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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Extant resentment of colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extant_resentment_of_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_advantage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_advantage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Political advantage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_advantage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illiteracy/lack_of_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illiteracy/lack_of_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Illiteracy/lack of education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illiteracy/lack_of_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Takfir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takfir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Takfir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takfir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Founding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry_with_ISIL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_ISIL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Rivalry with ISIL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_ISIL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Campaign of violence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign_of_violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaign of violence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Uprising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 2010 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bauchi_prison_break" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bauchi_prison_break"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Bauchi prison break </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bauchi_prison_break-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jos_and_Maiduguri_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jos_and_Maiduguri_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Jos and Maiduguri attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jos_and_Maiduguri_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_Abuja_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_Abuja_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 December Abuja bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_Abuja_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Presidential inauguration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_of_emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 State of emergency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kano_shootings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kano_shootings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Kano shootings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kano_shootings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baga_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baga_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Baga massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baga_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konduga_mosque_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konduga_mosque_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Konduga mosque shooting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konduga_mosque_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January_Maiduguri_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_Maiduguri_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 January Maiduguri bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_Maiduguri_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boarding_school_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarding_school_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Boarding school massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarding_school_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chibok_kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chibok_kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.3 Chibok kidnapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chibok_kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_Buni_Yadi_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_Buni_Yadi_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.4 May Buni Yadi attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_Buni_Yadi_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_Maiduguri_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_Maiduguri_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.5 July Maiduguri bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_Maiduguri_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Konduga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Konduga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.6 Battle of Konduga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Konduga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kano_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kano_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.7 Kano attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kano_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.8 Northern Cameroon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_occupied_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_occupied_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.9 Expansion of occupied territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_occupied_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cameroon_bus_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameroon_bus_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Cameroon bus attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameroon_bus_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baga_massacre_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baga_massacre_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Baga massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baga_massacre_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_African_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_African_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.3 West African offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_African_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damaturu,_Potiskum_and_Kano_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damaturu,_Potiskum_and_Kano_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.4 Damaturu, Potiskum and Kano bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damaturu,_Potiskum_and_Kano_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attrition_of_Catholic_diocese_of_Maiduguri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attrition_of_Catholic_diocese_of_Maiduguri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.5 Attrition of Catholic diocese of Maiduguri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attrition_of_Catholic_diocese_of_Maiduguri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-N'Djamena_suicide_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#N'Djamena_suicide_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.6 N'Djamena suicide bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-N'Djamena_suicide_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monguno_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monguno_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.7 Monguno bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monguno_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_mosques_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_mosques_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.8 July mosques massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_mosques_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5_July_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5_July_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.9 5 July attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5_July_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotokol_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotokol_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.10 Fotokol bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotokol_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_of_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.11 Claims of defeat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.12 Borno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Capital_Territory/Nasarawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Capital_Territory/Nasarawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.13 Federal Capital Territory/Nasarawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Capital_Territory/Nasarawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adamawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adamawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.14 Adamawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adamawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yobe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yobe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.15 Yobe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yobe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.16 Kano </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.17 Cameroon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chad_-_October_and_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chad_-_October_and_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.18 Chad - October and November </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chad_-_October_and_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_Chad_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_Chad_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.19 December Chad bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_Chad_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.20 Niger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bodo_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodo_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 Bodo bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodo_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalori_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalori_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.2 Dalori attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalori_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dikwa_suicide_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dikwa_suicide_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.3 Dikwa suicide bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dikwa_suicide_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maiduguri_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maiduguri_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.4 Maiduguri bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maiduguri_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weakening_and_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weakening_and_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.5 Weakening and split </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weakening_and_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madagali_suicide_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madagali_suicide_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.6 Madagali suicide bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madagali_suicide_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rann_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rann_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.1 Rann bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rann_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_in_the_number_of_child_suicide_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_the_number_of_child_suicide_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.2 Increase in the number of child suicide bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_the_number_of_child_suicide_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maidiguri_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maidiguri_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.3 Maidiguri bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maidiguri_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mubi_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mubi_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.4 Mubi bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mubi_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffa_clash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffa_clash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.5 Diffa clash </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffa_clash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dapchi_kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dapchi_kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10.1 Dapchi kidnapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dapchi_kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maiduguri_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maiduguri_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10.2 Maiduguri attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maiduguri_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Lafiya_Dole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Lafiya_Dole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10.3 Operation Lafiya Dole </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Lafiya_Dole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_in_north-east_Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_in_north-east_Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10.4 Attacks in north-east Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_in_north-east_Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attack_near_Nigerian_Army_chief_of_staff's_family_home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_near_Nigerian_Army_chief_of_staff's_family_home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.1 Attack near Nigerian Army chief of staff's family home </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_near_Nigerian_Army_chief_of_staff's_family_home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_against_Chadian_security_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_against_Chadian_security_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.2 Attack against Chadian security forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_against_Chadian_security_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konduga_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konduga_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.3 Konduga bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konduga_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nganzai_funeral_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nganzai_funeral_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.4 Nganzai funeral attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nganzai_funeral_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_against_a_Nigerian_military_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_against_a_Nigerian_military_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.5 Attack against a Nigerian military base </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_against_a_Nigerian_military_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_against_a_Burkina_Faso_military_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_against_a_Burkina_Faso_military_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.6 Attack against a Burkina Faso military base </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_against_a_Burkina_Faso_military_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gamboru_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamboru_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.1 Gamboru bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamboru_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auno_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auno_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.2 Auno attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auno_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boma_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boma_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.3 Boma attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boma_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goneri_ambush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goneri_ambush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.4 Goneri ambush </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goneri_ambush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amchide_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amchide_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.5 Amchide bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amchide_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gajigana_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gajigana_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.6 Gajigana attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gajigana_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gubio_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gubio_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.7 Gubio massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gubio_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monguno_and_Nganzai_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monguno_and_Nganzai_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.8 Monguno and Nganzai massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monguno_and_Nganzai_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nguetchewe_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguetchewe_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.9 Nguetchewe attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguetchewe_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koshebe_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koshebe_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.10 Koshebe massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koshebe_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kankara_kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kankara_kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.11 Kankara kidnapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kankara_kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christmas_Eve_attack_in_Pemi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas_Eve_attack_in_Pemi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.12 Christmas Eve attack in Pemi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas_Eve_attack_in_Pemi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wulgo_forest_kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wulgo_forest_kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.13 Wulgo forest kidnapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wulgo_forest_kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maiduguri_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maiduguri_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13.1 Maiduguri attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maiduguri_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13.2 Battle of Sambisa Forest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Organisation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Leader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kidnapping_for_ransom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidnapping_for_ransom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Kidnapping for ransom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidnapping_for_ransom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Extortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_militant_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_militant_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Relationship with other militant groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_militant_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_of_Nigerian_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_of_Nigerian_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Response of Nigerian authorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_of_Nigerian_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 International responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dates_of_designation_as_a_terrorist_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_designation_as_a_terrorist_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Dates of designation as a terrorist organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_designation_as_a_terrorist_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Coalition_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Coalition_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 African Coalition force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Coalition_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Chinese assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombian_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombian_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Colombian assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombian_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_and_post-Soviet_states_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_and_post-Soviet_states_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 South African and post-Soviet states assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_and_post-Soviet_states_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_British_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_British_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 French and British assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_British_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 United States responses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 United Nations responses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Boko Haram</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بوكو حرام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوكو حرام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বোকো হারাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোকো হারাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бока Харам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бока Харам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Боко Харам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Боко Харам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Μπόκο Χαράμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπόκο Χαράμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بوکو حرام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوکو حرام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%BD%94_%ED%95%98%EB%9E%8C" title="보코 하람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보코 하람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Բոկո Հարամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոկո Հարամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बोको हराम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोको हराम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="בוקו חראם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוקו חראם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೊಕೊ ಹರಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೊಕೊ ಹರಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Боко Харам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боко Харам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="ബോകോ ഹറം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോകോ ഹറം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بوكو حرام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوكو حرام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بوکو حرام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوکو حرام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Боко Харам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боко Харам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="ボコ・ハラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボコ・ハラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬੋਕੋ ਹਰਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਕੋ ਹਰਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بوکو حرام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوکو حرام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بوکو حرام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوکو حرام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Боко харам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боко харам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="බෝකෝ හරාම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෝකෝ හරාම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بوڪو حرام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بوڪو حرام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%86_%D8%AD%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بۆکۆ حەرام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆکۆ حەرام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Боко харам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боко харам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="போகோ அராம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போகோ அராம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="โบโกฮะรอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบโกฮะรอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boko Haram" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Боко харам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боко харам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بوکوحرام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بوکوحرام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Boko Haram" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">Islamic State – West Africa Province</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to EU and UN designation of Boko Haram as a terrorist group) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Boko Haram</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawah and Jihad</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Boko_Haram_(2018-Present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Logo_of_Boko_Haram_%282018-Present%29.svg/175px-Logo_of_Boko_Haram_%282018-Present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Logo_of_Boko_Haram_%282018-Present%29.svg/263px-Logo_of_Boko_Haram_%282018-Present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Logo_of_Boko_Haram_%282018-Present%29.svg/350px-Logo_of_Boko_Haram_%282018-Present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="187" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> (2002–2009) <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (2009–2021) Sahalaba <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> (2021–2022)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20244–5-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakura_Doro" title="Bakura Doro">Bakura Doro</a> (2022–present)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20244–5-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">2002–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a> (2009–2012)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gwoza" title="Gwoza">Gwoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (July 2009 – March 2015)<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_rejects_UN_military_aid-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marte,_Borno" class="mw-redirect" title="Marte, Borno">Marte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>, Nigeria (April–September 2015)<a href="#cite_note-Marte_falls-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-restricted-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sambisa_Forest" title="Sambisa Forest">Sambisa Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>, Nigeria (March 2015 – May 2021)<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_rejects_UN_military_aid-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marte_falls-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chikun" title="Chikun">Chikun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a>, Nigeria (September 2021 – present)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfirism</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Westernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Westernism">Anti-Westernism</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Anti-Shi'ism</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 15,000 (Amnesty International claimed, January 2015)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> 20,000 (Chad claimed, March 2015)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> 4,000–6,000 (United States claimed, February 2015)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (2015–2016)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_State_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/25px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/38px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/50px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (2007–2015) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a> (2012–2015) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.JPG/23px-Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.JPG" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.JPG/35px-Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.JPG/46px-Drapeau_Ansar_Dine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="455" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a> (2012–2013) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/25px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/38px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/50px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">MOJWA</a> (2012–2013) <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/25px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/38px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/50px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mulathameen" title="Al-Mulathameen">Al-Mulathameen</a> (2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Badge_of_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force.svg/23px-Badge_of_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Badge_of_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force.svg/35px-Badge_of_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Badge_of_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force.svg/46px-Badge_of_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="327" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force" title="Multinational Joint Task Force">Multinational Joint Task Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-ngrguardiannews.com-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunnewsonline.com-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-15">[15]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-ngrguardiannews.com-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunnewsonline.com-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-15">[15]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> (announced)<a href="#cite_note-ngrguardiannews.com-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunnewsonline.com-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-15">[15]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-19">[19]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-Channelst-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation-21">[21]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> Non-state opponents <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">Islamic State – West Africa Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_uprising" title="2009 Boko Haram uprising">2009 Boko Haram uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damboa" title="Battle of Damboa">Battle of Damboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konduga_(2014)" title="Battle of Konduga (2014)">Battle of Konduga (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_raid_on_Kolofata" title="January 2015 raid on Kolofata">January 2015 raid on Kolofata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">2015 West African offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Niger_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Niger raid">2015 Niger raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konduga_(2015)" title="Battle of Konduga (2015)">Battle of Konduga (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damasak" title="Battle of Damasak">Battle of Damasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin_campaign_(2018%E2%80%932020)" title="Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)">Chad Basin campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Battle of Sambisa Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">Operation Juniper Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gao" title="Battle of Gao">Battle of Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konna" title="Battle of Konna">Battle of Konna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diabaly" title="Battle of Diabaly">Battle of Diabaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ifoghas" title="Battle of Ifoghas">Battle of Ifoghas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Dates_of_designation_as_a_terrorist_organization">See section</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi_maximum_territorial_control.