", <i>AN</i> Commentaries)</span> on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+News&rft.atitle=On+the+Tourism+Wars+of+Yucat%C3%A1n%3A+T%C3%ADich%CA%BC%2C+the+Maya+Presentation+of+Heritage&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42453678&rft.issn=1541-6151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fan.2005.46.5.8.2&rft.aulast=Casta%C3%B1eda&rft.aufirst=Quetzil+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaanet.org%2Fpress%2Fan%2Finfocus%2FHeritage_In_Focus%2FCastaneda.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1948" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948). <i>The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatán 1517–1550</i>. Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institution of Washington">Carnegie Institution of Washington</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42251506">42251506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+and+Colonization+of+Yucat%C3%A1n+1517%E2%80%931550&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42251506&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnay1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Charnay" title="Désiré Charnay">Charnay, Désiré</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13346">"Reis naar Yucatán"</a>. <i>De Aarde en haar Volken, 1886</i> (in Dutch). Haarlem, Netherlands: Kruseman & Tjeenk Willink. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12339106">12339106</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> etext reproduction [#13346]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reis+naar+Yucat%C3%A1n&rft.btitle=De+Aarde+en+haar+Volken%2C+1886&rft.place=Haarlem%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Kruseman+%26+Tjeenk+Willink&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12339106&rft.aulast=Charnay&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F13346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnay1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Charnay" title="Désiré Charnay">Charnay, Désiré</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesofn00char_1"><i>Ancient Cities of the New World: Being Voyages and Explorations in Mexico and Central America from 1857–1882</i></a>. J. Gonino and Hellen S. Conant (trans.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2364125">2364125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities+of+the+New+World%3A+Being+Voyages+and+Explorations+in+Mexico+and+Central+America+from+1857%E2%80%931882&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2364125&rft.aulast=Charnay&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientcitiesofn00char_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavez2015" class="citation book cs1">Chavez, Rene; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300348163"><i>A Special ERT-3D Array Carried Out to Investigate the Subsoil of the Pyramid El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico</i></a>. Tejero A., Cifuentes-Nava G. and Hernandez-Quintero E. Turin, Italy: Near Surface Geoscience 2015 - 21st European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Special+ERT-3D+Array+Carried+Out+to+Investigate+the+Subsoil+of+the+Pyramid+El+Castillo%2C+Chichen+Itza%2C+Mexico&rft.place=Turin%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Near+Surface+Geoscience+2015+-+21st+European+Meeting+of+Environmental+and+Engineering+Geophysics&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F300348163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirerol_Sansores1948" class="citation book cs1">Cirerol Sansores, Manuel (1948). <i>"Chi Cheen Itsa": Archaeological Paradise of America</i>. Mérida, Mexico: Talleres Graficos del Sudeste. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18029834">18029834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Chi+Cheen+Itsa%22%3A+Archaeological+Paradise+of+America&rft.place=M%C3%A9rida%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Talleres+Graficos+del+Sudeste&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18029834&rft.aulast=Cirerol+Sansores&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendinnen2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Inga_Clendinnen" title="Inga Clendinnen">Clendinnen, Inga</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ambivalentconque00inga"><i>Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37981-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37981-4"><bdi>0-521-37981-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50868309">50868309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambivalent+Conquests%3A+Maya+and+Spaniard+in+Yucat%C3%A1n%2C+1517%E2%80%931570&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50868309&rft.isbn=0-521-37981-4&rft.aulast=Clendinnen&rft.aufirst=Inga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fambivalentconque00inga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cobos, Rafael. "Chichén Itzá", in Davíd Carrasco (ed). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures</i>. Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195188431" title="Special:BookSources/9780195188431">9780195188431</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobos_Palma2005" class="citation book cs1">Cobos Palma, Rafael (2005) [2004]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth">"Chichén Itzá: Settlement and Hegemony During the Terminal Classic Period"</a></span>. In Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.). <i>The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation</i> (paperback ed.). Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Colorado" title="University Press of Colorado">University Press of Colorado</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth/page/517">517–544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87081-822-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87081-822-8"><bdi>0-87081-822-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61719499">61719499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1%3A+Settlement+and+Hegemony+During+the+Terminal+Classic+Period&rft.btitle=The+Terminal+Classic+in+the+Maya+Lowlands%3A+Collapse%2C+Transition%2C+and+Transformation&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=517-544&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61719499&rft.isbn=0-87081-822-8&rft.aulast=Cobos+Palma&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterminalclassici00arth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Coe, Michael D.