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id="toc-Early_Latin_versions_and_medieval_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Latin versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Renaissance_to_the_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Renaissance_to_the_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Renaissance_to_the_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_emblem_of_the_Tabula_Smaragdina_Hermetis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_emblem_of_the_Tabula_Smaragdina_Hermetis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>The emblem of the <i>Tabula Smaragdina Hermetis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_emblem_of_the_Tabula_Smaragdina_Hermetis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th–20th_century:_from_occultism_to_esotericism_and_surrealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th–20th_century:_from_occultism_to_esotericism_and_surrealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>19th–20th century: from occultism to esotericism and surrealism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th–20th_century:_from_occultism_to_esotericism_and_surrealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Textual history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Textual_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Textual history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Textual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic_versions_of_the_tablet_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_versions_of_the_tablet_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arabic versions of the tablet text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_versions_of_the_tablet_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana's_Sirr_al-khalīqa_(c._750–850)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana's_Sirr_al-khalīqa_(c._750–850)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>From pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's <span><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i></span> (c. 750–850)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana's_Sirr_al-khalīqa_(c._750–850)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Kitāb_Usṭuqus_al-uss_al-thānī_(ca._850–950)_attributed_to_Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Kitāb_Usṭuqus_al-uss_al-thānī_(ca._850–950)_attributed_to_Jabir_ibn_Hayyan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>From the <span><i>Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss al-thānī</i></span> (ca. 850–950) attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Kitāb_Usṭuqus_al-uss_al-thānī_(ca._850–950)_attributed_to_Jabir_ibn_Hayyan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asrār_(tenth_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asrār_(tenth_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>From the pseudo-Aristotelian <span><i>Sirr al-asrār</i></span> (tenth century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asrār_(tenth_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Latin_versions_of_the_tablet_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Latin_versions_of_the_tablet_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medieval Latin versions of the tablet text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Latin_versions_of_the_tablet_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_the_Latin_translation_of_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana's_Sirr_al-khalīqa_(De_secretis_nature)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Latin_translation_of_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana's_Sirr_al-khalīqa_(De_secretis_nature)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>From the Latin translation of pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's <span><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i></span> (<span><i>De secretis nature</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Latin_translation_of_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana's_Sirr_al-khalīqa_(De_secretis_nature)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Latin_translation_of_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asrār_(Secretum_secretorum)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Latin_translation_of_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asrār_(Secretum_secretorum)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>From the Latin translation of the pseudo-Aristotelian <span><i>Sirr al-asrār</i></span> (<span><i>Secretum secretorum</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Latin_translation_of_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asrār_(Secretum_secretorum)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulgate_(from_the_Liber_Hermetis_de_alchimia_or_Liber_dabessi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgate_(from_the_Liber_Hermetis_de_alchimia_or_Liber_dabessi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Vulgate (from the <span><i>Liber Hermetis de alchimia</i></span> or <span><i>Liber dabessi</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgate_(from_the_Liber_Hermetis_de_alchimia_or_Liber_dabessi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_versions_of_the_tablet_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_versions_of_the_tablet_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early modern versions of the tablet text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_versions_of_the_tablet_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_(Nuremberg,_1541)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_(Nuremberg,_1541)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Latin (Nuremberg, 1541)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_(Nuremberg,_1541)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaragtablet" title="Smaragtablet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Smaragtablet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لوحة زمردية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوحة زمردية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Изумрудената скрижала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изумрудената скрижала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_de_Maragda" title="Taula de Maragda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula de Maragda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaragdov%C3%A1_deska" title="Smaragdová deska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smaragdová deska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaragdtavlen" title="Smaragdtavlen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smaragdtavlen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Smaragdina" title="Tabula Smaragdina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tabula Smaragdina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_de_Esmeralda" title="Tabla de Esmeralda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabla de Esmeralda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeralda_Tabulo" title="Smeralda Tabulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Smeralda Tabulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeraldazko_Taula" title="Esmeraldazko Taula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esmeraldazko Taula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لوح زمرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوح زمرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_d%27%C3%A9meraude" title="Table d'émeraude – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Table d'émeraude" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%98%A5%ED%8C%90" title="녹옥판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹옥판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A5_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Զմրուխտե քառասալիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զմրուխտե քառասալիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="एमराल्ड टैबलेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एमराल्ड टैबलेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaragdna_plo%C4%8Da" title="Smaragdna ploča – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smaragdna ploča" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavola_di_smeraldo" title="Tavola di smeraldo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tavola di smeraldo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas_Jumara" title="Karas Jumara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karas Jumara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_smaragdina" title="Tabula smaragdina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tabula smaragdina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaragdt%C3%A1bla" title="Smaragdtábla – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Smaragdtábla" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Смарагдна плоча – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Смарагдна плоча" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaragden_Tafel" title="Smaragden Tafel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smaragden Tafel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="エメラルド・タブレット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エメラルド・タブレット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaragdtavlen" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablets_of_Thoth_the_Atlantean" title="Emerald Tablets of Thoth the Atlantean">Emerald Tablets of Thoth the Atlantean</a> (1930), the work of 20th-century occultist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Doreal" title="Maurice Doreal">Maurice Doreal</a>.</div> <p> The <b>Emerald Tablet</b>, the <b>Smaragdine Table</b>, or the <b>Tabula Smaragdina</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a compact and cryptic <a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetic</a> text.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a highly regarded foundational text for many Islamic and European <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though attributed to the legendary <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> figure <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a>, the text of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> first appears in a number of early medieval <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> sources, the oldest of which dates to the late eighth or early ninth century. It was translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> several times in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Numerous interpretations and commentaries followed. </p><p>Medieval and early modern alchemists associated the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosophers' stone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">artificial production of gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been popular with nineteenth- and twentieth-century <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esotericists</a>, among whom the expression "<a href="/wiki/As_above,_so_below" title="As above, so below">as above, so below</a>" (a modern <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">paraphrase</a> of the second verse of the <i>Tablet</i>) has become an often cited motto. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tis true without lying, certain and most true. That which is below is like that which is above and that which is above is like that which is below to do the miracle of one only thing. And as all things have been and arose from one by the mediation of one: so all things have their birth from this one thing by adaptation. The Sun is its father, the moon its mother, the wind hath carried it in its belly, the earth is its nurse. The father of all perfection in the whole world is here. Its force or power is entire if it be converted into earth. Separate thou the earth from the fire, the subtle from the gross sweetly with great industry. It ascends from the earth to the heaven and again it descends to the earth and receives the force of things superior and inferior. By this means you shall have the glory of the whole world and thereby all obscurity shall fly from you. Its force is above all force, for it vanquishes every subtle thing and penetrates every solid thing. So was the world created. From this are and do come admirable adaptations where of the means is here in this. Hence I am called Hermes Trismegist, having the three parts of the philosophy of the whole world. That which I have said of the operation of the Sun is accomplished and ended.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>English translation of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning from the 1st century BC onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek texts attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic combination</a> of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> and the Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, appeared in Greco-Roman Egypt. These texts, known as the <a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a>, are a heterogeneous collection of works that in the modern day are commonly subdivided into two groups: the technical Hermetica, comprising <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical botany">medico-botanical</a>, alchemical, and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magical</a> writings; and the religio-philosophical Hermetica, comprising mystical-philosophical writings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Greek pseudepigraphal texts found receptions, translations and imitations in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> prior to the emergence of Islam and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab conquests</a> in the 630s. These developments brought about various Arabic-speaking empires in which a new group of Arabic-speaking intellectuals emerged. These scholars received and translated the before-mentioned wealth of texts and also began producing Hermetica of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the early 20th century, only Latin versions of the Emerald Tablet were known, with the oldest dating back to the 12th century. The first Arabic versions were rediscovered by the English historian of science E.J. Holmyard (1891-1959) and the German orientalist Julius Ruska (1867-1949).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_versions">Arabic versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arabic versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secret_of_secrets_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Secret_of_secrets_a.jpg/220px-Secret_of_secrets_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Secret_of_secrets_a.jpg/330px-Secret_of_secrets_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Secret_of_secrets_a.jpg/440px-Secret_of_secrets_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <i>Secret of Secrets</i> (<i>Kitâb Sirr al-asrâr</i>), with two charts to determine whether a patient will live or die based on the numerical value of their name.