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi_maximum_territorial_control.png/220px-Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi_maximum_territorial_control.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi_maximum_territorial_control.png/330px-Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi_maximum_territorial_control.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi_maximum_territorial_control.png/440px-Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi_maximum_territorial_control.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The maximum extent of Boko Haram in January 2015 shown in dark grey</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Template:Campaignbox Boko Haram insurgency"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Boko Haram insurgency"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Boko Haram insurgency"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boko_Haram_insurgency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Timeline of the Boko Haram insurgency">Timeline</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military operations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_uprising" title="2009 Boko Haram uprising">2009 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Nigeria_clashes" title="December 2011 Nigeria clashes">2011 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_hostage_rescue_attempt" title="Sokoto hostage rescue attempt">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damboa" title="Battle of Damboa">Damboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibok_ambush" title="Chibok ambush">Chibok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konduga_(2014)" title="Battle of Konduga (2014)">Konduga (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Cameroon_clashes" title="December 2014 Cameroon clashes">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_raid_on_Kolofata" title="January 2015 raid on Kolofata">Kolofata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">W Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Niger_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Niger raid">Niger (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konduga_(2015)" title="Battle of Konduga (2015)">Konduga (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damasak" title="Battle of Damasak">Damasak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Niger_raid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Niger raid (page does not exist)">Niger (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rann_bombing" title="Rann bombing">Rann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2017_Diffa_Region_clash" title="December 2017 Diffa Region clash">1st Diffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin_campaign_(2018%E2%80%932020)" title="Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)">Chad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darak" title="Battle of Darak">Darak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Boma%27s_Wrath" title="Operation Boma's Wrath">Boma's Wrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garin_Giwa_ambush" title="Garin Giwa ambush">Garin Giwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geidam" title="Battle of Geidam">Geidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Sambisa Forest (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Diffa_raid" title="2021 Diffa raid">2nd Diffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sagme_attack" title="2021 Sagme attack">Sagme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchoukoutalia_attack" title="Tchoukoutalia attack">Tchoukoutalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwatar_Daban_Masara_airstrike" title="Kwatar Daban Masara airstrike">Kwatar Daban Masara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Toumbun_Allura_Kurnawa_and_Toumbun_Gini" title="Battles of Toumbun Allura Kurnawa and Toumbun Gini">Toumbun Allura Karnawa and Toumbun Gini</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Terrorist_attacks_and_massacres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terrorist attacks and <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nigeria" title="List of massacres in Nigeria">massacres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_prison_break" title="Bauchi prison break">Bauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jos_and_Maiduguri_attacks" title="2010 Jos and Maiduguri attacks">Jos & Maiduguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2010_Abuja_bombing" title="December 2010 Abuja bombing">Abuja</a></li></ul> 2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2011_Nigeria_bombings" title="May 2011 Nigeria bombings">Bauchi, Maiduguri, Zaria & Zuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Abuja_police_headquarters_bombing" title="2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing">Abuja police HQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Abuja_United_Nations_bombing" title="2011 Abuja United Nations bombing">Abuja UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2011_Nigeria_attacks" title="November 2011 Nigeria attacks">Damaturu, Kaduna & Maiduguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_2011_Nigeria_attacks" title="Christmas 2011 Nigeria attacks">Damaturu, Gadaka, Jos & Madalla</a></li></ul> 2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_Northern_Nigeria_attacks" title="January 2012 Northern Nigeria attacks">Gombi, Mubi, Maiduguri & Yola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Kaduna_bombings" title="April 2012 Kaduna bombings">Kaduna (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaturu_prison_break" title="Damaturu prison break">Damaturu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2012_Kaduna_church_bombings" title="June 2012 Kaduna church bombings">Kaduna (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeper_Life_Bible_Church_shooting" title="Deeper Life Bible Church shooting">Okene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Polytechnic,_Mubi_attack" title="Federal Polytechnic, Mubi attack">Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2012_shootings_in_Northern_Nigeria" title="December 2012 shootings in Northern Nigeria">Maiduguri & Potiskum</a></li></ul> 2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Kano_bus_bombing" title="2013 Kano bus bombing">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baga_massacre" title="2013 Baga massacre">Baga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_State_school_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Yobe State school shooting">Mamudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konduga_mosque_shooting" title="Konduga mosque shooting">Konduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benisheik_massacre" title="Benisheik massacre">Benisheik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujba_college_massacre" title="Gujba college massacre">Gujba</a></li></ul> 2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Maiduguri_bombing" title="January 2014 Maiduguri bombing">Maiduguri (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakawa_and_Kawuri_attacks" title="Chakawa and Kawuri attacks">Chakawa & Kawuri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawuri_massacre" title="Kawuri massacre">Kawuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2014_Konduga_massacre" title="February 2014 Konduga massacre">Konduga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Chad attack">Lake Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izghe_attack" title="Izghe attack">Izghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2014_Buni_Yadi_massacre" title="February 2014 Buni Yadi massacre">Buni Yadi (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_DSS_attack" title="Abuja DSS attack">Abuja DSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_Nyanya_bombing" title="April 2014 Nyanya bombing">Nyanya (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibok_schoolgirls_kidnapping" title="Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping">Chibok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_Nyanya_bombing" title="May 2014 Nyanya bombing">Nyanya (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gamboru_Ngala_massacre" title="2014 Gamboru Ngala massacre">Gamboru & Ngala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Jos_bombings" title="2014 Jos bombings">Jos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_Buni_Yadi_attack" title="May 2014 Buni Yadi attack">Buni Yadi (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Mubi_bombing" title="2014 Mubi bombing">Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwoza_massacre" title="Gwoza massacre">Gwoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2014_Borno_State_attacks" title="June 2014 Borno State attacks">Borno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2014_Kaduna_and_Abuja_attacks" title="June 2014 Kaduna and Abuja attacks">Kaduna & Abuja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuse_bombing" title="Wuse bombing">Wuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2014_Maiduguri_bombing" title="July 2014 Maiduguri bombing">Maiduguri (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damboa_massacre" title="Damboa massacre">Damboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_prison_break" title="Kogi prison break">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Potiskum_bombings" title="2014 Potiskum bombings">Potiskum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Potiskum_school_bombing" title="2014 Potiskum school bombing">School bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_2014_Maiduguri_bombings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 2014 Maiduguri bombings (page does not exist)">Maiduguri (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasak_massacre" title="Damasak massacre">Damasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kano_attack" title="2014 Kano attack">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gumsuri_kidnappings" title="2014 Gumsuri kidnappings">Gumsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gombe_bus_station_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Gombe bus station bombing">Gombe</a></li></ul> 2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malari_kidnapping" title="Malari kidnapping">Malari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Cameroon_bus_attack" title="2015 Cameroon bus attack">Cameroon bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Baga_massacre" title="2015 Baga massacre">Baga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Maiduguri_suicide_bombing" title="January 2015 Maiduguri suicide bombing">Maiduguri (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotokol_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotokol massacre">Fotokol massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Nigeria_bombings" title="February 2015 Nigeria bombings">Damaturu, Potiskum & Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2015_Maiduguri_suicide_bombing" title="March 2015 Maiduguri suicide bombing">Maiduguri (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasak_kidnapping" title="Damasak kidnapping">Damasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_N%27Djamena_bombings" title="2015 N'Djamena bombings">N'Djamena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2015_Monguno_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2015 Monguno bombing">Monguno (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_June_and_1_July_2015_Borno_massacres" title="30 June and 1 July 2015 Borno massacres">Borno (30 Jun & 1 Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_July_2015_Nigeria_attacks" title="5 July 2015 Nigeria attacks">Potiskum, Jos & Borno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotokol_bombings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotokol bombings (page does not exist)">Fotokol bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2015_Gombe_bombings" title="July 2015 Gombe bombings">Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Borno_State_bombings" title="September 2015 Borno State bombings">Maiduguri & Monguno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baga_Sola_bombings" title="Baga Sola bombings">Baga Sola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Yola_bombing" title="November 2015 Yola bombing">Yola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2015_Chad_suicide_bombings" title="December 2015 Chad suicide bombings">Chad (Dec)</a></li></ul> 2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bodo_bombings" title="2016 Bodo bombings">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dalori_attack" title="2016 Dalori attack">Dalori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikwa_suicide_bombings" title="Dikwa suicide bombings">Dikwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Maiduguri_suicide_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Maiduguri suicide bombings">Maiduguri (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_2016_Borno_State_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="April 2016 Borno State massacre (page does not exist)">Borno (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Lake_Chad_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Lake Chad massacre (page does not exist)">Lake Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Adamawa_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Adamawa attack (page does not exist)">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_2016_Cameroon_bombing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June 2016 Cameroon bombing (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuda_funeral_attack" title="Kuda funeral attack">Kuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_2016_Maiduguri_bombings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="October 2016 Maiduguri bombings (page does not exist)">Maiduguri (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagali_suicide_bombings" title="Madagali suicide bombings">Madagali</a></li></ul> 2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Maiduguri_bombings" title="March 2017 Maiduguri bombings">Maiduguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mubi_bombing" title="2017 Mubi bombing">Mubi</a></li></ul> 2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Konduga_bombings" title="2018 Konduga bombings">Konduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapchi_schoolgirls_kidnapping" title="Dapchi schoolgirls kidnapping">Dapchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mubi_suicide_bombings" title="2018 Mubi suicide bombings">Mubi</a></li></ul> 2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Konduga_bombings" title="2019 Konduga bombings">Konduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganzai_funeral_attack" title="Nganzai funeral attack">Nganzai</a></li></ul> 2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Gamboru_bombing" title="2020 Gamboru bombing">Gamboru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Toumour_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Toumour attacks">Toumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2020_Chad_and_Nigeria_massacres" title="March 2020 Chad and Nigeria massacres">Lake Chad & Borno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubio_massacre" title="Gubio massacre">Gubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguno_and_Nganzai_massacres" title="Monguno and Nganzai massacres">Monguno and Nganzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguetchewe_attack" title="Nguetchewe attack">Nguetchewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouyape_attack" title="Kouyape attack">Kouyape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshebe_massacre" title="Koshebe massacre">Koshebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemi_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemi attack">Pemi</a></li></ul> 2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maiduguri_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Maiduguri rocket attacks">Maiduguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainok_attack" title="Mainok attack">Mainok</a></li></ul> 2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuje_prison_break" title="Kuje prison break">Kuje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngouboua_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngouboua attack">Ngouboua</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Boko Haram, officially known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Group of the People of <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Dawah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>'),<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> organization based in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, which is also active in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bureau-12">[12]</a> In 2016, the group split, resulting in the emergence of a hostile faction known as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%27s_West_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State's West Africa Province">Islamic State's West Africa Province</a>. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a> in 2002, the group was led by <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a> from 2009 until his death in 2021, although it splintered into other groups after Yusuf's death in 2009, as well as in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-enc-25">[25]</a> When the group was first formed, their main goal was to "purify", meaning to spread <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, and destroy <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">northern Nigeria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> believing jihad should be delayed until the group was strong enough to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian government">Nigerian government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-too-much-2017-291-27">[27]</a> The group formerly aligned itself with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BokoHaramIS-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-BokoHaramIS2-29">[29]</a> The group has been known for its brutality,<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> and since the <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">insurgency started in 2009</a>, Boko Haram has killed tens of thousands of people, in frequent attacks against the police, armed forces and <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>. It has resulted in the deaths of more than 300,000 children<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and has <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">displaced</a> 2.3 million from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-AP-18-11-15-32">[32]</a> Boko Haram has contributed to regional food crises and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> After its founding in 2002, Boko Haram's increasing <a href="/wiki/Radicalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalisation">radicalisation</a> led to the suppression operation by the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian military">Nigerian military</a> and the killing of its leader <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a> in July 2009.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Its unexpected resurgence, following a mass <a href="/wiki/Prison_breaks_in_Nigeria" title="Prison breaks in Nigeria">prison break</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_prison_break" title="Bauchi prison break">in September 2010</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bauchi" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a>, was accompanied by increasingly sophisticated attacks, initially against <a href="/wiki/Soft_target" title="Soft target">soft targets</a>, but progressing in 2011 to include <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombings</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_Abuja_police_headquarters_bombing" title="2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing">of police buildings</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_Abuja_United_Nations_bombing" title="2011 Abuja United Nations bombing">and the United Nations</a> office in <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>. The government's establishment of a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> at the beginning of 2012, extended in the following year to cover the entire northeast of Nigeria, led to an increase in both security force abuses and militant attacks.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-enc-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-hundreds-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Of the 2.3 million people displaced by the conflict since May 2013, at least 250,000 left Nigeria and fled to <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Boko Haram killed over 6,600 people in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The group has carried out <a href="/wiki/Massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres">massacres</a> including the <a href="/wiki/February_2014_Buni_Yadi_massacre" title="February 2014 Buni Yadi massacre">killing by fire of 59 schoolboys</a> in February 2014 and mass <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_in_Nigeria" title="Kidnapping in Nigeria">abductions</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Chibok_schoolgirls_kidnapping" title="Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping">kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chibok" title="Chibok">Chibok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</a>, Nigeria, in April 2014. <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a> in the security services and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">human rights</a> abuses committed by them have hampered efforts to <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counter the unrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw_report-41">[41]</a> In mid-2014, the militants gained control of swaths of territory in and around their home <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">state</a> of Borno, estimated at 50,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi) in January 2015, but did not capture the state capital, <a href="/wiki/Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri">Maiduguri</a>, where the group was originally based.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a> pledged allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Intragroup_conflict" title="Intragroup conflict">internal disputes</a> between the two groups, hundreds of terrorists left Boko Haram and formed their own organization, named "Islamic State's West Africa Province".<a href="#cite_note-longwarjournal_2016-10-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_387235-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In September 2015, the director of information at the Defence Headquarters of Nigeria announced that all Boko Haram camps had been destroyed but attacks from the group continue.<a href="#cite_note-defeat-46">[46]</a> In 2019, the president of Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a>, claimed that Boko Haram was "technically defeated".<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> Shekau was killed and confirmed to be dead in May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-shekaudead-48">[48]</a> Despite this, Boko Haram experienced a subsequent revival under a new leader, <a href="/wiki/Bakura_Doro" title="Bakura Doro">Bakura Doro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20241–2,_4–5-49">[49]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The organization's name has always been Group of the People of <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Dawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> (Arabic: جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, romanized: Jamā'atu Ahli is-Sunnah lid-Da'wati wal-Jihād).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> It was also known as the West African Province (Wilayat Garb Ifrqiya), and, after pledging allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> in 2015, was briefly called Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) or Islamic State's West African Province (ISWAP). The group fractured in 2016, however, and ISWAP and Boko Haram are now separate groups.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-51">[51]</a> The name Boko Haram is usually translated as "<a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Western education</a> is forbidden". "Haram" is from the Arabic حَرَام (<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ar%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥarām">ḥarām</a>, "forbidden") and the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> word boko (the first vowel is long, the second pronounced in a low tone), meaning "fake",<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-George_Percy_Bargery_1934-53">[53]</a> which is used to refer to secular Western education.<a href="#cite_note-boko-54">[54]</a> In a 2009 statement they denounced that translation as the work of the "infidel media", claiming the true translation is "Western Civilization is forbidden", and that they are not "opposed to formal education coming from the West" but "believe in the supremacy of Islamic culture (not education)".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thurston-2019-16-56">[56]</a> Other translations in English include "Western influence is a sin",<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and "Westernization is sacrilege".<a href="#cite_note-enc-25">[25]</a> Until the death of its founder <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a>, the group was also reportedly known as Yusifiyya. Northern Nigerians have commonly dismissed Western education as ilimin boko ("fake education") and secular schools as makaranta boko ("fake school").<a href="#cite_note-George_Percy_Bargery_1934-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-boko-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Aliyu_U._Tilde-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes,_ideology,_and_takfir">Causes, ideology, and takfir</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes, ideology, and takfir">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NG-Sharia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NG-Sharia.png/220px-NG-Sharia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NG-Sharia.png/330px-NG-Sharia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/NG-Sharia.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Nigerian states with sharia law shown in green</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:whitesmoke; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Practices and concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Chechnya)" title="Black Widow (Chechnya)">Shahidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inghimasi" title="Inghimasi">Inghimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">Beheading video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable jihadist organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in the West</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Islamic terrorism in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">Islamism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in Bosnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homegrown_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homegrown terrorism">Homegrown terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes/contributors">Causes/contributors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes/contributors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic">Economic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</div> Some analysts have emphasized <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">economic</a> causes as a factor in Boko Haram's success.<a href="#cite_note-arguments-2011-60">[60]</a> Wealth in Nigeria has been concentrated among members of a small political elite.<a href="#cite_note-arguments-2011-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJD-61">[61]</a> Nigeria is Africa's biggest economy, but 60% of its population of 173 million (as of 2013)<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit">[update]</a> live on less than $1 a day.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious">Religious</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">sharia law</a> imposed by local authorities, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Zamfara" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamfara">Zamfara</a> in January 2000 and covering 12 northern states by late 2002, may have promoted links between Boko Haram and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">political</a> leaders, but was considered by the group to have been corrupted.<a href="#cite_note-journals-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extant_resentment_of_colonialism">Extant resentment of colonialism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extant resentment of colonialism">edit</a>]</div> Academic Atta Barkindo explains the group's "baffling" ability to "maintain momentum" in part by the "accumulated and unaddressed grievances" against <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> in the region, including the colonial boundaries (of Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, etc.) established by Europeans that bear no resemblance to "pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>, ethnic or cultural territories", and by the group's use of the "historical narrative" of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barkindo-68">[68]</a> Mohammad Yusuf preached that, "our land was an Islamic state before it was turned into a land of kafir (infidel); the current system is contrary to true Muslim beliefs".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_advantage">Political advantage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political advantage">edit</a>]</div> The political interests and bias of the Nigerian elite is believed to play a major role in the thriving of the activities of the organization: the political leadership requires that the press refer to the group as bandits rather than terrorists, which downplays the threat they pose.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illiteracy/lack_of_education">Illiteracy/lack of education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Illiteracy/lack of education">edit</a>]</div> In a discussion organized by the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson Center</a>, Chief <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a>, a former president of Nigeria, highlighted the low level of literacy and education in the Northern parts of the country as contributing to the perpetuation of Boko Haram. According to Obasanjo, illiterate and uneducated children are more likely to be drawn into the ranks of the terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> The founder of Boko Haram, Muhammad Yusuf, was reportedly inspired by the controversial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_preacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic preacher (page does not exist)">Islamic preacher</a> Mohammed Marwa (<a href="/wiki/Maitatsine" title="Maitatsine">Maitatsine</a>), who condemned the reading of any books other than the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-George_Percy_Bargery_1934-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-managing-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-west-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-worlddefensereview.com-74">[74]</a> Yusuf, himself, in one 2009 interview, expressed his opposition not only to Western education, but to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">spherical</a> (not flat) Earth, and to the idea that rain comes from "evaporation caused by the sun" rather than being created and sent down directly by God.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20090728-75">[75]</a> Boko Haram opposes the <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> of Nigerian society,<a href="#cite_note-arguments-2011-60">[60]</a> which it blames for "Nigeria's culture of corruption",<a href="#cite_note-enc-25">[25]</a> and demands the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in Nigeria. It developed into a <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadist</a> group in 2009. As <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi Jihadis</a>, the group strives to re-establish the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> and bring all peoples under its domain, doing away with modern states and <a href="/wiki/Patriotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic">patriotic</a> feeling towards them. After Boko Haram declared its allegiance to the Islamic State, an IS statement proclaimed "It was the rejection of nationalism that drove the mujahidin (jihad fighters) in Nigeria to give <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bay'ah</a> (fealty) to the Islamic State and wage war against the Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">murtaddin</a> (apostates) fighting for the Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">taghut</a> (idolatrous tyrant)".