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message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p><b>Alexander Sabino Argüelles</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born 30 April 1964) is an American linguist notable for his work on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>. An avid language learner, he was profiled in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Erard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Erard">Michael Erard</a>'s <i>Babel No More</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_polyglots?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of polyglots">polyglots</a> listed in <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Hyltenstam" class="extiw" title="sv:Kenneth Hyltenstam">Kenneth Hyltenstam</a>'s <i>Advanced Proficiency and Exceptional Ability in Second Languages</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been described by <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_Yorker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> as "a legendary figure in the [polyglot] community".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox biography vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"> <div class="fn"> Alexander Argüelles </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Arguelles_Alexander.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arguelles_Alexander.jpg/220px-Arguelles_Alexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arguelles_Alexander.jpg/330px-Arguelles_Alexander.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arguelles_Alexander.jpg/440px-Arguelles_Alexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1458"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption"> Argüelles in 2011 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1964-04-30</span>) </span>30 April 1964<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 60)</span><br> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, U.S. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th> <td class="infobox-data">Park Hyun-Kyung<sup id="cite_ref-Lim_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lim-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th> <td class="infobox-data">2<sup id="cite_ref-Lim_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lim-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Columbia_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (B.A.)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (M.A., Ph.D.)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free University of Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><i>Viking Dreams: Mythological and Religious Dream Symbolism in the Old Norse Sagas</i> (1994)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wendy_Doniger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other advisors</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ioan_P._Culianu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioan P. Culianu">Ioan P. Culianu</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistics">Linguist</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handong_Global_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handong Global University">Handong University</a> (1996–2004)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_University_of_Science_and_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American University of Science and Technology">American University of Science and Technology</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_College_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New College of California">New College of California</a> (2006–2009)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Ministers_of_Education_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization">SEAMEO Regional Language Centre</a> (2009–2012)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_University_in_the_Emirates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American University in the Emirates">American University in the Emirates</a> (2012–2019)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concordia_Language_Villages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concordia Language Villages">Concordia Language Villages</a> (2019–2021)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second-language_acquisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_pedagogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language pedagogy">Language pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean language</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th> <td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.alexanderarguelles.com/">alexanderarguelles.com</a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Argüelles is highly proficient in 10 languages: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Catalan, Swedish and Korean, and has a knowledge of more than 60 languages.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language_learning"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Language learning</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_works"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notable works</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#On_Korean"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">On Korean</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_works"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other works</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Interviews"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Interviews</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_links"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other links</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>He has taught in South Korea, Lebanon, Singapore, and Dubai, and was a Group Director of Immersion Language Programs at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concordia_Language_Villages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concordia Language Villages">Concordia Language Villages</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bemidji, Minnesota">Bemidji</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minnesota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Language_learning">Language learning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language learning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Argüelles reportedly devotes an average of nine hours a day to language learning,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he has stated that in his twenties he spent as much as sixteen hours per day. He advocates working on multiple languages daily for shorter periods (as little as 15 minutes), working on different areas in different languages, from reading novels, to writing grammatical exercises. He sets daily goals to language learning and has recorded his daily progress in logbooks going back over 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Workout_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Workout-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Argüelles is highly proficient in 10 