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Emerald Tablet has been found in various ancient Arabic works in different versions. The oldest version is found as an appendix in a treatise believed to have been composed in the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as the <i>Book of the Secret of Creation, Kitâb sirr al-Halîka</i> in Arabic. This text presents itself as a translation of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>, under his Arabic name Balînûs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no Greek manuscript has been found, it is plausible that an original Greek text existed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attribution to Apollonius, though false (pseudonymous), is common in medieval Arabic texts on magic, astrology, and alchemy. </p><p>The introduction to the <i>Book of the Secret of Creation</i> is a narrative that explains, among other things, that "all things are composed of four elemental principles: heat, cold, moisture, and dryness" (the four qualities of Aristotle), and their combinations account for the "relations of sympathy and antipathy between beings." Balînûs, "master of talismans and wonders," enters a crypt beneath the statue of Hermes Trismegistus and finds the emerald tablet in the hands of a seated old man, along with a book. The core of the work is primarily an alchemical treatise that introduces for the first time the idea that all metals are formed from sulfur and mercury, a fundamental theory of alchemy in the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text of the Emerald Tablet appears last, as an appendix.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has long been debated whether it is an extraneous piece, solely cosmogonic in nature, or if it is an integral part of the rest of the work, in which case it has an alchemical significance from the outset.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, it has been suggested that it is actually a text of talismanic magic and that the confusion arises from a mistranslation from Arabic to Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emerald is the stone traditionally associated with Hermes, while mercury is his metal. Mars is associated with red stones and iron, and Saturn is associated with black stones and lead.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In antiquity, Greeks and Egyptians referred to various green-coloured minerals (green jasper and even green granite) as emerald, and in the Middle Ages, this also applied to objects made of coloured glass, such as the "Emerald Tablet" of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> kings <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Sacro_Catino" title="Sacro Catino">Sacro Catino of Genoa</a> (a dish seized by the Crusaders during the sack of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in 1101, which was believed to have been offered by the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and used during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This version of the Emerald Tablet is also found in the <i>Kitab Ustuqus al-Uss al-Thani</i> (Elementary Book of the Foundation) attributed to the 8th-century alchemist <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jâbir ibn Hayyân</a>, known in Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">latinized name</a> <i>Geber</i>. </p><p>Another version is found in an eclectic book from the 10th century, the <i><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum">Secretum Secretorum</a></i> (Secret of Secrets, <i>Sirr al-asrâr</i>), which presents itself as a pseudo-letter from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> during the conquest of Persia. It discusses politics, morality, physiognomy, astrology, alchemy, medicine, and more. The text is also attributed to Hermes but lacks the narrative of the tablet's discovery. </p><p>The literary theme of the discovery of Hermes' hidden wisdom can be found in other Arabic texts from around the 10th century. For example, in the <i>Book of Crates</i>, while praying in the temple of Serapis, Crates, a Greek philosopher, has a vision of "an old man, the most beautiful of men, seated in a chair. He was dressed in white garments and held a tablet on the chair, upon which was placed a book [...]. When I asked who this old man was, I was told, 'He is Hermes Trismegistus, and the book before him is one of those that contain the explanation of the secrets he has hidden from men.'".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar account can be found in the Latin text known as <i>Tabula Chemica</i> by Senior Zadith, the latinized name of the alchemist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umail</a>, in which a stone table rests on the knees of Hermes Trismegistus in the secret chamber of a pyramid. Here, the table is not inscribed with text but with "hieroglyphic" symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Latin_versions_and_medieval_commentaries">Early Latin versions and medieval commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Latin versions and medieval commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_versions">Latin versions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latin versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Book of the Secret of Creation</i> was translated into Latin (<i>Liber de secretis naturae</i>) in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1145–1151</span> by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_of_Santalla" title="Hugo of Santalla">Hugo of Santalla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text does not appear to have been widely circulated.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Secret of Secrets</i> (<i>Secretum Secretorum)</i> was translated into Latin in an abridged 188 lines long medical excerpt by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Seville" title="John of Seville">John of Seville</a> around 1140. The first full Latin translation of the text was prepared by <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Tripoli" title="Philip of Tripoli">Philip of Tripoli</a> around a century later. This work has been called "the most popular book of the Latin Middle Ages".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third Latin version can be found in an alchemical treatise dating probably from the 12th century (although no manuscripts are known before the 13th or 14th century), the <i>Liber Hermetis de alchimia</i> (Book of Alchemy of Hermes). This version, known as the "vulgate," is the most widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translator of this version did not understand the Arabic word <i>tilasm,</i> which means talisman, and therefore merely transcribed it into Latin as <i>telesmus</i> or <i>telesmum</i>. This accidental neologism was variously interpreted by commentators, thereby becoming one of the most distinctive, yet vague, terms of alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-HS2K6A_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS2K6A-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1143 treatise, <i>De essentiis,</i> <a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Carinthia" title="Herman of Carinthia">Herman of Carinthia</a> is one of a few European 12th century scholars to cite the Emerald Tablet. In this text he also recalls the story of the tablet's discovery under a statue of Hermes in a cave from the <i>Book of the Secret of Creation.</i> Carinthia was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Chester" title="Robert of Chester">Robert of Chester</a>, who in 1144 translated the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae">Liber de compositione alchimiae</a></i>, which is generally considered to be the first Latin translation of an Arabic treatise on alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An anonymous 12th-century commentator tried to explain the neologism <i>telesmus</i> in the phrase <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Pater omnis telesmi</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Father of all telesms' by claiming it is synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Pater omnis secreti</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Father of everything secret'. The translator followed this claim with the assertion that a superior kind of divination among the Arabs is called <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Thelesmus</i>. In subsequent commentaries of the Emerald Tablet only the meaning of <i>secret</i> was retained.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1275–1280, Roger Bacon translated and commented on the <i>Secret of Secrets</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through a completely alchemical interpretation of the <i>Emerald Tablet,</i> made it an allegorical summary of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Work_(alchemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Work (alchemy)">Great Work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The most well-known commentary is that of Hortulanus, an alchemist about whom very little is known, in the first half of the 14th century: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I, Hortulanus, that is to say, gardener... I have wanted to write a clear explanation and certain explanation of the words of Hermes, father of philosophers, although they are obscure, and to sincerely explain the entire practice of the true work. And certainly, it is of no use for philosophers to want to hide the science in their writings when the doctrine of the Holy Spirit operates.</p></blockquote><p> This text is in line with the symbolic alchemy that developed in the 14th century, particularly with the texts attributed to the Catalan physician <a href="/wiki/Arnau_de_Vilanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnau de Vilanova">Arnau de Vilanova</a>, which establish an allegorical comparison between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mysteries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian mysteries (page does not exist)">Christian mysteries</a> and alchemical operations. In <a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a>' commentary, devoid of practical considerations, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Work_(alchemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Work (alchemy)">Great Work</a> is an imitation of the divine creation of the world from chaos: <i>"And as all things have been and arose from one by the mediation of one: so all things have their birth from this one thing by adaptation."</i> The sun and the moon represent alchemical gold and silver.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hortulanus interprets "telesma" as "secret" or "treasure": <i>"It is written afterward: 'The father of all telesma of the world is here,' that is to say: in the work of the stone is found the final path. And note that the philosopher calls the operation 'father of all telesma,' that is to say, of all the secret or all the treasure of the entire world, that is to say, of every stone discovered in this world."</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HS2K6A_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS2K6A-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora-birdsonthechurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aurora-birdsonthechurch.jpg/220px-Aurora-birdsonthechurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aurora-birdsonthechurch.jpg/330px-Aurora-birdsonthechurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aurora-birdsonthechurch.jpg/440px-Aurora-birdsonthechurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>The discovery of the Emerald Tablet in <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i> (15th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting from 1420, extensive excerpts are included in an illuminated text, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i>, which is one of the earliest cycles of alchemical symbols. One of the illustrations shows the discovery of Hermes' table in a temple surmounted by <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius</a> eagles (representing the volatile elements). This motif is frequently used in Renaissance prints and is the visual expression of the myth of the rediscovery of ancient knowledge—the transmission of this knowledge, in the form of hieroglyphic pictograms, allows it to escape the distortions of human and verbal interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Renaissance_to_the_Enlightenment">From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Embleme_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Embleme_1.jpeg/220px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Embleme_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Embleme_1.jpeg/330px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Embleme_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Embleme_1.jpeg/440px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Embleme_1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>1st emblem of <i>Atalanta Fugiens</i>: the wind has carried it in its belly.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_02.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_02.jpeg/220px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_02.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_02.jpeg/330px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_02.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_02.jpeg/440px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_02.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>2nd emblem of <i>Atalanta Fugiens</i>: the earth is its nurse.