<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-2019-18-76">[76]</a> The movement is diffuse, and fighters who are associated with it follow the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Tenets" title="Salafi movement">Salafi doctrine</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Takfir">Takfir</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Takfir">edit</a>]</div> Members' beliefs tend to be centered on strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Wahabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahabi">Wahhabism</a>, which is an extremely strict form of Sunni Islam that sees many other forms of Islam as <a href="/wiki/Idolatrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatrous">idolatrous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Congressional-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfrBackgrounder-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTC-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Onuoha-81">[81]</a> The group has denounced the members of the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> sects as infidels,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and also mainstream Sunni Muslims who fail to support their jihad. This willingness to <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a> – i.e. accuse self-professed Muslims of being <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates from Islam</a> and thus subject to execution<a href="#cite_note-too-much-2017-288-83">[83]</a> – is a departure from mainstream Islam but not Salafi jihadism. An insurgent aiming to overthrow a Muslim government faces a challenge due to mainstream Islamic doctrine, which forbids the killing or enslaving of fellow Muslims, including government officials, military personnel, or ordinary Muslims who don't support the insurgency. However, by using takfir—declaring opponents as apostates—the insurgents not only bypass this prohibition but also turn the killing of these Muslims into a "religious duty." In a 18 December 2016 speech to his commanders, Shekau proclaimed that 'even if a woman is praying and fasting, once she engages in democracy I can capture her in a battle'.<a href="#cite_note-too-much-2017-288-9-84">[84]</a> According to researchers Jacob Zenna and Zacharias Pier,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-too-much-2017-288-9-84">[84]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">after 2010… Shekau, believed that jihad was obligatory and that not actively joining his jihad was tantamount to apostasy. This did not mean Shekau actively killed anyone after he announced jihad and renamed the group "JAS" in 2010. Rather, there was a "priority scale" with Christians, the government and publicly anti-JAS Muslim preachers targeted first. This also meant any Muslims killed collaterally were not a concern since they were "guilty" for not having joined his jihad. …[by] October 2010, …assassinations targeting Muslim religious leaders, especially Salafists who opposed JAS's religious interpretation, as well as civil servants, became an almost weekly occurrence in northeastern Nigeria. In addition to this, prisons, banks, mosques, churches and beer halls also were common targets of attack.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boko_Haram_logo_(2002%E2%80%9315).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Boko_Haram_logo_%282002%E2%80%9315%29.png/220px-Boko_Haram_logo_%282002%E2%80%9315%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Boko_Haram_logo_%282002%E2%80%9315%29.png/330px-Boko_Haram_logo_%282002%E2%80%9315%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/Boko_Haram_logo_%282002%E2%80%9315%29.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Logo of Boko Haram (2002–15)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">Fourth Nigerian Republic</a></div> Before it was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria#A_British_sphere_of_influence" title="History of Nigeria">colonized</a> and subsequently incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a> in 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a> ruled the territory where Boko Haram is currently active. It was a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a> run according to the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>, with a majority <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> Muslim population. In 1903, both the <a href="/wiki/Borno_Emirate" title="Borno Emirate">Borno Emirate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> had come under British rule. At this time, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> spread the Christian message in the region and converted a large segment of the Nigerian populace.<a href="#cite_note-Nigeria-86">[86]</a> British rule ended when Nigeria was granted independence in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20110826-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Except for a brief period of civilian rule between 1979 and 1983, Nigeria was governed by a series of military dictatorships from 1966 until the advent of democracy in 1999. According to the Borno <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheik</a> Fatahi, Yusuf was trained by the <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Izala_Society" title="Izala Society">Izala</a> Sheik <a href="/wiki/Ja%27afar_Mahmud_Adam" title="Ja'afar Mahmud Adam">Ja'afar Mahmud Adamu</a>, who called him the "leader of young people"; the two split some time in 2002–2004. They both preached in <a href="/wiki/Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri">Maiduguri</a>'s Indimi <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, which was attended by the deputy governor of Borno.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Many of the group were reportedly inspired by Mohammed Marwa, known as <a href="/wiki/Maitatsine" title="Maitatsine">Maitatsine</a> ("He who curses others"), a self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> (annabi, a <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> word usually used only to describe the founder of Islam) born in <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Northern Cameroon</a> who condemned the reading of books other than the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-George_Percy_Bargery_1934-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-managing-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-west-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-worlddefensereview.com-74">[74]</a> In a 2009 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> interview, Yusuf, expressed similarly <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-modern">pre-modern</a> ideas on <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flat_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat earth">flat earth</a>, and rain sent directly from <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20090728-75">[75]</a> Followers of Maitatsine "wreaked havoc" in northern cities of Nigeria "off and on" from 1980 to 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-2019-24-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic militancy</a> is thought to have been one of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">1967–1970 civil war</a>; <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">religious violence</a> reached a new height in 1980 in Kano, the largest city in the north of the country, where the Muslim fundamentalist sect <a href="/wiki/Yan_Tatsine" title="Yan Tatsine">Yan Tatsine</a> ("followers of Maitatsine") instigated <a href="/wiki/1980_Kano_riot" title="1980 Kano riot">riots</a> that resulted in four or five thousand deaths. In the ensuing military crackdown, Maitatsine was killed, fuelling a backlash of increased violence that spread across other northern cities over the next twenty years.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Ewi-91">[91]</a> Social inequality and poverty contributed both to the Maitatsine and Boko Haram uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-journals-65">[65]</a>: 97–98  In the decades since the end of British rule, politicians and academics from the mainly Islamic North have expressed their fundamental opposition to Western education. Political ethno-religious interest groups, whose membership includes influential political, military and religious leaders, have thrived in Nigeria, though they were largely suppressed under military rule. Their <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> wings, formed since the country's return to civilian rule, have been implicated in much of the sectarian violence in the years following. The <a href="/wiki/Arewa_People%27s_Congress" title="Arewa People's Congress">Arewa People's Congress</a>, the militia wing of the <a href="/wiki/Arewa_Consultative_Forum" title="Arewa Consultative Forum">Arewa Consultative Forum</a>, the main political group representing the interests of northern Nigeria, is a well-funded group with military and intelligence expertise and is considered capable of engaging in military action, including covert bombing.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Founding">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a> founded the sect that became known as Boko Haram in 2002 in Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern state of Borno. He established a religious complex and school that attracted poor Muslim families from across Nigeria and neighbouring countries. The center had the political goal of creating an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>, and became a recruiting ground for <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadis</a>. By denouncing the police and state corruption, Yusuf attracted followers from unemployed youth.<a href="#cite_note-cfrBackgrounder-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc20110826-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-IRIN-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-econ1405-94">[94]</a> He is reported to have used the existing infrastructure of the <a href="/wiki/Izala_Society" title="Izala Society">Izala Society</a> (Jama'at Izalatil Bidiawa Iqamatus Sunnah), a popular conservative Islamic sect, to recruit members, before breaking away to form his own faction. The Izala were originally welcomed into government, along with people sympathetic to Yusuf. Boko Haram conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its existence, withdrawing from society into remote north-eastern areas, believing it was important to develop strength before waging jihad.<a href="#cite_note-too-much-2017-95">[95]</a> The government repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-CTC-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-accused-96">[96]</a> The Council of Ulama advised the government and the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Television_Authority" title="Nigerian Television Authority">Nigerian Television Authority</a> not to broadcast Yusuf's preaching, but their warnings were ignored. Yusuf's arrest elevated him to hero status. Stephen Davis, a former Anglican clergyman who has negotiated with Boko Haram many times blames local Nigerian politicians who support local bandits like Boko Haram in order for them to make life difficult for their political opponents. In particular Davis has blamed the former governor of Borno State <a href="/wiki/Ali_Modu_Sheriff" title="Ali Modu Sheriff">Ali Modu Sheriff</a>, who initially supported Boko Haram, but no longer needed them after the 2007 elections and stopped funding them. Sheriff denies the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-Lamb-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_with_ISIL">Rivalry with ISIL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rivalry with ISIL">edit</a>]</div> Boko Haram and ISIL were initially allies. However, the two groups became enemies due to territorial disputes, because ISIL tried to conquer the zones which were under Boko Haram's control. In July 2014, Shekau released a 16-minute video in which he voiced his support for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a>'s leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>, al-Qaeda's leader <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Afghan Taliban</a>'s leader <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In March 2015, Shekau pledged allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> self-styled <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi</a> and became "West African Province" (Wilayat Garb Ifriqiyah), i.e. the West African province of the Islamic State. However, in August 2016, Al-Baghdadi replaced Shekau with Abu Musab al-Barnawi, the son of the Boko Haram's previous leader Muhammad Yusuf, their motivation (at least according to one source) being to trim back Shekau's tendency to apply <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a> (accusations of apostasy) to "all mainstream Muslims".<a href="#cite_note-too-much-2017-282-99">[99]</a> Shortly before Boko Haram pledged allegiance to ISIL, the Nigerian government launched the <a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">2015 West African offensive</a> during which Boko Haram lost most of the territory which it had occupied over time. Following this offensive, the group retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Sambisa_Forest" title="Sambisa Forest">Sambisa Forest</a> and commenced its <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a> tactics. In August 2016, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a> attempted to remove Shekau from his leadership role and replace him with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Barnawi" title="Abu Musab al-Barnawi">Abu Musab al-Barnawi</a>. ISIL attempted to remove Shekau because he had disobeyed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>'s order to cease targeting Muslim civilians. Shekau rejected the move, leading to a split between the groups. As of 2017, there were three factions which were all Boko Haram in origin, all rejecting "democracy, secularism and Western influence", and seeking to establish an Islamic state implementing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>. These were the "West African Province" which is part of <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a>; "Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād" (Boko Haram), under Shekau's control; and "<a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a>" which is loyal to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and rejected the caliphate of al-Bagdadi, though it shares his disapproval of the "wide-reaching interpretation of takfir" of Shekau.<a href="#cite_note-too-much-2017-283-4-100">[100]</a> Since 2018, there has been a <a href="#2018">major spike in attacks</a> by Boko Haram, (concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</a>), which sought to prove Boko Haram to be the prevalent terror group in the country. Attacks by Boko Haram resulted in over 1700 fatalities in the first half of 2019, including casualties of its own members.<a href="#cite_note-:1-101">[101]</a> When climate change-induced poverty and violence struck the <a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Lake Chad basin</a>, the terrorist organization was able to recruit in large numbers by offering small loans<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and promising big rewards.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It also continues to kidnap and force young boys to join them.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Boko Haram is better equipped with drones, weapons and vehicles captured from and sometimes abandoned by Nigerian military during ambush.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> To better fortify itself, Nigerian military has concentrated the rural population in its garrison towns. This has allowed Boko Haram to operate freely in the countryside. In 2019 they were believed to be back in control of 4 out of 10 zones of Borno State.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> For at least four years since the split happened, the two groups were not enemies and sometimes co-operated in some terror attacks. However, Boko Haram and ISWAP later became enemies since 2021 or even a year before. ISWAP gunmen targeted Shekau in an attack carried out on May 20, 2021. Several Boko Haram members were killed in the operation, while Shekau blew himself up, or tried to do so, in order to avoid a capture. It was the first major clash between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> His death was confirmed by his loyalists led by Sahalaba in June.<a href="#cite_note-sahara-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_violence">Campaign of violence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Campaign of violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Timeline of the Boko Haram insurgency">Timeline of the Boko Haram insurgency</a></div> Boko Haram's attacks consist of suicide bombings as well as conventional armed assaults on both civilian and military targets. Following the Chibok kidnapping in 2014, the majority of Boko Haram's suicide bombers are female; many are teenagers and the youngest was seven. Boko Haram jihadists rely on stealth, blending into local communities or hiding in the vast countryside. Critics accuse the Nigerian military of not properly equipping its soldiers to fight Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009">2009</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2009">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ni-map.png/300px-Ni-map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Ni-map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Map of Nigeria from the CIA <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">World Factbook</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uprising">Uprising</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Uprising">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_uprising" title="2009 Boko Haram uprising">2009 Boko Haram uprising</a></div> In 2009, police began an investigation into the group, code-named Operation Flush.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 26 July, security forces arrested nine Boko Haram members and confiscated weapons and bomb-making equipment. Either this or a clash with police during a funeral procession led to revenge attacks on police and widespread rioting in <a href="/wiki/Bauchi" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a>, Maiduguri, <a href="/wiki/Potiskum" title="Potiskum">Potiskum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wudil" title="Wudil">Wudil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano State</a>. A joint military task force operation was launched in response. By 30 July, more than 700 people had been killed; <a href="/wiki/Police_station" title="Police station">police stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Prisons_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Prisons Service">prisons</a>, government offices, schools and churches had been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-enc-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-journals-65">[65]</a>: 98–102 <a href="#cite_note-Nigeria:_Boko_Haram_101-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOSSITER-110">[110]</a> Yusuf was arrested, and died in custody "while trying to escape". As had been the case decades earlier in the wake of the 1980 Kano riots, the killing of the leader of an extremist group would have unintended consequences. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a>, formerly his second-in-command.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010">2010</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2010">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bauchi_prison_break">Bauchi prison break</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bauchi prison break">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_prison_break" title="Bauchi prison break">Bauchi prison break</a></div> On 7 September, having regrouped under their new leader, Boko Haram broke 105 of its members out of prison in Bauchi along with over 600 other prisoners. The group went on to intensify their insurgency, launching many attacks in Nigeria, mostly in the north of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Ewi-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boko_Haram_attacks_–_timeline-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peace_and_Security_Council_Report-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jos_and_Maiduguri_attacks">Jos and Maiduguri attacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jos and Maiduguri attacks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Jos_and_Maiduguri_attacks" title="2010 Jos and Maiduguri attacks">2010 Jos and Maiduguri attacks</a></div> On 24 December, Boko Haram <a href="/wiki/Detonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Detonate">detonated</a> four bombs in Jos and attacked two churches in Maiduguri.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="December_Abuja_bombing">December Abuja bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: December Abuja bombing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/December_2010_Abuja_bombing" title="December 2010 Abuja bombing">December 2010 Abuja bombing</a></div> On 31 December, Boko Haram bombed a <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> in Abuja, killing four civilians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2011">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2011_Abuja_police_headquarters_bombing" title="2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing">2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Abuja_United_Nations_bombing" title="2011 Abuja United Nations bombing">2011 Abuja United Nations bombing</a></div> Under Shekau's leadership, the group continuously improved its operational capabilities. It launched a string of <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IED</a> attacks against <a href="/wiki/Soft_target" title="Soft target">soft targets</a> and its first <a href="/wiki/Vehicle-borne_IED" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle-borne IED">vehicle-borne IED</a> attack on 16 June 2011, killing six at <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>'s police headquarters. On 26 August, Boko Haram bombed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) headquarters in Abuja, the first time they had struck a Western target. A spokesman claiming responsibility for the attack, in which 11 UN staff members died as well as 12 others, with more than 100 injured, warned of future planned attacks on U.S. and Nigerian government interests. Speaking soon after the U.S. embassy's announcement of the arrival in the country of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, he went on to announce Boko Haram's terms for negotiation, i.e. the release of all imprisoned members. The increased sophistication of the group led observers to speculate that Boko Haram was affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (AQIM), which was active in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boko_Haram_attacks_–_timeline-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peace_and_Security_Council_Report-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Counterterrorism_2014_Calendar-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-120">[120]</a> Boko Haram has maintained a steady rate of attacks since 2011, striking a wide range of targets, multiple times per week. They have attacked politicians, religious leaders, security forces and civilian targets. The tactic of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bombing</a>, used in the two attacks in the capital – on the police and UN headquarters – was new to Nigeria. In Africa as a whole, it had only been used by <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and to a lesser extent AQIM.<a href="#cite_note-Bureau-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-enc-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Counterterrorism_2014_Calendar-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Dowden-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_inauguration">Presidential inauguration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Presidential inauguration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="2011 Nigerian presidential election">2011 Nigerian presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/May_2011_Nigeria_bombings" title="May 2011 Nigeria bombings">May 2011 Nigeria bombings</a></div> Within hours of <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a>'s presidential inauguration on 29 May 2011, Boko Haram carried out a series of bombings in Bauchi, <a href="/wiki/Zaria" title="Zaria">Zaria</a> and Abuja. The most successful of these was the attack on the army barracks in Bauchi. A spokesman for the group told BBC Hausa that the attack had been carried out, as a test of loyalty, by serving members of the military hoping to join the group. This charge was later refuted by an army spokesman who claimed: "This is not a <a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">banana republic</a>". However, on 8 January 2012 the president said that Boko Haram had infiltrated both the army and the police, as well as the executive, parliamentary and legislative branches of government. Boko Haram's spokesman also claimed responsibility for the killing outside his home in Maiduguri of the politician Abba Anas Ibn Umar Garbai, the younger brother of the Shehu of Borno, who was the second most prominent Muslim in the country after the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a>. He added: "We are doing what we are doing to fight injustice, if they stop their satanic ways of doing things and the injustices, we would stop what we are doing".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> This was one of several political and religious <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinations</a> Boko Haram carried out that year, with the presumed intention of correcting what they say are injustices in the group's home state of Borno. Meanwhile, the trail of <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> continued relentlessly, apparently leading the country towards civil war. By the end of 2011, these conflicting strategies led observers to question the group's cohesion; comparisons were drawn with the diverse motivations of the militant factions of the oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>. Adding to the confusion, in November the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">State Security Service</a> announced that four criminal syndicates were operating under the name Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Dowden-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEAN_HERSKOVITS-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The common theme throughout the northeast was the targeting of police, who were regularly killed at work or in <a href="/wiki/Drive-by_shooting" title="Drive-by shooting">drive-by shootings</a> at their homes, either in revenge for the killing of Yusuf, or as representatives of the state apparatus, or for no particular reason. Five officers were arrested for Yusuf's murder, which had no noticeable effect on the level of unrest. Opportunities for criminal enterprise flourished. Hundreds of police were dead and more than 60 police stations had been attacked by mid-2012. The government's response to this self-reinforcing trend towards insecurity was to invest heavily in security equipment, spending $5.5 billion, 20 per cent of their overall budget, on bomb detection units, communications and transport; and $470 million on a <a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/CCTV" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV">CCTV</a> system for Abuja, which has failed in its purpose of detecting or deterring acts of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JEAN_HERSKOVITS-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW2012-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The election defeat of former military dictator <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> increased ethno-religious political tensions, as it broke the terms of a tacit agreement that the presidency would alternate after two terms of office between candidates from the Christian south and Muslim north of the country. Sectarian riots engulfed the twelve northern states of the country during the three days following the election, leaving more than 800 dead and 65,000 displaced. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/November_2011_Nigeria_attacks" title="November 2011 Nigeria attacks">November 2011 Nigeria attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_2011_Nigeria_attacks" title="Christmas 2011 Nigeria attacks">Christmas 2011 Nigeria attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/December_2011_Nigeria_clashes" title="December 2011 Nigeria clashes">December 2011 Nigeria clashes</a></div> The subsequent campaign of violence by Boko Haram culminated in a string of bombings across the country on Christmas Day. In the outskirts of Abuja, 37 died in a church that had its roof blown off. One resident commented, "Cars were in flames and bodies littered everywhere", a phrase commonly repeated in international press reports about the bombings. Similar Christmas events had been reported in previous years. Jonathan declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> on New Year's Eve in local government areas of Jos, Borno, <a href="/wiki/Yobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yobe">Yobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a> and closed the international border in the north-east.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FalolaHeaton2008-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_of_emergency">State of emergency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: State of emergency">edit</a>]</div> Three days later they began a series of mostly small-scale attacks on Christians and members of the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> ethnic group, causing hundreds to flee. In Kano, on 20 January, they carried out by far their most deadly action yet, an assault on police buildings, killing 190. One of the victims was a TV reporter. The attacks included a combined use of car bombs, suicide bombers and IEDs, supported by uniformed gunmen.