</a> (1987). <i>The Maya</i> (4th edition, revised ed.). London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27455-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27455-X"><bdi>0-500-27455-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15895415">15895415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maya&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=4th+edition%2C+revised&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15895415&rft.isbn=0-500-27455-X&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Coe, Michael D.</a> (1999). <i>The Maya</i>. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London / New York City: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28066-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28066-5"><bdi>0-500-28066-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59432778">59432778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maya&rft.place=London+%2F+New+York+City&rft.series=Ancient+peoples+and+places+series&rft.edition=6th+edition%2C+fully+revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59432778&rft.isbn=0-500-28066-5&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoggins1984" class="citation book cs1">Coggins, Clemency Chase (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cenoteofsacrific00cogg"><i>Cenote of Sacrifice: Maya Treasures from the Sacred Well at Chichen Itza</i></a></span>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71098-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71098-4"><bdi>0-292-71098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cenote+of+Sacrifice%3A+Maya+Treasures+from+the+Sacred+Well+at+Chichen+Itza&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-292-71098-4&rft.aulast=Coggins&rft.aufirst=Clemency+Chase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenoteofsacrific00cogg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoggins1992" class="citation book cs1">Coggins, Clemency Chase (1992). <i>Artifacts from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichén Itzá, Yucatán: Textiles, Basketry, Stone, Bone, Shell, Ceramics, Wood, Copal, Rubber, Other Organic Materials, and Mammalian Remains</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</a>, Harvard University; distributed by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87365-694-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87365-694-6"><bdi>0-87365-694-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26913402">26913402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artifacts+from+the+Cenote+of+Sacrifice%2C+Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1%2C+Yucat%C3%A1n%3A+Textiles%2C+Basketry%2C+Stone%2C+Bone%2C+Shell%2C+Ceramics%2C+Wood%2C+Copal%2C+Rubber%2C+Other+Organic+Materials%2C+and+Mammalian+Remains&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Peabody+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Ethnology%2C+Harvard+University%3B+distributed+by+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26913402&rft.isbn=0-87365-694-6&rft.aulast=Coggins&rft.aufirst=Clemency+Chase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColasVoss2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Colas" title="Pierre Colas">Colas, Pierre R.</a>; Voss, Alexander (2006). "A Game of Life and Death – The Maya Ball Game". In <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Grube" title="Nikolai Grube">Nikolai Grube</a> (ed.). <i>Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest</i>. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. pp. 186–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-1957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-1957-6"><bdi>978-3-8331-1957-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71165439">71165439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Game+of+Life+and+Death+%E2%80%93+The+Maya+Ball+Game&rft.btitle=Maya%3A+Divine+Kings+of+the+Rain+Forest&rft.place=Cologne%2C+Germany&rft.pages=186-191&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71165439&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-1957-6&rft.aulast=Colas&rft.aufirst=Pierre+R.&rft.au=Voss%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCucinaVera_Tiesler2007" class="citation book cs1">Cucina, Andrea; Vera Tiesler (2007). "New perspectives on human sacrifice and postsacrifical body treatments in ancient Maya society: Introduction". In Vera Tiesler; Andrea Cucina (eds.). <i>New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society</i>. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Michael Jochim (series ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 1–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-48871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-48871-4"><bdi>978-0-387-48871-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-2722">1568-2722</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/81452956">81452956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+perspectives+on+human+sacrifice+and+postsacrifical+body+treatments+in+ancient+Maya+society%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Human+Sacrifice+and+Ritual+Body+Treatments+in+Ancient+Maya+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Interdisciplinary+Contributions+to+Archaeology&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F81452956&rft.issn=1568-2722&rft.isbn=978-0-387-48871-4&rft.aulast=Cucina&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Vera+Tiesler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarest2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Demarest" title="Arthur Demarest">Demarest, Arthur</a> (2004). <i>Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization</i>. 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Cologne, Germany: Könemann. pp. 340–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-1957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-1957-6"><bdi>978-3-8331-1957-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71165439">71165439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dynamics+of+Maturing+Statehood+in+Postclassic+Maya+Civilization&rft.btitle=Maya%3A+Divine+Kings+of+the+Rain+Forest&rft.place=Cologne%2C+Germany&rft.pages=340-353&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71165439&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-1957-6&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Miller_(art_historian)" title="Mary Miller (art historian)">Miller, Mary Ellen</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mayaartarchitect00mill"><i>Maya Art and Architecture</i></a>. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20327-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20327-X"><bdi>0-500-20327-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41659173">41659173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41659173&rft.isbn=0-500-20327-X&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmayaartarchitect00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Morley" title="Sylvanus Morley">Morley, Sylvanus Griswold</a> (1913). 