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Renaissance, the idea that <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a> was the founder of alchemy gained prominence, and at the same time, the legend of the discovery evolved and intertwined with biblical accounts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is particularly the case in the late 15th century in the <i>Livre de la philosophie naturelle des métaux</i> by the pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Treviso" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard of Treviso">Bernard of Treviso</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The first inventor of this Art was Hermes Trismegistus, for he knew all three natural philosophies, namely Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This text influenced a discovery legend claiming the tablet to have been discovered after the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Biblical Flood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> valley which is connected with the image of the "Emblem of the Smaragdine Tablet" in the 1599 text <i>Aureum Vellus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It further evolves with Jérôme Torella in his book on astrology, <i>Opus Praeclarum de imaginibus astrologicis</i> (Valence, 1496), in which it is Alexander the Great who discovers a <i>Tabula Zaradi</i> in Hermes' tomb while travelling to the Oracle of Amun in Egypt. This story is repeated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a>, physician and counselor to the "alchemical emperor" <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a>, in his <i>symbola aureae mensae</i> (Frankfurt, 1617), referring to a <i>Liber de Secretis chymicis</i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faivre38_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faivre38-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he publishes the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta Fugiens</a></i> (Fleeing Atalanta), illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a> with fifty alchemical emblems, each accompanied by a poem, a musical fugue, and alchemical and mythological explanations. The first two emblems depict a passage from the <i>Emerald Tablet</i>: "the wind has carried it in its belly; the earth is its nurse," and the explanatory text begins with "Hermes, the most diligent explorer of all natural secrets, describes in his <i>Emerald Tablet</i> the work of nature, albeit briefly and accurately."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">first printed edition</a> appears in 1541 in the <i>De alchemia</i> published by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Petreius" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Petreius">Johann Petreius</a> and edited by a certain Chrysogonus Polydorus, who is likely a pseudonym for the Lutheran theologian <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a> (Osiander also edited Copernicus' <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Revolutions_of_the_Heavenly_Spheres" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres">On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres</a></i> in 1543, published by the same printer). This version is known as the "vulgate" version and includes the commentary by Hortulanus. </p><p>In 1583, a commentary by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Dorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Dorn">Gerard Dorn</a> is published in Frankfurt by Christoph Corvinus. In <i>De Luce naturae physica</i>, this disciple of <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> makes a detailed parallel between the <i>Table</i> and the first chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> attributed to Moses. </p><p>In the 15th and 16th centuries, verse versions appear, including an anonymous sonnet revised by the alchemical poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_Hesteau_de_Nuysement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clovis Hesteau de Nuysement (page does not exist)">Clovis Hesteau de Nuysement</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_Hesteau_de_Nuysement" class="extiw" title="fr:Clovis Hesteau de Nuysement">fr</a>]</span> in his work <i>Traittez de l'harmonie, et constitution generalle du vray sel, secret des Philosophes, & de l'esprit universel du monde</i> (1621): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>C'est un point aſſuré plein d'admiration,<br /> Que le haut & le bas n'est qu'une meſme choſe:<br /> Pour faire d'une ſeule en tout le monde encloſe, <br /> Des effects merveilleux par adaptation.<br /> <br /> D'un ſeul en a tout fait la meditation,<br /> Et pour parents, matrice, & nourrice, on luy poſe,<br /> Phœbus, Diane, l'air, & la terre, ou repoſe<br /> Cette choſe en qui gist toute perfection.<br /> <br /> Si on la mue en terre elle a ſa force entiere:<br /> Separant par grand art, mais facile maniere,<br /> Le ſubtil de l'eſpais, & la terre du feu.<br /> <br /> De la terre elle monte au Ciel; & puis en terre, <br /> Du Ciel elle deſcend, Recevant peu à peu,<br /> Les vertus de tous deux qu'en ſon ventre elle enſerre </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="fr" class="poem"> <p>It is a certain point full of admiration,<br /> That the high and the low are but one same thing:<br /> To make from a single thing enclosed in the whole world,<br /> Marvelous effects through adaptation.<br /> <br /> From one thing, all things have been made by meditation,<br /> And for parents, womb, and nourisher, it is established:<br /> Phoebus, Diana, air, and earth, where it rests,<br /> This thing in which all perfection lies.<br /> <br /> If you change it into earth, it retains its full power:<br /> Separating by great art, but an easy manner,<br /> The subtle from the dense, and the earth from the fire.<br /> <br /> From earth it ascends to heaven, and then back to earth,<br /> From heaven it descends, gradually receiving,<br /> The virtues of both that it encloses in its belly. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="#CITEREFHesteau1639">Hesteau 1639</a>, p. 10. </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—literal translation </td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trait%C3%A9_du_vray_sel_-_Nuysement.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Trait%C3%A9_du_vray_sel_-_Nuysement.jpeg/220px-Trait%C3%A9_du_vray_sel_-_Nuysement.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Trait%C3%A9_du_vray_sel_-_Nuysement.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>However, from the beginning of the 17th century onward, a number of authors challenge the attribution of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> to Hermes Trismegistus and, through it, attack antiquity and the validity of alchemy. First among them is a "repentant" alchemist, the Lorraine physician Nicolas Guibert, in 1603. But it is the Jesuit scholar and linguist <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> who launches the strongest attack in his monumental work <i>Oedipus Aegyptiacus</i> (Rome, 1652–1653). He notes that no texts speak of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> before the Middle Ages and that its discovery by Alexander the Great is not mentioned in any ancient testimonies. By comparing the vocabulary used with that of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Hermeticum" title="Corpus Hermeticum">Corpus Hermeticum</a></i> (which had been proven by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a> in 1614 to date only from the 2nd or 3rd century AD), he affirms that the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> is a forgery by a medieval alchemist. As for the alchemical teaching of the <i>Emerald Tablet,</i> it is not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosopher's stone</a> and the transmutation of metals but concerns "the deepest substance of each thing," the alchemists' <i><a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">quintessence</a></i>. From another perspective, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Christoph_Kriegsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Christoph Kriegsmann (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Christoph Kriegsmann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Christoph_Kriegsmann" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Christoph Kriegsmann">de</a>]</span> publishes in 1657 a commentary in which he tries to demonstrate, using the linguistic methods of the time, that the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> was not originally written in Egyptian but in <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>. </p><p>He continues his studies of ancient texts and in 1684 argues that Hermes Trismegistus is not the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> but the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taaut (page does not exist)">Taaut</a> of the Phoenicians, who is also the founder of the Germanic people under the name of the god <a href="/wiki/Tuisto" title="Tuisto">Tuisto</a>, mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, Kircher's conclusions are debated by the Danish alchemist <a href="/wiki/Ole_Borch" title="Ole Borch">Ole Borch</a> in his <i>De ortu et progressu Chemiae</i> (1668), in which he attempts to separate the hermetic texts between the late writings and those truly attributable to the ancient Egyptian Hermes, among which he inclines to classify the <i>Emerald Tablet</i>. The discussions continue, and the treatises of Ole Borch and Kriegsmann are reprinted in the compilation <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa</a></i> (1702) by the Swiss physician <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Manget" title="Jean-Jacques Manget">Jean-Jacques Manget</a>. Although the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> is still translated and commented upon by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alchemy gradually loses all scientific credibility during the 18th century with the advent of modern chemistry and the work of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_emblem_of_the_Tabula_Smaragdina_Hermetis">The emblem of the <i>Tabula Smaragdina Hermetis</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The emblem of the Tabula Smaragdina Hermetis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosicrucian_Rose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rosicrucian_Rose.jpg/220px-Rosicrucian_Rose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rosicrucian_Rose.jpg/330px-Rosicrucian_Rose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rosicrucian_Rose.jpg/440px-Rosicrucian_Rose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Common post 16th century illustration</figcaption></figure> <p>From the late 16th century onwards, the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> is often accompanied by a symbolic figure called the <i>Tabula Smaragdina Hermetis</i>. </p><p>This figure is surrounded by an <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Visita interiora terrae rectificando invenies occultum lapidem</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'visit the interior of the earth and by rectifying you will find the hidden stone' whose seven initials form the word <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>: <i lang="fro">vitriol</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'sulphuric acid'. At the top, the sun and moon pour into a cup above the symbol of mercury. Around the mercurial cup are the four other planets, representing the classic association between the seven planets and the seven metals: Sol/Gold, Luna/Silver, Mercury/<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Quicksilver</a>, Jupiter/Tin, Mars/Iron, Venus/Copper, Saturn/Lead. It is unclear if the image was originally drawn using colours or not. The ones which do contain them are coloured as follows gold-sol-visita, silver-luna-interiora, grey-mercury-terrae, blue-tin-rectificando, red-iron-invenies, green-copper, black-lead-lapidem. In the center, there are a ring and a <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">globus cruciger</a>, and at the bottom, there are the spheres of the sky and the earth. Three <a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">charges</a> represent, according to the poem, the three principles (<i>tria prima</i>) of the alchemical theory of Paracelsus: Eagle/Mercury/Spirit, Lion/Sulfur/Soul, and Star/Salt/Body. Finally, two <a href="/wiki/Schwurhand" title="Schwurhand">Schwurhands</a> accompany the picture attesting its creator's veracity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispice_de_la_Toyson_d_or_(1613).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Frontispice_de_la_Toyson_d_or_%281613%29.jpg/220px-Frontispice_de_la_Toyson_d_or_%281613%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Frontispice_de_la_Toyson_d_or_%281613%29.jpg/330px-Frontispice_de_la_Toyson_d_or_%281613%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Frontispice_de_la_Toyson_d_or_%281613%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>The emblem of the <i>Tabula Smaragdina Hermetis</i> on the frontispiece of the alchemical treatise <i>La Toyson d'or</i> (1613)</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known reproduction is a copy dated 1588-89 of a manuscript that was circulating anonymously at the time and was likely written in the second half of the 16th century by a German Paracelsian. The image was accompanied by a didactic alchemical poem in German titled <i>Du secret des sages</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably by the same author. The poem explains the symbolism in relation to the Great Work and the classical goals of alchemy: wealth, health, and long life.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, it was only accompanied by the text of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> as a secondary element. However, in printed reproductions during the 17th century, the accompanying poem disappeared, and the emblem became known as the <i>Tabula Smaragdina Hermetis</i>, the symbol or graphical representation of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i>, as ancient as the tablet itself. </p><p>For example, in 1733, according to the alchemist Ehrd de Naxagoras (<i>Supplementum Aurei Velleris</i>), a "precious emerald plate" engraved with inscriptions and the symbol was made upon Hermes' death and found in the valley of Ebron by a woman named Zora.<sup id="cite_ref-Faivre38_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faivre38-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This emblem is placed within the mysterious tradition of Egyptian hieroglyphs and the idea of Platonists and alchemists during the Renaissance that the "deepest secrets of nature could only be expressed appropriately through an obscure and veiled mode of representation".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th–20th_century:_from_occultism_to_esotericism_and_surrealism"><span id="19th.E2.80.9320th_century:_from_occultism_to_esotericism_and_surrealism"></span>19th–20th century: from occultism to esotericism and surrealism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th–20th century: from occultism to esotericism and surrealism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alchemy and its alleged "foundational text" continue to interest occultists. This is the case with the mage Éliphas Lévi: "Nothing surpasses and nothing equals as a summary of all the doctrines of the old world the few sentences engraved on a precious stone by Hermes and known as the 'emerald tablet'... it is all of magic on a single page.".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also applies to the "curious figure"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the German Gottlieb Latz, who self-published a monumental work <i>Die Alchemie</i> in 1869,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the theosophist Helena Blavatsky<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the perennialist Titus Burckhardt.