<a href="#cite_note-Congressional-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIKE_OBOH-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> published reports in 2012 that were widely quoted by government agencies and the media, based on research conducted over the course of the conflict in the worst affected areas of the country. The <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> were critical of both security forces and Boko Haram. HRW stated "Boko Haram should immediately cease all attacks, and threats of attacks, that cause loss of life, injury, and destruction of property. The Nigerian government should take urgent measures to address the human rights abuses that have helped fuel the violent militancy". According to the 2012 <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Report on Human Rights Practices</a>:<a href="#cite_note-hrw_report-41">[41]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[S]erious <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">human rights problems</a> included extrajudicial killings by security forces, including <a href="/wiki/Summary_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary executions">summary executions</a>; security force torture, rape, and other cruel, <a href="/wiki/Inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman, or degrading treatment">inhuman, or degrading treatment</a> of prisoners, detainees, and criminal suspects; harsh and life-threatening prison and detention center conditions; <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest and detention</a>; prolonged pretrial detention; denial of fair public trial; executive influence on the judiciary; infringements on citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and movement. On 9 October, witnesses in Maiduguri claimed members of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Task Force">JTF</a> "Restore Order" [a <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> group], based in Maiduguri, went on a <a href="/wiki/Killing_spree" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing spree">killing spree</a> after a suspected Boko Haram bomb killed an officer. Media reported the JTF killed 20 to 45 civilians and razed 50 to 100 houses in the neighborhood. The JTF commander in Maiduguri denied the allegations. On 2 November, witnesses claimed the JTF shot and killed up to 40 people during raids in Maiduguri. The army claimed it dismissed some officers from the military as a result of alleged abuses committed in Maiduguri, but there were no known formal prosecutions in Maiduguri by year's end. Credible reports also indicated ... uniformed military personnel and <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Mobile_Police" title="Nigerian Mobile Police">mobile police</a> carried out summary executions, assaults, torture, and other abuses throughout Bauchi, Borno, <a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a>, and Yobe states ... The national police, army, and other security forces committed <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> and used lethal and <a href="/wiki/Excessive_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Excessive force">excessive force</a> to apprehend criminals and suspects, as well as to disperse protesters. Authorities generally did not hold police accountable for the use of excessive or <a href="/wiki/Deadly_force" title="Deadly force">deadly force</a> or for the deaths of persons <a href="/wiki/Death_in_custody" title="Death in custody">in custody</a>. Security forces generally operated with impunity in the illegal apprehension, detention, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">extrajudicial</a> <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a> of criminal suspects. The reports of state or federal panels of inquiry investigating <a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">suspicious deaths</a> remained unpublished. There were no new developments in the case of five police officers accused of executing Muhammad Yusuf in 2009 at a state police headquarters. In July 2011, authorities arraigned five police officers in the federal high court in Abuja for the <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> of Yusuf. The court granted bail to four of the officers, while one remained in custody. Police use of excessive force, including use of live ammunition, to disperse demonstrators resulted in numerous killings during the year. For example, although the January fuel subsidy demonstrations generally remained peaceful, security forces reportedly fired on protesters in various states across the country during those demonstrations, resulting in 10 to 15 deaths and an unknown number of wounded. Despite some improvements resulting from the closure of police checkpoints in many parts of the country, states with an increased security presence due to the activities of Boko Haram experienced a rise in violence and lethal force at police and military <a href="/wiki/Roadblock" title="Roadblock">roadblocks</a>. Continuing abductions of civilians by criminal groups occurred in the Niger Delta and <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Southeast</a> ... Police and other security forces were often implicated in the kidnapping schemes. Although the constitution and law prohibit such practices and provide for punishment of such abuses, torture is not criminalized, and security service personnel, including police, military, and State Security Service (SSS) officers, regularly tortured, beat, and abused demonstrators, criminal suspects, detainees, and convicted prisoners. Police <a href="/wiki/Mistreatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistreatment">mistreated</a> civilians to extort money. The law prohibits the introduction into trials of evidence and confessions obtained through torture; however, police often used torture to <a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">extract confessions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2013">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakechad_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lakechad_map.png/220px-Lakechad_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lakechad_map.png/330px-Lakechad_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lakechad_map.png/440px-Lakechad_map.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a></figcaption></figure> Nigeria's Borno State, where Boko Haram is based, adjoins <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> as do <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and the country of <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. The conflict and refugees spilled over the national borders to involve all four countries. In 2013, Boko Haram increased operations in Northern Cameroon, and were involved in skirmishes along the borders of Chad and Niger. They were linked to a number of kidnappings, often reportedly in association with the splinter group <a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a>, drawing towards them a higher level of international attention. The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Counterterrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Counterterrorism">U.S. Bureau of Counterterrorism</a> provides the following summary of Boko Haram's 2013 foreign operations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In February 2013, Boko Haram was responsible for kidnapping seven French tourists in the far north of Cameroon. In November 2013, Boko Haram members kidnapped a French priest in Cameroon. In December 2013, Boko Haram gunmen reportedly attacked civilians in several areas of northern Cameroon. Security forces from Chad and Niger also reportedly partook in skirmishes against suspected Boko Haram members along Nigeria's borders. In 2013, the group also kidnapped eight French citizens in northern Cameroon and obtained ransom payments for their release.<a href="#cite_note-Bureau-12">[12]</a></blockquote> Boko Haram has often managed to evade the Nigerian Army by retreating into the hills around the border with Cameroon, whose army is apparently unwilling to confront them. Nigeria, Chad and Niger had formed a Multinational Joint Task Force in 1998. In February 2012, Cameroon signed an agreement with Nigeria to establish a Joint Trans-Border Security Committee, which was inaugurated in November 2013, when Cameroon announced plans to conduct "coordinated but separate" border patrols in 2014. It convened again in July 2014 to further improve cooperation between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In late 2013, Amnesty International received 'credible' information that over 950 inmates had died in custody, mostly in detention centres in Maiduguri and <a href="/wiki/Damaturu" title="Damaturu">Damaturu</a>, within the first half of the year. Official state corruption was also documented in December 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">UK Home Office</a>:<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The NPF [Nigeria Police Force], SSS, and military report to civilian authorities; however, these security services periodically act outside of civilian control. The government lack effective mechanisms to investigate and punish abuse and corruption. The NPF remain susceptible to corruption, commit human rights abuses, and generally operate with impunity in the apprehension, illegal detention, and sometimes execution of criminal suspects. The SSS also commit human rights abuses, particularly in restricting freedom of speech and press. In some cases private citizens or the government brought charges against perpetrators of human rights abuses in these units. However, most cases lingered in court or went unresolved after an initial investigation.</blockquote> The state of emergency was extended in May 2013 to cover the whole of the three north-eastern states of <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a>, raising tensions in the region. In the 12 months following the announcement, 250,000 fled the three states, followed by a further 180,000 between May and August 2014. A further 210,000 fled from bordering states, bringing the total displaced by the conflict to 650,000. Many thousands left the country. An August 2014 Amnesty International video showed Army and allied militia executing people, including by slitting their throats, and dumping their corpses in mass graves.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> According to Human Rights Watch, more than 130 villages and towns were attacked or controlled by the group.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kano_shootings">Kano shootings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Kano shootings">edit</a>]</div> On 8 February, at least nine polio vaccinators were killed in shootings at two clinics in Kano.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baga_massacre">Baga massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Baga massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2013_Baga_massacre" title="2013 Baga massacre">2013 Baga massacre</a></div> On 16 and 17 April, a massacre of dozens of civilians as well as the destruction of hundreds of homes and businesses occurred in <a href="/wiki/Baga,_Borno" title="Baga, Borno">Baga</a>, Borno, during a battle between Boko Haram and the Nigerian Army. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Konduga_mosque_shooting">Konduga mosque shooting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Konduga mosque shooting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konduga_mosque_shooting" title="Konduga mosque shooting">Konduga mosque shooting</a></div> On 11 August, Boko Haram killed 44 people in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooting</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Konduga" title="Konduga">Konduga</a>, Borno.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January_Maiduguri_bombing">January Maiduguri bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: January Maiduguri bombing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/January_2014_Maiduguri_bombing" title="January 2014 Maiduguri bombing">January 2014 Maiduguri bombing</a></div> On 14 January, a car bombing in Maiduguri killed at least 17 people.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boarding_school_massacre">Boarding school massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Boarding school massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/February_2014_Buni_Yadi_massacre" title="February 2014 Buni Yadi massacre">February 2014 Buni Yadi massacre</a></div> On 25 February, Boko Haram killed at least 59 males at the Federal Government College in Buni Yadi, Yobe. The school was attended by children aged 11 to 18.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Some boys were burned alive in their dormitories while those who managed to escape the fire were shot or knifed to death. Some female students were abducted while others were threatened with death if they did not quit school and get married. All of the school's buildings were burned to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chibok_kidnapping">Chibok kidnapping</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chibok kidnapping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chibok_schoolgirls_kidnapping" title="Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping">Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg/220px-Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg/330px-Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg/440px-Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> raising public awareness of the Chibok kidnapping</figcaption></figure> On 14–15 April, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 schoolgirls from <a href="/wiki/Chibok" title="Chibok">Chibok</a>, Borno. Shekau announced his intention of selling them into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">slavery</a>. More than 50 escaped. The incident brought Boko Haram extended global media attention, much of it focused on the pronouncements of the <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">U.S. Former First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Faced with condemnation for his perceived incompetence, as well as allegations from Amnesty International of state collusion, President Jonathan responded by hiring a Washington <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">PR</a> firm.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Parents of the missing girls and those who had escaped were kept waiting until July to meet with the president, which caused them concern. In October, the government announced the girls' imminent release, but the information proved unreliable. The announcement to the media of a peace agreement and the imminent release of all the missing girls was followed days later by a video message in which Shekau stated that no such meeting had taken place and that the girls had been "married off". The announcement to the media, unaccompanied by any evidence of the reality of the agreement, was thought by analysts to have been a political ploy by the president to raise his popularity before his confirmation of his candidacy in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Nigerian_general_election" title="2015 Nigerian general election">2015 general election</a>. Earlier in the year, the girls' plight had featured on "#BringBackOurGirls" political campaign posters in the streets of the capital, which the president denied knowledge of and soon took down after news of criticism surfaced. These posters, which were interpreted, to the dismay of campaigners for the girls' recapture, as being designed to benefit from the fame of the kidnapping, had also been part of Jonathan's "pre-presidential campaign". In September, "#BringBackGoodluck2015" campaign posters again drew criticism.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The official announcement of the president's candidacy was made before cheering crowds in Abuja on 11 November.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In February 2016, the organizations <a href="/wiki/International_Alert" title="International Alert">International Alert</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> published a study revealing that girls and women released from Boko Haram captivity often face rejection upon returning to their communities and families, in part due to a culture of stigma around sexual violence.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="May_Buni_Yadi_attack">May Buni Yadi attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: May Buni Yadi attack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/May_2014_Buni_Yadi_attack" title="May 2014 Buni Yadi attack">May 2014 Buni Yadi attack</a></div> On 27 May, soldiers, police and civilians were killed in Buni Yadi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July_Maiduguri_bombing">July Maiduguri bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: July Maiduguri bombing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_2014_Maiduguri_bombing" title="July 2014 Maiduguri bombing">July 2014 Maiduguri bombing</a></div> On 1 July, a van bombing in Maiduguri killed at least 56 people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Konduga">Battle of Konduga</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Battle of Konduga">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konduga_(2014)" title="Battle of Konduga (2014)">Battle of Konduga (2014)</a></div> On 12 September, the Nigerian Armed Forces won a battle against Boko Haram. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kano_attack">Kano attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Kano attack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_Kano_attack" title="2014 Kano attack">2014 Kano attack</a></div> On 28 November, 120 people were killed at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kano" title="Great Mosque of Kano">central mosque</a> in Kano during Friday prayers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Cameroon">Northern Cameroon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Northern Cameroon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boko_Haram_vehicles_destroyed_by_Cameroon_in_Dec._2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Boko_Haram_vehicles_destroyed_by_Cameroon_in_Dec._2018.jpg/220px-Boko_Haram_vehicles_destroyed_by_Cameroon_in_Dec._2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Boko_Haram_vehicles_destroyed_by_Cameroon_in_Dec._2018.jpg/330px-Boko_Haram_vehicles_destroyed_by_Cameroon_in_Dec._2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Boko_Haram_vehicles_destroyed_by_Cameroon_in_Dec._2018.jpg/440px-Boko_Haram_vehicles_destroyed_by_Cameroon_in_Dec._2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Vehicles used by Boko Haram destroyed in Northern Cameroon</figcaption></figure> Boko Haram continued to increase its presence in northern Cameroon. On 16 May, ten Chinese workers were abducted in a raid on a construction company camp in Waza, near the Nigerian border. Vehicles and explosives were also taken in the raid, and one Cameroonian soldier was killed. Cameroon's anti-terrorist Rapid Intervention Battalion attempted to intervene but were vastly outnumbered.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In July, the deputy prime minister's home village was attacked by around 200 militants; his wife was kidnapped, along with the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Kolofata" title="Kolofata">Kolofata</a> and his family. At least 15 people, including soldiers and police, were killed in the raid. The deputy prime minister's wife was subsequently released in October, along with 26 others including the ten Chinese construction workers who had been captured in May; authorities made no comment about any ransom, which the Cameroon government had previously claimed it never pays.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In a separate attack, nine bus passengers and a soldier were shot dead and the son of a local chief was kidnapped. Hundreds of local youths are suspected to have been recruited. In August, the remote Nigerian border town of <a href="/wiki/Gwoza" title="Gwoza">Gwoza</a> was overrun and held by the group. In response to the increased militant activity, the Cameroonian president sacked two senior military officers and sent his army chief with 1000 reinforcements to the northern border region.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Between May and July 2014, 8,000 Nigerian refugees arrived in the country, up to 25 per cent suffering from acute malnutrition. Cameroon, which ranked 150 out of 186 on the 2012 <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a>, hosted as of August 2014 107,000 refugees fleeing unrest in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">CAR</a>, a number that was expected to increase to 180,000 by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> A further 11,000 Nigerian refugees crossed the border into Cameroon and Chad during August.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/December_2014_Cameroon_clashes" title="December 2014 Cameroon clashes">December 2014 Cameroon clashes</a></div> In the second half of December, the focus of activity switched to the <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Far North Region (Cameroon)">Far North Region</a> of Cameroon, beginning on the morning of 17 December when an army convoy was attacked with an IED and ambushed by hundreds of militants near the border town of <a href="/wiki/Amchide" title="Amchide">Amchide</a>, 60 kilometres (40 mi) north of the state capital <a href="/wiki/Maroua" title="Maroua">Maroua</a>. One soldier was confirmed dead, and an estimated 116 militants were killed in the attack, which was followed by another attack overnight with unknown casualties.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> On 22 December, the Rapid Intervention Battalion followed up with an attack on a Boko Haram training camp near Guirdivig, arresting 45 militants and seizing 84 children aged 7–15 who were undergoing training, according to a statement from Cameroon's <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_Cameroon" title="List of ministries of Cameroon">Ministry of Defense</a>. The militants fled in pick-up trucks carrying an unknown number of their dead; no information on army casualties was released.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On 27–28 December, five villages were simultaneously attacked, and for the first time the Cameroon military launched air attacks when Boko Haram briefly occupied an army camp. Casualty figures were not released. According to Information Minister Issa Tchiroma: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Units of the group attacked Makari, Amchide, Limani and Achigachia in a change of strategy which consists of distracting Cameroonian troops on different fronts, making them more vulnerable in the face of the mobility and unpredictability of their attacks.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_of_occupied_territory">Expansion of occupied territory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Expansion of occupied territory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg/220px-Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg/330px-Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg/440px-Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Wounded people following a <a href="/wiki/April_2014_Nyanya_bombing" title="April 2014 Nyanya bombing">bomb attack</a> by Boko Haram in <a href="/wiki/Nyanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanya">Nyanya</a>, in April 2014</figcaption></figure> The attack on Gwoza signalled a change in strategy for Boko Haram, as the group continued to capture territory in north-eastern and eastern areas of Borno, as well as in Adamawa and Yobe. Attacks across the border were repelled by the Cameroon military.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The territorial gains were officially denied by the Nigerian military. In a video obtained by the news agency <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> on 24 August, Shekau announced that Gwoza was now part of an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Bama,_Nigeria" title="Bama, Nigeria">Bama</a>, 70 kilometres (45 mi) from the state capital Maiduguri, was reported to have been captured at the beginning of September, resulting in thousands of residents fleeing to Maiduguri, even as residents there were themselves attempting to flee.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The military continued to deny Boko Haram's territorial gains, which were, however, confirmed by local vigilantes who had managed to escape. The militants were reportedly killing men and teenage boys in the town of over 250,000 inhabitants. Soldiers refused orders to advance on the occupied town; hundreds fled across the border into Cameroon, but were promptly repatriated. Fifty-four <a href="/wiki/Deserter" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserter">deserters</a> were later sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Death_by_firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by firing squad">death by firing squad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monica_Mark-194">[194]</a> On 17 October, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a> announced that a ceasefire had been brokered, stating: "I have accordingly directed the service chiefs to ensure immediate compliance with this development in the field". Despite a lack of confirmation from the militants, the announcement was publicised in newspaper headlines worldwide. However, within 48 hours the same publications were reporting that Boko Haram attacks had continued unabated. It was reported that factionalisation would make such a deal particularly difficult to achieve.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria-karte-politisch-adamawa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nigeria-karte-politisch-adamawa.png/220px-Nigeria-karte-politisch-adamawa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nigeria-karte-politisch-adamawa.png/330px-Nigeria-karte-politisch-adamawa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nigeria-karte-politisch-adamawa.png/440px-Nigeria-karte-politisch-adamawa.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Location of the town of <a href="/wiki/Mubi_(town)" title="Mubi (town)">Mubi</a> within <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa State</a></figcaption></figure> On 29 October, <a href="/wiki/Mubi_(town)" title="Mubi (town)">Mubi</a>, a town of 200,000 in Adamawa, fell to the militants, further undermining confidence in the peace talks. Thousands fled south to Adamawa's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Yola,_Nigeria" title="Yola, Nigeria">Yola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Amid media speculation that the ceasefire announcement had been part of President Jonathan's re-election campaign, a video statement released by Boko Haram through the normal communication channels via AFP on 31 October stated that no negotiations had in fact taken place.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Mubi was said to have been recaptured by the army on 13 November. On the same day, Boko Haram seized Chibok, but two days later the army recaptured the largely deserted town. As of 16 November it was estimated that more than twenty towns and villages had been taken control of by the militants.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> There were 27 Boko Haram attacks during the November, killing at least 786.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> On 3 December, it was reported that several towns in North Adamawa had been recovered by the Nigerian military with the help of local vigilantes and Bala Nggilari, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Adamawa_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Adamawa State">governor of Adamawa state</a>, said that the military were aiming to recruit 4,000 vigilantes.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20141203-205">[205]</a> On 13 December, Boko Haram attacked the village of Gumsuri in Borno, killing over 30 and kidnapping over 100 women and children.<a href="#cite_note-Monica_Mark-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cameroon_bus_attack">Cameroon bus attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cameroon bus attack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Cameroon_bus_attack" title="2015 Cameroon bus attack">2015 Cameroon bus attack</a></div> On 1 January, Boko Haram killed at least 15 people on a bus in the Far North Region of Cameroon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baga_massacre_2">Baga massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Baga massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Baga_massacre" title="2015 Baga massacre">2015 Baga massacre</a></div> On 3 January, Boko Haram attacked <a href="/wiki/Baga,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Baga, Nigeria">Baga</a>, seizing it and the multinational joint task force military base. As the militants advanced the army fled. Some residents managed to escape to Chad.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Although the death toll of the massacre was earlier estimated by <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a> to be upwards of 2000,<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> the Defence Ministry dismissed these claims as "speculation and conjecture", estimating the figure to be closer to 150.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> On 25 January, the militants advanced to <a href="/wiki/Monguno" title="Monguno">Monguno</a>, capturing the town and a nearby military base. Their advance on Maiduguri and <a href="/wiki/Konduga" title="Konduga">Konduga</a>, 40 km to the southeast, was repelled. After retaking Monguno, the army expelled the militants from Baga on 21 February.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The Baga massacre was one of the Nigerian Army's biggest defeats in terms of loss of equipment and civilian casualties. Several officers were <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a>. In October, General <a href="/wiki/Enitan_Ransome-Kuti" title="Enitan Ransome-Kuti">Enitan Ransome-Kuti</a> was dismissed from the army and sentenced to six months imprisonment. It was determined that he had failed in his duty to launch a counter-attack after retreating from the town.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_African_offensive">West African offensive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: West African offensive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">2015 West African offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi.png/300px-Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi.png/450px-Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi.png/600px-Wilayat_al_Sudan_al_Gharbi.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Map of Boko Haram's territorial control on 10 April 2015, over 2 months after the start of the 2015 West African offensive</figcaption></figure> Starting on 23 January, a coalition of military forces from Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger began a campaign against Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> On 4 February, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chad">Chadian Army</a> killed over 200 Boko Haram militants.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Soon afterwards, Boko Haram carried out <a href="/wiki/Fotokol_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotokol massacre">a massacre</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Fotokol" title="Fotokol">Fotokol</a> in Far North, Cameroon, killing 81 civilians, 13 Chadian soldiers and 6 Cameroonian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> On 2 March, the Nigerian military defeated Boko Haram in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konduga_(2015)" title="Battle of Konduga (2015)">Battle of Konduga</a>. On 7 March, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL via an audio message posted on the organisation's <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account.<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_387235-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-BokoHaramIS2-29">[29]</a> Nigerian army spokesperson Sami Usman Kukasheka said the pledge was a sign of weakness and that Shekau was like a "drowning man".<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> On 12 March 2015, ISIL's spokesman <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Adnani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Adnani">Abu Mohammad al-Adnani</a> released an audiotape in which he welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate to West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-BokoHaramIS-28">[28]</a> On 24 March, residents of <a href="/wiki/Damasak" title="Damasak">Damasak</a>, Borno State, said that Boko Haram had taken more than 400 women and children from the town as they fled from coalition forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damasak" title="Battle of Damasak">who retook it</a> <a href="/wiki/Damasak_massacre" title="Damasak massacre">and discovered</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a> of Boko Haram victims.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> On 27 March, the Nigerian Army captured Gwoza, which was believed to be the location of Boko Haram headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> On election day 28 March 2015, Boko Haram extremists killed 41 people, including a legislator, to discourage hundreds from voting.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In March, Boko Haram lost control of the Northern Nigerian towns of <a href="/wiki/Bama,_Nigeria" title="Bama, Nigeria">Bama</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCTide-218">[218]</a> and Gwoza<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> to the Nigerian army. The Nigerian authorities said that they had taken back 11 of the 14 districts previously controlled by Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-BBCTide-218">[218]</a> In April, four Boko Haram camps in the <a href="/wiki/Sambisa_Forest" title="Sambisa Forest">Sambisa Forest</a> were overrun by the Nigerian military who freed nearly 300 females.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Boko Haram forces were believed to have retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Mandara_Mountains" title="Mandara Mountains">Mandara Mountains</a>, along the Nigeria-Cameroon border.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Damaturu,_Potiskum_and_Kano_bombings">Damaturu, Potiskum and Kano bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Damaturu, Potiskum and Kano bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/February_2015_Nigeria_bombings" title="February 2015 Nigeria bombings">February 2015 Nigeria bombings</a></div> In late February, suicide bombers killed about 50 people in Damaturu, Potiskum and Kano. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attrition_of_Catholic_diocese_of_Maiduguri">Attrition of Catholic diocese of Maiduguri</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Attrition of Catholic diocese of Maiduguri">edit</a>]</div> A report by the Catholic diocese of Maiduguri estimated that as of May 2015 over 5,000 Nigerian Catholics had been killed by Boko Haram. The diocese also reported 7,000 widows and 10,000 orphans among its laity. Furthermore, Boko Haram militants had taken over several parish centres within the diocese.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="N'Djamena_suicide_bombings">N'Djamena suicide bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: N'Djamena suicide bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_N%27Djamena_bombings" title="2015 N'Djamena bombings">2015 N'Djamena bombings</a></div> On 15 June, two suicide bombings of police sites in <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, the capital and largest city of Chad, killed 38 people. Boko Haram later claimed responsibility for these attacks.<a href="#cite_note-juneattack-223">[223]</a> On 27 June, suicide bombers killed six members of their own cell and five police officers during a police raid.