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(eds.). <i>XIX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2005</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arqueolog%C3%ADa_y_Etnolog%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología">Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología</a>. pp. 455–462. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/42_-_Osorio.05_-_Digital.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=La+presencia+del+Cl%C3%A1sico+Tard%C3%ADo+en+Chichen+Itza+%28600%E2%80%93800%2F830+DC%29&rft.btitle=XIX+Simposio+de+Investigaciones+Arqueol%C3%B3gicas+en+Guatemala%2C+2005&rft.place=Guatemala+City%2C+Guatemala&rft.pages=455-462&rft.pub=Museo+Nacional+de+Arqueolog%C3%ADa+y+Etnolog%C3%ADa&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Osorio+Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asociaciontikal.com%2Fpdf%2F42_-_Osorio.05_-_Digital.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmquistKailbourn2000" class="citation book cs1">Palmquist, Peter E.; Kailbourn, Thomas R. (2000). <i>Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Dictionary, 1840–1865</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3883-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3883-1"><bdi>0-8047-3883-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44089346">44089346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Photographers+of+the+Far+West%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary%2C+1840%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44089346&rft.isbn=0-8047-3883-1&rft.aulast=Palmquist&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft.au=Kailbourn%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez_de_Laran.d." class="citation web cs1">Pérez de Lara, Jorge (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/chichen/features/tour/index.html">"A Tour of Chichen Itza with a Brief History of the Site and its Archaeology"</a>. Mesoweb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tour+of+Chichen+Itza+with+a+Brief+History+of+the+Site+and+its+Archaeology&rft.pub=Mesoweb&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez+de+Lara&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fchichen%2Ffeatures%2Ftour%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry,_Richard_D.2001" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Richard D., ed. (2001). <i>Exploring Yucatan: A Traveler's Anthology</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: Espadaña Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620811-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620811-4-0"><bdi>0-9620811-4-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48261466">48261466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Yucatan%3A+A+Traveler%27s+Anthology&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=Espada%C3%B1a+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48261466&rft.isbn=0-9620811-4-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2007" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Charles (2007) [2006]. <i>The Complete Illustrated History of the Aztecs & Maya: The definitive chronicle of the ancient peoples of Central America & Mexico - including the Aztec, Maya, Olmec, Mixtec, Toltec & Zapotec</i>. London: Anness Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84681-197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84681-197-5"><bdi>978-1-84681-197-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642211652">642211652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+History+of+the+Aztecs+%26+Maya%3A+The+definitive+chronicle+of+the+ancient+peoples+of+Central+America+%26+Mexico+-+including+the+Aztec%2C+Maya%2C+Olmec%2C+Mixtec%2C+Toltec+%26+Zapotec&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anness+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642211652&rft.isbn=978-1-84681-197-5&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiña_Chan1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piña Chan, Román (1993) [1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chichenitzalaciu00pina"><i>Chichén Itzá: La ciudad de los brujos del agua</i></a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-16-0289-7" title="Special:BookSources/968-16-0289-7"><bdi>968-16-0289-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7947748">7947748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1%3A+La+ciudad+de+los+brujos+del+agua&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Fondo+de+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7947748&rft.isbn=968-16-0289-7&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1a+Chan&rft.aufirst=Rom%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchichenitzalaciu00pina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestall1998" class="citation book cs1">Restall, Matthew (1998). <i>Maya Conquistador</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5506-9"><bdi>978-0-8070-5506-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38746810">38746810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Conquistador&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38746810&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-5506-9&rft.aulast=Restall&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoys1967" class="citation book cs1">Roys, Ralph L. (trans.) (1967). <i>The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel</i>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224990">224990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Chilam+Balam+of+Chumayel&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224990&rft.aulast=Roys&rft.aufirst=Ralph+L.+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz" class="citation web cs1">Ruiz, Francisco Pérez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/reports/03101/84perez_ruiz/84perez_ruiz.pdf">"Walled Compounds: An Interpretation of the Defensive System at Chichen Itza, Yucatan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walled+Compounds%3A+An+Interpretation+of+the+Defensive+System+at+Chichen+Itza%2C+Yucatan&rft.pub=Foundation+for+the+Advancement+of+Mesoamerican+Studies&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Francisco+P%C3%A9rez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Freports%2F03101%2F84perez_ruiz%2F84perez_ruiz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheleDavid_Freidel1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Schele" title="Linda Schele">Schele, Linda</a>; David Freidel (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forestofkingsunt0034sche"><i>A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya</i></a></span> (Reprint ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-11204-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-11204-8"><bdi>0-688-11204-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/145324300">145324300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forest+of+Kings%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145324300&rft.isbn=0-688-11204-8&rft.aulast=Schele&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=David+Freidel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforestofkingsunt0034sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Peter J. (2007). "Birds, Ceramics, and Cacao: New Excavations at Chichén Itzá, Yucatan". In Jeff Karl Kowalski; Cynthia Kristan-Graham (eds.). <i>Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection: Distributed by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-323-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-323-4"><bdi>978-0-88402-323-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71243931">71243931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birds%2C+Ceramics%2C+and+Cacao%3A+New+Excavations+at+Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1%2C+Yucatan&rft.btitle=Twin+Tollans%3A+Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1%2C+Tula%2C+and+the+Epiclassic+to+Early+Postclassic+Mesoamerican+World&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+%26+Collection%3A+Distributed+by+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71243931&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-323-4&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSECTUR2006" class="citation book cs1">SECTUR (2006). <i>Compendio Estadístico del Turismo en México 2006</i>. Mexico City: Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendio+Estad%C3%ADstico+del+Turismo+en+M%C3%A9xico+2006&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Secretar%C3%ADa+de+Turismo+%28SECTUR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=SECTUR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSECTUR2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">SECTUR (7 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317001737/http://www.sectur.gob.mx/es/sectur/sect_Boletin_069_Declaran_a_Chichen_Itza_Nueva_Mar">"Boletín 069: Declaran a Chichén Itzá Nueva Maravilla del Mundo Moderno"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Secretaría de Turismo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sectur.gob.mx/es/sectur/sect_Boletin_069_Declaran_a_Chichen_Itza_Nueva_Mar">the original</a> on 17 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+069%3A+Declaran+a+Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1+Nueva+Maravilla+del+Mundo+Moderno&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Secretar%C3%ADa+de+Turismo&rft.date=2007-07-07&rft.au=SECTUR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sectur.gob.mx%2Fes%2Fsectur%2Fsect_Boletin_069_Declaran_a_Chichen_Itza_Nueva_Mar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharerTraxler2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sharer" title="Robert Sharer">Sharer, Robert J.</a>; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar"><i>The Ancient Maya</i></a></span> (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4817-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4817-9"><bdi>0-8047-4817-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57577446">57577446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.edition=6th+%28fully+revised%29&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57577446&rft.isbn=0-8047-4817-9&rft.aulast=Sharer&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Traxler%2C+Loa+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmaya0006shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson, J. Eric S.</a> (1966) [1954]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofmaya00thom"><i>The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization</i></a></span>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-0301-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-0301-9"><bdi>0-8061-0301-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6611739">6611739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Maya+Civilization&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6611739&rft.isbn=0-8061-0301-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.+Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofmaya00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozzerGlover_Morrill_Allen1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tozzer" title="Alfred Tozzer">Tozzer, Alfred Marston</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glover_Morrill_Allen" title="Glover Morrill Allen">Glover Morrill Allen</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFoTAAAAYAAJ"><i>Animal figures in the Maya codices</i></a>. Vol. 4 (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University ed.). Cambridge, MA: The Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2199473">2199473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+figures+in+the+Maya+codices&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=Papers+of+the+Peabody+Museum+of+American+Archaeology+and+Ethnology%2C+Harvard+University&rft.pub=The+Museum&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2199473&rft.aulast=Tozzer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Marston&rft.au=Glover+Morrill+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFoTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsborne2007" class="citation news cs1">Usborne, David (7 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109195945/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article3135400.ece">"Mexican standoff: the battle of Chichen Itza"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article3135400.ece">the original</a> on 9 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mexican+standoff%3A+the+battle+of+Chichen+Itza&rft.date=2007-11-07&rft.aulast=Usborne&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.independent.co.uk%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Farticle3135400.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVossKremer2000" class="citation conference cs1">Voss, Alexander W.; Kremer, H. Juergen (2000). "Kʼakʼ-u-pakal, Hun-pik-tokʼ and the Kokom: The Political Organization of Chichén Itzá". In <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Robert_Colas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Robert Colas">Pierre Robert Colas</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecoyuc.com.mx/articles.php?task=detail&aid=1"><i>The Sacred and the Profane: Architecture and Identity in the Maya Lowlands (proceedings of the 3rd European Maya Conference)</i></a>. 