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, alchemical thought resonated with the surrealists,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and André Breton incorporated the main axiom of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> into the <i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Surrealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifesto of Surrealism">Second Manifesto of Surrealism</a></i> (1930): "Everything leads us to believe that there exists a certain point of the spirit from which life and death, the real and the imaginary, the past and the future, the communicable and the incommunicable, the high and the low, cease to be perceived as contradictory. However, in vain would one seek any motive other than the hope for the determination of this point in surrealist activity.".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some commentators mainly see the influence of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in this statement,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegel's philosophy itself was influenced by Jakob Böhme.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_history">Textual history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Textual 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hermeticism" title="Category:Hermeticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermes Trismegistus"><img alt="Hermes Trismegistus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/110px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/165px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/220px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="407" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><b><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetic writings</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_(astrological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis (astrological)">Liber Hermetis (astrological)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Hermes_Trismegistus_to_Asclepius" title="Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius"><i>Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Hermeticum" title="Corpus Hermeticum">Corpus Hermeticum</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poimandres" title="Poimandres">Poimandres</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_(treatise)" title="Asclepius (treatise)"><i>Asclepius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discourse_on_the_Eighth_and_Ninth" title="The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth"><i>Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Thanksgiving" title="Prayer of Thanksgiving">Prayer of Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_kosmou" class="mw-redirect" title="Kore kosmou"><i>Korē kosmou</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyranides" title="Cyranides">Cyranides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_stellis_beibeniis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber de stellis beibeniis"><i>The Book of the Secrets of the Stars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>The Secret of Creation</i></a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Istamakhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Istamakhis"><i>Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia">Liber Hermetis de alchemia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historical figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ancient and medieval</span></span></span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(may be legendary)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni" title="Ahmad al-Buni">Aḥmad al-Būnī</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Early modern</span></span></span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Lazzarelli" title="Lodovico Lazzarelli">Lodovico Lazzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Robert Fludd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rosenkreuz" title="Christian Rosenkreuz">Christian Rosenkreuz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(legendary, see <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern offshoots</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_above,_so_below" title="As above, so below">As above, so below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Philosophica_Hermetica" title="Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica">Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kybalion" title="The Kybalion">The Kybalion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetism_and_other_religions" title="Hermetism and other religions">Hermetism and other religions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hermeticism" title="Template:Hermeticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hermeticism" title="Template talk:Hermeticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hermeticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hermeticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Like most other <a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">works attributed to Hermes Trismegistus</a>, the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> is very hard to date with any precision, but generally belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antique</a> period (between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200</span> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known source of the text is the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa</a></i></span> (<i>The Secret of Creation and the Art of Nature</i>, also known as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-ʿilal</i></span> or <i>The Book of Causes</i>), an encyclopaedic work on natural philosophy falsely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 15–100</span>, Arabic: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">Balīnūs</span></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">Balīnās</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book was compiled in Arabic in the late eighth or early ninth century,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was most likely based on (much) older Greek and/or <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame story</a> of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sirr al-khalīqa</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">Balīnūs</span></span> tells his readers that he discovered the text in a vault below a statue of Hermes in <a href="/wiki/Tyana" title="Tyana">Tyana</a>, and that, inside the vault, an old corpse on a golden throne held the emerald tablet.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slightly different versions of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> also appear in the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss al-thānī</i></span> (<i>The Second Book of the Element of the Foundation</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850–950</span>) attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zirnis_1979._pp._64_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zirnis_1979._pp._64-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the longer version of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum">Sirr al-asrār</a></i></span> (<i>The Secret of Secrets</i>, a tenth-century compilation of earlier works that was falsely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">alchemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Muhammed ibn Umail al-Tamimi</a>'s (ca. 900 – 960) <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-māʾ al-waraqī wa-l-arḍ al-najmiyya</i></span> (<i>Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Emerald Tablet</i> was <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">translated into Latin</a> in the twelfth century by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_of_Santalla" title="Hugo of Santalla">Hugo of Santalla</a> as part of his translation of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sirr al-khalīqa</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was again translated into Latin along with the thirteenth-century translation of the longer version of the pseudo-Aristotelian <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sirr al-asrār</i></span> (Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Secretum secretorum</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Steele_1920._pp._115-117_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele_1920._pp._115-117-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Latin translation which formed the basis for all later versions (the so-called 'Vulgate') was originally part of an anonymous compilation of alchemical commentaries on the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> variously called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Hermetis de alchimia</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber dabessi</i></span>, or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber rebis</i></span> (first half of the twelfth century).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_versions_of_the_tablet_text">Arabic versions of the tablet text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arabic versions of the tablet text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana's_Sirr_al-khalīqa_(c._750–850)"><span id="From_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana.27s_Sirr_al-khal.C4.ABqa_.28c._750.E2.80.93850.29"></span>From pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sirr al-khalīqa</i></span> (c. 750–850)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: From pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's Sirr al-khalīqa (c. 750–850)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known version of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> on which all later versions were based is found in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa</a></i></span> (<i>The Secret of Creation and the Art of Nature</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:right" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حقٌّ لا شكَّ فيه صَحيح،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إنّ الأعلى من الأسفل والأسفل من الأعلى،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عمل العجائب من واحد كما كانت الأشياء كلّها من واحد بتدبير واحد،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبوه الشمس، أُمّه القمر،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حملته الريح في بطنها، غذته الأرض،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو الطِّلسمات، خازن العجائب، كامل القوى،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نار صارت أرضاً ٱعزِل الأرض من النار،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللطيف أكرم من الغليظ،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">برِفق وحُكم يصعد من الأرض إلى السماء وينزل إلى الأرض من السماء،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وفيه قُوّة الأعلى والأسفل،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لأنّ معه نور الأنوار فلذلك تهرب منه الظُّلمة،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قُوّة القوى</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">يغلب كلّ شيء لطيف، يدخل في كلّ شيء غليظ،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">على تكوين العالَم الأكبر تكوّن العمل،</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فهذا فَخْرِي ولذلك سُمّيتُ هرمس المثلَّث بالحكمة.</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>(a) truth; no doubt [it] is true<br /> indeed, the uppermost is from the lowermost and the lowermost is from the uppermost,<br /> [it] worked the wonders from one, (just) as all things come from one <i>by means of one plan/with one considered act</i>,<br /> [its] father is the sun, [its] mother is the moon,<br /> the wind carried [it] in her womb, the earth fed [it],<br /> father of talismans, keeper of wonders, perfect in power,<br /> fire became earth, separate [<a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs#Mood" title="Arabic verbs">imperative</a> directed at a male recipient] the earth from the fire,<br /> the <i>soft/delicate/gentle/subtle</i> is more noble than the <i>crude/rough/unintelligent/gross</i>,<br /> with gentle-being and wisdom [it] ascends from the earth to the heaven and descends to the earth from the heaven,<br /> and in [it] is the power of the uppermost and the lowermost,<br /> since with [it] is the light of lights therefore the darkness escapes (away) from [it],<br /> power of powers<br /> it prevails over everything <i>soft/delicate/gentle/subtle</i>, enters into everything <i>crude/rough/unintelligent/gross</i>,<br /> against the creation of the macrocosm the work was created,<br /> this is my renown and therefore I am named Hermes the threefold with the wisdom. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;text-align:right">—<a href="#CITEREFWeisser1979">Weisser 1979</a>, pp. 524–525. </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—literal translation; multiple possible meanings have been given in italic; since <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Gender" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">Arabic only has two grammatical genders</a> and the translated pronoun is grammatically male, [it/its] can also be translated as [he/his/him].<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_the_Kitāb_Usṭuqus_al-uss_al-thānī_(ca._850–950)_attributed_to_Jabir_ibn_Hayyan"><span id="From_the_Kit.C4.81b_Us.E1.B9.ADuqus_al-uss_al-th.C4.81n.C4.AB_.28ca._850.E2.80.93950.29_attributed_to_Jabir_ibn_Hayyan"></span>From the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss al-thānī</i></span> (ca. 850–950) attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: From the Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss al-thānī (ca. 850–950) attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A somewhat shorter version is quoted in the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss al-thānī</i></span> (<i>The Second Book of the Element of the Foundation</i>) attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zirnis_1979._pp._64_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zirnis_1979._pp._64-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lines 6, 8, and 11–15 from the version in the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sirr al-khalīqa</i></span> are missing, while other parts seem to be corrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jabir's version was translated by <a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Eric J. Holmyard</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:right" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حقا يقينا لا شك فيه</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إن الأعلى من الأسفل والأسفل من الأعلى</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عمل العجائب من واحد كما كانت الأشياء كلها من واحد</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وأبوه الشمس وأمه القمر</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حملته الأرض في بطنها وغذته الريح في بطنها</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نار صارت أرضا</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اغذوا الأرض من اللطيف</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بقوة القوى يصعد من الأرض إلى السماء</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فيكون مسلطا على الأعلى والأسفل</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Truth! Certainty! That in which there is no doubt!