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> On 11 July, a male suicide bomber disguised in a woman's burqa detonated his explosives belt in the main market of N'Djamena, next to the main mosque, killing 15 people and injuring 80.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Several days after the bombing, Boko Haram claimed responsibility via Twitter, signing as "Islamic State, West Africa province".<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monguno_bombing">Monguno bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Monguno bombing">edit</a>]</div> A large sack containing <a href="/wiki/Homemade_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Homemade bomb">homemade bombs</a> <a href="/wiki/Explode" class="mw-redirect" title="Explode">exploded</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monguno" title="Monguno">Monguno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, killing at least 12 people,<a href="#cite_note-G-227">[227]</a> and possibly as many as 63.<a href="#cite_note-A-228">[228]</a> It happened at a camp which the Boko Haram had abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-G-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-A-228">[228]</a> They also carried out major attacks in Monguno <a href="/wiki/September_2015_Borno_State_bombings" title="September 2015 Borno State bombings">in September 2015</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_Monguno_and_Nganzai_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Monguno and Nganzai massacres">and June 2020</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July_mosques_massacres">July mosques massacres</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: July mosques massacres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_2015_Kukawa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2015 Kukawa massacre">July 2015 Kukawa massacre</a></div> Boko Haram militants attacked multiple mosques on 1 and 2 July. Forty-eight men and boys were killed on the 1st at one mosque in <a href="/wiki/Kukawa" title="Kukawa">Kukawa</a>. Seventeen were wounded in the attack. Ninety-seven others, mostly men, were killed in numerous mosques on the 2nd with a number of women and young girls killed in their homes. An unknown number were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="5_July_attacks">5 July attacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: 5 July attacks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/5_July_2015_Nigeria_attacks" title="5 July 2015 Nigeria attacks">5 July 2015 Nigeria attacks</a></div> On 5 July, major attacks occurred in Potiskum, Jos and Borno State.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fotokol_bombings">Fotokol bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Fotokol bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotokol_bombings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotokol bombings (page does not exist)">Fotokol bombings</a></div> On 12 July, two female suicide bombers wearing burqas killed 13 people in Fotokol. In response, the governor of Far North banned the garments to prevent further similar attacks.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Claims_of_defeat">Claims of defeat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Claims of defeat">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/2015_Nigerian_general_election" title="2015 Nigerian general election">March 2015 general election</a> was won by Buhari, who had vowed to remove inefficiency and corruption in the military.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> On 9 September 2015, the director of information at the Defence Headquarters, Colonel Rabe Abubakar announced that all known Boko Haram camps and cells had been destroyed, and that the group was so weakened that they could no longer hold any territory: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">These terrorists have been subdued, even if they are adopting other means and as they are re-strategising, we are also doing the same and pre-empting them. We have coordinated the air and ground assaults to make sure that these terrorists' hideouts are completely decimated. As I am speaking to you, all the terrorists' camps have completely been wiped out. So right now they are completely in disarray, have no command and control of where to plan. We have even taken over their camps that most of them abandoned and are attempting to blend into towns and communities. We have also apprehended some of them and very soon innocent Nigerians can move back to their communities. We are making a lot of headway, so people should know that Boko Haram is no longer strong enough to hold grounds. Very soon this issue of whether they are in control of any territory in Nigeria or not will come to the open. I am assuring you that they will never again recapture the territory taken from them because what is happening right now with the deployment of troops, equipment and morale will ensure that.<a href="#cite_note-defeat-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></blockquote> Buhari later reiterated in December that Boko Haram was "technically defeated"<a href="#cite_note-BBCDefeated-234">[234]</a> and declared in December 2016 that the group had been entirely ousted from its last stronghold of Sambisa Forest.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Borno">Borno</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Borno">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/September_2015_Borno_State_bombings" title="September 2015 Borno State bombings">September 2015 Borno State bombings</a></div> On 20 September, a series of bombings occurred in Maiduguri and Monguno and the attacks followed an announcement by Shekau refuting the army's claims of defeat. A military spokesman stated that the event showed the "high level of desperation" of Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The Arewa Consultative Forum released a statement condemning the bombings and commending the military offensive:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The ACF condemns in strong terms the continued use of suicide bombers by Boko Haram terrorists to kill innocent people in the name of a religious war, as no religion condones such cruel and barbaric act. The ACF wishes to commend the military and other security agencies for the continued onslaught on the terrorists' enclaves and hideouts, thereby dislodging them from their strong holds. The ACF urges the military not to be deterred by the cowardly act of the Boko Haram terrorists, as their renewed effort and determination will soon end the insurgency. The ACF also appeals to the military to intensify its synergy of sharing intelligence with the community.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></blockquote> On 21 October in <a href="/wiki/Nganzai" title="Nganzai">Nganzai</a>, Borno, according to a civilian vigilante, fleeing militants shot at four cars, killing the passengers, and burnt and looted the nearby village.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> On 23 October, a suicide bombing occurred in a pre dawn attack at a mosque in Maiduguri. The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) put the death toll at 6 while hospital sources reported 19 deaths and a vigilante claimed to have counted 28 corpses and two suicide bombers.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> On the following day, four female suicide bombers claimed one victim after they were intercepted by the JTF in Maiduguri, according to a NEMA spokesman.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> On 27 October, a military operation freed 192 children and 138 women being held captive in two camps in the <a href="/wiki/Sambisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambisa">Sambisa</a> forest and 30 militants were killed, according to a social media statement from the Defense HQ.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> None of the captives were those taken in Chibok in April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-general-243">[243]</a> On 25 December, gunmen set fire to the village of Kimba, killing at least 14, according to vigilantes.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> On 27 December, gunmen armed with <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">RPGs</a> battled with troops for two hours in Aldawari village in the outskirts of Maiduguri, according to NEMA. On the following morning, a bombing at a nearby mosque killed around 20, according to NEMA.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dec28-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Capital_Territory/Nasarawa">Federal Capital Territory/Nasarawa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Federal Capital Territory/Nasarawa">edit</a>]</div> Two bombings on 2 October that killed 18 and wounded 41, one in <a href="/wiki/Nyanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanya">Nyanya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nasarawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasarawa">Nasarawa</a> and the other in <a href="/wiki/Kuje" title="Kuje">Kuje</a>, FCT were also claimed by Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adamawa">Adamawa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Adamawa">edit</a>]</div> On 1 October, villagers in Kirchinga, Adamawa complained of a lack of security personnel after 5 residents had their throats slit during an unchallenged early morning attack. The village borders Cameroon and the Sambisa forest.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> On 18 October the village of Dar, Adamawe was attacked. Maina Ularamu, a former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Madagali" title="Madagali">Madagali</a> Local Government Area, stated: "A large number of gunmen invaded the village, forcing residents to flee to a nearby bush. Two female suicide bombers disguised as fleeing villagers detonated explosives in the bush where many people were hiding, killing 12 persons".<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> On 20 October, there were reports of a military ambush in Madagali, assisted by vigilantes, in which over 30 militants were killed.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> On 21 October, according to vigilante reports a joint operation in Madagali and Gwoza killed 150 militants and rescued 36 captives.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> On 23 October, a suicide bomb at a crowded mosque killed 27 in Yola, Adamawa's capital.<a href="#cite_note-Chicago-254">[254]</a> On 17 November, an explosion at a food market in Yola killed 32,<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> in the first Nigerian bombing since 23 October attacks in Maiduguri and Yola.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> On the morning of 28 December, two female suicide bombers detonated their explosives at a crowded market in Madagali. According to a local resident, at least 28 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Dec28-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yobe">Yobe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Yobe">edit</a>]</div> On 7 October in Damaturu, Yobe at least 15 people were killed by 3 suicide bombers.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> In Goniri, Yobe, seven soldiers and over 100 militants were killed, and a large arms cache was found, according to an army spokesman, who said that the recent apparent rise in suicide bombings was an indication of the success of military operations.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kano">Kano</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Kano">edit</a>]</div> Boko Haram claimed responsibility for a suicide attack on a procession of Shi'ite Muslims killing at least 21, on 30 November, near the village of Dakozoye. A week earlier two bombers had killed at least 14 in Kano city.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cameroon">Cameroon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Cameroon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/January_2015_raid_on_Kolofata" title="January 2015 raid on Kolofata">January 2015 raid on Kolofata</a></div> On 12 January, Boko Haram attacked a Cameroonian military base in <a href="/wiki/Kolofata" title="Kolofata">Kolofata</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Cameroon" title="Communes of Cameroon">commune</a> in the Far North region. Government forces report killing 143 militants, while one Cameroonian soldier was killed.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> On 18 January, Boko Haram raided two Tourou Cameroon area villages, torching houses, killing some residents and kidnapping between 60 and 80 people including an estimated 50 young children between the ages of 10 and 15.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> On 11 October, in the far north region of Cameroon two female suicide bombers killed nine people in the town of Mora. On 18 October, 10 militants were killed when they attacked a Cameroon military anti-terrorist division convoy close to the border, after a military vehicle became stuck in mud. One army commander later died of his wounds.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> On 12 October, the first 90 of a proposed deployment of 300 US troops arrived in the region to assist with training, reconnaissance and airborne intelligence using <a href="/wiki/Predator_drones" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator drones">Predator drones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> On 16 October, more than six security vehicles were transferred to the Cameroon military. An <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a> spokesman said that increased cooperation had led them "to study the viability of ISR flights from a temporary location in Cameroon". The deployment is "totally separate and distinct" from operations in Chad and Niger, where 250 and 85 personnel, respectively, are conducting missions including <a href="/wiki/Intelligence,_surveillance_and_reconnaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance">ISR</a> and training.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> On 23 October, Boko Haram fighters were driven out of Kerawa, a village of 50,000 in Kolofata. They had briefly occupied the village until the arrival of security forces. Reports of civilian casualties ranged from eight to eleven. An army spokesman claimed the militants suffered heavy casualties. The village's military base had previously been targeted by suicide bombers on 3 September, when 30 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> On 9 November, two female suicide bombers killed three Nigerians during a security check in a truck full of Nigerian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> On 21 November, a suicide attack in a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Fotokol" title="Fotokol">Fotokol</a> town killed four. An anonymous military official said: "The first kamikaze detonated his bomb in the house of the traditional chief of Leymarie. Five people died including the bomber. Several minutes later, three female bombers exploded their bombs close to the initial site but they didn't kill anyone else because they acted too quickly".<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> On 28 November, two suicide bombers killed six near the military base in Dabanga, and in an attack in Gouzoudou five people were killed, according to a military spokesman.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> On 1 December, two suicide bombers killed three, and a third bomber was killed before detonating explosives. On 2 December, Cameroon's Defense Minister claimed that, at the end of November, 100 Boko Haram members had been killed and 900 hostages freed, and that a large stockpile of arms and munitions, and black-and-white ISIL flags had been seized.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Information Minister Issa Tchiroma Bakari said that "[t]he people that were freed are just villagers. The [Chibok] schoolgirls who are missing are not amongst the group".<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chad_-_October_and_November">Chad - October and November</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Chad - October and November">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baga_Sola_bombings" title="Baga Sola bombings">Baga Sola bombings</a></div> On 6 October, the Chadian Army reported an attack in the border region of Lake Chad. 11 soldiers were killed and 14 wounded in the pre-dawn cross-border infiltration, and 17 militants were also killed, according to an army spokesman.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> On 10 October, 5 suicide bombers killed 33 people in the market in Baga Sola, a camp for Nigerian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> On 1 November, two dawn attacks on army posts occurred. Eleven militants and two soldiers were killed at Kaika, and in an attempted suicide bombing at Bougouma, "Two members of Boko Haram were neutralised and a third blew himself up, wounding 11 civilians", according to a government statement.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> A state of emergency was imposed in the western Lake Chad region on 9 November, initially for 12 days, but extended by Chad's national assembly on 18 November to four months.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="December_Chad_bombings">December Chad bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: December Chad bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/December_2015_Chad_suicide_bombings" title="December 2015 Chad suicide bombings">December 2015 Chad suicide bombings</a></div> On 5 December, three female suicide bombers killed about 30 at a crowded market on the island of Koulfoua in Lake Chad.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Niger">Niger</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Niger">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Niger_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Niger raid">2015 Niger raid</a></div> On 6 February, Boko Haram assaulted <a href="/wiki/Bosso,_Niger" title="Bosso, Niger">Bosso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diffa" title="Diffa">Diffa</a>. On 25 September, at least 15 civilians were massacred and stores were looted in a cross-border raid on a Niger village, according to anonymous military sources.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> On 2 October two soldiers died and four were wounded in a Boko Haram attack on a village near the Nigerian border in Niger's <a href="/wiki/Diffa_Region" title="Diffa Region">Diffa</a> province. The militants also looted stores, according to Niger army officers. On 4 October, according to an aid worker, a policeman and five civilians were killed by 4 suicide bombers near the Nigerian border. On 6 October, three suspected Boko Haram militants accidentally blew themselves up while transporting explosives to <a href="/wiki/Bosso,_Niger" title="Bosso, Niger">Bosso</a> town in Diffa. On 21 October, near Diffa town, two soldiers were killed by explosives while intercepting an attack. Diffa region hosts over 150,000 Nigerian refugees. It is under a state of emergency. On 14 October a curfew and movement restrictions were imposed.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> At least 57 attacks occurred there from February to October. More than 1,100 Boko Haram suspects were arrested in Niger during 2015.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> On 11 November, two Niger military officials described an attack on a village in Bosso district in which five civilians and 20 militants were killed. A senior government official later denied that the attack had occurred, according to Reuters.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> On 26 November, Boko Haram launched a cross-border night raid on Wogom village in Diffa province. A government spokesman, Justice Minister Marou Amadou stated: "Eighteen villagers were killed, including the chief imam for the village whose throat was slit by his own nephew".<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> On 13 March 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Special Rapporteur on the human rights of <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> (IDP), Cecilia Jimenez-Damary said "Since the first attacks in Niger by Boko Haram in 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Diffa_Region" title="Diffa Region">Diffa</a> region, in the south-eastern part of the country, has been confronted with a continuing security crisis which has uprooted more than 129,000 internally from their homes, in addition to the arrival of 108,000 refugees from Nigeria, and has triggered a humanitarian crisis.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> He said that IDPs in Niger are posing huge challenges to the country and require a strong and comprehensive response. He also said situation in the regions bordering <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> has led to the displacement of some 1,540 persons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016">2016</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bodo_bombings">Bodo bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Bodo bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2016_Bodo_bombings" title="2016 Bodo bombings">2016 Bodo bombings</a></div> On 25 January, over 30 people were killed by four Boko Haram suicide bombers in <a href="/wiki/Bodo,_Cameroon" title="Bodo, Cameroon">Bodo</a>, Far North Region, Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dalori_attack">Dalori attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Dalori attack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2016_Dalori_attack" title="2016 Dalori attack">2016 Dalori attack</a></div> On 30 January, at least 86 people were killed and at least 62 more injured in an attack by Boko Haram militants on Dalori Village which is located in Borno State, 4 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri">Maiduguri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army">Nigerian Army</a> was unable to fight the militants until reinforcements arrived, causing Boko Haram to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dikwa_suicide_bombings">Dikwa suicide bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Dikwa suicide bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dikwa_suicide_bombings" title="Dikwa suicide bombings">Dikwa suicide bombings</a></div> On 9 February, two young Boko Haram female suicide bombers killed at least 60 people at an <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> camp in <a href="/wiki/Dikwa" title="Dikwa">Dikwa</a>, Borno. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maiduguri_bombings">Maiduguri bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Maiduguri bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2016_Maiduguri_suicide_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Maiduguri suicide bombings">2016 Maiduguri suicide bombings</a></div> On 16 March, two female suicide bombers killed 22 people in Maiduguri. On 29 October, two female suicide bombers killed seven people in the same city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weakening_and_split">Weakening and split</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Weakening and split">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> figures indicated that Boko Haram killed 244 people in the second quarter – the lowest quarterly figure for five years.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> In early August, ISIL announced that it had appointed Abu-Musab al-Barnawi as the new leader of the group.<a href="#cite_note-Barnawi-295">[295]</a> In a video released a few days later, Shekau refused to accept al-Barnawi's appointment as leader and vowed to fight him while stating that he was still loyal to ISIL's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.<a href="#cite_note-Vows-296">[296]</a> The group has since split into pro-Barnawi and pro-Shekau factions, with reports of armed clashes breaking out between them.<a href="#cite_note-Clash-297">[297]</a> Shekau has released videos since the split in which he refers to his group by its previous name of Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> On 23 August, the Nigerian Army announced it conducted an overnight air-operation that was 'very successful' in killing the leadership of Boko Haram. Among those presumed killed was <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a>, he died in an aerial bombardment in Taye village. The Nigerian Army claims that the disputed Boko Haram leader died from injuries to his shoulders while he was performing prayer.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> On 28 August, the Nigerian president <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a>, retracted the military's statement and claimed that the Boko Haram leader was 'wounded' but not killed in the air-strike.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> On 31 August, Major General Lucky Irabor stated that the militants now only controlled a few villages and towns near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Sambisa_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambisa forest">Sambisa Forest</a>. He further stated that the military expected recapturing the final strongholds of the group within weeks.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madagali_suicide_bombings">Madagali suicide bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Madagali suicide bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madagali_suicide_bombings" title="Madagali suicide bombings">Madagali suicide bombings</a></div> On 9 December, two female Boko Haram suicide bombers killed at least 57 people in <a href="/wiki/Madagali" title="Madagali">Madagali</a>, Adamawa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boko_Haram_Execution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boko_Haram_Execution.png/250px-Boko_Haram_Execution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boko_Haram_Execution.png/375px-Boko_Haram_Execution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boko_Haram_Execution.png/500px-Boko_Haram_Execution.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Boko Haram fighters cutting the hand of a man in 2017</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rann_bombing">Rann bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Rann bombing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rann_bombing" title="Rann bombing">Rann bombing</a></div> On 17 January, the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force" title="Nigerian Air Force">Nigerian Air Force</a> carried out an <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrike</a> on an IDP camp in <a href="/wiki/Rann,_Borno" title="Rann, Borno">Rann</a>, Borno. They had mistaken it for a Boko Haram camp; the bombing killed dozens of civilians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Increase_in_the_number_of_child_suicide_bombings">Increase in the number of child suicide bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Increase in the number of child suicide bombings">edit</a>]</div> UNICEF reported an increase in the number of child suicide bombers with 27 incidents occurring in the first three months of 2017 in Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and Chad, compared to 30 in the entire previous year, 56 in 2015 and 4 in 2014. Kidnapped children who escape from Boko Haram are often held in custody or ostracized by their communities or families. Patrick Rose, a UNICEF regional coordinator, stated: "They are held in military barracks, separated from their parents, without medical follow-up, without psychological support, without education, under conditions and for durations that are unknown". According to the NGO: "Society's rejection of these children, and their sense of isolation and desperation, could be making them more vulnerable to promises of martyrdom through acceptance of dangerous and deadly missions".<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> In addition to child suicide bombers and despite having been routed from key areas and significantly downgraded in their capacities, throughout 2016 and into 2017, Boko Haram in Nigeria continued to wage attacks against Nigerian security forces, the community-based Civilian Joint Task Forces (CJTF), and regular citizens, using improvised explosives devices (IEDs) and other crude weaponry. These were often deployed with suicide bombers; an increasing number of whom were women and girls recruited to attack markets, transportation depots, mosques, and IDP camps.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maidiguri_bombings">Maidiguri bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Maidiguri bombings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_2017_Maiduguri_bombings" title="March 2017 Maiduguri bombings">March 2017 Maiduguri bombings</a></div> On 22 March, suicide bombers attacked an IDP camp in Maidiguri, killing four people and wounding 18 others.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mubi_bombing">Mubi bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Mubi bombing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_Mubi_bombing" title="2017 Mubi bombing">2017 Mubi bombing</a></div> On 21 November, a suicide bomber killed 50 people inside a mosque in Mubi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diffa_clash">Diffa clash</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Diffa clash">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/December_2017_Diffa_Region_clash" title="December 2017 Diffa Region clash">December 2017 Diffa Region clash</a></div> On 6 December, Boko Haram attacked Nigerian and American soldiers in Diffa Region, Niger. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018">2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dapchi_kidnapping">Dapchi kidnapping</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Dapchi kidnapping">edit</a>]</div> Boko Haram <a href="/wiki/Dapchi_schoolgirls_kidnapping" title="Dapchi schoolgirls kidnapping">kidnapped 110 schoolgirls</a> from the Government Technical Girls College in <a href="/wiki/Dapchi" title="Dapchi">Dapchi</a>, Yobe State, on 19 February 2018, killing five of them on the same day. They released all but one of the surviving girls on 21 March, having been paid a large <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> by the Nigerian government to do so.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maiduguri_attack">Maiduguri attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Maiduguri attack">edit</a>]</div> On 2 April, a Boko Haram attack on the outskirts of Maiduguri resulted in the death of 18 people and another 84 wounded. This attack came just days after the government of Nigeria claimed there was a ceasefire with Boko Haram. The attack happened in the villages of Bale Shuwa and Bale Kura, close to both Maiduguri and the city's military camp.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Lafiya_Dole">Operation Lafiya Dole</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Operation Lafiya Dole">edit</a>]</div> On 18 May, the Nigerian Army killed 15 Boko Haram insurgents and rescued 49 persons in separate encounters between Boko Haram and Nigerian troops throughout the Southern Lake Chad Basin. The Nigerian troops killed 11 of the insurgents during a battle in Gamoran Village, while the remaining insurgents were killed trying to escape from the Army's efforts in Northern Borno. The Nigerian troops rescued 4 men, 33 women, and 16 children from the insurgent's hideouts in the area.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attacks_in_north-east_Nigeria">Attacks in north-east Nigeria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Attacks in north-east Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> In December, Boko Haram launched a series of attacks in north-east Nigeria. Militants from Islamic State West Africa Province took over the town of Baga and seized the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force" title="Multinational Joint Task Force">Multinational Joint Task Force</a> base. The attacks took place two months prior to the <a href="/wiki/2019_Nigerian_general_election" title="2019 Nigerian general election">presidential elections in Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attack_near_Nigerian_Army_chief_of_staff's_family_home">Attack near Nigerian Army chief of staff's family home</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Attack near Nigerian Army chief of staff's family home">edit</a>]</div> On 17 January, 6 Nigerian soldiers were killed and 14 injured by the Boko Haram jihadists during a raid at a village near the army chief's family home. Four military vehicles were also seized by the jihadists and two were completely destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attack_against_Chadian_security_forces">Attack against Chadian security forces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Attack against Chadian security forces">edit</a>]</div> On 22 March, Boko Haram militants killed at least 23 Chadian soldiers overnight, two Chadian security sources said on that day, in what appeared to be the deadliest ever such attack inside Chad by the Islamist militants. The raid occurred in the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dangdala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dangdala (page does not exist)">Dangdala</a>, near the banks of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>. One of security sources added that the assailants were believed to have crossed the border from neighboring Niger.