languages: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Catalan, Swedish and Korean,<sup id="cite_ref-Lim_5-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lim-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is accomplished in many more, such as Latin, Greek and Sanskrit, which he had studied by the end of college. He has studied over 60 languages to various degrees of proficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated in late 2022 that he had learning resources in his library for 155 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>He is the son of the poet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Argüelles">Ivan Argüelles</a> and the nephew of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Age">New Ageist</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Argüelles">José Argüelles</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notable_works">Notable works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notable works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="On_Korean">On Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: On Korean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Argüelles, Alexander, and Jong-Rok Kim (2000). <i>A Historical, Literary and Cultural Approach to the Korean Language</i>. Seoul: Hollym.</li> <li>Argüelles, Alexander, and Jong-Rok Kim (2004). <i>A Handbook of Korean Verbal Conjugation</i>. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press.</li> <li>Argüelles, Alexander (2007). <i>Korean Newspaper Reader</i>. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press.</li> <li>Argüelles, Alexander (2010). <i>North Korean Reader</i>. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Argüelles, Alexander (1994). <i>Viking Dreams: Mythological and Religious Dream Symbolism in the Old Norse Sagas</i>. Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.</li> <li>Argüelles, Alexander (1999). <i>프랑스동사변화안내: La Conjugaison des Verbes</i>. Seoul: <i>신아사</i>.</li> <li>Argüelles, Alexander (2006). <i>English French Spanish German Dictionary</i>. Beirut, Lebanon: Librairie du Liban.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original Spanish pronunciation of <b>Argüelles</b> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[aɾˈɣweʎes]</a></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311203603/http://divinity.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/imce/pdfs/employment/doniger_CV.pdf">'Wendy Doniger: Curriculum Vitae'</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton, Ted (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522190633/http://linguafranca.mirror.theinfo.org/9209/culianu.html">'The Killing of Professor Culianu'</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_Franca_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua Franca (magazine)">Lingua Franca</a></i>, Vol. 2, No. 6.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807022132/http://aue.ae/portfolio/dr-alexander-arguelles/">Dr. Alexander Arguelles: Associate Professor</a>, Member of Committee (Promotion - Planning & Accreditation).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830201515/http://aue.ae/portfolio/dr-alexander-sabino-arguelles/">Dr. Alexander Arguelles: Associate Professor, College of Education</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lim-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lim_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lim_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lim_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lim Yan Liang (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811032020/http://www.pdf-archive.com/2014/12/08/one-man-50-languages/one-man-50-languages.pdf">'One man, 50 languages'</a>. <i>The Sunday Times</i> (Singapore), 1 April.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erard, Michael (2012). <i>Babel No More: The Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Language Learners</i>. New York: Free Press.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyltenstam, Kenneth (ed.) (2016). <i>Advanced Proficiency and Exceptional Ability in Second Languages</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurman, Judith (2018). 'Maltese for Beginners'. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_Yorker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, 3 September. (Published online as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830162201/http://4gp.me/bbtc/1535646030878.pdf">'The Mystery of People Who Speak Dozens of Languages'</a>.)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexander-arguelles-3799756/">LinkedIn</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/49138/how-many-languages-it-possible-know">"How Many Languages is it Possible to Know?"</a>. Mentalfloss.com. 27 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many+Languages+is+it+Possible+to+Know%3F&rft.pub=Mentalfloss.com&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F49138%2Fhow-many-languages-it-possible-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Arg%C3%BCelles" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Workout-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Workout_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DOudgdh6tl00%26feature%3Demb_title">"A Polyglot's Daily Linguistic Workout"</a>. Youtube. 10 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Polyglot%27s+Daily+Linguistic+Workout&rft.pub=Youtube&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOudgdh6tl00%26feature%3Demb_title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Arg%C3%BCelles" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331100-800-i-could-speak-a-different-language-every-week-for-a-year/%23ixzz6Xfb9aUaX">"I could speak a different language every week for a year"</a>. New Scientist. 25 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+could+speak+a+different+language+every+week+for+a+year&rft.pub=New+Scientist&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg23331100-800-i-could-speak-a-different-language-every-week-for-a-year%2F%23ixzz6Xfb9aUaX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Arg%C3%BCelles" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3D34jo77HVQMk">"The World's Largest Language Library: 155 Languages"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Largest+Language+Library%3A+155+Languages&rft.pub=ProfASAr&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D34jo77HVQMk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Arg%C3%BCelles" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wideawakeminds.com/2010/12/interview-polyglot-and-self-educator.html">December 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219034831/http://livemocha.com/blog/2012/12/17/on-polyglottery-a-conversation-with-alexander-arguelles/">January 2012</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/mar/16/i-speak-50-languages-experience">March 2012</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811031554/http://www.pdf-archive.com/2014/12/08/one-man-50-languages/one-man-50-languages.pdf">April 2012</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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