<br /> That which is above is from that which is below, and that which is below is from that which is above,<br /> working the miracles of one [thing]. As all things were from One.<br /> Its father is the Sun and its mother the Moon.<br /> The Earth carried it in her belly, and the Wind nourished it in her belly,<br /> as Earth which shall become Fire.<br /> Feed the Earth from that which is subtle,<br /> with the greatest power. It ascends from the earth to the heaven<br /> and becomes ruler over that which is above and that which is below. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;text-align:right">—<a href="#CITEREFZirnis1979">Zirnis 1979</a>, p. 90. </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1923">Holmyard 1923</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asrār_(tenth_century)"><span id="From_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asr.C4.81r_.28tenth_century.29"></span>From the pseudo-Aristotelian <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sirr al-asrār</i></span> (tenth century)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: From the pseudo-Aristotelian Sirr al-asrār (tenth century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A still later version is found in the pseudo-Aristotelian <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum">Sirr al-asrār</a></i></span> (<i>Secret of Secrets</i>, tenth century).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><br /> <p><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حقا يقينا لا شك فيه</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أن الأسفل من الأعلى والأعلى من الأسفل</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عمل العجائب من واحد بتدبير واحد كما نشأت الأشياء من جوهر واحد</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبوه الشمس وأمه القمر</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حملته الريح في بطنها، وغذته الأرض بلبانها</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو الطلسمات، خازن العجائب، كامل القوى</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فان صارت أرضا اعزل الأرض من النار اللطيف</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أكرم من الغليظ</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">برفق وحكمة تصعد من الأرض إلى السماء وتهبط إلى الأرض</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فتقبل قوة الأعلى والأسفل</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لأن معك نور الأنوار فلهذا تهرب عنك الظلمة</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قوة القوى</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تغلب كل شيء لطيف يدخل على كل شيء كثيف</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">على تقدير العالم الأكبر</span></span><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">هذا فخري ولهذا سمّيت هرمس المثلّث بالحكمة اللدنية</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </div> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Latin_versions_of_the_tablet_text">Medieval Latin versions of the tablet text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medieval Latin versions of the tablet text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_the_Latin_translation_of_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana's_Sirr_al-khalīqa_(De_secretis_nature)"><span id="From_the_Latin_translation_of_pseudo-Apollonius_of_Tyana.27s_Sirr_al-khal.C4.ABqa_.28De_secretis_nature.29"></span>From the Latin translation of pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sirr al-khalīqa</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De secretis nature</i></span>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: From the Latin translation of pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's Sirr al-khalīqa (De secretis nature)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tablet was translated into Latin in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1145–1151</span> by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_of_Santalla" title="Hugo of Santalla">Hugo of Santalla</a> as part of his translation of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">Sirr al-khalīqa</a></i></span> (<i>The Secret of Creation</i>, original Arabic above).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><br /> <p>Superiora de inferioribus, inferiora de superioribus,<br /> prodigiorum operatio ex uno, quemadmodum omnia ex uno eodemque ducunt originem, una eademque consilii administratione.<br /> Cuius pater Sol, mater vero Luna,<br /> eam ventus in corpore suo extollit: Terra fit dulcior.<br /> Vos ergo, prestigiorum filii, prodigiorum opifices, discretione perfecti,<br /> si terra fiat, eam ex igne subtili, qui omnem grossitudinem et quod hebes est antecellit, spatiosibus, et prudenter et sapientie industria, educite.<br /> A terra ad celum conscendet, a celo ad terram dilabetur,<br /> superiorum et inferiorum vim continens atque potentiam.<br /> Unde omnis ex eodem illuminatur obscuritas,<br /> cuius videlicet potentia quicquid subtile est transcendit et rem grossam, totum, ingreditur.<br /> Que quidem operatio secundum maioris mundi compositionem habet subsistere.<br /> Quod videlicet Hermes philosophus triplicem sapientiam vel triplicem scientiam appellat.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </div> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_the_Latin_translation_of_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asrār_(Secretum_secretorum)"><span id="From_the_Latin_translation_of_the_pseudo-Aristotelian_Sirr_al-asr.C4.81r_.28Secretum_secretorum.29"></span>From the Latin translation of the pseudo-Aristotelian <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sirr al-asrār</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Secretum secretorum</i></span>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: From the Latin translation of the pseudo-Aristotelian Sirr al-asrār (Secretum secretorum)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The tablet was also translated into Latin as part of the longer version of the pseudo-Aristotelian <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum">Sirr al-asrār</a></i></span> (Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Secretum Secretorum</i></span>, original Arabic above). It differs significantly both from the translation by Hugo of Santalla (see above) and the Vulgate translation (see below).</p><div class="poem"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><br /> <p>Veritas ita se habet et non est dubium,<br /> quod inferiora superioribus et superiora inferioribus respondent.<br /> Operator miraculorum unus solus est Deus, a quo descendit omnis operacio mirabilis.<br /> Sic omnes res generantur ab una sola substancia, una sua sola disposicione.<br /> Quarum pater est Sol, quarum mater est Luna.<br /> Que portavit ipsam naturam per auram in utero, terra impregnata est ab ea.<br /> Hinc dicitur Sol causatorum pater, thesaurus miraculorum, largitor virtutum.<br /> Ex igne facta est terra.<br /> Separa terrenum ab igneo, quia subtile dignius est grosso, et rarum spisso.<br /> Hoc fit sapienter et discrete. Ascendit enim de terra in celum, et ruit de celo in terram.<br /> Et inde interficit superiorem et inferiorem virtutem.<br /> Sic ergo dominatur inferioribus et superioribus et tu dominaberis sursum et deorsum,<br /> tecum enim est lux luminum, et propter hoc fugient a te omnes tenebre.<br /> Virtus superior vincit omnia.<br /> Omne enim rarum agit in omne densum.<br /> Et secundum disposicionem majoris mundi currit hec operacio,<br /> et propter hoc vocatur Hermogenes triplex in philosophia.<sup id="cite_ref-Steele_1920._pp._115-117_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele_1920._pp._115-117-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vulgate_(from_the_Liber_Hermetis_de_alchimia_or_Liber_dabessi)"><span id="Vulgate_.28from_the_Liber_Hermetis_de_alchimia_or_Liber_dabessi.29"></span>Vulgate (from the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Hermetis de alchimia</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber dabessi</i></span>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vulgate (from the Liber Hermetis de alchimia or Liber dabessi)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Tablet_British_Library_Arundel_MS_164_fol_155r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Emerald_Tablet_British_Library_Arundel_MS_164_fol_155r.jpg/300px-Emerald_Tablet_British_Library_Arundel_MS_164_fol_155r.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Emerald_Tablet_British_Library_Arundel_MS_164_fol_155r.jpg/450px-Emerald_Tablet_British_Library_Arundel_MS_164_fol_155r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Emerald_Tablet_British_Library_Arundel_MS_164_fol_155r.jpg/600px-Emerald_Tablet_British_Library_Arundel_MS_164_fol_155r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption>Latin text of the Vulgate <i>Emerald Tablet</i>, from MS Arundel 164, folio 155r., 15th century, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The most widely distributed Latin translation (the so-called 'Vulgate') is found in an anonymous compilation of commentaries on the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> that was translated from a lost Arabic original. This alchemical compilation was variously called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Hermetis de alchimia</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber dabessi</i></span>, or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber rebis</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its translator has been tentatively identified as <a href="/wiki/Plato_Tiburtinus" title="Plato Tiburtinus">Plato of Tivoli</a>, who was active in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1134–1145</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is merely a conjecture, and although it can be deduced from other indices that the text dates to the first half of the twelfth century, its translator remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vulgate version also differs significantly from the other two early Latin versions. A <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> based on eight manuscripts was prepared by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Steele_(medievalist)" title="Robert Steele (medievalist)">Robert Steele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Waley_Singer" title="Dorothea Waley Singer">Dorothea W. Singer</a> in 1928:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Verum sine mendacio, certum, certissimum.<br /> Quod est superius est sicut quod inferius, et quod inferius est sicut quod est superius.<br /> Ad preparanda miracula rei unius.<br /> Sicut res omnes ab una fuerunt meditatione unius, et sic sunt nate res omnes ab hac re una aptatione.<br /> Pater ejus sol, mater ejus luna.<br /> Portavit illuc ventus in ventre suo. Nutrix ejus terra est.<br /> Pater omnis Telesmi tocius mundi hic est.<br /> Vis ejus integra est.<br /> Si versa fuerit in terram separabit terram ab igne, subtile a spisso.<br /> Suaviter cum magno ingenio ascendit a terra in celum. Iterum descendit in terram,<br /> et recipit vim superiorem atque inferiorem.<br /> Sicque habebis gloriam claritatis mundi. Ideo fugiet a te omnis obscuritas.<br /> Hic est tocius fortitudinis fortitudo fortis,<br /> quia vincet omnem rem subtilem, omnemque rem solidam penetrabit.<br /> Sicut hic mundus creatus est.<br /> Hinc erunt aptationes mirabiles quarum mos hic est.<br /> Itaque vocatus sum Hermes, tres tocius mundi partes habens sapientie.<br /> Et completum est quod diximus de opere solis ex libro Galieni Alfachimi. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>True it is, without falsehood, certain and most true.<br /> That which is above is like to that which is below, and that which is below is like to that which is above,<br /> to accomplish the miracles of one thing.<br /> And as all things were by contemplation of one, so all things arose from this one thing by a single act of adaptation.<br /> The father thereof is the Sun, the mother the Moon.<br /> The wind carried it in its womb, the earth is the nurse thereof.<br /> It is the father of all works of wonder throughout the whole world.<br /> The power thereof is perfect.<br /> If it be cast on to earth, it will separate the element of earth from that of fire, the subtle from the gross.<br /> With great sagacity it doth ascend gently from earth to heaven. Again it doth descend to earth,<br /> and uniteth in itself the force from things superior and things inferior.<br /> Thus thou wilt possess the glory of the brightness of the whole world, and all obscurity will fly far from thee.<br /> This thing is the strong fortitude of all strength,<br /> for it overcometh every subtle thing and doth penetrate every solid substance.<br /> Thus was this world created.<br /> Hence will there be marvellous adaptations achieved, of which the manner is this.<br /> For this reason I am called Hermes Trismegistus, because I hold three parts of the wisdom of the whole world.<br /> That which I had to say about the operation of Sol is completed. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="#CITEREFSteeleSinger1928">Steele & Singer 1928</a>, p. 48/492 </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="#CITEREFSteeleSinger1928">Steele & Singer 1928</a>, p. 42/486. </td></tr></tbody></table></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_versions_of_the_tablet_text">Early modern versions of the tablet text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early modern versions of the tablet text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_Emeraude_Chrysogonus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Table_Emeraude_Chrysogonus.jpg/220px-Table_Emeraude_Chrysogonus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Table_Emeraude_Chrysogonus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>The complete text of the Emerald Tablet, from <i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De Alchemia</a></i> (1541), Chrysogonus Polydorus, Nuremberg</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_(Nuremberg,_1541)"><span id="Latin_.28Nuremberg.2C_1541.29"></span>Latin (Nuremberg, 1541)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Latin (Nuremberg, 1541)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite some small differences, the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> edition of the Latin text remains largely similar to the vulgate (see above). A translation by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> is found among his <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical</a> papers that are currently housed in King's College Library, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Verum sine mendacio, certum, et verissimum.