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Konduga_bombings">Konduga bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Konduga bombings">edit</a>]</div> On 16 June, a <a href="/wiki/2019_Konduga_bombings" title="2019 Konduga bombings">triple suicide bombing</a> occurred outside a television-viewing hall in Konduga, Borno. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nganzai_funeral_attack">Nganzai funeral attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Nganzai funeral attack">edit</a>]</div> On 27 July, civilians <a href="/wiki/Nganzai_funeral_attack" title="Nganzai funeral attack">were massacred</a> as they returned from a funeral in <a href="/wiki/Nganzai" title="Nganzai">Nganzai</a>, Borno. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attack_against_a_Nigerian_military_base">Attack against a Nigerian military base</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Attack against a Nigerian military base">edit</a>]</div> On 15 August, Nigerian soldiers were killed during a gun battle with Islamist militants in a village on the outskirts of Borno capital Maiduguri.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attack_against_a_Burkina_Faso_military_base">Attack against a Burkina Faso military base</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Attack against a Burkina Faso military base">edit</a>]</div> On 20 September, Boko Haram said that its fighters carried out an August attack in Koutougou in northern Burkina Faso that killed 24 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: 2020">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gamboru_bombing">Gamboru bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Gamboru bombing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2020_Gamboru_bombing" title="2020 Gamboru bombing">2020 Gamboru bombing</a></div> On 6 January, a bombing occurred at a market on a bridge in Gamboru, Borno. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auno_attack">Auno attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Auno attack">edit</a>]</div> On 9 February, a <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> occurred on the A3 road in Auno, Borno.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boma_attack">Boma attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Boma attack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_2020_Chad_and_Nigeria_massacres" title="March 2020 Chad and Nigeria massacres">March 2020 Chad and Nigeria massacres</a></div> On 23 March, Boko Haram fighters attacked soldiers in Boma, Chad, killing 92 and destroying 24 army vehicles. It marked the deadliest ever attack by Boko Haram on the country's military forces, and a serious escalation of conflict.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> In its eight-day counter-operation "Operation Bohoma Anger", Chadian army claims to have killed around one thousand Boko Haram fighters while incurring 52 casualties of its own troops.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Of 58 suspected Boko Haram members, who had been captured during the operation, 44 died in a prison in <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> mid-April 2020. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights_(Chad)" title="Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Chad)">Minister of Justice</a> Djimet Arabi stated that the men died as a result of poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goneri_ambush">Goneri ambush</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Goneri ambush">edit</a>]</div> On 23 March, at least 50 Nigerian soldiers were killed in an ambush by Boko Haram fighters near Goneri village in Borno. The army stated that all Boko Haram fighters were killed, although the number was not stated.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amchide_bombing">Amchide bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Amchide bombing">edit</a>]</div> On 5 April, two Boko Haram suicide bombers killed seven civilians and themselves in <a href="/wiki/Amchide" title="Amchide">Amchide</a>, Far North Region, Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gajigana_attack">Gajigana attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Gajigana attack">edit</a>]</div> On 18 May, Just as people were preparing to break their <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> fast after sundown, the sect attacked the Nigerian village of Gajigana, Borno, 29 miles north of the state capital Maiduguri, killing at least 20 people and injuring 25 others. Their rebellion has now claimed more than 20,000 lives and left more than 7 million people in need of humanitarian assistance.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gubio_massacre">Gubio massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Gubio massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gubio_massacre" title="Gubio massacre">Gubio massacre</a></div> On 9 June, ISWAP killed 81 villagers in <a href="/wiki/Gubio" title="Gubio">Gubio</a>, Borno.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monguno_and_Nganzai_massacres">Monguno and Nganzai massacres</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Monguno and Nganzai massacres">edit</a>]</div> On 13 June in Borno, ISWAP killed at least 20 soldiers in Monguno and more than 40 civilians in Nganzai.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nguetchewe_attack">Nguetchewe attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Nguetchewe attack">edit</a>]</div> On 2 August, Boko Haram killed at least 18 people in a <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a> attack at an IDP camp.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Koshebe_massacre">Koshebe massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Koshebe massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koshebe_massacre" title="Koshebe massacre">Koshebe massacre</a></div> On 28 November, Boko Haram killed about 110 farmers in Koshebe, Borno. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kankara_kidnapping">Kankara kidnapping</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Kankara kidnapping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kankara_kidnapping" title="Kankara kidnapping">Kankara kidnapping</a></div> On December 11, more than 330 students were abducted from the Government Science Secondary School in <a href="/wiki/Kankara" title="Kankara">Kankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsina_State" title="Katsina State">Katsina State</a>, after gunmen with assault rifles attacked their school. Boko Haram later claimed responsibility for this.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christmas_Eve_attack_in_Pemi">Christmas Eve attack in Pemi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Christmas Eve attack in Pemi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pemi_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemi attack">Pemi attack</a></div> On 24 December, Boko Haram killed at least 11 people, burnt a church and kidnapped a priest in the predominantly Christian village of Pemi in Borno.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> On 26 December, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> condemned the terrorist attack, describing it as "heinous". The <a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Turkey" title="Ministries of Turkey">Turkish ministry</a> extended its sincere condolences to the families of those who died.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wulgo_forest_kidnapping">Wulgo forest kidnapping</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Wulgo forest kidnapping">edit</a>]</div> On 24 December, 40 loggers were seized by Boko Haram jihadists, while 3 others were killed in the Wulgo forest near the town of Gamboru in Borno. Bodies of three loggers were found in the forest by a militia leader, and the rest were presumed kidnapped.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: 2021">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maiduguri_attacks">Maiduguri attacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: Maiduguri attacks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2021_Maiduguri_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Maiduguri rocket attacks">2021 Maiduguri rocket attacks</a></div> On 23 February, Boko Haram killed 10 people in Maiduguri using <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest">Battle of Sambisa Forest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Battle of Sambisa Forest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)</a></div> On 20 May, Nigerian intelligence officials said that Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau died after he detonated a suicide vest in order to avoid being captured during a battle with rival Islamist militants aligned with ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-shekaudead-48">[48]</a> Internal intelligence memos backing this claim were afterwards shown to the Wall Street Journal.<a href="#cite_note-shekaudead-48">[48]</a> Five Nigerian officials, mediators, as well as phone calls intercepted by a West African spy agency backed the report of Shekau's death.<a href="#cite_note-shekaudead-48">[48]</a> After Shekau's death, Boko Haram initially fell under the command of his designated successor, a cleric named Sahalaba. However, a loyal commander named <a href="/wiki/Bakura_Doro" title="Bakura Doro">Bakura Doro</a> gradually gained more power and influence within the group. Bakura also succeeded in rallying the remnants of Boko Haram as well as stemming IS advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20245-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: 2022">edit</a>]</div> In March, Bakura overthrew and murdered Sahalaba, taking control of Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20245-332">[332]</a> In the same month, Catholic Church sources in Cameroon, near the border with Nigeria, claimed that they had been attacked regularly by Boko Haram militants since September 2021. In one attack "they managed to reach <a href="/wiki/Mount_Oupay" title="Mount Oupay">Oupaï</a> by coming through Douval. They killed two people, burned the houses and carried off clothing and small animals. Since mid-February four of the seven areas of the parish have been paralysed. We thought they wouldn't be able to reach Oupaï because it is right on top of a mountain, but we were wrong!" According to an anonymous priest, the attacks seemed to be mostly focused on obtaining supplies. "In the past they entered villages, ostentatiously yelling war cries, but recently they have come discretely, taking advantage of the full moon, to surprise people in their sleep. They kill the fathers of the family and the teenagers, especially the boys. Then they pillage the family's property and destroy everything they can't carry off."<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> On 11 August, 5 soldiers were killed during a terrorist attack in Bwari, Abuja.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> The soldiers were serving with the 7 Guards Battalion, Lungi Barracks, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Maitama</a> and 176 Guards Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Gwagwalada" title="Gwagwalada">Gwagwalada</a> in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Organisation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: 2023">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/2023_Yobe_State_attacks" title="2023 Yobe State attacks">2023 Yobe State attacks</a>: in October, Boko Haram lead one of its most horrific attack in recent years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]The terrorist group killed 20 mourners returning from a burial of victims of an earlier attack in north-eastern Nigeria, according to police[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The earlier attack happened in Gurokayeya and claimed the lives of 17 individuals. According to the local police, villagers were killed after refusing to pay the illegal "harvest tax" demanded by the terrorists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Over the course of 2023, Boko Haram managed to regain considerable strength under Bakura's leadership. The group managed to expand its holdings and defeated ISWAP in a series of costly battles, taking control of many islands and shore areas of Lake Chad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20241–2-335">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: Organisation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader">Leader</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=106" title="Edit section: Leader">edit</a>]</div> Boko Haram was founded by Mohammed Yusuf who led the group from 2002 until his death in 2009. After his death, his deputy, Abubakar Shekau took control of the group and led it until his suicide at the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Battle of Sambisa Forest</a> in 2021. Although Boko Haram is organized in a hierarchical structure with one overall leader, the group also operates as a <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">clandestine cell system</a> using a network structure,<a href="#cite_note-START-336">[336]</a> with units having between 300 and 500 fighters each.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Estimates of the total number of fighters range between 500 and 9,000.<a href="#cite_note-conflict-news.com-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-visionofhumanity.org-p53-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing">Financing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=107" title="Edit section: Financing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kidnapping_for_ransom">Kidnapping for ransom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=108" title="Edit section: Kidnapping for ransom">edit</a>]</div> Boko Haram is said to have raised substantial sums of money by kidnapping people for <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a>. In 2013, Boko Haram kidnapped a family of seven French <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cameroon" title="Tourism in Cameroon">tourists</a> while they were on vacation in Cameroon and two months later, Boko Haram released the hostages along with 16 others in exchange for a ransom of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>3.15 million.<a href="#cite_note-Caulderwood-340">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extortion">Extortion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=109" title="Edit section: Extortion">edit</a>]</div> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> from local residents, Boko Haram has claimed to extort money from local state governments. A spokesman of Boko Haram claimed that Kano State governor <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Shekarau" title="Ibrahim Shekarau">Ibrahim Shekarau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi State</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Isa_Yuguda" title="Isa Yuguda">Isa Yuguda</a> had paid them monthly.<a href="#cite_note-thenation20120129-341">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_other_militant_groups">Relationship with other militant groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=110" title="Edit section: Relationship with other militant groups">edit</a>]</div> It has long been alleged that Boko Haram had a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>. In 2011, letters from Boko Haram were reportedly found in <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>'s compound.<a href="#cite_note-thedailybeast.com-342">[342]</a> Three weeks after the <a href="/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_uprising" title="2009 Boko Haram uprising">2009 Boko Haram uprising</a> began, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> expressed sympathy for Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-343">[343]</a> Speaking by phone to reporters in November 2012, group spokesman <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qaqa" title="Abu Qaqa">Abu Qaqa</a> said: "We are together with al-Qaeda, they are promoting the cause of Islam, just as we are doing. Therefore they help us in our struggle and we help them, too." The 2012 Reuters special report details how fighters have trained with al-Qaeda affiliates in small groups over at least 6 years.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-120">[120]</a> According to the UN Security Council listing of Boko Haram under the al-Qaeda sanctions regime in May 2014,<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> the group "has maintained a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">AQIM</a> for training and material support purposes", and "gained valuable knowledge on the construction of improvised explosive devices from AQIM". The UN found that a "number of Boko Haram members fought alongside al Qaeda affiliated groups in Mali in 2012 and 2013 before returning to Nigeria with terrorist expertise". AQIM is one of al-Qaeda's regional branches, whose leader, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_Abdel_Wadoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud">Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud</a>, has sworn an oath of allegiance to al-Qaeda's senior leadership.<a href="#cite_note-longwarjournal.org-345">[345]</a> Despite its historic ties with Boko Haram, al-Qaeda central has never officially accepted Boko Haram as an affiliate. The issues which divide AQ and Boko Haram are related to the extremism of Abubakar Shekau with respect to his declaration that the entire Muslim population of Nigeria is non-Muslim. Shekau argued that it was legitimate to kill Muslim civilians based on his belief that <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> was widespread among the general population of Nigerian Muslims because they voted in elections. Al-Qaeda believes that the general Muslim population of Nigeria should be considered Muslim and based on al-Qaeda's point of view, the killing of civilians is unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> Boko Haram has engaged in battle with IS W Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_of_Nigerian_authorities">Response of Nigerian authorities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=111" title="Edit section: Response of Nigerian authorities">edit</a>]</div> Until the 1990s, the Nigerian military was seen as a force for stability across the region.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-347">[347]</a> But by 2014, it was short of basic equipment, including radios and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured vehicles</a>. Morale was said to be low. Senior officers were allegedly skimming military procurement and budget funds which were intended to pay for the standard issue equipment which is supposed to be provided to soldiers. The country's defense budget accounted for more than a third of the country's security budget of $5.8 billion, but only 10 per cent of this money was allocated to cover capital spending.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-347">[347]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> assessment stated that the Nigerian administration's response to the Boko Haram crisis was marred by "high-level corruption" but that the morale in the military had improved after several former senior government officials were arrested on corruption charges.<a href="#cite_note-Congressional-77">[77]</a>: 9  In the summer of 2013, the Nigerian military shut down mobile phone coverage in three north-eastern Nigerian states in order to disrupt Boko Haram's communication and ability to detonate IEDs. Accounts by military insiders and data of Boko Haram incidents before, during, and after the mobile phone blackout all suggest that the shut down was 'successful' from a military-tactical point of view. However, it angered citizens who lived in the region (owing to the negative social and economic consequences of the mobile shutdown) and engendered negative opinions of the state and its new emergency policies. While citizens and organizations developed various coping and circumventing strategies, Boko Haram evolved from an open network model of insurgency to a closed centralized system, shifting the center of its operations to the Sambisa Forest. As a consequence, Boko Haram's changing strategies fundamentally changed the dynamics of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> In July 2014, Nigeria was estimated to have suffered the highest number of terrorist killings in the world over the past year, 3477, killed in 146 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> The governor of Borno, <a href="/wiki/Kashim_Shettima" title="Kashim Shettima">Kashim Shettima</a>, of the opposition <a href="/wiki/All_Nigeria_Peoples_Party" title="All Nigeria Peoples Party">ANPP</a>, said in February 2014:<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Boko Haram are better armed and are better motivated than our own troops. Given the present state of affairs, it is absolutely impossible for us to defeat Boko Haram.</blockquote> In April 2018, the President of Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a>, approved a release of $1bn for the procurement of security equipment to fight insurgency and revolt in the country. This announcement came days after an attack by Boko Haram that left 18 dead in northern Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> In September 2021, Brigadier General Bernard Onyeuko of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigerian Armed Forces</a> announced the surrender of close to 6,000 Boko Haram insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> On 15th February, 2024, the Borno Government says it has cleared 500 suspects of involvement in terrorism and had them released from the Nigerian Army detention facility at Giwa Barracks, Maiduguri. <a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_responses">International responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=112" title="Edit section: International responses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_designation_as_a_terrorist_organization">Dates of designation as a terrorist organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=113" title="Edit section: Dates of designation as a terrorist organization">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/Organization</th> <th data-sort-type="date">Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>26 June 2014<a href="#cite_note-Australia_proscribed-354">[354]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>24 December 2013<a href="#cite_note-Canada_proscribed-356">[356]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td>2014<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>March 2014<a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand_designates_Boko_Haram_as_a_terrorist_group-359">[359]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></td> <td>15 November 2014<a href="#cite_note-UAE_proscribed-360">[360]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>10 July 2013<a href="#cite_note-UK_proscribed-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Hansard_-_Debate-362">[362]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></td> <td>22 May 2014<a href="#cite_note-UN_proscribed-363">[363]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>14 November 2013<a href="#cite_note-US_proscribed-364">[364]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Coalition_force">African Coalition force</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=114" title="Edit section: African Coalition force">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force" title="Multinational Joint Task Force">Multinational Joint Task Force</a></div> After a series of meetings over many months,<a href="#cite_note-ngrguardiannews.com-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunnewsonline.com-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-15">[15]</a> Cameroon's foreign minister announced on 30 November 2014 that a coalition force to fight terrorism, including Boko Haram, would soon be operational. The force would include 3,500 soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, Chad, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> Discussions between the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) about a broader based military force were held in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> In early February 2015, an agreement to provide 7,500 African Union troops from Benin, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger was tentatively reached. On 2 February 2015, the Nigerian Army said it had recaptured <a href="/wiki/Gamboru" title="Gamboru">Gamboru</a> from Boko Haram, along with the nearby towns of <a href="/wiki/Mafa" title="Mafa">Mafa</a>, Mallam Fatori, <a href="/wiki/Abadam" title="Abadam">Abadam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marte,_Nigeria" title="Marte, Nigeria">Marte</a> following a joint weekend offensive by Nigerian, Chadian and Cameroonian forces.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> By 6 February 2015, Chadian and Nigerian warplanes and ground troops had forced Boko Haram forces to abandon about a dozen towns and villages.<a href="#cite_note-postpones-369">[369]</a> On 17 February 2015, the Nigerian military retook <a href="/wiki/Monguno" title="Monguno">Monguno</a> in a coordinated air and ground assault. On 6 March 2015, the African Union endorsed the creation of a regional force of more than 8,000 troops to combat Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-allies-370">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_assistance">Chinese assistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=115" title="Edit section: Chinese assistance">edit</a>]</div> In May 2014, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> offered Nigeria assistance that included satellite data, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Military_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment">military equipment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombian_assistance">Colombian assistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=116" title="Edit section: Colombian assistance">edit</a>]</div> In October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> sent a delegation of security experts to assist the Nigerian authorities and share expertise on security and counter terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> In January 2016, a delegation led by <a href="/wiki/Tukur_Yusuf_Buratai" title="Tukur Yusuf Buratai">Lieutenant General Tukur Yusuf Buratai</a> also visited Colombia to exchange information in regards to the war against Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_and_post-Soviet_states_assistance">South African and post-Soviet states assistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=117" title="Edit section: South African and post-Soviet states assistance">edit</a>]</div> In March 2015, it was reported that Nigeria had employed hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union</a> to assist it in its effort to make gains against Boko Haram before the 28 March election.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_British_assistance">French and British assistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=118" title="Edit section: French and British assistance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Turus" title="Operation Turus">Operation Turus</a></div> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in coordination with the United States, have sent trainers and material assistance to Nigeria to assist in the fight against Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-19">[19]</a> France planned to use 3,000 troops in the region for counter-terrorism operations. Israel and Canada also pledged support.<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> In 2017, the United Kingdom enforced an emergency assistance package worth $259 million. The United Kingdom has also aided Nigeria through military support and counter-terrorism training. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> has provided training to 28,000 Nigerian military troops to aid the fight against Boko Haram. More than 40 British soldiers have also been sent on a long-term deployment to Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> On 28 August 2018, the British government produced a press release describing the details of the newly launched partnership between the United Kingdom and Nigeria which was formed in an attempt to reduce the threat posed by Boko Haram to the citizens of both nations. The press release gave insight into the multiple methods (including community engagement and direct intervention by the Nigerian government) of preventing and reducing the impacts of attacks carried out by Boko Haram in Nigeria. Specific details of the cooperation between the British and Nigerian governments include: A <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>13 million programme to educate 100,000 children living in the conflict zone and; implementing a Nigerian crisis response mechanism to help the government respond to incidents like terror attacks and; cutting the number of new recruits joining Boko Haram by tackling the false information spread by the group to recruit new members.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_responses">United States responses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=119" title="Edit section: United States responses">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> had an internal debate on whether to place Boko Haram on its list of FTOs (<a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">Foreign Terrorist Organizations</a>).<a href="#cite_note-KesslerBoko-378">[378]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Counterterrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Counterterrorism">Bureau of Counterterrorism</a> leaned towards designation while the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_African_Affairs" title="Bureau of African Affairs">Bureau of African Affairs</a> urged caution.<a href="#cite_note-KesslerBoko-378">[378]</a> Officials from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a>, the FBI, the CIA, and a number of members of Congress urged the State Department to designate Boko Haram as an FTO.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> The Nigerian government voiced its opposition to an FTO designation, citing concerns that it would raise Boko Haram's stature and have implications for humanitarian aid in the region where Boko Haram operated.<a href="#cite_note-KesslerBoko-378">[378]</a> Twenty academic experts on Nigeria signed a letter to the State Department urging it not to designate Boko Haram as an FTO, saying that it would hinder NGO efforts in the region and might legitimize the Nigerian Army's human rights abuses in its efforts to fight Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-KesslerBoko-378">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> The U.S. State Department designated Boko Haram and its offshoot <a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a> as terrorist organizations in November 2013, citing Boko Haram's links with AQIM and its responsibility for "thousands of deaths in northeast and central Nigeria over the last several years including targeted killings of civilians".<a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Spokesperson-382">[382]</a> The State Department also cited Ansaru's 2013 kidnapping and execution of seven international construction workers.<a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Spokesperson-382">[382]</a> In the statement it was noted, however, "These designations are an important and appropriate step, but only one tool in what must be a comprehensive approach by the Nigerian government to counter these groups through a combination of law enforcement, political, and development efforts."<a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Spokesperson-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> The State Department had resisted earlier calls to designate Boko Haram as a terrorist group after the <a href="/wiki/2011_Abuja_United_Nations_bombing" title="2011 Abuja United Nations bombing">2011 Abuja United Nations bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> The U.S. government does not believe Boko Haram is currently (2014) affiliated with al Qaeda Central, despite periodic pledges of support and solidarity from its leadership for al-Qaeda, but is particularly concerned about ties between Boko Haram and Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) (including "likely sharing funds, training, and explosive materials").<a href="#cite_note-Congressional-77">[77]</a> Efforts to cooperate in freeing the Chibok schoolgirls had faltered, largely due to mutual distrust; the infiltration of the military by Boko Haram meant that U.S. officials were wary of sharing raw intelligence data, and the Nigerian military had failed to supply information that might have aided U.S. drone flights in locating the kidnapped girls. The Nigerian government claims that Boko Haram is "the West Africa branch of the world-wide Al-Qaeda movement" with connections to <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and AQIM in Mali. The Nigerian government denies having committed human rights abuses in the conflict, and therefore oppose U.S. restrictions on arms sales, which they see as being based on the U.S. mis-application of the <a href="/wiki/Leahy_Law" title="Leahy Law">Leahy Law</a> due to concerns over <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">human rights in Nigeria</a>. The U.S. had supplied the Nigerian army with trucks and equipment but had blocked the sale of <a href="/wiki/Cobra_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobra helicopter">Cobra helicopters</a>. In November 2014 the U.S. State department again refused to supply Cobras, citing concerns over the Nigerian military's ability to maintain and use them without endangering civilians.