3rd European Maya Conference, University of Hamburg, November 1998. Markt Schwaben, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Verlag_Anton_Saurwein" title="Verlag Anton Saurwein">Verlag Anton Saurwein</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-931419-04-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-931419-04-5"><bdi>3-931419-04-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47871840">47871840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=K%CA%BCak%CA%BC-u-pakal%2C+Hun-pik-tok%CA%BC+and+the+Kokom%3A+The+Political+Organization+of+Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+and+the+Profane%3A+Architecture+and+Identity+in+the+Maya+Lowlands+%28proceedings+of+the+3rd+European+Maya+Conference%29&rft.place=Markt+Schwaben%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Verlag+Anton+Saurwein&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47871840&rft.isbn=3-931419-04-5&rft.aulast=Voss&rft.aufirst=Alexander+W.&rft.au=Kremer%2C+H.+Juergen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecoyuc.com.mx%2Farticles.php%3Ftask%3Ddetail%26aid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeksJane_A._Hill2006" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, John M.; Jane A. Hill (2006). <i>The Carnegie Maya: the Carnegie Institution of Washington Maya Research Program, 1913–1957</i>. Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Colorado" title="University Press of Colorado">University Press of Colorado</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-833-2"><bdi>978-0-87081-833-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470645719">470645719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carnegie+Maya%3A+the+Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington+Maya+Research+Program%2C+1913%E2%80%931957&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470645719&rft.isbn=978-0-87081-833-2&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Jane+A.+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard1941" class="citation book cs1">Willard, T.A. (1941). <i>Kukulcan, the Bearded Conqueror: New Mayan Discoveries</i>. Hollywood, California: Murray and Gee. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3491500">3491500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kukulcan%2C+the+Bearded+Conqueror%3A+New+Mayan+Discoveries&rft.place=Hollywood%2C+California&rft.pub=Murray+and+Gee&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3491500&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Holmes" title="William Henry Holmes">Holmes, William H.</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-29782002"><i>Archeological Studies Among the Ancient Cities of Mexico</i></a>. Chicago: Field Columbian Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906592292">906592292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archeological+Studies+Among+the+Ancient+Cities+of+Mexico&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Field+Columbian+Museum&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906592292&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-29782002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinden1913" class="citation book cs1">Spinden, Herbert J. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125006979294"><i>A Study of Maya Art, Its Subject Matter and Historical Development</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1013513">1013513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Maya+Art%2C+Its+Subject+Matter+and+Historical+Development&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=The+Museum&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1013513&rft.aulast=Spinden&rft.aufirst=Herbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgri_33125006979294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">Stephens, John L.</a> (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incidentsoftrave21843step"><i>Incidents of Travel in Yucatan</i></a>. New York: Harper and Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656761248">656761248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incidents+of+Travel+in+Yucatan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656761248&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincidentsoftrave21843step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChichen+Itza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wren, Linnea, et al., eds. <i>Landscapes of the Itza: Archeology and Art History at Chichen Itza and Neighboring Sites</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Chich%C3%A9n-Itz%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Chichén-Itzá">Chichén-Itzá</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110599/Chichen-Itza"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>: Article on Chichen Itza</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyark.org/projects/chichen-itza">Chichen Itza Digital Media Archive</a> (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), with particularly detailed information on El Caracol and el Castillo, using data from a National Science Foundation/CyArk research partnership</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/483">UNESCO</a> page about Chichen Itza World Heritage site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Archaeological Zone of <a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquimé, Casas Grandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pinacate_y_Gran_Desierto_de_Altar_Biosphere_Reserve" title="El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve">El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li>Islands and Protected Areas of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vizca%C3%ADno_Biosphere_Reserve" title="El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve">Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missions_in_the_Sierra_Gorda_of_Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro">Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li>Historic Town of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_(city)" title="Guanajuato (city)">Guanajuato</a> and Adjacent Mines</li> <li>Protected town of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Atotonilco" title="Sanctuary of Atotonilco">Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_Landscape_and_Ancient_Industrial_Facilities_of_Tequila" title="Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila">Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Revillagigedo Archipelago">Revillagigedo Archipelago</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara</a></li> <li>Islands and Protected Areas of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve">Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl">Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a href="/wiki/El_Taj%C3%ADn" title="El Tajín">El Tajín</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Tlacotalpan" title="Tlacotalpan">Tlacotalpan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaxaca (city)">Oaxaca</a> and Archaeological Site of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a></li> <li>Prehistoric Caves of <a href="/wiki/Yagul" title="Yagul">Yagul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitla" title="Mitla">Mitla</a> in the Central Valley of Oaxaca</li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Archaeological Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Xochicalco" title="Xochicalco">Xochicalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Padre_Tembleque" title="Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque">Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque</a> Hydraulic System</li> <li>Central University City Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Universitaria,_Mexico_City" title="Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City">UNAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl" class="mw-redirect" title="Earliest monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl">Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n_House_and_Studio" title="Luis Barragán House and Studio">Luis Barragán House and Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve">Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n-Cuicatl%C3%A1n_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve">Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>,</li> <li>Historic Fortified Town of <a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chichén Itzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_Ka%CA%BCan_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve">Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic Town of <a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Shared by more one <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico#States" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maya_sites" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_sites" title="Template:Maya sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya_sites" title="Template talk:Maya sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maya_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Maya sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actun_Tunichil_Muknal" title="Actun Tunichil Muknal">Actun Tunichil Muknal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altun_Ha" title="Altun Ha">Altun Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baking_Pot" title="Baking Pot">Baking Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Creek_Cave" title="Barton Creek Cave">Barton Creek Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahal_Pech" title="Cahal Pech">Cahal Pech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracol" title="Caracol">Caracol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerros" title="Cerros">Cerros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaa_Creek" title="Chaa Creek">Chaa Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colha,_Belize" title="Colha, Belize">Colha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuello" title="Cuello">Cuello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pilar" title="El Pilar">El Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BCKabish" title="KaʼKabish">KaʼKabish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCaxob" title="Kʼaxob">Kʼaxob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Milpa" title="La Milpa">La Milpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamanai" title="Lamanai">Lamanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Belize" title="Louisville, Belize">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dover" title="Lower Dover">Lower Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubaantun" title="Lubaantun">Lubaantun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Gonzalez" title="Marco Gonzalez">Marco Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minanha" title="Minanha">Minanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_Li_Punit" title="Nim Li Punit">Nim Li Punit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohmul" title="Nohmul">Nohmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohoch_Che%CA%BCen" title="Nohoch Cheʼen">Nohoch Cheʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacbitun" title="Pacbitun">Pacbitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusilha" title="Pusilha">Pusilha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Estevan_(Maya_site)" title="San Estevan (Maya site)">San Estevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rita,_Corozal" title="Santa Rita, Corozal">Santa Rita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu,_Belize" title="Tipu, Belize">Tipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxbenka" title="Uxbenka">Uxbenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xnaheb" title="Xnaheb">Xnaheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunantunich" title="Xunantunich">Xunantunich</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1,_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichen Itza"><img alt="Chichen Itza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/150px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/225px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg/300px-001_El_Castillo_o_templo_de_Kukulkan._Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1%2C_M%C3%A9xico._MPLC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguateca" title="Aguateca">Aguateca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_de_Sacrificios" title="Altar de Sacrificios">Altar de Sacrificios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_Piedra" title="Arroyo de Piedra">Arroyo de Piedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balberta" title="Balberta">Balberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bejucal_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Bejucal (Mesoamerican site)">Bejucal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancu%C3%A9n" title="Cancuén">Cancuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Quiac" title="Cerro Quiac">Cerro Quiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chama_(Maya_site)" title="Chama (Maya site)">Chama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitinamit" title="Chitinamit">Chitinamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocol%C3%A1" title="Chocolá">Chocolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutixtiox" title="Chutixtiox">Chutixtiox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotzumalhuapa" title="Cotzumalhuapa">Cotzumalhuapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos_Pilas" title="Dos Pilas">Dos Pilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ba%C3%BAl" title="El Baúl">El