<br /> Quod est inferius, est sicut quod est superius.<br /> Et quod est superius, est sicut quod est inferius, ad perpetranda miracula rei unius.<br /> Et sicut res omnes fuerunt ab uno, meditatione unius, sic omnes res natae ab hac una re, adaptatione.<br /> Pater eius est Sol, mater eius est Luna. <br /> Portavit illud ventus in ventre suo. <br /> Nutrix eius terra est. <br /> Pater omnis telesmi<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> totius mundi est hic.<br /> Vis eius integra est, si versa fuerit in terram.<br /> Separabis terram ab igne, subtile ab spisso, suaviter cum magno ingenio.<br /> Ascendit a terra in coelum, iterumque descendit in terram, et recipit vim superiorum et inferiorum.<br /> Sic habebis gloriam totius mundi.<br /> Ideo fugiet a te omnis obscuritas.<br /> Haec est totius fortitudinis fortitudo fortis, quia vincet omnem rem subtilem, omnemque solidam penetrabit.<br /> Sic mundus creatus est.<br /> Hinc erunt adaptationes mirabiles, quarum modus hic est. <br /> Itaque vocatus sum Hermes Trismegistus, habens tres partes philosophiae totius mundi.<br /> Completum est, quod dixi de operatione Solis. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Tis true without lying, certain and most true.<br /> That which is below is like that which is above and that which is above is like that which is below <br /> to do the miracle of one only thing<br /> And as all things have been and arose from one by the mediation of one: so all things have their birth from this one thing by adaptation.<br /> The Sun is its father, the moon its mother, <br /> the wind hath carried it in its belly, the earth is its nurse. <br /> The father of all perfection in the whole world is here. <br /> Its force or power is entire if it be converted into earth.<br /> Separate thou the earth from the fire, <br /> the subtle from the gross <br /> sweetly with great industry. <br /> It ascends from the earth to the heaven and again it descends to the earth<br /> and receives the force of things superior and inferior.<br /> By this means you shall have the glory of the whole world and thereby all obscurity shall fly from you.<br /> Its force is above all force, <br /> for it vanquishes every subtle thing and penetrates every solid thing.<br /> So was the world created.<br /> From this are and do come admirable adaptations where of the means is here in this.<br /> Hence I am called Hermes Trismegist, having the three parts of the philosophy of the whole world.<br /> That which I have said of the operation of the Sun is accomplished and ended. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Johannes_Petreius" title="Johannes Petreius">Petreius, Johannes</a> 1541. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></span>. Nuremberg, p. 363. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhocvoluminede00garlgoog/page/n382">(available online)</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/newton/ALCH00017">"Keynes MS. 28"</a>. The Chymistry of Isaac Newton. Ed. <a href="/wiki/William_R._Newman" title="William R. Newman">William R. Newman</a>. June 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2013. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0006097_Theosophie_%5E_Alchemie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fotothek_df_tg_0006097_Theosophie_%5E_Alchemie.jpg/170px-Fotothek_df_tg_0006097_Theosophie_%5E_Alchemie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fotothek_df_tg_0006097_Theosophie_%5E_Alchemie.jpg/255px-Fotothek_df_tg_0006097_Theosophie_%5E_Alchemie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fotothek_df_tg_0006097_Theosophie_%5E_Alchemie.jpg/340px-Fotothek_df_tg_0006097_Theosophie_%5E_Alchemie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A 17th-century edition</figcaption></figure> <p>In its several Western recensions, the <i>Tablet</i> became a mainstay of medieval and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> alchemy. Commentaries and/or translations were published by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Trithemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Trithemius">Trithemius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. The concise text was a popular summary of alchemical principles, wherein the secrets of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophers%27_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers' stone">philosophers' stone</a> were thought to have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourteenth-century alchemist <a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a> (or Hortulanus) wrote a substantial exegesis on <i>The Secret of Hermes</i>, which was influential on the subsequent development of alchemy. Many manuscripts of this copy of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> and the commentary of Ortolanus survive, dating at least as far back as the fifteenth century. Ortolanus, like Albertus Magnus before him saw the tablet as a cryptic recipe that described laboratory processes using <i>deck names</i> (or <a href="/wiki/Code_word_(communication)" title="Code word (communication)">code words</a>). This was the dominant view held by Europeans until the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-debus_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debus-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early sixteenth century, the writings of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius" title="Johannes Trithemius">Johannes Trithemius</a> (1462–1516) marked a shift away from a laboratory interpretation of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i>, to a metaphysical approach. Trithemius equated Hermes' <i>one thing</i> with the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Greek_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monad (Greek philosophy)">monad of pythagorean philosophy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">anima mundi</a>. This interpretation of the Hermetic text was adopted by alchemists such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-debus_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debus-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_(TV_series)" title="Dark (TV series)">Dark</a></i>, the mysterious priest Noah has a large image of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> tattooed on his back. The image, which is from Heinrich Khunrath's <i>Amphitheatre of Eternal Wisdom</i> (1609), also appears on a metal door in the caves that are central to the plot. Several characters are shown looking at copies of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A line from the Latin version, "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sic mundus creatus est</i></span>" (So was the world created), plays a prominent thematic role in the series and is the title of the sixth episode of the first season.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, Brazilian singer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ben" title="Jorge Ben">Jorge Ben Jor</a> recorded a studio album under the name <span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR"><a href="/wiki/A_T%C3%A1bua_de_Esmeralda" title="A Tábua de Esmeralda">A Tábua de Esmeralda</a></i></span> ("The Emerald Tablet"), quoting from the Tablet's text and from alchemy in general in several songs. The album has been defined as an exercise in "musical alchemy" and celebrated as Ben Jor's greatest musical achievement, blending together <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_above,_so_below" title="As above, so below">As above, so below</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(religious)" title="Tablet (religious)">Tablet (religious)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin, from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللوح الزمرذ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Lawḥ al-Zumurrudh</i></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[al.lawħ<span class="wrap"> </span>az.zu.mur.ruð]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/Allau7azzumurrudh.ogg\/Allau7azzumurrudh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Allau7azzumurrudh.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Allau7azzumurrudh.ogg/Allau7azzumurrudh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Allau7azzumurrudh.ogg" title="File:Allau7azzumurrudh.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrincipe2013">Principe 2013</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrincipe2013">Principe 2013</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrincipe2013">Principe 2013</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewton2010" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Isaac (June 2010). Newman, William R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/newton/ALCH00017"><i>The Chymistry of Isaac Newton</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chymistry+of+Isaac+Newton&rft.date=2010-06&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fiudl%2Fnewton%2FALCH00017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest unambiguous evidence dates from the 1st century BC, but some texts may go back as far as the 2nd or 3rd century BC. See <a href="#CITEREFBull2018">Bull 2018</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBull2018">Bull 2018</a>, pp. 1–3, 33–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2009">Van Bladel 2009</a>, pp. 1–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmyard, E.J. <i>The Emerald Table</i> Nature, No. 2814, vol. 112, 1923, p. 525-6. - Julius Ruska <i>Tabula Smaragdina. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der hermetischen Literatur</i> (1926)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kraus, Paul 1942-1943. <i>Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque</i>. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, vol. II, pp. 274-275; Weisser, Ursula 1980. <i>Das Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, p. XII-XV)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, p. XV) citing Ursula Weisser's work <i>Das Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung</i> (1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, p. XIV)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This is the book of the wise Bélinous [Apollonius of Tyana], who possesses the art of talismans: this is what Bélinous says... In the place where I lived [Tyana], there was a stone statue raised on a wooden column; on the column, these words were written: 'I am Hermes, to whom knowledge has been given...'. While I slept uneasily and restlessly, preoccupied with my sorrow, an old man whose face resembled mine appeared before me and said, 'Rise, Bélinous, and enter this underground road; it will lead you to the knowledge of the secrets of Creation...'. I entered this underground passage. I saw an old man sitting on a golden throne, holding an emerald tablet in one hand... I learned what was written in this book of the 'Secret of the Creation of Beings'... [<i>Emerald Tablet</i>:] True, true, certain, indisputable, and authentic! Behold, the highest comes from the lowest, and the lowest from the highest; a work of wonders by a single thing..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, p. XVI-XVII)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Didier Kahn, <i>Le Fixe et le volatil</i>, CNRS Éditions, 2016, pp. 23-23, citing <a href="#CITEREFMandosio2003">Mandosio 2003</a>, pp. 682–683.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, p. XVII) citing Julius Ruska's <i>op. cit.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rachel Arié <i>Études sur la civilisation de l'Espagne musulmane</i>, Brill Archive, 1990 p. 159 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-QUAAAAIAAJ">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Lindsay, <i>Les origines de l'alchimie dans l'Égypte gréco-romaine</i> (1986) p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le livre de Cratès</i>, Octave Houdas' French translation of the Arabic manuscript 440 from the University Library of Leiden, in Marcellin Berthelot, <i>Histoire des sciences. La chimie au Moyen Âge</i>, vol. III: <i>L'alchimie arabe</i> (1893)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.E. Stapleton, 1933, <i>Three Arabic Treatises on Alchemy by Muhammad bin Umail</i> (10th Century A.D.). Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, XII, Calcutta: "I saw on the roof of the galleries a picture of nine eagles with out-spread wings [...] On the left side were pictures of people standing ... having their hands stretched out towards a figure seated inside the Pyramid, near the pillar of the gate of the hall. The image was seated in a chair, like those used by the physicians. In his lab was a stone slab. The fingers behind the slab were bent as if holding it, an open book. On the side viz. in the Hall where the image was situated were different pictures, and inscriptions in hieroglyphic writing [birbawi]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLitwa2018">Litwa 2018</a>, p. 314; edition in <a href="#CITEREFHudry1997–1999">Hudry 1997–1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeisser1980">Weisser 1980</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorndike1959">Thorndike 1959</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, p. XIX)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HS2K6A-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HS2K6A_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS2K6A_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandosio2005">Mandosio 2005</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvet2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calvet, Antoine (3 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/dossiersgrihl/321">"L'alchimie médiévale est-elle une science chrétienne ?"</a>. <i>Les Dossiers du Grihl</i> (in French) (Hors-série n°3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fdossiersgrihl.321">10.4000/dossiersgrihl.321</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1958-9247">1958-9247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117155348/https://journals.openedition.org/dossiersgrihl/321">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Dossiers+du+Grihl&rft.atitle=L%E2%80%99alchimie+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale+est-elle+une+science+chr%C3%A9tienne+%3F&rft.issue=Hors-s%C3%A9rie+n%C2%B03&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fdossiersgrihl.321&rft.issn=1958-9247&rft.aulast=Calvet&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fdossiersgrihl%2F321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandosio2005">Mandosio 2005</a>, pp. 140–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Bacon, <i>Opera hactenus inedita</i>, fasc V: <i>Secretum Secretorum cum glossis et notulis</i>, edited by Robert Stelle, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, pp. 23–29).