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-cobra-388">[388]</a> On 1 December 2014, the U.S. embassy in Abuja announced that the U.S. had discontinued training a Nigerian battalion at the request of the Nigerian government. A spokesman for the U.S. state department said: "We regret premature termination of this training, as it was to be the first in a larger planned project that would have trained additional units with the goal of helping the Nigerian Army build capacity to counter Boko Haram. The U.S. government will continue other aspects of the extensive bilateral security relationship, as well as all other assistance programs, with Nigeria. The U.S. government is committed to the long tradition of partnership with Nigeria and will continue to engage future requests for cooperation and training".<a href="#cite_note-cobra-388">[388]</a> On 24 September 2015, the White House announced a military aid package for African allies fighting Boko Haram. The package included up to $45 million for training and other support for <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> On 14 October 2015, the White House released a statement, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a>, announcing the deployment of 300 troops to Cameroon to conduct airborne ISR: "These forces are equipped with weapons for the purpose of providing their own force protection and security, and they will remain in Cameroon until their support is no longer needed."<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> In October 2015, General <a href="/wiki/David_M._Rodriguez" title="David M. Rodriguez">David M. Rodriguez</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a>, reported that Boko Haram has lost territory, directly contradicting statements which were made by Boko Haram. U.S. efforts to train and share intelligence with regional military forces is credited with helping to push back against Boko Haram, but officials warn that the group remains a grave threat.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_responses">United Nations responses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=120" title="Edit section: United Nations responses">edit</a>]</div> In January 2019, when thousands of refugees from northeastern Nigeria were forced to return from Cameroon, despite the continuous threat to civilian lives by Boko Haram jihadists, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> was "extremely alarmed". "This action was totally unexpected and puts lives of thousands of refugees at risk," the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Grandi" title="Filippo Grandi">Filippo Grandi</a> said. The UNHCR appealed to Cameroon "to continue its open door and hospitable policy" and stop any more returns.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> In March 2021, the UN announced it was launching a $1 billion appeal in Abuja, with the goal of providing assistance to an estimated nine million northern Nigerians in need of <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> because of Boko Haram's 11-year insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=121" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Islam in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Northern_Nigeria" title="Islamic extremism in Northern Nigeria">Islamic extremism in Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiru_Sokoto" title="Kabiru Sokoto">Kabiru Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Mobile_Police" title="Nigerian Mobile Police">Nigerian Mobile Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Timeline of the Boko Haram insurgency">Timeline of the Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=122" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20244–5-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20244–5_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrisis_Group20244–5_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrisis_Group2024">Crisis Group 2024</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonathan_rejects_UN_military_aid-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_rejects_UN_military_aid_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_rejects_UN_military_aid_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctc.usma.edu/the-rise-of-boko-haram-in-nigeria/">the original</a> on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combating+Terrorism+Center&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Boko+Haram+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.usma.edu%2Fthe-rise-of-boko-haram-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988">"There is no doubt that the suppression operation of 2009, and the killing of Muhammad Yusuf by Nigerian security forces in July of that year, was a turning point for Boko Haram." </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Moore2015" class="citation news cs1">Jack Moore (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe.newsweek.com/nigerian-military-enter-final-stages-boko-haram-offensive-324384">"Nigerian Military Enter 'Final Stages' of Boko Haram Offensive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+directs+up+to+%2445+million+to+support+countries+fighting+Boko+Haram&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-boko-haram-whitehouse-idUSKCN0RO2BY20150924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarack_Obama2015" class="citation web cs1">Barack Obama (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/14/letter-from-president-war-powers-resolution-cameroon">"Letter From The President-- War Powers Resolution Regarding Cameroon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Letter+From+The+President--+War+Powers+Resolution+Regarding+Cameroon&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.au=Barack+Obama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2015%2F10%2F14%2Fletter-from-president-war-powers-resolution-cameroon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_E._Barnes2015" class="citation news cs1">Julian E. Barnes (29 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/boko-haram-has-lost-territory-in-nigeria-u-s-general-says-1446136475">"Boko Haram Has Lost Territory in Nigeria, U.S. General Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Boko+Haram+Has+Lost+Territory+in+Nigeria%2C+U.S.+General+Says&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.au=Julian+E.+Barnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fboko-haram-has-lost-territory-in-nigeria-u-s-general-says-1446136475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/19/thousands-of-nigerian-refugees-fleeing-boko-haram-forced-back-by-cameroon">"Thousands of Nigerian refugees fleeing Boko Haram forced back by Cameroon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Retrieved 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boko+Haram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftopics%2Fc50znx8v435t%2Fboko-haram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=123" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisis_Group2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/b196-jas-vs-iswap_0.pdf">"JAS vs. ISWAP: The War of the Boko Haram Splinters"</a> (PDF). Africa Briefing (196). Brussels, Dakar: Crisis Group. 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Briefing&rft.atitle=JAS+vs.+ISWAP%3A+The+War+of+the+Boko+Haram+Splinters&rft.issue=196&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2024-03%2Fb196-jas-vs-iswap_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=124" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Abimbola Adesoji: "The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria". In: Africa Spectrum 45/2, 2010, pp. 95–108.</li> <li>Roman Loimeier: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/afsp/article/view/555/553">Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria.</a>" In: Africa Spectrum 2–3, 2012, pp. 137–155.</li> <li>Freedom C. Onuoha: "The Islamist Challenge. Nigeria's Boko Haram Crisis explained" In: African Security Review 19/2, 2010, pp. 54–67.</li> <li>Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos (ed.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/23853/ASC-075287668-3441-01.pdf">Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria</a> (West African Politics and Society Series. No. 2). African Studies Centre, Leiden 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5448-135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5448-135-5">978-90-5448-135-5</a>.</li> <li>J. Peter Pham: "Boko Haram: The strategic evolution of the Islamic State's West African Province." In: The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 7(1), 2016, pp. 1–18, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21520844.2016.1152571">10.1080/21520844.2016.1152571</a>.</li> <li>Mike Smith: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g--VBgAAQBAJ">Boko Haram: Inside Nigeria's Unholy War.</a> I.B. Tauris, London & New York 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-074-7">978-1-78453-074-7</a>.</li> <li>Alexander Thurston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b00kDwAAQBAJ">Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement.</a> Princeton University Press, Princeton & Oxford 2017.</li> <li>Muhammad Sani Umar: "The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Counter-Radicalism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram." Journal of Religion in Africa 42(2), 2012, pp. 118–144.</li> <li>Hillary Matfess. 2017. Women and the War on Boko Haram. University of Chicago Press. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkhomu2020" class="citation book cs1">Ekhomu, Ona (2020). Boko Haram: security considerations and the rise of an insurgency. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-56136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-56136-6"><bdi>978-1-138-56136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boko+Haram%3A+security+considerations+and+the+rise+of+an+insurgency&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-138-56136-6&rft.aulast=Ekhomu&rft.aufirst=Ona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, Radhika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319150110/https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=ijoss">"Al-Qaeda versus Boko Haram: Ideologies, Goals, and Outcomes"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Security_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Security Studies (page does not exist)">International Journal of Security Studies</a>. 1 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Georgia" title="University of North Georgia">University of North Georgia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=ijoss">the original</a> on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+versus+Boko+Haram%3A+Ideologies%2C+Goals%2C+and+Outcomes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Radhika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1012%26context%3Dijoss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988"> – Article 5</li> <li>Jacob, J. U. and Akpan, I. (2015). "Silencing Boko Haram: Mobile Phone Blackout and Counterinsurgency in Nigeria's Northeast region", Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 4(1):8, 1–17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fsta.ey">10.5334/sta.ey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&action=edit&section=125" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boko_Haram" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has news related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Boko_Haram" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/diffa_incidents_securite_04102015.pdf">Diffa/Niger : Attacks by Boko Haram (as of 4 October 2015)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf">"Boko Haram: Its Beginnings, Principles and Activities in Nigeria"</a> (PDF). Kano, Nigeria: Islamic Studies Department, University of Bayero.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boko+Haram%3A+Its+Beginnings%2C+Principles+and+Activities+in+Nigeria&rft.place=Kano%2C+Nigeria&rft.pub=Islamic+Studies+Department%2C+University+of+Bayero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.salafimanhaj.com%2Fpdf%2FSalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoko+Haram" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Extremism_Project" title="Counter Extremism Project">Counter Extremism Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterextremism.com/threat/boko-haram">profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stabilityjournal.org/article/view/sta.ey/277">"Silencing Boko Haram: Mobile Phone Blackouts and Counterinsurgency in Nigeria's Northeast Region" by Jacob Udo-Udo Jacob & Idorenyin Akpan (March 2015)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182931/http://www.stabilityjournal.org/article/view/sta.ey/277">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314130119/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150314-boko-haram-nigeria-borno-rabih-abubakar-shekau/">National Geographic, March 2015</a> How Northern Nigeria's Violent History Explains Boko Haram</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307090331/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265500.pdf">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016</a> United States Department of State</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Brookings-Analysis-Paper_Alex-Thurston_Final_Web.pdf">'The disease is unbelief': Boko Haram's religious and political worldview By Alex Thurston</a> The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, January 2016</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_State" title="Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_State" title="Template talk:Islamic State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Names of the Islamic State">Names of the Islamic State</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Islamic_State" title="List of leaders of the Islamic State">List of leaders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hudhayfah_Al-Ansari" title="Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari">Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Fatima_al-Jaheishi" title="Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi">Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusaf" title="Abu Yusaf">Abu Yusaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Baraa_el-Azdi" title="Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi">Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Habib_al-Libi" title="Abu Habib al-Libi">Abu Habib al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Masri" title="Abu Jandal al-Masri">Abu Jandal al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfi_Hoxha" title="Zulfi Hoxha">Zulfi Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajro_Ikanovi%C4%87" title="Bajro Ikanović">Bajro Ikanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faysal_Ahmad_Ali_al-Zahrani" title="Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani">Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Mejjati" title="Fatiha Mejjati">Fatiha Mejjati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_al-Nasr" title="Ahlam al-Nasr">Ahlam al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issam_Abuanza" title="Issam Abuanza">Issam Abuanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hussein_al-Husseini_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_al-Alwani" title="Abu Ahmad al-Alwani">Abu Ahmad al-Alwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bakr" title="Haji Bakr">Haji Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Usamah_al-Maghrebi" title="Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi">Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdulrahman_al-Bilawi" title="Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi">Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhannad_al-Suwaydawi" title="Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi">Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_Aliza" title="Abdul Rauf Aliza">Abdul Rauf Aliza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_(Islamic_State_leader)" title="Abu Sayyaf (Islamic State leader)">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Awni_al-Harzi" title="Ali Awni al-Harzi">Ali Awni al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Harzi" title="Tariq al-Harzi">Tariq al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khattab_al-Tunisi" title="Abu Khattab al-Tunisi">Abu Khattab al-Tunisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_Meshaal" title="Maher Meshaal">Maher Meshaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim_al-Turkmani" title="Abu Muslim al-Turkmani">Abu Muslim al-Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Saleh" title="Abu Saleh">Abu Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_John" title="Jihadi John">Mohammed Emwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nabil_al-Anbari" title="Abu Nabil al-Anbari">Abu Nabil al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari" title="Abu Ali al-Anbari">Abu Ali al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Waheeb" title="Abu Waheeb">Abu Waheeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Aswad_al-Jiburi" title="Ali Aswad al-Jiburi">Ali Aswad al-Jiburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani" title="Abu Omar al-Shishani">Abu Omar al-Shishani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Hassen_Ould_Khalill_Jouleibib" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib">El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Adnani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Adnani">Abu Mohammad al-Adnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Furqan" title="Abu Muhammad al-Furqan">Abu Muhammad al-Furqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Kuwaiti" title="Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti">Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bilal_al-Harbi" title="Abu Bilal al-Harbi">Abu Bilal al-Harbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abousamra" title="Ahmad Abousamra">Ahmad Abousamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki_al-Binali" title="Turki al-Binali">Turki al-Binali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareq_Kamleh" title="Tareq Kamleh">Tareq Kamleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavdrim_Muhaxheri" title="Lavdrim Muhaxheri">Lavdrim Muhaxheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Osama_al-Masri" title="Abu Osama al-Masri">Abu Osama al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Hasan_al-Muhajir" title="Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir">Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Shimali" title="Abu Muhammad al-Shimali">Abu Muhammad al-Shimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmurod_Khalimov" title="Gulmurod Khalimov">Gulmurod Khalimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Nasser_Qardash" title="Abdul Nasser Qardash">Abdul Nasser Qardash</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yasser_al-Issawi" title="Abu Yasser al-Issawi">Abu Yasser al-Issawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf al-Hindi">Yusuf al-Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Muhajir" title="Abu Omar al-Muhajir">Abu Omar al-Muhajir</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_al-Nazih" title="Othman al-Nazih">Othman al-Nazih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Udeen_Al-Harith" title="Jamal Udeen Al-Harith">Jamal Udeen Al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aine_Davis" title="Aine Davis">Aine Davis</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanda_Kotey" title="Alexanda Kotey">Alexanda Kotey</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shafee_Elsheikh" title="El Shafee Elsheikh">El Shafee Elsheikh</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cuspert" title="Denis Cuspert">Denis Cuspert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abaaoud" title="Abdelhamid Abaaoud">Abdelhamid Abaaoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubaker_El_Hakim" title="Boubaker El Hakim">Boubaker El Hakim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State" title="History of the Islamic State">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State#Name" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Timeline of events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2016)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2017)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2018)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2019)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2021" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2022" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2023" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2024)">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Specific_territorial_claims" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Libya_Province" title="Islamic State – Libya Province">Libyan Provinces (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Caucasus_Province" title="Islamic State – Caucasus Province">Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sinai_Province" title="Islamic State – Sinai Province">Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Algeria_Province" title="Islamic State – Algeria Province">Algeria Province (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Province" title="Islamic State – Yemen Province">Yemen Province (Yemen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Bengal_Province" title="Islamic State – Bengal Province">Bengal Province (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali)</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Central_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – Central Africa Province">Central Africa Province (DR Congo and Uganda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sahil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State – Sahil Province">Sahil Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Hind_Province" title="Islamic State – Hind Province">Hind Province (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Pakistan_Province" title="Islamic State – Pakistan Province">Pakistan Province ((Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Turkey_Province" title="Islamic State – Turkey Province">Turkey Province (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Mozambique_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State – Mozambique Province (page does not exist)">Mozambique Province (Mozambique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Omar_Hadid_Brigade" title="Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade">Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Khalifa_Philippines" title="Ansar Khalifa Philippines">Ansar Khalifa (Philippines)</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Khilafah_Brazil" title="Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil">Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indonesia_Mujahideen" title="East Indonesia Mujahideen">East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia)</a> (2014–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorganized cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Azerbaijan" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Kurdistan" title="Islamic State in Kurdistan">Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Saudi_Arabia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Lebanon Province (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Jund al Khilafah in Tunisia (Tunisia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Opposition–Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war">Opposition–Islamic State conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Conflict with Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict (1968–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">Military intervention against IS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">US intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Turkish operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hawija_clashes" title="2013 Hawija clashes">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Ali_Ben_Aoun" title="Battle of Sidi Ali Ben Aoun">Sidi Ali Ben Aoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Anbar campaign (2013–2014)">Anbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Fallujah" title="Fall of Fallujah">Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">N Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">N Iraq (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_campaign" title="Salahuddin campaign">Salahuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baiji" title="Fall of Baiji">Baiji (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="First Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">N Iraq (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_campaign_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Derna campaign (2014–2016)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baiji_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)">Baiji (14–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Sinjar_offensive" title="December 2014 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumar" title="Battle of Zumar">Zumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amirli" title="Siege of Amirli">Amirli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Nofaliya_(2015)" title="Fall of Nofaliya (2015)">Nofaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">W Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Egyptian_airstrikes_in_Libya" title="February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya">Egyptian airstrikes in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Niger_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Niger raid">Niger raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">E al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="Second Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2015)" title="Battle of Sirte (2015)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">W al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2015–2016)">Ramadi (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs (Nov–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Sinjar_offensive" title="November 2015 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">E Aleppo (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains_offensive" title="Nineveh Plains offensive">Niveneh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fallujah_(2016)" title="Siege of Fallujah (2016)">Fallujah (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_(2016)" title="Nangarhar offensive (2016)">Nangarhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Guerdane" title="Battle of Ben Guerdane">Ben Guerdane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">N Aleppo (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hit_(2016)" title="Battle of Hit (2016)">Hīt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipo-Tipo" title="Battle of Tipo-Tipo">Tipo-Tipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2016)" title="Battle of Sirte (2016)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ar-Rutbah_(2016)" title="Battle of Ar-Rutbah (2016)">Ar-Rutbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">N Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Third Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">N al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">W al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">W al-Bab (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">E Aleppo (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">E Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Nineveh_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Western Nineveh offensive">W Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Syrian Desert (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">S Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">C Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2017)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2017)">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (17–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hawija" title="Battle of Hawija">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">E Syria (Sep–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">W Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">S Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)#Battle_of_Hajin" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinagodrar" title="Battle of Chinagodrar">Chinagodrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danag" title="Battle of Danag">Danag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%ADmboa_da_Praia_offensive" title="Mocímboa da Praia offensive">Mocímboa da Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bayda_offensive" title="Al Bayda offensive">Al Bayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tessit_(2021)" title="Battle of Tessit (2021)">Tessit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palma" title="Battle of Palma">Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Sambisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Killing of Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Dangarous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi#Death" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Atme raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_And%C3%A9ramboukane_(2022)" title="Battle of Andéramboukane (2022)">Andéramboukane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talataye_(2022)" title="Battle of Talataye (2022)">Talataye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falagountou" title="Battle of Falagountou">Falagountou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Speicher_massacre" title="Camp Speicher massacre">Camp Speicher massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">Beheading of Copts in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corinthia_Hotel_attack" title="2015 Corinthia Hotel attack">Corinthia Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qubbah_bombings" title="Al Qubbah bombings">Al Qubbah bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack" title="Bardo National Museum attack">Bardo National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombings" title="March 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings">Sanaa bombings (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Culwell_Center_attack" title="Curtis Culwell Center attack">Curtis Culwell Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_and_Dammam_mosque_bombings" title="Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings">Qatif & Dammam bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_June_2015_Islamist_attacks" title="26 June 2015 Islamist attacks">26 June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin-Fallavier_attack" title="Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack">Saint-Quentin-Fallavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kuwait_mosque_bombing" title="2015 Kuwait mosque bombing">Kuwait mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Sousse_attacks" title="2015 Sousse attacks">Sousse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Khan_Bani_Saad_bombing" title="2015 Khan Bani Saad bombing">Khan Bani Saad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7_bombing" title="Suruç bombing">Suruç bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2015_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2015 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombing" title="September 2015 Sanaa mosque bombing">Sanaa bombing (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">Ankara bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Saihat_shooting" title="2015 Saihat shooting">Saihat shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268" title="Metrojet Flight 9268">Metrojet Flight 9268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Beirut_bombings" title="2015 Beirut bombings">Beirut bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">Paris (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Tunis_bombing" title="2015 Tunis bombing">Tunis bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zliten_truck_bombing" title="Zliten truck bombing">Zliten truck bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hurghada_attack" title="2016 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="January 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jakarta_attacks" title="2016 Jakarta attacks">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ramadi_bombing" title="2016 Ramadi bombing">Ramadi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasin_mosque_attack" title="Mahasin mosque attack">Mahasin mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attack">Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mosul_massacre" title="2016 Mosul massacre">Mosul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab bombings">Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="March 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">Brussels bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aden_car_bombing" title="2016 Aden car bombing">Aden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandariya_suicide_bombing" title="Iskandariya suicide bombing">Iskandariya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2016_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2016 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samawa_bombing" title="2016 Samawa bombing">Samawa bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Gaziantep_bombing" title="May 2016 Gaziantep bombing">Gaziantep bombing (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (11 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_fan_club_massacres" title="Real Madrid fan club massacres">Real Madrid fan club massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Taji_gas_plant_attack" title="2016 Taji gas plant attack">Baghdad gas plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Yemen_police_bombings" title="May 2016 Yemen police bombings">Yemen police bombings (15 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (17 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">Jableh & Tartous bombings (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_May_2016_Yemen_bombings" title="23 May 2016 Yemen bombings">Yemen bombings (23 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aktobe_shootings" title="2016 Aktobe shootings">Aktobe shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Pulse nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Magnanville_stabbing" title="2016 Magnanville stabbing">Magnanville stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Mukalla_attacks" title="June 2016 Mukalla attacks">Mukalla (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport_attack" title="2016 Atatürk Airport attack">Atatürk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Dhaka_attack" title="July 2016 Dhaka attack">Dhaka (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Karrada_bombing" title="2016 Karrada bombing">Karrada bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Hadi_Mausoleum_attack" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum attack">Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack" title="2016 Nice truck attack">Nice truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_train_attack" title="Würzburg train attack">Würzburg train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing" title="July 2016 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ansbach_bombing" title="2016 Ansbach bombing">Ansbach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Normandy_church_attack" title="2016 Normandy church attack">Normandy church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_stabbing_of_Charleroi_police_officers" title="2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers">Charleroi stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchelkovo_Highway_police_station_attack" title="Shchelkovo Highway police station attack">Shchelkovo Highway police station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2016_Aden_bombing" title="August 2016 Aden bombing">Aden bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">Syria bombings (5 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_September_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="9 September 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (9 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Baghdad_attacks" title="October 2016 Baghdad attacks">Baghdad bombings (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Quetta_police_training_college_attack" title="2016 Quetta police training college attack">Quetta police college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Alil_massacre" title="Hamam al-Alil massacre">Hamam al-Alil massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khuzdar_bombing" title="2016 Khuzdar bombing">Khuzdar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samarinda_church_bombing" title="2016 Samarinda church bombing">Samarinda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Hillah_suicide_truck_bombing" title="November 2016 Hillah suicide truck bombing">Hillah bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Aden_suicide_bombings" title="December 2016 Aden suicide bombings">Aden bombings (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Botroseya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Al-Karak_attack" title="2016 Al-Karak attack">Al-Karak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Berlin_truck_attack" title="2016 Berlin truck attack">Berlin truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Sefter_Ta%C5%9F_and_Fethi_%C5%9Eahin" title="Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin">Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting" title="Istanbul nightclub shooting">Istanbul nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2,_2017_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2, 2017 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (2 Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwan_suicide_bombing" title="Sehwan suicide bombing">Sehwan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Kabul_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2017 Kabul attack">Kabul (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">St Petersburg Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Egypt church bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mastung_suicide_bombing" title="2017 Mastung suicide bombing">Mastung bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jakarta_bombings" title="2017 Jakarta bombings">Jakarta bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Minya_bus_attack" title="2017 Minya bus attack">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faqma_ice_cream_parlor_bombing" title="Al-Faqma ice cream parlor bombing">Al-Faqma bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Brighton_siege" title="2017 Brighton siege">Brighton siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Pakistan_attacks" title="June 2017 Pakistan attacks">Pakistan attacks (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Hurghada_attack" title="2017 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="August 2017 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Brussels_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2017 Brussels attack">Brussels (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nasiriyah_attacks" title="2017 Nasiriyah attacks">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks" title="20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (20 Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_truck_attack" title="2017 New York City truck attack">New York City truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack" title="2017 Sinai mosque attack">Sinai mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_December_2017_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="28 December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (28 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Menas_church" title="Attack on Saint Menas church">Saint Menas church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Baghdad_bombings" title="2018 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children_Jalalabad_attack" title="Save the Children Jalalabad attack">Save The Children Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar_church_shooting" title="Kizlyar church shooting">Kizlyar church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne_and_Tr%C3%A8bes_attack" title="Carcassonne and Trèbes attack">Carcasonne & Trèbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (22 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombings" title="30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings">Kabul bombings (30 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_attack_on_the_High_National_Elections_Commission_in_Tripoli,_Libya" title="2018 attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mako_Brimob_standoff" title="2018 Mako Brimob standoff">Mako Brimob standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Paris_knife_attack" title="2018 Paris knife attack">Paris knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_bombings" title="Surabaya bombings">Surabaya bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Li%C3%A8ge_attack" title="2018 Liège attack">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mastung_and_Bannu_bombings" title="2018 Mastung and Bannu bombings">Mastung & Bannu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="2018 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Tajikistan_tourist_attack" title="2018 Tajikistan tourist attack">Tajikistan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_Kabul_attacks" title="September 2018 Kabul attacks">Kabul (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Ahvaz military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Minya_bus_attack" title="2018 Minya bus attack">Minya bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Melbourne_stabbing_attack" title="2018 Melbourne stabbing attack">Melbourne stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Louisa_Vesterager_Jespersen_and_Maren_Ueland" title="Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland">Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jolo_Cathedral_bombings" title="2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings">Jolo Cathedral bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainthamaruthu_shootout" title="Sainthamaruthu shootout">Sainthamaruthu shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2019_Kabul_bombing" title="17 August 2019 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (17 Aug)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting" title="6 March 2020 Kabul shooting">Kabul shooting (6 Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack" title="Kabul gurdwara attack">Kabul gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitaxi_massacre" title="Xitaxi massacre">Xitaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="May 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad_prison_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalalabad prison attack">Jalalabad prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Jolo_bombings" title="2020 Jolo bombings">Jolo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kabul_University_attack" title="2020 Kabul University attack">Kabul University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Vienna_attack" title="2020 Vienna attack">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="December 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Machh_attack" title="2021 Machh attack">Machh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2021_Baghdad_bombings" title="January 2021 Baghdad bombings">January Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing" title="2021 Kabul school bombing">Kabul school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack" title="2021 Kabul airport attack">Kabul airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kunduz_mosque_bombing" title="2021 Kunduz mosque bombing">Kunduz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kandahar_bombing" title="2021 Kandahar bombing">Kandahar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Uganda_bombings" title="2021 Uganda bombings">Kampala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_hospital_attack" title="2021 Kabul hospital attack">Kabul hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Diyala_massacre" title="2022 Diyala massacre">Diyala massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peshawar_mosque_attack" title="2022 Peshawar mosque attack">Peshawar mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Hadera_shooting" title="2022 Hadera shooting">Hadera shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_mosque_bombing" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing">Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_minivan_bombings" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings">Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourasso_and_Namissiguima_massacres" title="Bourasso and Namissiguima massacres">Bourasso and Namissiguima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuje_prison_break" title="Kuje prison break">Kuje prison break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_August_2022_Kabul_bombing" title="5 August 2022 Kabul bombing">5 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_Kabul_mosque_bombing" title="August 2022 Kabul mosque bombing">August Kabul mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Russian_embassy_in_Kabul" title="Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul">Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shah_Cheragh_attack" title="2022 Shah Cheragh attack">Shah Cheragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kabul_hotel_attack" title="2022 Kabul hotel attack">Kabul hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kabul_airport_bombing" title="2023 Kabul airport bombing">Kabul airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan_bombing" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Khar_bombing" title="2023 Khar bombing">Khar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_school_stabbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arras school stabbing">Arras school stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pul-i-Khumri_bombing" title="2023 Pul-i-Khumri bombing">Pul-i-Khumri bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Brussels_shooting" title="2023 Brussels shooting">Brussels shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2023_Kabul_bombing" title="November 2023 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Paris_attack" title="2023 Paris attack">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University_bombing" title="Mindanao State University bombing">Mindanao State University bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerman_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman bombings">Kerman bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Balochistan_bombings" title="2024 Balochistan bombings">Balochistan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sibi_bombing" title="2024 Sibi bombing">Sibi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucojo_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucojo attack">Mucojo attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Karabulak_clash" title="2024 Karabulak clash">Karabulak clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kandahar_New_Kabul_Bank_bombing" title="2024 Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing">Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tillab%C3%A9ri_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Tillabéri attack">Tillabéri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Guzara_Attack" title="2024 Guzara Attack">2024 Guzara Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bamyan_shooting" title="2024 Bamyan shooting">2024 Bamyan shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beirut_US_embassy_shooting" title="2024 Beirut US embassy shooting">2024 Beirut US embassy shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don_pre-trial_detention_center_hostage_crisis" title="Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis">Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">2024 Dagestan attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_attack_on_the_Israeli_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade">2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Muscat_mosque_shooting" title="2024 Muscat mosque shooting">2024 Muscat mosque shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kabul_bus_bombing" title="2024 Kabul bus bombing">2024 Kabul bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surovikino_penal_colony_hostage_crisis" title="Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis">Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Solingen_stabbing" title="2024 Solingen stabbing">2024 Solingen stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qala_Bakhtiar_bombing" title="2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing">2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Afghanistan_bus_shooting" title="2024 Afghanistan bus shooting">2024 Afghanistan bus shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qusar_attack" title="2024 Qusar attack">2024 Qusar attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Finances of the Islamic State">Finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Ideology of the Islamic State">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_Health_Service" title="Islamic State Health Service">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Armoured warfare of the Islamic State">Armoured warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Persecution of Shias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State">Genocide of Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Genocide of Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_gay_and_bisexual_men_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of gay and bisexual men by the Islamic State">Persecution of gay and bisexual men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Killing of captives by the Islamic State">Killing of captives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_beheading_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State beheading incidents">Beheading incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_occupation_of_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS occupation of Mosul">Occupation of Mosul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_ISIL-occupied_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass executions in ISIL-occupied Mosul">Executions in Mosul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Iran and the Islamic State">Iran and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Philippines and the Islamic State">Philippines and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Islamic_State" title="United Kingdom and the Islamic State">United Kingdom and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State">Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_and_War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq">Foreign fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_changes_due_to_the_Islamic_State" title="Name changes due to the Islamic State">Name changes due to the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_the_Islamic_State_in_American_media" title="Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media">Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Terrorist cell in Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Territorial claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">al-Barakah district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Islamic_State" title="Collaboration with the Islamic State">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Second_Message_to_America" title="A Second Message to America">A Second Message to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayan_(radio_station)" title="Al-Bayan (radio station)">Al-Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furat_Media_Center" title="Al-Furat Media Center">Al-Furat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat_Media_Center" title="Al-Hayat Media Center">Al-Hayat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Naba" title="Al-Naba">Al-Naba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaq_News_Agency" title="Amaq News Agency">Amaq News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Islam_(magazine)" title="Dar al-Islam (magazine)">Dar al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawlat_al-Islam_Qamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawlat al-Islam Qamat">Dawlat al-Islam Qamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huroof" title="Huroof">Huroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27lam_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="I'lam foundation">I'lam foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istok_(magazine)" title="Istok (magazine)">Istok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantiniyye_(magazine)" title="Konstantiniyye (magazine)">Konstantiniyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumiyah_(magazine)" title="Rumiyah (magazine)">Rumiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatihin_Magazine" title="Al-Fatihin Magazine">Al-Fatihin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salil_al-Sawarim" title="Salil al-Sawarim">Salil al-Sawarim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defeating_ISIS" title="Defeating ISIS">Defeating ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS-chan" title="ISIS-chan">ISIS-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery in 21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nigerian_militant_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nigerian militant groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nigerian_militant_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nigerian militant groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arewa_People%27s_Congress" title="Arewa People's Congress">Arewa People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakassi_Boys" title="Bakassi Boys">Bakassi Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakassi_Movement_for_Self-Determination" title="Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination">Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Joint_Task_Force" title="Civilian Joint Task Force">Civilian Joint Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egbesu" title="Egbesu">Egbesu Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_Peoples_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igbo Peoples Congress (page does not exist)">Igbo Peoples Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Niger_Delta" title="Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta">Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta_Avengers" title="Niger Delta Avengers">Niger Delta Avengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front" title="Niger Delta Liberation Front">Niger Delta Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta_People%27s_Volunteer_Force" title="Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force">Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta_Vigilante" title="Niger Delta Vigilante">Niger Delta Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Tatsine" title="Yan Tatsine">Yan Tatsine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template talk:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a> in Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mulathameen" title="Al-Mulathameen">Al-Mulathameen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun_(militant_group)" title="Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_Macina" title="Katiba Macina">Katiba Macina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarul_Islam_(Sahel)" title="Ansarul Islam (Sahel)">Ansarul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katibat_Salaheddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katibat Salaheddin (page does not exist)">Katibat Salaheddin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Mali)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)">Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Mauritania)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)">Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in the Greater Sahara">Islamic State in the Greater Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">Islamic State – West Africa Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_-_Central_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State - Central Africa Province">Islamic State - Central Africa Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Islamic State in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_-_Mozambique_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State - Mozambique Province (page does not exist)">Islamic State - Mozambique Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(Mozambique)" title="Al-Shabaab (Mozambique)">Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yassin_Mohamed" title="Ali Yassin Mohamed">Ali Yassin Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid" title="Abdelhamid Abou Zeid">Abou Zeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel" title="Abdelmalek Droukdel">Abdelmalek Droukdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah">Ahmad Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Koufa" title="Amadou Koufa">Amadou Koufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedane_Ag_Hita" title="Sedane Ag Hita">Sedane Ag Hita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Malam_Dicko" title="Ibrahim Malam Dicko">Ibrahim Malam Dicko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djaffar_Dicko" title="Djaffar Dicko">Djaffar Dicko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li>Militant Islamism in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212372#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212372#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/252847479">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1099996589">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012112162">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2015879895&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFBukola_Adebayo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau_of_Counterterrorism\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCOLONEL_SANI_KUKASHEKA_USMAN2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChothia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCrisis_Group2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaji_Sani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Magnowski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Blair2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Cook2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Public_Information_•_News_and_Media_Division2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Aliyu_U._Tilde\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEd_Cropley_and_David_Lewis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkhomu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmanuel_Ande2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmanuel_Tummanjong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Schmidt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelix_Onuah2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelix_OnuahTim_Cocks2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelix_Onuoh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Percy_Bargery1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGernot_Klantschnig2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn_Kessler2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHaruna\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosenball2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIBRAHIM_ABDULAZIZ2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim_Mshelizza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim_Sawab2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIdowuIsenyo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIro_Dan_Fulani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsine2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Peter_Pham,_Ph.D.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_Moore2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobAkpan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_Herskovits2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_SchogolJoe_Gould2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJen_Judson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoe_Bavier2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoe_Brock2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_Barnes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_E._Barnes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathleen_Caulderwood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlobucista2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKouagheu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauren_Ploch_Blanchard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiz_Ford2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Nako2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadjiasra_Nako2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Ewi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Meredith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Williams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatfess2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelle_Faul_and_Haruna_Umar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelle_Nichols2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Oboh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonica_Mark2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan_Winsor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakoNgarmbassa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatasha_Culzac2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNdahi_Marama2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgala_Kilian_Chimtom2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNnenna_Ibeh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNossiter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNossiter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObaji,_Jr.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgundipe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlalekan_Adetayo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlly_Owen2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOnapajoBabalola2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnuoha2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOscar_Nkala2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Newman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenney,_Joe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPius_Lukong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReport2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters_Editorial2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Dowden2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobyn_Kriel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose_Troup_Buchanan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamer_Muscati2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSami_Aboudi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearcey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylvain_Andzongo2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTansa_Musa2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTaye_ObateruGrateful_Dakat2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurston2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFTim_Cocks2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFToyin_FalolaMatthew_M._Heaton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSA2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWARREN_STROBEL2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_F._S._Miles2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodrow_Wilson_Center2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWroughton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZennaPierib2017\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFal-Taie\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BHR\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 8,\n [\"CHN\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Boko Haram insurgency\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 157,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 197,\n [\"Cn\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Executed\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 26,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IRQ\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox War Faction\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\"] = 1,\n [\"Jihadism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"MYS\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 47,\n [\"Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Nigerian militant groups\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"USA\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"War on Terror\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikinews category\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","14.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","13.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","7.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","4.2"],["type","120","4.2"],["match","100","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","2.8"],["[others]","1040","36.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-blxk6","timestamp":"20241122144148","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Boko Haram","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boko_Haram","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212372","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212372","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-07-28T01:20:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T04:26:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a5\/Logo_of_Boko_Haram_%282018-Present%29.svg","headline":"Nigerian jihadist terrorist organization"}</script> </body> </html>