Baúl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Chal" title="El Chal">El Chal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mirador" title="El Mirador">El Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Per%C3%BA_(Maya_site)" title="El Perú (Maya site)">El Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porvenir_(Maya_site)" title="El Porvenir (Maya site)">El Porvenir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Temblor" title="El Temblor">El Temblor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Tintal" title="El Tintal">El Tintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Zotz" title="El Zotz">El Zotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayt%C3%A1n" title="Guaytán">Guaytán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmul" title="Holmul">Holmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtun" title="Holtun">Holtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzan" title="Itzan">Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iximche" title="Iximche">Iximche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixkun" title="Ixkun">Ixkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixlu" title="Ixlu">Ixlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtonton" title="Ixtonton">Ixtonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtutz" title="Ixtutz">Ixtutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminaljuyu" title="Kaminaljuyu">Kaminaljuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinal" title="Kinal">Kinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatepan" title="Kʼatepan">Kʼatepan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amelia" title="La Amelia">La Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Blanca,_Peten" title="La Blanca, Peten">La Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Corona" title="La Corona">La Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Joyanca" title="La Joyanca">La Joyanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Muerta" title="La Muerta">La Muerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaquila" title="Machaquila">Machaquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixco_Viejo" title="Mixco Viejo">Mixco Viejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Montana (Mesoamerican site)">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motul_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Motul de San José">Motul de San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naachtun" title="Naachtun">Naachtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakbe" title="Nakbe">Nakbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakum" title="Nakum">Nakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjo" title="Naranjo">Naranjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajaral" title="Pajaral">Pajaral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_de_Chimino" title="Punta de Chimino">Punta de Chimino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirigu%C3%A1" title="Quiriguá">Quiriguá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCumarkaj" title="Qʼumarkaj">Qʼumarkaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Azul" title="Río Azul">Río Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacul,_El_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Sacul, El Petén">Sacul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_(Maya_site)" title="San Bartolo (Maya site)">San Bartolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_El_Pet%C3%A9n" title="San Clemente, El Petén">San Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seibal" title="Seibal">Seibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takalik_Abaj" title="Takalik Abaj">Takalik Abaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarindito" title="Tamarindito">Tamarindito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayasal_(archaeological_site)" title="Tayasal (archaeological site)">Tayasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoxte" title="Topoxte">Topoxte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tres_Islas" title="Tres Islas">Tres Islas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxactun" title="Uaxactun">Uaxactun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucanal" title="Ucanal">Ucanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajxaklajun" title="Wajxaklajun">Wajxaklajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzna" title="Witzna">Witzna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xultun" title="Xultun">Xultun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxha" title="Yaxha">Yaxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacpeten" title="Zacpeten">Zacpeten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaculeu" title="Zaculeu">Zaculeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapote_Bobal" title="Zapote Bobal">Zapote Bobal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puente_(Maya_site)" title="El Puente (Maya site)">El Puente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanceh" title="Acanceh">Acanceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguada_F%C3%A9nix" title="Aguada Fénix">Aguada Fénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ake" title="Ake">Aké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balamku" title="Balamku">Balamku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balankanche" title="Balankanche">Balankanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becan" title="Becan">Becan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonampak" title="Bonampak">Bonampak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chacchoben" title="Chacchoben">Chacchoben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chact%C3%BAn" title="Chactún">Chactún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicann%C3%A1" title="Chicanná">Chicanná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinkultic" title="Chinkultic">Chinkultic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chichen Itza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunchucmil" title="Chunchucmil">Chunchucmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunhuhub" title="Chunhuhub">Chunhuhub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunlim%C3%B3n" title="Chunlimón">Chunlimón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coba" title="Coba">Coba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comalcalco_(archaeological_site)" title="Comalcalco (archaeological site)">Comalcalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzibanche" title="Dzibanche">Dzibanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzibilchaltun" title="Dzibilchaltun">Dzibilchaltun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edzna" title="Edzna">Edzna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ek%CA%BC_Balam" title="Ekʼ Balam">Ekʼ Balam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormiguero,_Mexico" title="Hormiguero, Mexico">Hormiguero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izamal" title="Izamal">Izamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaina_Island" title="Jaina Island">Jaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolja%CA%BC" title="Joljaʼ">Joljaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabah_(Maya_site)" title="Kabah (Maya site)">Kabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiuic" title="Kiuic">Kiuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohunlich" title="Kohunlich">Kohunlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komchen" title="Komchen">Komchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labna" title="Labna">Labna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mar" title="La Mar">La Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C3%AD,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Maní, Yucatán">Maní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Reforma" title="Moral Reforma">Moral Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyil" title="Muyil">Muyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocomt%C3%BAn" title="Ocomtún">Ocomtún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxkintok" title="Oxkintok">Oxkintok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Ayutla_(Maya_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Ayutla (Maya site)">Plan de Ayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona,_Tabasco" title="Pomona, Tabasco">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Sur" title="Punta Sur">Punta Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bec" title="Río Bec">Río Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gervasio_(Maya_site)" title="San Gervasio (Maya site)">San Gervasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayil" title="Sayil">Sayil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamchen" title="Tamchen">Tamchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonin%C3%A1" title="Toniná">Toniná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_(Maya_site)" title="Tortuguero (Maya site)">Tortuguero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxul" title="Uxul">Uxul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriana_(archaeological_site)" title="Valeriana (archaeological site)">Valeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcaret" title="Xcaret">Xcaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xelha" title="Xelha">Xelha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlapak" title="Xlapak">Xlapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xpuhil" title="Xpuhil">Xpuhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xtampak" title="Xtampak">Xtampak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan" title="Yaxchilan">Yaxchilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxun%C3%A1" title="Yaxuná">Yaxuná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yula" title="Yula">Yula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCokop" title="Yoʼokop">Yoʼokop </a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_sites_in_Mexico" title="Category:Maya sites in Mexico">for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico</a></i>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cara_Sucia_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cara Sucia (Mesoamerican site)">Cara Sucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Blanca,_El_Salvador" title="Casa Blanca, El Salvador">Casa Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuat%C3%A1n" title="Cihuatán">Cihuatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joya_de_Cer%C3%A9n" title="Joya de Cerén">Joya de Cerén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s,_El_Salvador" title="San Andrés, El Salvador">San Andrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazumal" title="Tazumal">Tazumal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_7_Wonders_of_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New7Wonders_of_the_World" title="Template:New7Wonders of the World"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:New7Wonders_of_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:New7Wonders of the World (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New7Wonders_of_the_World" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New7Wonders of the World"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_7_Wonders_of_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_7_Wonders_of_the_World" title="New 7 Wonders of the World">New 7 Wonders of the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chichen Itza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Honorary status: <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5859#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5859#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5859#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316430233">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4325635-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119341194">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119341194">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chichén Itzá (zaniklé město)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge765081&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285522005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chichen_Itza&oldid=1255916981">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chichen_Itza&oldid=1255916981</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_sites" title="Category:Maya sites">Maya sites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chichen_Itza" title="Category:Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_sites_in_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Category:Maya sites in Yucatán">Maya sites in Yucatán</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeoastronomy" title="Category:Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_museums_in_Mexico" title="Category:Archaeological museums in Mexico">Archaeological museums in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Category:Museums in Yucatán">Museums in Yucatán</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Itza" title="Category:Itza">Itza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="Category:National Monuments of Mexico">National Monuments of Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_populated_places_in_Mexico" title="Category:Former populated places in Mexico">Former populated places in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_8th_century" title="Category:Populated places established in the 8th 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