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antoine Calvet, <i>Alchimie - Occident médiéval</i> in <i>Dictionnaire critique de l'ésotérisme</i> edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Servier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Servier (page does not exist)">Jean Servier</a>, p.35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Obrist, <i>Visualization in Medieval Alchemy</i> International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2003), p. 131-170 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyle.org/journal/issues/9-2/obrist.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924173823/https://hyle.org/journal/issues/9-2/obrist.htm">Archived</a> 24 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Printed in <i>Opuscule tres-excellent de la vraye philosophie naturelle des métaulx, traictant de l’augmentation et perfection d’iceux... par Maistre <a href="/wiki/Denis_Zachaire" title="Denis Zachaire">D. Zacaire</a>,... Avec le traicté de vénérable docteur allemant Messire Bernard, conte de la Marche Trevisane, sur le mesme subject.</i> (Benoist Rigaud, Lyon 1574). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=x533904802">scanned copy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014142333/http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=x533904802">Archived</a> 14 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelle1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Telle, Joachim (1984). "Paracelselsistische Sinnbildkunst Bemerkungen zu einer pseudo-"Tabula Smaragdina" des 16. Jahrhunderts". In Seidler, Eduard; Schott, Heinz (eds.). <i>Bausteine zur Medizingeschichte</i> (in German). Wiesbaden: Steiner. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paracelselsistische+Sinnbildkunst+Bemerkungen+zu+einer+pseudo-%22Tabula+Smaragdina%22+des+16.+Jahrhunderts&rft.btitle=Bausteine+zur+Medizingeschichte&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Telle&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faivre38-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faivre38_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faivre38_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFaivre1988">Faivre 1988</a>, p. 38)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, pp. 59–74)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conjectures sur l'origine du peuple germanique et son fondateur Hermès Trismégiste, qui pour Moïse est Chanaan, Tuitus pour Tacite, et Mercure pour les Gentils</i> Tübingen 1684, cited by (<a href="#CITEREFFaivre1988">Faivre 1988</a>, p. 42)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.J.T. Dobbs, <i>Newton's Commentary on the Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus - Its Scientific and Theological Significance</i> in Merkel, I and Debus A.G. Hermeticism and the Renaissance. Folger, Washington 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelle1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Telle, Joachim (1984). "Paracelselsistische Sinnbildkunst Bemerkungen zu einer pseudo-"Tabula Smaragdina" des 16. Jahrhunderts". In Seidler, Eduard; Schott, Heinz (eds.). <i>Bausteine zur Medizingeschichte</i> (in German). Wiesbaden: Steiner. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>133, <span class="nowrap">135–</span>136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paracelselsistische+Sinnbildkunst+Bemerkungen+zu+einer+pseudo-%22Tabula+Smaragdina%22+des+16.+Jahrhunderts&rft.btitle=Bausteine+zur+Medizingeschichte&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E133%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Telle&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This poem is reproduced in <i>Geheime Figuren der Rosenkreuzer, aus dem 16. und 17. Jahrhundert</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech001603290099&isize=M">emblem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202336/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech001603290099&isize=M">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech001603290101&isize=M">poem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185310/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech001603290101&isize=M">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levity.com/alchemy/emer_gf.html">English translation on levity.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622185128/http://www.levity.com/alchemy/emer_gf.html">Archived</a> 22 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Telle <i>L’art symbolique paracelsien : remarques concernant une pseudo-Tabula smaragdine du XVI<sup>e</sup> siècle</i> in (<a href="#CITEREFFaivre1988">Faivre 1988</a>, pp. 184–235)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Telle <i>L’art symbolique paracelsien : remarques concernant une pseudo-Tabula smaragdine du XVI<sup>e</sup> siècle</i> in (<a href="#CITEREFFaivre1988">Faivre 1988</a>, p. 187)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Éliphas Lévi, <i>Histoire de la Magie</i>, Germer Bailliere, 1860, p. 78-79 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i20TRasMGWIC&pg=PA77">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024013910/https://books.google.com/books?id=i20TRasMGWIC&pg=PA77">Archived</a> 24 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, p. XXI)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alchemylab.com/latz.htm">secret of the emerald tablet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528150933/https://www.alchemylab.com/latz.htm">Archived</a> 28 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> excerpt translated into English from <i>Die Alchemie</i> (1869)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.P. Blavatsky <i>Isis Unveiled</i> Theosophical University Press, 1972. p. 507-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Burckhardt, <i>Alchemy</i> Stuart and Watkins, London, 1967 p. 196 -201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the comments by Jean-Marc Mandosio on the relationship between André Breton and alchemy in his writings <i>in</i> <i>Dans le chaudron du négatif</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 22-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, <i>Œuvres complètes – I</i>, Gallimard, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="Bibliothèque de la Pléiade">Bibliothèque de la Pléiade</a>, 1988, p. 781. Quoted in (<a href="#CITEREFKahn1994">Kahn 1994</a>, p. XXII)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding this point, see Mark Polizzotti, <i>André Breton</i>, Gallimard, 1999, p. 368-369, and note 3 p. 1594-1595 in <i>Œuvres complètes – I</i> of <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="Bibliothèque de la Pléiade">Bibliothèque de la Pléiade</a>. Henri Béhar, on the other hand, speaks of this sentence as a "quest [...] akin, proportionately, to that of the alchemist" <i>in</i> <i>André Breton. Le grand indésirable</i>, Calmann-Lévy, 1990, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Marc Mandosio, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 103-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was perhaps written between the sixth and eighth centuries, as conjectured by <a href="#CITEREFRuska1926">Ruska 1926</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeisser1980">Weisser 1980</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 274–275 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 813–833</span>); <a href="#CITEREFWeisser1980">Weisser 1980</a>, p. 54 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 750–800</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 270–303; <a href="#CITEREFWeisser1980">Weisser 1980</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbeling2007">Ebeling 2007</a>, pp. 46–47, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zirnis_1979._pp._64-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zirnis_1979._pp._64_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zirnis_1979._pp._64_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZirnis1979">Zirnis 1979</a>, pp. 64–65, 90. On the dating of the texts attributed to Jābir, see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. xvii–lxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManzalaoui1974">Manzalaoui 1974</a>, p. 167; edited by <a href="#CITEREFBadawi1954">Badawi 1954</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStapletonLewisTaylor1949">Stapleton, Lewis & Taylor 1949</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudry1997–1999">Hudry 1997–1999</a>. Hudry's edition of the <i>Tablet</i> itself is reproduced in <a href="#CITEREFMandosio2004b">Mandosio 2004b</a>, pp. 690–691. An English translation may be found in <a href="#CITEREFLitwa2018">Litwa 2018</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele_1920._pp._115-117-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_1920._pp._115-117_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_1920._pp._115-117_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteele1920">Steele 1920</a>, pp. 115–117. Steele's edition is reproduced in <a href="#CITEREFMandosio2004b">Mandosio 2004b</a>, pp. 692–693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandosio2004b">Mandosio 2004b</a>, p. 683. For an edition and a short description of the contents of this text, see <a href="#CITEREFSteeleSinger1928">Steele & Singer 1928</a> (Steele & Singer's edition of the <i>Tablet</i> itself is reproduced in <a href="#CITEREFMandosio2004b">Mandosio 2004b</a>, pp. 691–692). See further <a href="#CITEREFColinet1995">Colinet 1995</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCaiazzo2004">Caiazzo 2004</a>, pp. 700–703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeisser1980">Weisser 1980</a>, p. 46. On the dating of this text, see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 274–275 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 813–833</span>); <span class="nowrap">Weisser 1980, p. 54</span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 750–800</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This translation was prepared by Wikipedia editors. A translation based on the superseded edition of <a href="#CITEREFRuska1926">Ruska 1926</a>, pp. 158–159 may also be found in <a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1975">Rosenthal 1975</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1923">Holmyard 1923</a>; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRuska1926">Ruska 1926</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the dating of this work, see <a href="#CITEREFManzalaoui1974">Manzalaoui 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadawi1954">Badawi 1954</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLitwa2018">Litwa 2018</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudry1997–1999">Hudry 1997–1999</a>, p. 152. Hudry's edition is reproduced in <a href="#CITEREFMandosio2004b">Mandosio 2004b</a>, pp. 690–691. An English translation may be found in <a href="#CITEREFLitwa2018">Litwa 2018</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=1858&CollID=20&NStart=164">"Detailed record for Arundel 164"</a>. <i>British Library, Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424105731/https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=1858&CollID=20&NStart=164">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library%2C+Catalogue+of+Illuminated+Manuscripts&rft.atitle=Detailed+record+for+Arundel+164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcatalogues%2Filluminatedmanuscripts%2Frecord.asp%3FMSID%3D1858%26CollID%3D20%26NStart%3D164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span> A transcription is given by <a href="#CITEREFSelwood2023">Selwood 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandosio2004b">Mandosio 2004b</a>, p. 683. On this text, see further <a href="#CITEREFColinet1995">Colinet 1995</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCaiazzo2004">Caiazzo 2004</a>, pp. 700–703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteeleSinger1928">Steele & Singer 1928</a>, p. 45/489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandosio2004b">Mandosio 2004b</a>, p. 683.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The manuscripts are listed in <a href="#CITEREFSteeleSinger1928">Steele & Singer 1928</a>, p. 46/490. Steele & Singer's edition of the <i>Tablet</i> itself is reproduced in <a href="#CITEREFMandosio2004b">Mandosio 2004b</a>, pp. 691–692. A transcription of the <i>Tablet</i> in one manuscript, MS Arundel 164, is given by <a href="#CITEREFSelwood2023">Selwood 2023</a> (Selwood mistakes Steele & Singer 1928's edition for a mere transcript of one manuscript; his attribution of the text's origin to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Secretum secretorum</i></span> is also mistaken).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Word of Greek origin, from τελεσμός (itself from τελέω, having meanings such as "to perform, accomplish" and "to consecrate, initiate"); "th"-initial spellings represent a corruption. The obscurity of this word's meaning brought forth many interpretations. An anonymous commentary from the 12th century explains <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">telesmus</i></span> as meaning "secret", mentioning that "divination among the Arabs" was "referred to as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">telesmus</i></span>", and that it was "superior to all others"; of this later only the meaning of "a secret" would remain in the word. The word corresponds to <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طلسم</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṭilasm</i></span>) in the Arabic text, which does indeed mean "enigma", but also "talisman" in Arabic. It has been asserted that the original meaning was in fact in reference to <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismanic magic</a>, and that this was lost in translation from Arabic to Latin (source: <a href="#CITEREFMandosio2005">Mandosio 2005</a>). Otherwise, the word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">telesmus</i></span> was also understood to mean "perfection", as can be seen in Isaac Newton's translation, or "treasure", or other things.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinden2003">Linden 2003</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debus-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debus_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debus_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDebus2004">Debus 2004</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiewire.com/2017/12/netflix-dark-theories-burning-questions-jonas-tattoo-wallpaper-1201905484/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dark' Theories and Burning Questions: Jonas' Fate, the Wallpapered Room, and That Massive Back Tattoo"</a>. 8 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209043235/http://www.indiewire.com/2017/12/netflix-dark-theories-burning-questions-jonas-tattoo-wallpaper-1201905484/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Dark%27+Theories+and+Burning+Questions%3A+Jonas%27+Fate%2C+the+Wallpapered+Room%2C+and+That+Massive+Back+Tattoo&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2017%2F12%2Fnetflix-dark-theories-burning-questions-jonas-tattoo-wallpaper-1201905484%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fathersonholygore.com/2017/12/04/dark-season-1-episode-6-sic-mundus-creatus-est/">"Dark – Season 1, Episode 6: "Sic Mundus Creatus Est"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Father Son Holy Gore</i>. 4 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202852/https://fathersonholygore.com/2017/12/04/dark-season-1-episode-6-sic-mundus-creatus-est/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Father+Son+Holy+Gore&rft.atitle=Dark+%E2%80%93+Season+1%2C+Episode+6%3A+%22Sic+Mundus+Creatus+Est%22&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffathersonholygore.com%2F2017%2F12%2F04%2Fdark-season-1-episode-6-sic-mundus-creatus-est%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Jandovský" class="citation web cs1">Philip Jandovský. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-t%C3%A1bua-de-esmeralda-mw0000755418">"A Tábua de Esmeralda – Jorge Ben"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718225940/https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-t%C3%A1bua-de-esmeralda-mw0000755418">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=A+T%C3%A1bua+de+Esmeralda+%E2%80%93+Jorge+Ben&rft.au=Philip+Jandovsk%C3%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fa-t%25C3%25A1bua-de-esmeralda-mw0000755418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_used">Sources used</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadawi1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Badawi" title="Abdel Rahman Badawi">Badawi, Abd al-Rahman</a> (1954). <i>al-Usūl al-Yūnāniyya li-l-naẓariyyāt al-siyāsiyya fī al-islām</i>. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Miṣriyya. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12629786">12629786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Us%C5%ABl+al-Y%C5%ABn%C4%81niyya+li-l-na%E1%BA%93ariyy%C4%81t+al-siy%C4%81siyya+f%C4%AB+al-isl%C4%81m&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Maktabat+al-Nah%E1%B8%8Da+al-Mi%E1%B9%A3riyya&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12629786&rft.aulast=Badawi&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBull2018" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Christian H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/32034"><i>The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian Priestly Figure as a Teacher of Hellenized Wisdom</i></a>. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World: 186. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004370845">10.1163/9789004370845</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37084-5"><bdi>978-90-04-37084-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165266222">165266222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tradition+of+Hermes+Trismegistus%3A+The+Egyptian+Priestly+Figure+as+a+Teacher+of+Hellenized+Wisdom&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Religions+in+the+Graeco-Roman+World%3A+186&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165266222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004370845&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37084-5&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Christian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F32034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaiazzo2004" class="citation book cs1">Caiazzo, Irene (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.4.00122">"La Tabula smaragdina nel Medioevo latino, II. Note sulla fortuna della Tabula smaragdina nel Medioevo latino"</a>. In Lucentini, P.; Parri, I.; Perrone Compagni, V. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/book/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.5.112150"><i>La tradizione ermetica dal mondo tardo-antico all'umanesimo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Napoli, 20–24 novembre 2001</i></a> [<i>Hermetism from Late Antiquity to Humanism</i>]. Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia. Vol. 40. 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Aleppo: Institute for the History of Arabic Science. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13597803">13597803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buch+%C3%BCber+das+Geheimnis+der+Sch%C3%B6pfung+und+die+Darstellung+der+Natur+%28Buch+der+Ursachen%29+von+Pseudo-Apollonios+von+Tyana&rft.place=Aleppo&rft.series=Sources+and+Studies+in+the+History+of+Arabic-Islamic+Science&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13597803&rft.aulast=Weisser&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisser1980" class="citation book cs1">Weisser, Ursula (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZFZzxgiUqAC"><i>Das "Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung" von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana</i></a>. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110866933">10.1515/9783110866933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086693-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086693-3"><bdi>978-3-11-086693-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+%22Buch+%C3%BCber+das+Geheimnis+der+Sch%C3%B6pfung%22+von+Pseudo-Apollonios+von+Tyana&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110866933&rft.isbn=978-3-11-086693-3&rft.aulast=Weisser&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZFZzxgiUqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZirnis1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Zirnis, Peter (1979). <i>The Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss of Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</i> (Unpublished PhD diss.). New York University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Kit%C4%81b+Us%E1%B9%ADuqus+al-uss+of+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Zirnis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1926" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Tenney L. (1926). "The Emerald Table of Hermes Trismegistus. Three Latin Versions Which Were Current among Later Alchemists". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>3</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">863–</span>875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed003p863">10.1021/ed003p863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+Emerald+Table+of+Hermes+Trismegistus.+Three+Latin+Versions+Which+Were+Current+among+Later+Alchemists&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E863-%3C%2Fspan%3E875&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed003p863&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Tenney+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Jo_Teeter_Dobbs" title="Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs">Dobbs, Betty J. T.</a> (1988). "Newton's Commentary on The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus: Its Scientific and Theological Significance". In Merkel, Ingrid; <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Debus" title="Allen G. Debus">Debus, Allen G.</a> (eds.). <i>Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe</i>. Washington, D.C.: The Folger Shakespeare Library. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780918016850" title="Special:BookSources/9780918016850"><bdi>9780918016850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newton%27s+Commentary+on+The+Emerald+Tablet+of+Hermes+Trismegistus%3A+Its+Scientific+and+Theological+Significance&rft.btitle=Hermeticism+and+the+Renaissance%3A+Intellectual+History+and+the+Occult+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=The+Folger+Shakespeare+Library&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780918016850&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Betty+J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForshaw2007" class="citation book cs1">Forshaw, Peter (2007). "Alchemical Exegesis: Fractious Distillations of the Essence of Hermes". In <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Principe" title="Lawrence M. Principe">Principe, Lawrence M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1198995"><i>Chymists and Chymistry: Studies in the History of Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry</i></a>. Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881353969" title="Special:BookSources/9780881353969"><bdi>9780881353969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alchemical+Exegesis%3A+Fractious+Distillations+of+the+Essence+of+Hermes&rft.btitle=Chymists+and+Chymistry%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+Alchemy+and+Early+Modern+Chemistry&rft.place=Sagamore+Beach%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Science+History+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780881353969&rft.aulast=Forshaw&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1198995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holmyard, E.J., <i>Alchemy</i>, Pelican, Harmondsworth, 1957. pp 95–98.</li> <li>Needham, J., <i>Science and Civilisation in China</i>, vol. 5, part 4: Spagyrical discovery and invention: Apparatus, Theories and gifts. CUP, 1980.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlessner1927" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Plessner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Plessner (page does not exist)">Plessner, Martin</a> (1927). "Neue Materialien zur Geschichte der Tabula Smaragdina". <i>Der Islam</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=Neue+Materialien+zur+Geschichte+der+Tabula+Smaragdina&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Plessner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuispel2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Quispel, Gilles</a> (2000). "Gnosis and Alchemy: The Tabula Smaragdina". In <a href="/wiki/Roel_van_den_Broek" title="Roel van den Broek">Van den Broek, Roelof</a>; Van Heertum, Cis (eds.). <i>From Poimandres to Jacob Böhme: Gnosis, Hermetism and the Christian Tradition</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">303–</span>333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004501973_014">10.1163/9789004501973_014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-71-60810-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-71-60810-0"><bdi>978-90-71-60810-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosis+and+Alchemy%3A+The+Tabula+Smaragdina&rft.btitle=From+Poimandres+to+Jacob+B%C3%B6hme%3A+Gnosis%2C+Hermetism+and+the+Christian+Tradition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004501973_014&rft.isbn=978-90-71-60810-0&rft.aulast=Quispel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuska1925" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (1925). "Der Urtext der Tabula Smaragdina". <i>Orientalistische Literaturzeitung</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">349–</span>351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalistische+Literaturzeitung&rft.atitle=Der+Urtext+der+Tabula+Smaragdina&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ruska&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmerald+Tablet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ruska, Julius. <i>Quelques problemes de literature alchimiste</i>. n.p., 1931.</li> <li>Ruska, Julius. <i>Die Alchimie ar-Razi's</i>. n.p., 1935.</li> <li>M. Robinson. <i>The History and Myths surrounding Johannes Hispalensis</i>, in <i>Bulletin of Hispanic Studies</i> vol. 80, no. 4, October 2003, pp. 443–470, abstract.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emerald_Tablet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemists" title="List of alchemists">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkahest" title="Alkahest">Alkahest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestion_(alchemy)" title="Digestion (alchemy)">Digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spagyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyric">Spagyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in alchemy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemy" title="Category:Alchemy">All articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template talk:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemists_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_al-Khati" title="Al-Khwarizmi al-Khati">al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Imad_al-Din" title="Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din">Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughra%27i" title="Al-Tughra'i">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Simāwī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Nabati" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati">Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Rammah" title="Hasan al-Rammah">Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rassam" title="Ibn Rassam">Ibn al-Rassām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Ashba_ibn_Tammam" title="Abul Ashba ibn Tammam">Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">al-iksīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae">Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Hundred_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hundred Books">Five Hundred Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi"><i>al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifthah_al-hikma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mifthah al-hikma"><i>Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma</i> (<i>Clavis sapientiae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture"><i>Nabataean Agriculture</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Twelve_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and Twelve Books">One Hundred and Twelve Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba Philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Abdallah_al-Shayzari" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Nasr ibn Abdallah al-Shayzari"><i>Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba</i> (al-Nabarawi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-d29k9","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.160","walltime":"1.391","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7884,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":241719,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30593,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":212481,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1188.108 1 -total"," 20.34% 241.696 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.30% 181.726 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